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Catholic Reformation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precursor_Catholic_Reformation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Precursor Catholic Reformation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Precursor_Catholic_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Priests_and_Religious_Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priests_and_Religious_Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Priests and Religious Orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priests_and_Religious_Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Councils_and_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Councils_and_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Councils and documents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Councils_and_documents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Councils and documents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Councils_and_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confutatio_Augustana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confutatio_Augustana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Confutatio Augustana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confutatio_Augustana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Trent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Trent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Council of Trent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Trent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Index Librorum Prohibitorum</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catechism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catechism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>Roman Catechism</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catechism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nova_ordinantia_ecclesiastica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nova_ordinantia_ecclesiastica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span><i>Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nova_ordinantia_ecclesiastica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defensio_Tridentinæ_fidei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensio_Tridentinæ_fidei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span><i>Defensio Tridentinæ fidei</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defensio_Tridentinæ_fidei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unigenitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unigenitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span><i>Unigenitus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unigenitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics and wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cologne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cologne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Cologne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cologne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohemia_and_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohemia_and_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bohemia and Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohemia_and_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland_and_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland_and_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Poland and Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland_and_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Eastern Rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.1</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.2</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outcomes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outcomes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas_affected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_affected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Areas affected</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_affected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religious orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devotion_and_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devotion_and_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Devotion and mysticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devotion_and_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Baroque art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decrees_on_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decrees_on_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Decrees on art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decrees_on_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Church music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reforms_before_the_Council_of_Trent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_before_the_Council_of_Trent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Reforms before the Council of Trent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_before_the_Council_of_Trent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_during_the_22nd_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_during_the_22nd_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Reforms during the 22nd session</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_during_the_22nd_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saviour-Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saviour-Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Saviour-Legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saviour-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_following_the_Council_of_Trent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_following_the_Council_of_Trent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Reforms following the Council of Trent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_following_the_Council_of_Trent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendrical_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendrical_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Calendrical studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendrical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>General works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Counter-Reformation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenhervorming" title="Teenhervorming – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Teenhervorming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegenreformation" title="Gegenreformation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gegenreformation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الإصلاح المضاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإصلاح المضاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarreforma" title="Contrarreforma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contrarreforma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fksreformasiya" title="Əksreformasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əksreformasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9i-ho%C3%A1n_K%C3%A1i-kek" title="Tùi-hoán Kái-kek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tùi-hoán Kái-kek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Контррэфармацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Контррэфармацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Контрарэфармацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Контрарэфармацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрареформация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Контрареформация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protivreformacija" title="Protivreformacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Protivreformacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enepdisivouderezh" title="Enepdisivouderezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enepdisivouderezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrareforma" title="Contrareforma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contrareforma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protireformace" title="Protireformace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protireformace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrth-Ddiwygiad" title="Gwrth-Ddiwygiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrth-Ddiwygiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modreformationen" title="Modreformationen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Modreformationen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegenreformation" title="Gegenreformation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gegenreformation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastureformatsioon" title="Vastureformatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vastureformatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αντιμεταρρύθμιση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιμεταρρύθμιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarreforma" title="Contrarreforma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contrarreforma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADreformacio" title="Kontraŭreformacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭreformacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarreforma" title="Kontrarreforma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontrarreforma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اصلاح کاتولیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصلاح کاتولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-R%C3%A9forme" title="Contre-Réforme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contre-Réforme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrareformaasje" title="Kontrareformaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kontrareformaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frith-Reifeirm%C3%A9isean" title="Frith-Reifeirméisean – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frith-Reifeirméisean" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarreforma" title="Contrarreforma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contrarreforma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EA%B0%9C%ED%98%81" title="반종교개혁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반종교개혁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հակառեֆորմացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակառեֆորմացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="धर्मसुधार-विरोधी आंदोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्मसुधार-विरोधी आंदोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protureformacija" title="Protureformacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protureformacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrereformo" title="Kontrereformo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kontrereformo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_Katolik" title="Reformasi Katolik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reformasi Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagnsi%C3%B0b%C3%B3tin" title="Gagnsiðbótin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gagnsiðbótin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controriforma" title="Controriforma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Controriforma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="קונטרה-רפורמציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונטרה-רפורמציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urekebisho_wa_Kikatoliki" title="Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrareformatio" title="Contrareformatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Contrareformatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrreform%C4%81cija" title="Kontrreformācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kontrreformācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9igereformatioun" title="Géigereformatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Géigereformatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrreformacija" title="Kontrreformacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kontrreformacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controriforma" title="Controriforma – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Controriforma" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarifformatie" title="Contrarifformatie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Contrarifformatie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrareforma" title="Contrareforma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Contrareforma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenreform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Ellenreformáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ellenreformáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanoheram-panavaozana" title="Fanoheram-panavaozana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanoheram-panavaozana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra-Reformasi" title="Kontra-Reformasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kontra-Reformasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrareformatie" title="Contrareformatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Contrareformatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E6%8A%97%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="対抗宗教改革 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対抗宗教改革" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motreformasjonen" title="Motreformasjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motreformasjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motreformasjon" title="Motreformasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Motreformasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2ntra-Reforma" title="Còntra-Reforma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Còntra-Reforma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrreformacja" title="Kontrreformacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kontrreformacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarreforma" title="Contrarreforma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contrarreforma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrareforma" title="Contrareforma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Contrareforma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuntrarefurma" title="Cuntrarefurma – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cuntrarefurma" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрреформация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контрреформация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juunreformation" title="Juunreformation – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Juunreformation" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kund%C3%ABr-Reforma" title="Kundër-Reforma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kundër-Reforma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Counter-Reformation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protireform%C3%A1cia" title="Protireformácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protireformácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protireformacija" title="Protireformacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protireformacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Контрареформација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Контрареформација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrareformacija" title="Kontrareformacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kontrareformacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastauskonpuhdistus" title="Vastauskonpuhdistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vastauskonpuhdistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motreformationen" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Catholic revival" redirects here. For the literary revival, see <a href="/wiki/Catholic_literary_revival" title="Catholic literary revival">Catholic literary revival</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Counter-Reformation" title="Special:EditPage/Counter-Reformation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Counter-Reformation" title="Category:Counter-Reformation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Counter-Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Counter-Reformation">Catholic<br /> Counter-Reformation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo%2C_Faith_or_The_Church_Triumphant_as%2C_165_x_251_cm.jpg/200px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo%2C_Faith_or_The_Church_Triumphant_as%2C_165_x_251_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo%2C_Faith_or_The_Church_Triumphant_as%2C_165_x_251_cm.jpg/300px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo%2C_Faith_or_The_Church_Triumphant_as%2C_165_x_251_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo%2C_Faith_or_The_Church_Triumphant_as%2C_165_x_251_cm.jpg/400px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo%2C_Faith_or_The_Church_Triumphant_as%2C_165_x_251_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="640" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Faith, or The Church Triumphant</i> (1665), by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Catholic Reformation and Revival</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Councils and documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Confutatio_Augustana" title="Confutatio Augustana">Confutatio Augustana</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis Ecclesiae</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a></i><br /><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Nova_ordinantia_eclessiastica">Nova ordinantia eclessiastica</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Defensio_Tridentin%C3%A6_fidei" title="Defensio Tridentinæ fidei">Defensio Tridentinæ fidei</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">Regnans in Excelsis</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ascendente_Domino" title="Ascendente Domino">Ascendente Domino</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Immensa_aeterni_Dei" title="Immensa aeterni Dei">Immensa aeterni Dei</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Unigenitus" title="Unigenitus">Unigenitus</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic League (Germany)">Catholic League</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/European_Wars_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="European Wars of Religion">European Wars of Religion</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_Rebellions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian Rebellions">Dalecarlian Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrone%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrone's Rebellion">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Engelbrektsson%27s_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion">Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigod%27s_rebellion" title="Bigod's rebellion">Bigod's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacke_War" title="Dacke War">Dacke War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Bishops%27_War" title="Strasbourg Bishops' War">Strasbourg Bishops' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohan Wars">Rohan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">Jacobite rising of 1689</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Spirituality</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="Confraternities">Confraternities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_school_of_spirituality" title="French school of spirituality">French school of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatian_spirituality" title="Ignatian spirituality">Ignatian spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_life_(Catholic_theology)" title="Interior life (Catholic theology)">Interior life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mystics" title="Spanish mystics">Spanish mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><br /><b>Schools</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Baroque">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Golden Century">Spanish Golden Century</a></li></ul> <p><b>Artists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Barocci" title="Federico Barocci">Federico Barocci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Caravaggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo Caravaggio">Michelangelo Caravaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico Carracci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Kerle" title="Jacobus de Kerle">Jacobus de Kerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanfranco" title="Giovanni Lanfranco">Giovanni Lanfranco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattia_Preti" title="Mattia Preti">Mattia Preti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pozzo" title="Andrea Pozzo">Andrea Pozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipione_Pulzone" title="Scipione Pulzone">Scipione Pulzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jusepe_de_Ribera" title="Jusepe de Ribera">Jusepe de Ribera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Ruffo" title="Vincenzo Ruffo">Vincenzo Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_de_la_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges de la Tour">Georges de la Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s_Leal" title="Juan de Valdés Leal">Juan de Valdés Leal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Francisco de Zurbarán</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><br /><b>People</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> <p><b>Clergy</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Calasanz" title="Joseph Calasanz">Joseph Calasanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Eck">John Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny" title="Péter Pázmány">Péter Pázmány</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li></ul> <p><b>Monarchs</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_the_Old_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund the Old of Poland">Sigismund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III of Poland">Sigismund III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William V, Duke of Bavaria">William V</a></li></ul> <p><b>Popes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Inquisition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith">Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_excommunicable_offences_from_the_Council_of_Trent" title="List of excommunicable offences from the Council of Trent">Excommunicable offences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy and education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Germanicum_et_Hungaricum" title="Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum">Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Religious orders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Recollects" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_literary_revival" title="Catholic literary revival">Catholic literary revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestant_Reformation" title="Category:Protestant Reformation">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/250px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/375px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/500px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="488" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in 1517</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Precursors</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Beginning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radicals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contributing factors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theologies of seminal figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Theology of Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman" title="François Hotman">François Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Languet" title="Hubert Languet">Hubert Languet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_Reformers" title="List of Protestant Reformers"><b>Many others</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By location</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Geneva#Reformation" title="History of Geneva">Geneva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">Zürich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#The_Reformation" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Czech Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania#Reformation" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Early_modern_period" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden and Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia#The_Reformation" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#German_period,_1185–1561" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Austria_in_the_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation_(1517–1564)" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Italy" title="Reformation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Poland">Poland-Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major political leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Gaspard II de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai" title="Stephen Bocskai">Stephen Bocskai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I of Hesse</a></li></ul> <p><b>Electors of Saxony</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Counter-Reformation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Politics">Counter-Reformation § Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_the_Bible#16th_century" title="Censorship of the Bible">Censorship of the Bible § 16th century</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Holy Roman Emperors</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Political and religious conflicts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Art and literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Painting and sculpture</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism#Northern_Mannerism,_politics_and_religion" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art#Reformation_era" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance#Art" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art#Renaissance_and_Baroque_art" title="Swedish art">Swedish art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_art#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_master_print#The_North_after_Dürer" title="Old master print">Woodcuts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Building</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture#The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Influence on church architecture</a></li></ul> <p><b>Literature</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature#Early_modern_era" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature#The_manuscript_tradition" title="Irish literature">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature#German_Renaissance_and_Reformation" title="German literature">German</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature#Reformation" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature#Emergence_of_vernacular_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature#1500-1650" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_literature" title="Sorbian literature">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature#Beginnings" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature#Reformation_era" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature#"Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness"" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature#Reformation_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature#Pre-Nineteenth_century" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature#Middle_Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries#In_folk_tales" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Folklore of the Low Countries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism#Sixteenth_century_and_beyond" title="Renaissance humanism">16th century Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_poetry" title="16th century in poetry">16th century in poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th century in literature</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Theater</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral#Pastoral_plays" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)#Early_Modern_Origins" title="History (theatrical genre)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy#Britain" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Revenge</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Forms</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles#Reformation" title="Early music of the British Isles">Music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music#History" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland#Impact_of_the_Reformation" title="Church music in Scotland">Scottish church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_principle_of_worship" title="Normative principle of worship">Normative principle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsobordone" title="Falsobordone">Falsobordone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_anthem" title="Verse anthem">Verse anthem</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Liturgies</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship#General_principles_and_historical_overview" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship#John_Calvin's_Liturgy" title="Regulative principle of worship">Calvin's liturgy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)#Renaissance" title="Mass (music)">Lutheran and Anglican Mass</a> in music</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_mass" title="Cyclic mass">Cyclic mass</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_mass" title="Paraphrase mass">Paraphrase mass</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Roman</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum</a> Rites</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">Sequence</a> (retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)</li></ul></div> <p><b>Hymnals</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Second</a></i> Lutheran hymnals</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">First Wittenberg hymnal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swenske_songer_eller_wisor_1536" title="Swenske songer eller wisor 1536">Swenske songer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomiss%C3%B8n%27s_hymnal" title="Thomissøn's hymnal">Thomissøn's hymnal</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Souterliedekens" title="Souterliedekens">Souterliedekens</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymnbooks_of_the_Church_of_Scotland#Scottish_Psalter_(1564)" title="Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland">Scottish Psalter</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Book of Psalms">Whole Book of Psalms</a></i></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Conclusion and commemorations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Conclusion</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christian_confessions_of_faith" title="Creed">Confessionalization</a> with subsequent <a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Century_Scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:17th Century Scholasticism">Protestant orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li>Simultaneous rise of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism#Classical_rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Monuments</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Calendrical commemoration</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation" title="Template:Reformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformation" title="Template talk:Reformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Counter-Reformation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Contrareformatio</i>), also sometimes called the <b>Catholic Revival</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the period of <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformations</a> at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> in 1648, though this is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broader term <b>Catholic Reformation</b> (Latin: <i lang="la">Reformatio Catholica</i>) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later. </p><p>Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a> documents, heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>) had long-lasting effects in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 <a href="/wiki/Patent_of_Toleration" title="Patent of Toleration">Patent of Toleration</a>, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reforms</a> included the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> for the proper training of <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priests</a> in the spiritual life and the <a href="/wiki/Theology_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology (Catholic Church)">theological</a> traditions of the Church, the reform of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious life</a> by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mystics" title="Spanish mystics">Spanish mystics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_school_of_spirituality" title="French school of spirituality">French school of spirituality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also involved political activities and used the regional <a href="/wiki/Inquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitions">Inquisitions</a>. </p><p>A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been <a href="/wiki/First_wave_of_European_colonization" title="First wave of European colonization">colonized</a> as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Europe">Christianisation of Europe</a>, but had been lost to the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in 1962–1965.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reformation#Terminology" title="Reformation">Reformation § Terminology</a></div> <p>'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Gegenreformation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lotz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lotz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>Protestant historians<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i>: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maurenbrecher" title="Wilhelm Maurenbrecher">Wilhelm Maurenbrecher</a> introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">confessionally</a> divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-lotz_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lotz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Catholic historians<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel-Rops" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirpo2016295_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirpo2016295-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other relevant terms that may be encountered: </p> <ul><li>'Pre-Tridentine' - before, or the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(S)#status_quo_ante" title="List of Latin phrases (S)">status quo ante</a> of, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (such as "<a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">pre-Tridentine Mass</a>")</li> <li>'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as "<a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>")</li> <li>'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as "<a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">post-Tridentine Mass</a>")</li></ul> <div style="float:left;border:1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);width:100%"><div style="text-align:left; padding:1em; font-size:95%; margin:1em; background:transparent"><div style="width:100%; position:relative; left:-0.2em; top:0.8em; clear:both; height:2.5em"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:0%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:-0.8em; z-index:999">Councils</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:20.272727272727%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:21.727272727273%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:25.363636363636%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:28.636363636364%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:31.363636363636%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:34%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:37.363636363636%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:46.818181818182%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:48.272727272727%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:48.909090909091%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:49.909090909091%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:56.090909090909%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:58.636363636364%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:59.272727272727%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:60.818181818182%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-1.5em; top:-0.8em; z-index:999">Trent</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:88.181818181818%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:97.181818181818%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:0em; top:0em; z-index:999"></span></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:13.636363636364%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:2.7272727272727%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:10.909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:72.727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF Reforms"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Cluniac (Monastic) and Gregorian</div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:28%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Mendicants</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:10.909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:17.454545454545%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#9FFF99;width:5.4545454545455%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:27.181818181818%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#EFFFEE;width:28%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Lay Groups</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#AFFFAA;width:8.3636363636364%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:18.181818181818%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#BFFFAA;width:9.0909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#EFFFEE;width:36.363636363636%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:transparent"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:9.0909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:27.272727272727%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Renaissances</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:16.363636363636%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#BFFFBB;width:2.2727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:4.2727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#BFFFBB;width:1.5454545454545%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:7.6363636363636%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFFFFF;width:31.545454545455%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Humanism (Catholic)</div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:24.545454545455%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Waldensians</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DDFFEE;width:4.0909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#AABBFF;width:8.3636363636364%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#99EEFF;width:16.727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DDFFFF;width:3.7272727272727%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFF0F0;width:28.727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:45.545454545455%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Hussites and Utraquists</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#88FFFF;width:1.7272727272727%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#88AAFF;width:1.2727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#88FFFF;width:4.6363636363636%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DDFFEE;width:12.090909090909%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FF7F88;width:0.18181818181818%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:54%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Oratories and Societies</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#9FFF99;width:4.1818181818182%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:19.909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:5%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#9FFF99;width:13.727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:transparent"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:56.090909090909%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Protestant Reformations</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FF7F88;width:3.4545454545455%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFAFAA;width:3.9090909090909%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFCFCC;width:4.5454545454545%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFF0F0;width:9.2727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:transparent"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:57.272727272727%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">English Reformations</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FF7F88;width:2.0909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:0.45454545454545%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FF8F88;width:6.0909090909091%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFFFFF;width:2.1818181818182%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FF7F88;width:1%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFF0F0;width:12.727272727273%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:transparent"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:60.272727272727%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Counter Reformation</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:8.3636363636364%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:13.181818181818%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.7em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:transparent"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:96.636363636364%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Vatican II</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:1.3636363636364%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#DFFFDD;width:2%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:0px solid #FFFF"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%;max-width:100%;border-top:0.1em solid black;height:1em;"></div><div id="Scale" style="clear:both;position:relative;top:-1.4em;left:-0.2em;width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em"><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.636363636364%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">900</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.636363636364%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1050</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.636363636364%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1200</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.636363636364%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1350</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.636363636364%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1500</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.636363636364%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1650</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.636363636364%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1800</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:0%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1950</div></div></div><div style="clear:both; text-align:center"><b>Second Millennium Western Mainstream Reformist Movements</b></div></div></div><div style="clear:left;"></div> <ul><li><i>Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact</i></li> <li>Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant; Blue=Other</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursor_Catholic_Reformation">Precursor Catholic Reformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursor Catholic Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the rise of preaching <a href="/wiki/Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a>, the standardization of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bible" title="Paris Bible">Paris Bible</a>, lay spiritual movements (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Devotio_moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotio moderna">devotio moderna</a></i>), the examples of nascent saints such as <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_of_Florence" title="Antoninus of Florence">Antoninus of Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Cascia" title="Rita of Cascia">Rita of Cascia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a>, printing, <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a>, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup> and other reasons. </p><p>A series of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> were held with <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Restorationism" title="Medieval Restorationism">reformist</a> agendas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> (1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Basel">Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Council of the Lateran</a> (1512–1517)</li></ul> <p>The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">communion under both kinds</a>, married priests) and later <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Indulgence#Protestant_Reformation" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-minnich_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minnich-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup> </p><p>At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the <i>Observantist</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus<sup id="cite_ref-mullett_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mullett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ii">: ii </span></sup> that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law.<sup id="cite_ref-minnich_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minnich-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was considerable support for the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical counsel">evangelical counsels</a>' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe#Attack_on_monasticism" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>'s doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance. </p><p>Issues such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews" title="List of cardinal-nephews">papal nepotism</a> and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as <a href="/wiki/Savonarola" title="Savonarola">Savonarola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mullett_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mullett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch.1">: ch.1 </span></sup> </p><p>In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests.<sup id="cite_ref-mullett_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mullett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch.1">: ch.1 </span></sup> In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms that came to be associated with Protestants: for example, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bri%C3%A7onnet_(bishop_of_Meaux)" title="Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux)">Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux)</a> in Paris, with his former teacher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%E2%80%99Etaples" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples">Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">destroyed</a>), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-mullett_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mullett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch.1">: ch.1 </span></sup> </p><p>Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priests_and_Religious_Orders">Priests and Religious Orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Priests and Religious Orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>. In 1523, the <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona</a> were recognized as a separate congregation of monks. </p><p>In 1435, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Paola" title="Francis of Paola">Francis of Paola</a> founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the <a href="/wiki/Minim_(religious_order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minim (religious order)">Minim</a> Friars. In 1526, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteo Bassi">Matteo de Bascio</a> suggested reforming the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a>, recognized by the pope in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-Péronnet213_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Péronnet213-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching. </p><p>To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into <a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">religious congregations</a>, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These <a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics Regular">regular clergy</a> taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon.<sup id="cite_ref-Péronnet213_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Péronnet213-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the <a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a> founded in 1524 by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cajetan" title="Saint Cajetan">Gaetano</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Gian Caraffa</a>. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Somaschi_Fathers" title="Somaschi Fathers">Somaschi Fathers</a> in 1528, the <a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> in 1530, the <a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> in 1535, the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, canonically recognised in 1540, the <a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_of_the_Mother_of_God_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca">Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca</a> in 1583, the <a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> in 1584, the <a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> in 1588, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a> in 1621. </p><p>At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a>'s hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Divine_Love" title="Oratory of Divine Love">Oratory of Divine Love</a> attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman <a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a> founded a <i>Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh1991157_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh1991157-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this developed into the relatively-free religious community the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a>, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-Péronnet214_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Péronnet214-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Councils_and_documents">Councils and documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Councils and documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confutatio_Augustana"><i>Confutatio Augustana</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confutatio Augustana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confutatio_Augustana" title="Confutatio Augustana">Confutatio Augustana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confutatio_Augustana_and_Confessio_Augustana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confutatio_Augustana_and_Confessio_Augustana.jpg/220px-Confutatio_Augustana_and_Confessio_Augustana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confutatio_Augustana_and_Confessio_Augustana.jpg/330px-Confutatio_Augustana_and_Confessio_Augustana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confutatio_Augustana_and_Confessio_Augustana.jpg/440px-Confutatio_Augustana_and_Confessio_Augustana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption><i>Confutatio Augustana</i> (left) and <i>Confessio Augustana</i> (right) being presented to Charles V</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1530 <i><a href="/wiki/Confutatio_Augustana" title="Confutatio Augustana">Confutatio Augustana</a></i> was the Catholic response to the Lutheran <i><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Trent">Council of Trent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Council of Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Counter-Reformation" title="Special:EditPage/Counter-Reformation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_Trent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Council_Trent.jpg/220px-Council_Trent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Council_Trent.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>A session of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, from an engraving</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> (1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he also initiated the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corrupt</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, the sale of <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>, and other financial abuses. </p><p>The council upheld the basic structure of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity of the Middle Ages">medieval church</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Sacramental" title="Sacramental">sacramental</a> system, religious orders, and <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> made the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> obligatory.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Faith</a>. The council upheld <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> appropriated by grace through faith <i>and</i> <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">works of that faith</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Sola_Fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Fide">just by faith</a>, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> states (2:22–26). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a>, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed <a href="/wiki/Real_presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real presence">really and substantially</a> into <i>the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">body</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">blood</a>, soul and <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Christ">divinity</a></i> of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacraments of the Catholic Church</a>. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of saints">veneration of saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relic#Christianity" title="Relic">relics</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Religious_images_in_Christian_theology" title="Religious images in Christian theology">venerable images and statuary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">veneration of the Virgin Mary</a> were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices. </p><p>The council, in the <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent" title="Canon of Trent">Canon of Trent</a>, officially accepted the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanon">deuterocanonical</a> works (called <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a> by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>. This reaffirmed the previous <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Synods of Carthage">Synods of Carthage</a> (both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanon">Deuterocanon</a> as scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council also commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a>, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> (1992).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> reformers in the past.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetics</a>, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Church, epitomized by the era of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a> (1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> (1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_95_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="The 95 Theses">95 Theses</a>. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotionalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor#Rule_on_property" title="Order of Friars Minor">observantism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a> of the secular <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "<a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a>", which was the practice of bishops living in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>'s Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Carlo Borromeo</a> (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/110px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/165px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/220px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>This 1711 illustration for the <i>Index Librorum Prohibitorum</i> depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum"><i>Index Librorum Prohibitorum</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Index Librorum Prohibitorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></div> <p>The 1559–1967 <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i> was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Sacred Congregation of the Index</a>. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The <i>Index</i> was finally suspended on 29 March 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catechism"><i>Roman Catechism</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman Catechism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a></div> <p>The 1566 <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a></i> provided material in Latin to help the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> catechize in the vernacular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nova_ordinantia_ecclesiastica"><i>Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1575 <i>Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica</i> was an addendum to the <i>Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia</i>, also called the "Red Book".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This launched the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical Struggle">Liturgical Struggle</a>, which pitted <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a> against his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles</a>. During this time, Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Nicolai" title="Laurentius Nicolai">Laurentius Nicolai</a> came to lead the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_regium_Stockholmense" title="Collegium regium Stockholmense">Collegium regium Stockholmense</a>. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the <i>Missio Suetica</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defensio_Tridentinæ_fidei"><span id="Defensio_Tridentin.C3.A6_fidei"></span><i>Defensio Tridentinæ fidei</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Defensio Tridentinæ fidei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defensio_Tridentin%C3%A6_fidei" title="Defensio Tridentinæ fidei">Defensio Tridentinæ fidei</a></div> <p>The 1578 <i><a href="/wiki/Defensio_Tridentin%C3%A6_fidei" title="Defensio Tridentinæ fidei">Defensio Tridentinæ fidei</a></i> was the Catholic response to the <i><a href="/wiki/Examination_of_the_Council_of_Trent" title="Examination of the Council of Trent">Examination of the Council of Trent</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unigenitus"><i>Unigenitus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unigenitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unigenitus" title="Unigenitus">Unigenitus</a></div> <p>The 1713 papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Unigenitus" title="Unigenitus">Unigenitus</a></i> condemned 101 propositions of the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Pasquier_Quesnel" title="Pasquier Quesnel">Pasquier Quesnel</a> (1634–1719). <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a> was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_of_the_Netherlands" title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands">Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Isles">British Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation#Marian_Restoration" title="English Reformation">English Reformation § Marian Restoration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation#Political_background_(1528–59)" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation § Political background (1528–59)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland#Religious_policy_of_Queen_Mary_I" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland § Religious policy of Queen Mary I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_Succession" title="War of the Jülich Succession">War of the Jülich Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/220px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/330px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/440px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6594" data-file-height="5283" /></a><figcaption>Anabaptist <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willems" title="Dirk Willems">Dirk Willems</a> rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> took control of various parts of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, the Catholics led by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> fought back. The king sent in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">Governor-General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> from 1578 to 1592. </p><p>Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Atrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Atrecht">treaty of Arras</a> in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled. </p><p>The seven northern provinces as well as the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a>, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breda_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breda (Netherlands)">Breda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> opened their gates. </p><p>Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Marnix_van_St._Aldegonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Marnix van St. Aldegonde">Marnix van St. Aldegonde</a>. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp surrendered in 1585</a> as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control. </p><p>In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim#The_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim § The Interim</a></div> <p>The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War. </p><p>During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exulantenst%C3%A4dte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exulantenstädte (page does not exist)">Exulantenstädte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exulantenstadt" class="extiw" title="de:Exulantenstadt">de</a>]</span> (plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_the_Brethren_(Czech_Republic)" title="Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)">Unity of the Brethren</a> settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> often fled to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine_region" title="Lower Rhine region">Lower Rhine region</a> and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">Central Germany</a>. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. <i>Freudenstadt</i> ("Joy Town"), <i>Glückstadt</i> ("Happy Town").<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A list of <i>Exulantenstädte</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona, Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Karlshafen" title="Bad Karlshafen">Bad Karlshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudenstadt" title="Freudenstadt">Freudenstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichsdorf" title="Friedrichsdorf">Friedrichsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanngeorgenstadt" title="Johanngeorgenstadt">Johanngeorgenstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neu-Isenburg" title="Neu-Isenburg">Neu-Isenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusalza-Spremberg" title="Neusalza-Spremberg">Neusalza-Spremberg</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cologne">Cologne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cologne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted <i>Adoration of the Magi</i> in 1624.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a></div> <p>The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> factions that devastated the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>. After Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Truchsess_von_Waldburg" title="Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg">Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a> ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_of_Bavaria" title="Ernest of Bavaria">Ernst of Bavaria</a>, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformation#Belgium" title="Reformation">Reformation § Belgium</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohemia_and_Austria">Bohemia and Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bohemia and Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church#Counter-Reformation" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church § Counter-Reformation</a></div> <p>In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_von_Birken" title="Sigmund von Birken">Sigmund von Birken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catharina_Regina_von_Greiffenberg" title="Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg">Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stubenberg_family" title="Stubenberg family">Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg</a>. This influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/German_literature#Baroque_period" title="German literature">German Baroque literature</a>, especially around <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. Some lived as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">crypto-Protestants</a>. </p><p>Others moved to Saxony or the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a> were exiled in the 18th century, especially to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Transylvanian Landlers</a> were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> spoke vehemently to his mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa#Jews_and_Protestants" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeales200514_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales200514-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1781 <a href="/wiki/Patent_of_Toleration" title="Patent of Toleration">Patent of Toleration</a> can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the <a href="/wiki/Zillertal#Protestantism" title="Zillertal">Zillertal expulsion</a>). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mérindol">Massacre of Mérindol</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Huguenots_under_Louis_XV" title="Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV">Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huguenot_rebellions" title="Huguenot rebellions">Huguenot rebellions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matanzasinlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Matanzasinlet.jpg/220px-Matanzasinlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Matanzasinlet.jpg/330px-Matanzasinlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Matanzasinlet.jpg/440px-Matanzasinlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Inlet" title="Matanzas Inlet">Matanzas Inlet</a>, Florida, where the survivors were killed</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, from 1562 Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> (Reformed Protestants) fought a <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">series of wars</a>, resulting in millions of deaths until the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Al%C3%A8s" title="Peace of Alès">Peace of Alès</a> of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> in 1685. </p><p>In 1565, several hundred <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline#Fort_Caroline_(1564–1565)" title="Fort Caroline">Huguenot shipwreck survivors</a> surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.<sup id="cite_ref-colonial_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonial-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Italy#Causes_of_the_Italian_Reformation's_collapse" title="Reformation in Italy">Reformation in Italy § Causes of the Italian Reformation's collapse</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland_and_Lithuania">Poland and Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poland and Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation_in_Poland" title="Counter-Reformation in Poland">Counter-Reformation in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformation#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Reformation">Reformation § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#Protestants_and_Anglicans" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition § Protestants and Anglicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformation#Spain" title="Reformation">Reformation § Spain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian">Indian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition_in_Goa_and_Bombay-Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein">Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Rites">Eastern Rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eastern Rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a></div> <p>The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a> Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> while preserving their <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> tradition. <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a> received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the treaty of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a> clause and <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> as a condition for reconciliation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_affected">Areas affected</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Areas affected"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the vast lands controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (now in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and surrounds), <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. It did not succeed as completely in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Protestant_Reformation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)"><img alt="Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/500px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/750px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Protestant_Reformation.svg/1000px-The_Protestant_Reformation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Counterreformation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)"><img alt="End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Counterreformation.svg/500px-The_Counterreformation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Counterreformation.svg/750px-The_Counterreformation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Counterreformation.svg/1000px-The_Counterreformation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_orders">Religious orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religious orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></div> <p>New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Recollects" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a>, Cistercian <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Feuillants" title="Congregation of the Feuillants">Feuillants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelines" title="Angelines">Angelines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri</a> attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent. </p><p>The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas. </p><p>The Ursulines focused on the special task of <a href="/wiki/Educating_girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Educating girls">educating girls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i> emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Observantine">observantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalist</a> traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola"><i>Spiritual Exercises</i></a> showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformations</a>, reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_devotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic devotions">devotionalism</a>. </p><p>Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a>. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">conciliarism</a>, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devotion_and_mysticism">Devotion and mysticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Devotion and mysticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">The Battle of Lepanto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg/260px-%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg/390px-%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg/520px-%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="6678" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">1571</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oil_on_canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil on canvas">Oil on canvas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">169 cm × 137 cm (67 in × 54 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a>, who added to the <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite Order">Carmelite Order</a>, whose ministry focused on <a href="/wiki/Interior_life_(Catholic_theology)" title="Interior life (Catholic theology)">interior conversion</a> to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a> called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Neri" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippo Neri">Filippo Neri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a> were <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> on the same day, March 12, 1622. </p><p>The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a> was the first theologian to use the <a href="/wiki/Thomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomist">Thomist</a> method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">sacrament of penance</a> was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_art">Baroque art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Baroque art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></div> <p>The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a> and the Flanders of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and painting,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decrees_on_art">Decrees on art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Decrees on art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><i>The Last Judgment</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_Judgement_(Michelangelo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29.jpg/260px-Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29.jpg/390px-Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29.jpg/520px-Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3991" data-file-height="4395" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">1537–1541</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">1370 cm × 1200 cm (539.3 in × 472.4 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)"><i>The Last Judgment</i></a>, a fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of <a href="/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a>. Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, developed into <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> ones which have often ruled on specific types of images. </p><p>The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God. And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ten years after the decree <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a> was summoned by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Holy Office</a> to explain why his <i>Last Supper</i>, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_in_the_House_of_Levi" title="The Feast in the House of Levi">The Feast in the House of Levi</a></i>, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian <a href="/wiki/Molanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Molanus">Molanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Paleotti" title="Gabriele Paleotti">Gabriele Paleotti</a>, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the great medievalist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_M%C3%A2le" title="Émile Mâle">Émile Mâle</a>, this was "the death of medieval art",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Barocci" title="Federico Barocci">Federico Barocci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scipione_Pulzone" title="Scipione Pulzone">Scipione Pulzone</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurbar%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurbarán">Zurbarán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_music">Church music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Church music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reforms_before_the_Council_of_Trent">Reforms before the Council of Trent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reforms before the Council of Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Trent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Council of Trent">The Council of Trent</a> is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the <a href="/wiki/Credo" title="Credo">Creed</a> and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 576">: 576 </span></sup> The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.<sup id="cite_ref-Manzetti330_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manzetti330-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, <a href="/wiki/Egidio_Foscarari" title="Egidio Foscarari">Egidio Foscarari</a> (bishop of Modena) and <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Paleotti" title="Gabriele Paleotti">Gabriele Paleotti</a> (archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="In Monson's other book (https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hIaY9TiQoC p. 32-33), it seems that Paleotti forbade any instrument other than the organ. (November 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic singing</a>, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as <a href="/wiki/Motets" class="mw-redirect" title="Motets">motets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chansons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chansons">chansons</a>. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The <a href="/wiki/Parody_mass" title="Parody mass">parody mass</a> would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Manzetti330_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manzetti330-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.<sup id="cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 580–581">: 580–581 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reforms_during_the_22nd_session">Reforms during the 22nd session</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Reforms during the 22nd session"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 576">: 576 </span></sup> </p><p>Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 576">: 576 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saviour-Legend">Saviour-Legend</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Saviour-Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crises regarding <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a> (c. 1525/26–1594), a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Marcellus Mass">Missa Papae Marcelli</a> (Mass for Pope Marcellus) was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Pope Marcellus</a> was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey._p._52_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey._p._52-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistine Choir">Sistine Choir</a>. </p><p>The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a> upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey._p._52_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey._p._52-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reforms_following_the_Council_of_Trent">Reforms following the Council of Trent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Reforms following the Council of Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_faith_defeating_heresies_(Karlskirche_Vienna).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catholic_faith_defeating_heresies_%28Karlskirche_Vienna%29.jpg/200px-Catholic_faith_defeating_heresies_%28Karlskirche_Vienna%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="528" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catholic_faith_defeating_heresies_%28Karlskirche_Vienna%29.jpg/300px-Catholic_faith_defeating_heresies_%28Karlskirche_Vienna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catholic_faith_defeating_heresies_%28Karlskirche_Vienna%29.jpg/400px-Catholic_faith_defeating_heresies_%28Karlskirche_Vienna%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Rottmayr" title="Johann Michael Rottmayr">Johann Michael Rottmayr</a> (1729): <i>The Catholic faith defeats Protestant heresies</i>; part of a fresco inside <a href="/wiki/Karlskirche" title="Karlskirche">Karlskirche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Kerle" title="Jacobus de Kerle">Jacobus de Kerle</a> (1531/32–1591) was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent. His composition in four-parts, <a href="/wiki/Preces" title="Preces">Preces</a>, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the council.<sup id="cite_ref-Leicht326_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leicht326-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina, <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlando di Lasso</a> (1530/32–1594) was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expressed sympathy for the council's concerns but still showed favor for the "Parady chanson Masses."<sup id="cite_ref-Leicht326_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leicht326-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the dearth of edicts from the council regarding polyphony and textual clarity, the reforms that followed from the 22nd session filled in the gaps left by the council in stylistic areas. In the 24th session the council gave authority to "Provincial Synods" to discern provisions for Church music.<sup id="cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 576–577">: 576–577 </span></sup> The decision to leave practical application and stylistic matters to local ecclesiastical leaders was important in shaping the future of Catholic church music.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was left then up to the local Church leaders and Church musicians to find proper application for the council's decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-LHL346_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHL346-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council's decrees came to be thought of by Church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles.<sup id="cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 592–593">: 592–593 </span></sup> This understanding was most likely spread through musicians who sought to implement the council's declarations but did not read the official Tridentine pronouncements. Church musicians were probably influenced by order from their ecclesiastical patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composers who reference the council's reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art.<sup id="cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 576–594">: 576–594 </span></sup> </p><p>The Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a>, was a very important figure in reforming Church music after the Council of Trent. Though Borromeo was an aide to the pope in Rome and was unable to be in Milan, he eagerly pushed for the decrees of the council to be quickly put into practice in Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-LHL346_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHL346-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borromeo kept in contact with his church in Milian through letters and eagerly encouraged the leaders there to implement the reforms coming from the Council of Trent. In one of his letters to his vicar in the Milan diocese, Nicolo Ormaneto of Verona, Borromeo commissioned the master of the chapel, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Ruffo" title="Vincenzo Ruffo">Vincenzo Ruffo</a> (1508–1587), to write a Mass that would make the words as easy to understand as possible. Borromeo also suggested that if Don Nicola, a composer of a more chromatic style, was in Milan he too could compose a Mass and the two be compared for textural clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo. </p><p>Ruffo took Borromeo's commission seriously and set out to compose in a style that presented the text so that all words would be intelligible and the textual meaning be the most important part of the composition. His approach was to move all the voices in a <a href="/wiki/Homorhythmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorhythmic">homorhythmic</a> manner with no complicated rhythms, and to use dissonance very conservatively. Ruffo's approach was certainly a success for textual clarity and simplicity, but if his music was very theoretically pure it was not an artistic success despite Ruffo's attempts to bring interest to the monotonous four-part texture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruffo's compositional style which favored the text was well in line with the council's perceived concern with intelligibility. Thus the belief in the council's strong edicts regarding textual intelligibility became to characterize the development of sacred Church music. </p><p>The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the <a href="/wiki/Missa_brevis" title="Missa brevis">Missa brevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauda_(song)" title="Lauda (song)">Lauda</a> and "Spiritual <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a>" (Madrigali Spirituali). Additionally, the numerous <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">sequences</a> were mostly prohibited in the 1570 <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Missal of Pius V</a>. The remaining sequences were <i><a href="/wiki/Victimae_paschali_laudes" title="Victimae paschali laudes">Victimae paschali laudes</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Veni_Sancte_Spiritus" title="Veni Sancte Spiritus">Veni Sancte Spiritus</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lauda_Sion_Salvatorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauda Sion Salvatorem">Lauda Sion Salvatorem</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dies_Irae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies Irae">Dies Irae</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Masses for the Dead</a>. </p><p>Another reform following the Council of Trent was the publication of the 1568 <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Breviary" title="Roman Breviary">Roman Breviary</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendrical_studies">Calendrical studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Calendrical studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model#Historical_positions_of_the_Catholic_hierarchy" title="Geocentric model">Geocentric model § Historical positions of the Catholic hierarchy</a></div> <p>More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>: by the sixteenth century the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, a canon at <a href="/wiki/Frombork" title="Frombork">Frombork</a> (Frauenburg). In the dedication to <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i> (1543), Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Council of the Lateran</a> (1512–1517). As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic system">Ptolemaic system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric model">heliocentric model</a> was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform. </p><p>An actual new calendar had to wait until the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> in 1582. At the time of its publication, <i>De revolutionibus</i> passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious thought of the time. As a result, during the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">Galileo affair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcetri" title="Arcetri">Arcetri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Secretorum_Naturae" title="Academia Secretorum Naturae">Academia Secretorum Naturae</a> in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the <a href="/wiki/Melanchthon_Circle" title="Melanchthon Circle">Melanchthon Circle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_figures">Major figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Major figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Counter-Reformation" title="Special:EditPage/Counter-Reformation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a> (1515–1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (1500–1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> (1521–1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_V%C3%A1squez" title="Gabriel Vásquez">Gabriel Vásquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Eck">John Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (1578–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (1640–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> (1638–1715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> (1553–1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (1542-1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny" title="Péter Pázmány">Péter Pázmány</a> (1570–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (1527–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a> (1515–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> (1513–1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pope Pius III</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> (1534–1549)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> (1550–1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> (1555–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a> (1559–1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> (1566–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> (1572–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> (1552–1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> (1585–1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_the_Old_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund the Old of Poland">Sigismund the Old of Poland</a> (1467–1548)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III of Poland">Sigismund III of Poland</a> (1566–1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> (1506–1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1577–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William V, Duke of Bavaria">William V, Duke of Bavaria</a> (1548–1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria</a> (1573–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Paul" title="Vincent de Paul">Vincent de Paul</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Counter-Reformation">"Counter-Reformation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118180433/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026564/Counter-Reformation">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Counter-Reformation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FCounter-Reformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Counter-Reformation">"Counter-Reformation | Definition, Summary, Outcomes, Jesuits, Facts, & Significance | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118180433/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026564/Counter-Reformation">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Counter-Reformation+%7C+Definition%2C+Summary%2C+Outcomes%2C+Jesuits%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Significance+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FCounter-Reformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Counter-Reformation/">"Counter-Reformation"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122235229/https://www.worldhistory.org/Counter-Reformation/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Counter-Reformation&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCounter-Reformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1837-auswanderer.de/geschichte/historie"><i>Der geschichtliche Ablauf der Auswanderung aus dem Zillertal</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507050221/http://www.1837-auswanderer.de/geschichte/historie">Archived</a> 2016-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [lit. 'The Historical Chain of Events of the Migration from the <a href="/wiki/Ziller_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziller Valley">Ziller Valley</a>'] (in German), 1837-auswanderer.de. Accessed 13 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419004349/http://www.americamagazine.org/issue/404/article/anniversary-thoughts">"Anniversary Thoughts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a></i>. 7 October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/issue/404/article/anniversary-thoughts">the original</a> on 19 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=Anniversary+Thoughts&rft.date=2002-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fissue%2F404%2Farticle%2Fanniversary-thoughts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lotz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lotz_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lotz_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotz-Heumann2013" class="citation book cs1">Lotz-Heumann, Ute (22 March 2013). Bamji, Alexandra; Janssen, Geert H.; Laven, Mary (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613574.ch2"><i>The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation</i></a>. Routledge Handbooks Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315613574">10.4324/9781315613574</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2373-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-2373-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+the+Counter-Reformation&rft.pub=Routledge+Handbooks+Online&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315613574&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2373-7&rft.aulast=Lotz-Heumann&rft.aufirst=Ute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledgehandbooks.com%2Fdoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315613574.ch2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKess2016" class="citation book cs1">Kess, Alexandra (15 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315251509/johann-sleidan-protestant-vision-history-alexandra-kess"><i>Johann Sleidan and the Protestant Vision of History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315251509">10.4324/9781315251509</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F13238">10023/13238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-25150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-25150-9"><bdi>978-1-315-25150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sleidan+and+the+Protestant+Vision+of+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F13238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315251509&rft.isbn=978-1-315-25150-9&rft.aulast=Kess&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781315251509%2Fjohann-sleidan-protestant-vision-history-alexandra-kess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet2014" class="citation web cs1">Janet, Richard J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-24</span></span> – via the fall 1993 issue of <i>The Dawson Newsletter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Reformation&rft.pub=EWTN&rft.au=Daniel-Rops%2C+Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FHOMELIBR%2FROPSCARE.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirpo2016295-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirpo2016295_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFirpo2016">Firpo 2016</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkeWittberg2000" class="citation journal cs1">Finke, Roger; Wittberg, Patricia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1387500">"Organizational Revival from within: Explaining Revivalism and Reform in the Roman Catholic Church"</a>. <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 154–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0021-8294.00013">10.1111/0021-8294.00013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8294">0021-8294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1387500">1387500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Organizational+Revival+from+within%3A+Explaining+Revivalism+and+Reform+in+the+Roman+Catholic+Church&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-170&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0021-8294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1387500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0021-8294.00013&rft.aulast=Finke&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Wittberg%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1387500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sibson, Carol (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72648">"Lay spirituality in the high Middle Ages: how the layman became a match for the saint"</a>. <i>Reading Medieval Studies</i>. <b>XLIII</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3129">0950-3129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+Medieval+Studies&rft.atitle=Lay+spirituality+in+the+high+Middle+Ages%3A+how+the+layman+became+a+match+for+the+saint&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0950-3129&rft.aulast=Sibson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentaur.reading.ac.uk%2F72648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minnich-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minnich_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minnich_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnich1969" class="citation journal cs1">Minnich, Nelson H. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23563707">"Concepts of Reform Proposed at the Fifth Lateran Council"</a>. <i>Archivum Historiae Pontificiae</i>. <b>7</b>: 163–251. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6785">0066-6785</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23563707">23563707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Historiae+Pontificiae&rft.atitle=Concepts+of+Reform+Proposed+at+the+Fifth+Lateran+Council&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=163-251&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23563707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6785&rft.aulast=Minnich&rft.aufirst=Nelson+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23563707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoest2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roest, Bert (2 July 2009). "Observant reform in religious orders". <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity</i>: 446–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521811064.031">10.1017/CHOL9780521811064.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05602-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05602-1"><bdi>978-1-139-05602-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.atitle=Observant+reform+in+religious+orders&rft.pages=446-457&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521811064.031&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05602-1&rft.aulast=Roest&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mullett-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mullett_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mullett_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mullett_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mullett_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullett2023" class="citation book cs1">Mullett, Michael A. (2023). <i>The Catholic Reformation</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032506647" title="Special:BookSources/9781032506647"><bdi>9781032506647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Reformation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781032506647&rft.aulast=Mullett&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch.1 <i>Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples</i>. 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Issue 57 of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradshaw_Society" title="Henry Bradshaw Society">Henry Bradshaw Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harrison_and_Sons" title="Harrison and Sons">Harrison and Sons</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870252904" title="Special:BookSources/9781870252904"><bdi>9781870252904</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0241">0144-0241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mass+in+Sweden%3A+Its+Development+from+the+Latin+Rite+from+1531+to+1917&rft.series=Issue+57+of+Henry+Bradshaw+Society&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Harrison+and+Sons&rft.date=1920&rft.issn=0144-0241&rft.isbn=9781870252904&rft.aulast=Yelverton&rft.aufirst=Eric+Esskildsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT09CAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dopportunitate%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span> Swedish and English Translation of the Red Book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Groof, Bart (1993). "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium", <i>Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome</i>, Vol. 63, pp 195–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soen, Violet (2012). "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a></i> 16#1 pp 1–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janssen, Geert H. (2012). "The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ecclesiastical_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Ecclesiastical History">Journal of Ecclesiastical History</a></i> 63#4 pp. 671–692.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Christiane, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/exulantenstadt/2311">"Exulantenstadt"</a>. <i>Lexikon der Geographie</i> (in German). Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028221812/https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/exulantenstadt/2311">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexikon+der+Geographie&rft.atitle=Exulantenstadt&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Flexikon%2Fgeographie%2Fexulantenstadt%2F2311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales200514-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeales200514_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeales2005">Beales 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colonial-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colonial_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson,_Richard_R.International_Council_on_Monuments_and_Sites._U.S._CommitteeUnited_States_National_Park_Service1989" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Richard R.; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States National Park Service (March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIkIAQAAMAAJ&q=slaughters"><i>A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987</i></a>. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780911697032" title="Special:BookSources/9780911697032"><bdi>9780911697032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preliminary+inventory+of+Spanish+colonial+resources+associated+with+National+Park+Service+units+and+national+historic+landmarks%2C+1987&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=United+States+Committee%2C+International+Council+on+Monuments+and+Sites%2C+for+the+U.S.+Dept.+of+the+Interior%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.date=1989-03&rft.isbn=9780911697032&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Richard+R.&rft.au=International+Council+on+Monuments+and+Sites.+U.S.+Committee&rft.au=United+States+National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIkIAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dslaughters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15130a.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029211644/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15130a.htm">Archived</a> 2009-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1917), via newadvent.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See text of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TREATBR.HTM">Treaty of the Union of Brest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232253/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TREATBR.HTM">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15228b.htm">"The Ursulines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618195152/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15228b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>A religious order founded by St. Angela de Merici for the sole purpose of educating young girls</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ursulines&rft.pub=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15228b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hughes_(historian)" title="Philip Hughes (historian)">Hughes, Philip</a> (1960) [1957]. <i>A Popular History of the Reformation</i>, Garden City, New York: Image Books, Ch. 3, "Revival and Reformation, 1495–1530", Sec. iii, "The Italian Saints", p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"<a href="/wiki/Ascent_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Ascent of Mount Carmel">Ascent of Mount Carmel</a>". <i>John of the Cross</i>. Image Books. 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ascent+of+Mount+Carmel&rft.btitle=John+of+the+Cross&rft.pub=Image+Books&rft.date=1958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stegmüller, Otto (1967). "Barock" (in German). <i>Lexikon der Marienkunde</i>. Regensburg, p. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossy,_John1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bossy" title="John Bossy">Bossy, John</a> (1975). "The Social History of Confession in the Age of the Reformation". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>25</b>: 21–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679084">10.2307/3679084</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679084">3679084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144537144">144537144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Social+History+of+Confession+in+the+Age+of+the+Reformation&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=21-38&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144537144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679084%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679084&rft.au=Bossy%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruft,_Hanno-Walter1994" class="citation book cs1">Kruft, Hanno-Walter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OPTfVyHyVW4C&pg=PA93"><i>The Counter-Reformation, Baroque and Neo-classicism</i></a>. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 93–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568980102" title="Special:BookSources/9781568980102"><bdi>9781568980102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counter-Reformation%2C+Baroque+and+Neo-classicism&rft.pages=93-107&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781568980102&rft.au=Kruft%2C+Hanno-Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOPTfVyHyVW4C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner,_HelenKleiner,_Fred_S.2010" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Helen; Kleiner, Fred S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C&pg=PT192"><i>Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495573647" title="Special:BookSources/9780495573647"><bdi>9780495573647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+The+Western+Perspective&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780495573647&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Helen&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Fred+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUK_jTggtYl8C%26pg%3DPT192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser,_Arnold1999" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Arnold (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYy0WgUXlKEC"><i>Social History of Art, Volume 2: Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203981320" title="Special:BookSources/9780203981320"><bdi>9780203981320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+Art%2C+Volume+2%3A+Renaissance%2C+Mannerism%2C+Baroque&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780203981320&rft.au=Hauser%2C+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYy0WgUXlKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earls, Irene (1996). <i>Baroque Art: A Topical Dictionary</i>. pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct25.html">"Text of the 25th decree of the Council of Trent"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629071158/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct25.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+25th+decree+of+the+Council+of+Trent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Ftexts%2Ftrent%2Fct25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929022528/http://www.efn.org/~acd/Veronese.html">"Transcript of Veronese's testimony"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efn.org/~acd/Veronese.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+Veronese%27s+testimony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efn.org%2F~acd%2FVeronese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rostand, David (1997). <i>Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto</i>, 2nd ed., Cambridge UP <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56568-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56568-5">0-521-56568-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Blunt, Anthony</a>, (1940; refs to 1985 edn). <i>Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660</i>, chapter VIII, especially pp. 107–128, <a href="/wiki/OUP" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP">OUP</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4">0-19-881050-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403052437/http://danielmitsui.tripod.com/aaaaa/deathart.html">The death of Medieval Art</a>. Extract from book by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_M%C3%A2le" title="Émile Mâle">Émile Mâle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fellerer-haddas-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fellerer-haddas_48-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Fellerer" title="Karl Gustav Fellerer">Fellerer, K. G.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hadas" title="Moses Hadas">Hadas, Moses</a>. "Church Music and the Council of Trent". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 39, No. 4 (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/739857">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173341/http://www.jstor.org/stable/739857">Archived</a> 2016-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manzetti330-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manzetti330_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manzetti330_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manzetti (1928). p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manzetti (1928). p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davey, Henry. "Giovanni Pierluigi, da Palestrina", <i>Proceedings of the Musical Association</i>, 25th Sess. (1898–1899), p. 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/765152">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818152524/http://www.jstor.org/stable/765152">Archived</a> 2016-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey._p._52-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davey._p._52_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davey._p._52_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davey. p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carleton_Sprague_Smith" title="Carleton Sprague Smith">Smith, Carleton Sprague</a> and Dinneen, William (1944). "Recent Work on Music in the Renaissance", <i>Modern Philology</i>, Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/434466">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131230242/http://www.jstor.org/stable/434466">Archived</a> 2016-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manzetti (1928). p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith and Dinneen (1944). p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leicht326-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leicht326_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leicht326_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leichtentritt (1944). p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davey. p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHL346-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LHL346_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LHL346_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockwood (1957). p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monson (2002). p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockwood (1957). p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockwood (1957). p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1985" class="citation book cs1">Burke, James (1985). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Universe_Changed" title="The Day the Universe Changed">The Day the Universe Changed</a></i>. London Writers Ltd. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+the+Universe+Changed&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=London+Writers+Ltd.&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurke1985">Burke 1985</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches, following the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, generally include the deuterocanonical works with even a few additional items not found in Catholic Bibles, but they consider them of secondary authority and not on the same level as the other scriptures. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> may use Bibles that place the deuterocanonical works between the <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocanonical">protocanonical</a> Old Testament and the New, but not interspersed among the other Old Testament books as in Catholic Bibles.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeales2005" class="citation book cs1">Beales, Derek (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tg4QFU3AjicC"><i>Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe</i></a>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-950-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-950-5"><bdi>1-86064-950-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+and+Reform+in+Eighteenth-Century+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86064-950-5&rft.aulast=Beales&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtg4QFU3AjicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirpo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Firpo, Massimo (May 2016). "Rethinking "Catholic Reform" and "Counter-Reformation": What Happened in Early Modern Catholicism—a View from Italy". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a></i>. <b>20</b> (3). Brill: 293–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700658-12342506">10.1163/15700658-12342506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-3783">1385-3783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Rethinking+%22Catholic+Reform%22+and+%22Counter-Reformation%22%3A+What+Happened+in+Early+Modern+Catholicism%E2%80%94a+View+from+Italy&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-312&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700658-12342506&rft.issn=1385-3783&rft.aulast=Firpo&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leichtentritt, Hugo (1944). "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music". <i>The Musical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 30, No. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/739479">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131230058/http://www.jstor.org/stable/739479">Archived</a> 2016-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Lockwood" title="Lewis Lockwood">Lockwood, Lewis H.</a> (1957). "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". <i>The Musical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 43, No. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/740297">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131230251/http://www.jstor.org/stable/740297">Archived</a> 2016-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Manzetti, Leo P. (1928). "Palestrina". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 14, No. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/738432">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611161754/http://www.jstor.org/stable/738432">Archived</a> 2016-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Monson, Craig A. (2002). "The Council of Trent Revisited." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a></i>, Vol. 55, No. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/831778">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_works">General works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: General works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauer,_Stefan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer, Stefan">Bauer, Stefan</a>. <i>The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform</i> (2020).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bireley" title="Robert L. Bireley">Bireley, Robert</a>. <i>The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation</i> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/081320951X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1991" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, M., ed. (1991). <i>Butler's Lives of the Saints</i>. New York: HarperSanFrancisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butler%27s+Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounter-Reformation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dickens, A. G. <i>The Counter Reformation</i> (1979) expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism.</li> <li>Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation", <i>Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte</i> (1990), Vol. 81, pp 239–262.</li> <li>Jones, Martin D. W. <i>The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe</i> (1995), emphasis on historiography</li> <li>Jones, Pamela M. and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Worcester" title="Thomas Worcester">Thomas Worcester</a>, eds. <i>From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650</i> (Brill 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_L._Lehner" title="Ulrich L. Lehner">Lehner, Ulrich L.</a> <i>The Catholic Enlightenment</i> (2016)</li> <li>Mourret, Fernand. <i>History of the Catholic Church</i> (vol 5 1931) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfTheCatholicChurch">online free</a>; pp. 517–649; by French Catholic scholar</li> <li>Mullett, Michael A. <i>The Catholic Reformation</i> (Routledge 1999)</li> <li>O'Connell, Marvin. <i>Counter-reformation, 1550–1610</i> (1974)</li> <li>Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. <i>Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries</i> (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199272723.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272723.001.0001</a>.</li> <li>Ogg, David. <i>Europe in the Seventeenth Century</i> (6th ed., 1965). pp 82–117.</li> <li>Olin, John C. <i>The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540</i> (Fordham University Press, 1992)</li> <li>O'Malley, John W. <i>Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).</li> <li>Pollen, John Hungerford. <i>The Counter-Reformation</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0063LJUHE/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Soergel, Philip M. <i>Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria</i>. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993.</li> <li>Thaler, Peter. <i>Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria</i>. New York: Routledge, 2020.</li> <li>Unger, Rudolph M. <i>Counter-Reformation</i> (2006).</li> <li>Wright, A. D. <i>The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World</i> (2nd ed. 2005), advanced.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Luebke, David, ed. <i>The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings</i> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0631211047/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation", <i>History Today</i> (1983) 33#11 pp. 42–45.</li> <li>Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands", <i>Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte</i> (2009) Vol. 100, pp. 271–292.</li> <li>Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009", <i>Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte</i> (2009) Vol. 100, pp. 193–217.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-Reformation&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crc-internet.org/">The Catholic Counter-Reformation in the 21st Century</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" 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style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Politics">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" 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