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id="toc-The_Inquisition_in_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_arrival_and_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_arrival_and_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Portuguese arrival and conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_arrival_and_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_the_Inquisition_to_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_the_Inquisition_to_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Introduction of the Inquisition to India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_the_Inquisition_to_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_regarding_Saint_Francis_Xavier's_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_regarding_Saint_Francis_Xavier's_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Controversy regarding Saint Francis Xavier's involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_regarding_Saint_Francis_Xavier's_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_of_the_Inquisition_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_of_the_Inquisition_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Launch of the Inquisition in India </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Launch_of_the_Inquisition_in_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Launch of the Inquisition in India subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Launch_of_the_Inquisition_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_beginning_of_the_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The beginning of the Inquisition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_and_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_and_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Implementation and consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation_and_consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Implementation and consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation_and_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Persecution of Hindus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Buddhists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Buddhists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Persecution of Buddhists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Buddhists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Persecution of Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Goan_Catholics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Goan_Catholics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Persecution of Goan Catholics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Goan_Catholics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_Konkani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_Konkani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Suppression of Konkani </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_Konkani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_St_Thomas_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_St_Thomas_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Persecution of St Thomas Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_St_Thomas_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_non-Portuguese_catholic_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_non-Portuguese_catholic_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Persecution of non-Portuguese catholic Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_non-Portuguese_catholic_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Goa Inquisition</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="محاكم التفتيش في غوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاكم التفتيش في غوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="গোয়া ইনকুইজেশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোয়া ইনকুইজেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition_von_Goa" title="Inquisition von Goa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inquisition von Goa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="تفتیش عقاید گوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تفتیش عقاید گوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition_de_Goa" title="Inquisition de Goa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inquisition de Goa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%95%84_%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A8%EC%8B%AC%EB%AC%B8%EC%86%8C" title="고아 이단심문소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고아 이단심문소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="गोवा इंक्विज़िशन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोवा इंक्विज़िशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkuisisi_Goa" title="Inkuisisi Goa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inkuisisi Goa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisizione_di_Goa" title="Inquisizione di Goa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inquisizione di Goa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="האינקוויזיציה של גואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האינקוויזיציה של גואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഗോവയിലെ മതദ്രോഹവിചാരണകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോവയിലെ മതദ്രോഹവിചാരണകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="गोवा इन्क्विझिशन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गोवा इन्क्विझिशन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="گوا انکوائزیشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوا انکوائزیشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Инквизиция в Гоа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инквизиция в Гоа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="கோவா சமயக் குற்றவிசாரணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோவா சமயக் குற்றவிசாரணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="گوا انکوائزیشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوا انکوائزیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Inquisition_in_Goa_and_Bombay-Bassein&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein">Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Portuguese Inquisition in colonial-era Portuguese India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical inquisition. For the 1961 book about this inquisition, see <a href="/wiki/The_Goa_Inquisition" title="The Goa Inquisition">The Goa Inquisition</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Portuguese Inquisition in Goa</div> <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Inquisição de Goa</div> <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Goa Inquisition</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Banner_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa.jpg/220px-Banner_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Banner_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa.jpg/330px-Banner_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Banner_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa.jpg/440px-Banner_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1959" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1561</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">1812</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Goa Inquisition (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Inquisição de Goa, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Portuguese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ĩkizɨˈsɐ̃w dɨ ˈɣoɐ]</a>) was an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>. Its objective was to enforce <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> and allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex">Pontifex</a>. Many peaceful conversions took place through the Goan Inquisition however the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">persecution of Hindus</a> and the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> were still present.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teotonio_De_Souza-4">[4]</a> The inquisition primarily focused on the <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> accused of secretly practicing their former religions, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Christians">Old Christians</a> accused of involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Revolution_of_the_16th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Revolution of the 16th century">Protestant Revolution of the 16th century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elbl2012p12-5">[5]</a> Also among the offenders were those suspected of committing <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>; they were given the second most harsh punishments.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The inquisition was established in 1560, briefly stopped from 1774 to 1778, and was re-instated and continued thereafter until it was finally abolished in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Forced conversions, while strict, were seen by the Portuguese as a necessary means to bring people into the fold of the true Catholic faith. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Hinduism" title="Crypto-Hinduism">crypto-Hinduism</a> was viewed as a challenge to the Church's mission of religious unity. Those accused of such practices were often given the chance to confess and realign with Catholic teachings. Imprisonment, and in extremely rare cases, harsher penalties, were not seen or intended as cruel measures by the Portuguese but were viewed as a way to maintain the sanctity of the faith and to ensure that those who had been introduced to Christianity fully embraced its principles, for their own spiritual well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p215-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-couto148-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Inquisitors also seized and burned books written in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, as they were suspected of containing teachings that deviated from Catholic doctrine or promoted <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheistic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagan</a> ideas. The Portuguese did not see this an act of oppression, but as a precaution to protect the community from ideas that could lead them away from the Catholic faith. The Inquisitors aimed to preserve religious purity and ensure that the Catholic teachings remained the guiding principles for the people by removing potentially harmful material.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The aims of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in Asia were suppressing Islam (due to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">oppressive Islamic rule of Iberia</a> which lasted 781 years), spreading Christianity, and trading spices.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Portuguese were guided by missionary fervor and the <a href="/wiki/God,_gold_and_glory" class="mw-redirect" title="God, gold and glory">3 G's</a>. Examples of this include the Madura Mission of <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Nobili" title="Roberto de Nobili">Roberto de Nobili</a>, the Jesuit mission to the court of the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar</a> as well as the subjection of the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Church</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Church</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a> in 1599.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao196343-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Between the Inquisition's beginning in 1561 and its temporary abolition in 1774, around 16,000 persons were brought to trial. Portuguese authorities sought to ensure alignment with the Catholic faith while navigating cultural dynamics in Goa. When the Inquisition ended in 1812, the majority of its records were destroyed by Portuguese officials, making it difficult to determine the exact figures of those prosecuted and the nature of their cases.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p215-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7-2">[2]</a> However, the few records that remain indicate that approximately 57 individuals across the 249 year long inquisition were sentenced to execution for significant religious transgressions, while an additional 64 were symbolically condemned after they had passed away in custody. These numbers reflect the rarity of such punishments amid efforts to promote religious unity over many decades.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva_1975_p._107-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-parker292-21">[21]</a> It is estimated that by the end of the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Goa">Christianisation of Goa</a> meant that there were less than 20,000 people who were non-Christians out of the total Goan population of 250,000.<a href="#cite_note-IndianExpress-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Article ignores contemporary accounts of voluntary individual conversions and also mass conversions of entire castes (eg Kshatriyas of Carambolim) from 1510 onwards, appears to be an Opinion piece (October 2021)">better source needed</a>] From the 1590s onwards, the Goan Inquisition was the most intense, as practices like offerings to local deities were perceived as witchcraft. This became the central focus of the Inquisition in the East in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-daSilva-23">[23]</a> In Goa, the Inquisition also prosecuted violators observing <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rituals or festivals, and persons who interfered with Portuguese attempts to convert local muslims and polytheists.<a href="#cite_note-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7-2">[2]</a> The laws of the Goa Inquisition sought to strengthen the spread of Catholicism in the region by discouraging practices that conflicted with Catholic teachings. In this context, the Inquisition prohibited conversion to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, as well as restricted the use of <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, languages associated with hindu religious practices. These measures were intended to foster a sense of religious unity and consistency within the local population.<a href="#cite_note-couto148-11">[11]</a> Although the Goa Inquisition ended in 1812, discrimination against polytheists under Portuguese rule continued in other forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Xenddi" title="Xenddi">Xenddi</a> tax implemented from 1705 to 1840, which was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> tax.<a href="#cite_note-Souza1994p93-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Souza1994p112-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Religious discrimination ended with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Constitution_of_1838" title="Portuguese Constitution of 1838">Portuguese Constitution of 1838</a> & the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Civil_Code_of_Goa_and_Damaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and Damaon">Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and Damaon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D423-_ruines_du_palais_de_l%E2%80%99inquisition_%C3%A0_goa_-_liv3-ch13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/D423-_ruines_du_palais_de_l%E2%80%99inquisition_%C3%A0_goa_-_liv3-ch13.png/220px-D423-_ruines_du_palais_de_l%E2%80%99inquisition_%C3%A0_goa_-_liv3-ch13.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/D423-_ruines_du_palais_de_l%E2%80%99inquisition_%C3%A0_goa_-_liv3-ch13.png/330px-D423-_ruines_du_palais_de_l%E2%80%99inquisition_%C3%A0_goa_-_liv3-ch13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/D423-_ruines_du_palais_de_l%E2%80%99inquisition_%C3%A0_goa_-_liv3-ch13.png/440px-D423-_ruines_du_palais_de_l%E2%80%99inquisition_%C3%A0_goa_-_liv3-ch13.png 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the ruins of the headquarters of the Goa Inquisition, from L'Homme et La Terre by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a> (1905)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Inquisition_in_Portugal">The Inquisition in Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Inquisition in Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand and Isabella">Ferdinand and Isabella</a> were married in 1469, thereby uniting the Iberian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> into <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pentateuch-29">[29]</a> In 1492, they expelled the Jewish population of Spain, many of whom then moved to Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-chuchiak315-30">[30]</a> Within five years, ideas of anti-Judaism and Inquisition were adopted in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pentateuch-29">[29]</a> Instead of another expulsion, the King of Portugal ordered the forced conversion of the Jews in 1497, and these were called New Christians or Crypto-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-chuchiak315-30">[30]</a> He stipulated that the validity of their conversions would not be investigated for two decades.<a href="#cite_note-Daus_81_82-31">[31]</a> In 1506 in Lisbon, there was a massacre of several hundred 'Conversos' or 'Marranos', as newly converted Jews or New Christians were called, instigated by the preaching of two Spanish Dominicans. Some persecuted Jews fled Portugal for the New World in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Daus_81_82-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbl2012p12-5">[5]</a> Others went to Asia as traders, settling in India.<a href="#cite_note-Daus_81_82-31">[31]</a> These ideas and the practice of Inquisition on behalf of the Holy Office of Catholic Church was spread by the missionaries and colonial administrators of Portugal to Portuguese colonies such as Estado da India.<a href="#cite_note-Elbl2012p12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> One of the most notable New Christians was <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Orta" title="Garcia de Orta">Garcia de Orta</a>, who emigrated to Goa in 1534. He was posthumously convicted of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Daus_81_82-31">[31]</a> The Goa Inquisition enforced by the Portuguese Christians was not unusual, as similar tribunals operated in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> colonies during the same centuries such as the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Inquisition" title="Peruvian Inquisition">Lima Inquisition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil#First_Jewish_arrivals" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil Inquisition</a> under the Lisbon tribunal. Like the Goa Inquisition, these tribunals arrested suspects, interrogated and convicted them, and issued punishments for secretly practising religious beliefs different from Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-chuchiak315-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_arrival_and_conquest">Portuguese arrival and conquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Portuguese arrival and conquest">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> was founded and built by ancient Hindu kingdoms and had served as a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a>. In late 13th-century, a Muslim invasion led to the plunder of Goa by <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Khilji">Alauddin Khilji</a> and an Islamic occupation.<a href="#cite_note-ray127-34">[34]</a> In the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> Hindu rulers conquered and occupied it.<a href="#cite_note-ray127-34">[34]</a> It became a part of <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> in the 15th century, thereafter was under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur</a> when <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhekode</a> (Calicut), India in 1498.<a href="#cite_note-ray127-34">[34]</a> After da Gama's return, Portugal sent an armed fleet to conquer and create a colony in India. In 1510, the Portuguese Admiral <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> (c. 1453-1515) launched a series of campaigns to take Goa, wherein the Portuguese ultimately prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-ray127-34">[34]</a> The Christian Portuguese were assisted by the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>'s regional agent <a href="/wiki/Timoji" title="Timoji">Timmayya</a> in their attempt to capture Goa from the Muslim ruler Adil Shah.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Goa became the centre of Portuguese colonial possessions in India and activities in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It also served as the key and lucrative trading centre between the Portuguese and the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> and Muslim <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a> to its east. Wars continued between the Bijapur Sultanate and the Portuguese forces for decades.<a href="#cite_note-ray127-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_the_Inquisition_to_India">Introduction of the Inquisition to India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Introduction of the Inquisition to India">edit</a>]</div> After da Gama returned to Portugal from his maiden voyage to India, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a>. This granted a <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">padroado</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, giving Portugal the responsibility, monopoly right and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> for the propagation of the Catholic Christian faith in newly discovered areas, along with exclusive rights to trade in Asia on behalf of the Catholic Empire.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flannery2013p11-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> From 1515 onwards, Goa served as the centre of <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> efforts under Portugal's royal patronage (Padroado) to expand Catholic Christianity in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Flannery2013p11-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[note 1]</a> Similar padroados were also issued by the Vatican in the favour of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and Portugal in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> in the 16th century. The padroado mandated the building of churches and support for Catholic missions and <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> activities in the new lands, and brought these under the religious jurisdiction of the Vatican. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> were the most active of the religious orders in Europe that participated under the padroado mandate in the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[note 2]</a> The establishment of the Portuguese on the Western coast of India was of particular interest to the <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> population of Portugal who were suffering harshly under the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>. The crypto-Jewish targets of the Inquisition in Portugal began flocking to Goa, and their community reached considerable proportions. India was attractive for Jews who had been forcibly baptized in Portugal for a variety of reasons. One reason was that India was home to ancient, well-established Jewish communities. Jews who had been forcibly converted could approach these communities, and re-join their former faith if they chose to do so, without having to fear for their lives as these areas were beyond the scope of the Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Another reason was the opportunity to engage in trade (<a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, diamonds, etc) from which New Christians in Portugal had been restricted at the onset of the Portuguese Inquisition. In his book, The Marrano Factory, Professor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Saraiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Saraiva">Antonio Saraiva</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a> details the strength of the New Christians on the economic front by quoting a 1613 document written by <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">attorney</a>, Martin de Zellorigo. Zellorigo writes regarding "the Men of the Nation" (a term used for Jewish New Christians): "For in all of Portugal there is not a single merchant (hombre de negocios) who is not of this Nation. These people have their correspondents in all lands and domains of the king our lord. Those of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> send kinsmen to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> to establish trading-posts where they receive the exports from Portugal, which they barter for merchandise in demand back home. They have outposts in the Indian port cities of Goa and <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> and in the interior. In Lisbon and in India nobody can handle the trade in merchandise except persons of this Nation. Without them, His Majesty will no longer be able to make a go of his Indian possessions, and will lose the 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducats">ducats</a> a year in duties which finance the whole enterprise – from equipping the ships to paying the seamen and soldiers"<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The Portuguese reaction to the New Christians in India came in the form of bitter letters of complaint and polemics that were written, and sent to Portugal by secular and ecclesiastical authorities; these complaints were about trade practices, and the abandonment of Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> In particular, the first archbishop of Goa <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Jorge_de_Le%C3%A3o_Pereira" title="Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira">Dom Gaspar de Leao Pereira</a>, was extremely critical of the New Christian presence, and was highly influential in petitioning for the establishment of the Inquisition in Goa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Portugal also sent missionaries to Goa, and its colonial government supported the Christian mission with incentives for baptizing <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> and Muslims into Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Daus_1983_pp._61-66-48">[46]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> was established in Goa in 1534.<a href="#cite_note-Flannery2013p11-37">[37]</a> In 1542, <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a> was appointed the new Governor of Portuguese India. He arrived in Goa with the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ray127-34">[34]</a> By 1548, the Portuguese colonists had completed fourteen churches in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The surviving records of missionaries from 16th to 17th century, states <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9lio_de_Mendon%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Délio de Mendonça (page does not exist)">Délio de Mendonça</a>, extensively stereotypes and criticizes the gentiles, a term that broadly referred to Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-delio2002p382-50">[48]</a> To European missionaries, the Gentiles of India that were not outright hostile were superstitious, weak and greedy.<a href="#cite_note-delio2002p382-50">[48]</a> One missionary claimed that Indians converted to Christianity for material benefits such as jobs or clothing gifts; freedom in the case of slaves kept by the Hindus and Muslims; and marriage to Christian women in the case of unmarried non-Christian men. After <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, these new converts continued to practice their old religion in secret in the manner similar to Crypto-Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christianity in Portugal earlier. Jesuit missionaries considered this a threat to the purity of Catholic Christian belief and pressed for Inquisition in order to punish the Crypto-Hindus, Crypto-Muslims and Crypto-Jews, thereby ending the <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-delio2002p382-50">[48]</a> The Goa Inquisition adapted the directives issued between 1545 and 1563 by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> to Goa and other Indian colonies of Portugal. This included attacking Hindu customs, active preaching to increase the number of Christian converts, fighting enemies of Catholic Christians, uprooting behaviours that were deemed to be heresies and maintaining the purity of Catholic faith.<a href="#cite_note-delio321-51">[49]</a> The Portuguese accepted the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a> thereby attracting the elites of the local society, states Mendonça, because Europeans of the sixteenth century had their estate system and held that social divisions and hereditary royalty were divinely established. It was the festivals, syncretic religious practices and other traditional customs that were identified as heresy, relapses and shortcomings of the natives needing a preventative and punitive Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-delio321-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_regarding_Saint_Francis_Xavier's_involvement">Controversy regarding Saint Francis Xavier's involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversy regarding Saint Francis Xavier's involvement">edit</a>]</div> Saint Francis Xavier led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Empire in the East">Portuguese Empire in the East</a>, and was influential in <a href="/wiki/Evangelisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelisation">evangelisation</a> work, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern India">early modern India</a>. He was extensively involved in the missionary activity in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>. In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a> in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a> where he wrote "By another route I have written to your highness of the great need there is in India for preachers... The second necessity which obtains in India, if those who live there are to be good Christians, is that your highness should institute the holy Inquisition; for there are many who live according to the law of Moses or the law of Muhammad without any fear of God or shame before men" <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao196343-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> He furthermore advocated for greater action by the Portuguese governor for the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Christianity in Goa</a> going as far as threatening the official with severe punishment in case of failure "Let the king warn the governor that] "should he fail to take active steps for the great increase of our faith, you are determined to punish him, and inform him with a solemn oath that, on his return to Portugal, all his property will be forfeited for the benefit of the Santa Misericordia, and beyond this tell him that you will keep him in irons for a number of years... There is no better way of ensuring that all in India become Christians than that your highness should inflict severe punishment on a governor" <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268-54">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161-55">[53]</a> The inquisition was declared two decades after he left Goa, and the main laws were implemented in 1567, about 25 years after his departure. Around 15 years passed since his death and transfer of relics back to <a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Old Goa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The letter cited was one written to King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, dated 20 January 1545 (3 years after leaving Goa) from <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in the Malay archipelago, in response to the scandalous lifestyle of the Portuguese sailors who had made the port city home, where he criticizes <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a> himself (something very rare at that time) about his officials who only care about collecting taxes and not about maintaining discipline amongst his subjects, and hence asks that a separate official with powers be sent to aid the old bishop to protect the new converts from ill-treatment from the undisciplined Portuguese commandants. He goes on to ask the King to stop thinking about filling his treasury and instead keep a part of the money made in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> for the benefit of the new converts.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Historian and former priest <a href="/wiki/Teotonio_de_Souza" class="mw-redirect" title="Teotonio de Souza">Teotonio de Souza</a> indicates that apart from the posted civil servants, "the great majority of those who were dispatched as 'discoverers' were the riff-raff of Portuguese society, picked up from Portuguese jails." Nor did the soldiers, sailors, or merchants come to do missionary work, and imperial policy permitted the outflow of disaffected nobility. Many of the arrivals formed liaisons with local women and adopted local culture. Missionaries often wrote against the "scandalous and undisciplined" behaviour of their fellow Christians. <a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_of_the_Inquisition_in_India">Launch of the Inquisition in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Launch of the Inquisition in India">edit</a>]</div> Even before the Inquisition was launched, the local government in Goa tried persons for religious crimes and punished those convicted, as well as targeted <a href="/wiki/Judaizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizing">Judaizing</a>. A Portuguese order to destroy Hindu temples along with the seizure of Hindu temple properties and their transfer to the Catholic missionaries is dated 30 June 1541.<a href="#cite_note-Green2009p152-60">[58]</a> Prior to authorizing of the Inquisition office in Goa in 1560, <a href="/wiki/King_John_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King John III of Portugal">King John III of Portugal</a> issued an order, on 8 March 1546, to forbid <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, destroy Hindu temples, prohibit the public celebration of Hindu feasts, expel Hindu priests and severely punish those who created any Hindu images in Portuguese possessions in India.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[59]</a> A special religious tax was imposed before 1550 on Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> within Portuguese territory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Records suggest that a New Christian was executed by the Portuguese in 1539 for the religious crime of "heretical utterances". A Jewish <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> or Christian convert named Jeronimo Dias was <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garrotted</a> and burnt at the stake in Goa by the Portuguese, for the religious heresy of Judaizing in 1543 before the Goa Inquisition tribunal was formed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_beginning_of_the_Inquisition">The beginning of the Inquisition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The beginning of the Inquisition">edit</a>]</div> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Henrique_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrique of Portugal">Henrique of Portugal</a> sent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleixo_D%C3%ADaz_Falc%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleixo Díaz Falcão (page does not exist)">Aleixo Díaz Falcão</a> as the first inquisitor and established the first tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-lea2003-63">[61]</a> The Goa Inquisition office was housed in the former palace of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shah">Adil Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer-64">[62]</a> Various orders issued by the Goa Inquisition included: <ul><li>All <a href="/wiki/Qadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadis">qadis</a> were ordered out of Portuguese territory in 1567<a href="#cite_note-benton123-65">[63]</a></li> <li>Non-Christians were forbidden from occupying any public office, and only a Christian could hold such an office;<a href="#cite_note-souza2829-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-benton123-65">[63]</a></li> <li>Hindus were forbidden from producing any Christian devotional objects or symbols;<a href="#cite_note-souza2829-66">[64]</a></li> <li>Hindu children whose father had died were required to be handed over to the Jesuits for conversion to Christianity;<a href="#cite_note-souza2829-66">[64]</a></li> <li>Hindu women who converted to Christianity could inherit all of the property of their parents;<a href="#cite_note-souza2829-66">[64]</a></li> <li>Hindu clerks in all village councils were replaced with Christians;<a href="#cite_note-souza2829-66">[64]</a></li> <li>Christian ganvkars (<a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freeholders</a>) could make village decisions without any Hindu ganvkars present, however Hindu ganvkars could not make any village decisions unless all Christian ganvkars were present; in Goan villages with Christian majorities, Hindus were forbidden from attending village assemblies.<a href="#cite_note-benton123-65">[63]</a></li> <li>Christian members were to sign first on any proceedings, Hindus later;<a href="#cite_note-souza30-67">[65]</a></li> <li>In legal proceedings, Hindus were unacceptable as witnesses, only statements from Christian witnesses were admissible.<a href="#cite_note-benton123-65">[63]</a></li> <li>Hindu temples were demolished in Portuguese Goa, and Hindus were forbidden from building new temples or repairing old ones. A temple demolition squad of Jesuits was formed which actively demolished pre-16th century temples, with a 1569 royal letter recording that all Hindu temples in Portuguese colonies in India have been demolished and burnt down (desfeitos e queimados);<a href="#cite_note-souza30-67">[65]</a></li> <li>Hindu priests were forbidden from entering Portuguese Goa to officiate Hindu weddings.<a href="#cite_note-souza30-67">[65]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jew">Sephardic Jews</a> living in Goa, many of whom had fled the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to escape the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, were also persecuted in case they, or their ancestors, had fraudulently converted to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer-64">[62]</a> The narrative of Da Fonseca describes the violence and brutality of the inquisition. The records speak of the demand for hundreds of prison cells to accommodate the accused.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer-64">[62]</a> From 1560 to 1774, a total of 16,172 persons were tried by the tribunals of the Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> While it also included individuals of different nationalities, the overwhelming majority, nearly three-quarters, were natives, almost equally represented by Catholics and non-Christians. Many of these were hauled up for crossing the border and cultivating lands there.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto-69">[67]</a> According to Benton, between 1561 and 1623, the Goa Inquisition brought 3,800 cases. This was a large number given that the total population of Goa was about 60,000 in the 1580s with an estimated Hindu population then about a third or 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-benton123-65">[63]</a> Seventy-one <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">autos de fé</a> ("act of faith") were recorded, the grand spectacle of public penance often followed by convicted individuals being variously punished up to and including <a href="/wiki/Burning_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning at the stake">burning at the stake</a>. In the first few years alone, over 4000 people were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer-64">[62]</a> According to Machado, in its two-and-a-half centuries of existence in Goa, the Inquisition burnt 57 people to death at the stake and 64 in effigy, of whom 105 were men and 16 were women.<a href="#cite_note-Tiswadi-70">[68]</a> The sentence of "burning in effigy" was applied to those convicted in absentia or who had died in prison; in the latter case, their remains were burned in a coffin at the same time as the effigy, which was hung up for public display.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva_1975_p._107-20">[20]</a> Others sentenced to various punishments totalled 4,046, of whom 3,034 were men and 1,012 were women.<a href="#cite_note-Tiswadi-70">[68]</a> According to the Chronista de Tissuary (Chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Tiswadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiswadi">Tiswadi</a>), the last auto de fé was held in Goa on 7 February 1773.<a href="#cite_note-Tiswadi-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_and_consequences">Implementation and consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implementation and consequences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg/280px-The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg/420px-The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg/560px-The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a> procession of the Inquisition at Goa.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> An annual event to publicly humiliate and punish the heretics, it shows the Chief Inquisitor, Dominican friars, Portuguese soldiers, as well as religious criminals condemned to be burnt in the procession.</figcaption></figure> An appeal to start the Inquisition in the Indian colonies of Portugal was sent by Vicar General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Vaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Vaz (page does not exist)">Miguel Vaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> According to Indo-Portuguese historian <a href="/wiki/Teotonio_R._de_Souza" class="mw-redirect" title="Teotonio R. de Souza">Teotonio R. de Souza</a>, the original requests targeted the "Moors" (Muslims), New Christian, Jews and those Hindus involved in propagating 'Gentility' and heresy, and it made Goa a centre of persecution operated by the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The colonial administration under demands of the Jesuits and Church Provincial Council of Goa in 1567 enacted <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hindu">anti-Hindu</a> laws to end what the Catholics considered to be heretical conduct and to encourage conversions to Christianity. Laws were passed banning Christians from keeping Hindus in their employ, and the public worship of Hindus was deemed unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-Sakshena-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-souza30-67">[65]</a> Hindus were forced to assemble periodically in churches to listen to the Christian doctrine or to the criticism of their religion.<a href="#cite_note-souza30-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Hindu books in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> were burnt by the Goan Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> It also forbade Hindu priests from entering Goa to officiate Hindu weddings.<a href="#cite_note-souza30-67">[65]</a> Violations resulted in various forms of punishment to non-Catholics such as fines, public flogging, banishment to <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, imprisonment, execution, burning at stakes or burning in effigy under the orders of the Christian Portuguese prosecutors at the <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-couto148-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Priolkar-78">[76]</a> The inquisition forced Hindus to flee Goa in large numbers<a href="#cite_note-benton123-65">[63]</a> and later the migration of its Christians and Muslims, from Goa to the surrounding regions that were not in the control of the Jesuits and Portuguese India.<a href="#cite_note-souza30-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The Hindus responded to the destruction of their temples by recovering the images from the ruins of their older temples and using them to build new temples just outside the borders of the Portuguese controlled territories. In some cases where the Portuguese built churches on the spot the destroyed temples were, Hindus started annual processions that carry their gods and goddesses linking their newer temples to the site where the churches stand, after Portuguese colonial era ended.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Persecution of Hindus">edit</a>]</div> Hindus could be arrested for attempting to dissuade countrymen for converting to Christianity, abetting Goan Christians from fleeing Goa, or hiding abandoned/Orphaned children who had not been reported to the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva2001p351-82">[80]</a> The Catholic descendants of Hindus were more likely to be prosecuted, although this could be due to their having been a higher proportion of the population. About 74% of those sentenced were charged with Crypto-Hinduism (practicing Hinduism privately despite being Christian officially), while Crypto-Muslims (practicing Islam privately despite being Christian officially) made-up about 1.5% sentenced, 1.5% were tried for obstructing the operations of the Holy Office of the Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva2001p352-83">[81]</a> Most records of the nearly 250 years of Inquisition trials were burnt by the Portuguese after the Inquisition had been banned. Those that have survived, such as those between 1782-1800, state that people continued to be tried and punished.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva2001p352-83">[81]</a> A larger proportion of those arrested, tried and sentenced during the Goa Inquisition, according to António José Saraiva, came from the lowest social strata.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva2001p352-83">[81]</a> The trial records suggest that the victims were not exclusively <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, but included members of other religions found in India as well as some Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva2001p352-83">[81]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Victims of Goa Inquisition (1782-1800 trials)<a href="#cite_note-84">[note 3]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Social group </th> <th>Per cent<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva2001p352-83">[81]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Non Brahmins </td> <td>18.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curumbins (Tribal-untouchables)<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> </td> <td>17.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chardos (warriors)<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brahmins </td> <td>5% </td></tr></tbody></table> Fr. Diogo da Borba and his advisor Vicar General Miguel Vaz followed the missionary goals to convert the Hindus. In cooperation with the Jesuit and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries, the Portuguese administration in Goa and military were deployed to destroy the cultural and institutional roots of Hindus and other Indian religions. For example, Viceroy and Captain General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noronha" class="mw-redirect" title="António de Noronha">António de Noronha</a> and, later Captain General <a href="/wiki/Constantino_de_Sa_de_Noronha" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantino de Sa de Noronha">Constantino de Sa de Noronha</a>, systematically destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples in Portuguese possessions and during attempted new conquests on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Exact data on the nature and number of Hindu temples destroyed by the Christian missionaries and Portuguese government are unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-Spicer2016p309-88">[85]</a> Some 160 temples were razed to the ground on the Goa island by 1566. Between 1566 and 1567, a campaign by Franciscan missionaries destroyed another 300 <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Bardez</a> (North Goa).<a href="#cite_note-Spicer2016p309-88">[85]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Salcete" class="mw-redirect" title="Salcete">Salcete</a> (South Goa), approximately another 300 Hindu temples were destroyed by the Christian officials of the Inquisition. Numerous Hindu temples were destroyed elsewhere at <a href="/wiki/Assolna" title="Assolna">Assolna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuncolim" title="Cuncolim">Cuncolim</a> by Portuguese authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Spicer2016p309-88">[85]</a> A 1569 royal letter in Portuguese archives records that all Hindu temples in its colonies in India had been burnt and razed to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Lehner" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Lehner">Ulrich Lehner</a>, "Goa had been a tolerant place in the sixteenth century, but the Goan Inquisition had turned it into a hostile location for Hindus and members of other Asian religions. Temples had been razed, public Hindu rituals forbidden, and conversions to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> severely punished. The Goa Inquisition prosecuted harshly any cases of public Hindu worship; over three-quarters of its cases pertained to this, and only two percent to <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Lehner2016p122-90">[87]</a> New laws promulgated between 1566 and 1576 prohibited Hindus from repairing any damaged temples or constructing new ones.<a href="#cite_note-Spicer2016p309-88">[85]</a> Ceremonies including public <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu weddings</a> were banned.<a href="#cite_note-Priolkar-78">[76]</a> Anyone who owned an image of a Hindu god or goddess was deemed a criminal.<a href="#cite_note-Spicer2016p309-88">[85]</a> Non-Hindus in Goa were encouraged to identify and report anyone who owned images of god or goddess to the Inquisition authorities. Those accused were searched and if any evidence was found, such "idol owning" Hindus were arrested and they lost their property. Half of the seized property went as reward to the accusers, the other half to the church.<a href="#cite_note-Spicer2016p309-88">[85]</a> "The fathers of the Church forbade the Hindus under terrible penalties the use of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">their own sacred books</a>, and prevented them from all exercise of their religion. They destroyed their temples, and so harassed and interfered with the people that they abandoned the city in large numbers, refusing to remain any longer in a place where they had no liberty, and were liable to imprisonment, torture and death if they worshipped after their own fashion <a href="/wiki/Hindu_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu gods">the gods of their fathers</a>." wrote <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Sassetti" title="Filippo Sassetti">Filippo Sassetti</a>, who was in India from 1578 to 1588.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1620, an order was passed to prohibit Hindus from performing their marriage rituals.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> An order was issued in June 1684 for suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a> and making it compulsory to speak <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. The law provided for dealing harshly with anyone using the local languages. Following that law, all non-Catholic cultural symbols and books written in local languages were to be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Goa_Inquisition_for_Colonial_Disciplining-92">[89]</a> The French physician <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dellon" title="Charles Dellon">Charles Dellon</a> experienced first-hand the cruelty of the Inquisition's agents, and complained about the goals, arbitrariness, torture and racial discrimination against the people of Indian origin, particularly Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-Dellon-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbl2012p12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p215-9">[9]</a> He was arrested, served a prison sentence where he witnessed the torture and starvation Hindus were put through, and was released under the pressure of the French government. He returned to France and published a book in 1687 describing his experiences in Goa as Relation de l'Inquisition de Goa (The Inquisition of Goa).<a href="#cite_note-Dellon-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Persecution of Buddhists">edit</a>]</div> The Goa Inquisition led the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> sacred objects seized in Portuguese attacks in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. In 1560, for example, an armada led by Viceroy Constantino de Bragança attacked <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> in northeast <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p187-94">[91]</a> They seized a reliquary with <a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Buddha's tooth</a> preserved as sacred and called dalada by the local Tamils since the 4th century. Diogo do Couto – the late 16th-century Portuguese chronicler in Goa, refers to the relic as "the monkey's tooth" (dente do Bugio) as well as "the Buddha's tooth", the "monkey" term being a common racial insult for the collective identity of South Asians.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p187-94">[91]</a> In most European accounts of that era, Christian authors call it "monkey's or ape's tooth", while some call it "tooth of the demon" or "tooth of the holy man". In a few accounts, such as that of the Portuguese chronicler Faria e Sousa, the tooth is called "a genuine Satanic source of evil that had to be destroyed".<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The tooth's capture by the Portuguese spread rapidly in South Asia, and the King of <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> offered a fortune to Portuguese in exchange for it. However, the religious authorities of the Goa Inquisition prevented the acceptance of ransom and held a flamboyant ceremony to publicly destroy the tooth as a means of humiliation and religious cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p187-94">[91]</a> According to Hannah Wojciehowski, the "monkey" word became a racialised insult in the proceedings, but it may initially have been a product of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between Hinduism and Buddhism, given the fact that the Buddha tooth relic was preserved and considered sacred by Tamil Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>, and these Hindus also worshipped <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> To the Portuguese inquisition officials and their European supporters, the term projected their stereotypes for the lands and people they had violently conquered as well as their prejudices against Indian religions.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p187-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Jews">Persecution of Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Persecution of Jews">edit</a>]</div> Goa was a sanctuary for Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christianity on the Iberian peninsula. These forcibly baptized converts were known as <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a>. They lived in what then came to be known as the Jew street.<a href="#cite_note-Tavim2008p28-97">[94]</a> The New Christian population was so substantial that, as Savaira reveals,"in a letter which is dated Almeirim, 18 February 1519, <a href="/wiki/King_Manuel_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Manuel I">King Manuel I</a> promoted legislation henceforth prohibiting the naming of New Christians to the position of judge, town councillor or municipal registrar in Goa, stipulating, however, that those already appointed were not to be dismissed. This shows that even during the first nine years of Portuguese rule, Goa had a considerable influx of recently baptized Spanish and Portuguese Jews."<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[59]</a> However, after the start of the Goa Inquisition, Viceroy Dom <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A3o_de_Noronha" title="Antão de Noronha">Antão de Noronha</a>, in December 1565, issued an order that banned Jews from entering the Portuguese territories in India with violators liable to the penalties of arrest, seizure of their property and confinement in a prison.<a href="#cite_note-Tavim2008p28-97">[94]</a> The Portuguese built city fortification walls between 1564 and 1568. It ran adjacent to the Jew street, but placed it outside of the fort.<a href="#cite_note-Tavim2008p28-97">[94]</a> The Inquisition originally targeted New Christians, that is Jews who had been force-converted to Christianity and who migrated from Portugal to India between 1505 and 1560.<a href="#cite_note-Elbl2012p12-5">[5]</a> Later it added in Moors, a term that meant Muslims who had previously invaded the Iberian peninsula from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. In Goa, the Inquisition included Jews, Muslims and later predominantly Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-benton123-65">[63]</a> A documented case of the persecution of the Jews (New Christians) that began few years before the inauguration of the Goa Inquisition was that of a Goan woman named Caldeira. Her trial contributed to formal launch of Goa Inquisition office.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski208-98">[95]</a> Caldeira, and 19 other New Christians, were arrested by the Portuguese and brought before the tribunal in 1557. They were charged with <a href="/wiki/Judaizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizing">Judaizing</a>, visiting <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a> and eating unleavened bread.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski208-98">[95]</a> She was also accused of celebrating <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> festival coincident with the Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, wherein she was alleged to have burnt dolls symbolic of "filho de hamam" (son of Haman).<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski208-98">[95]</a> Ultimately, all of them were sent from Goa to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to be tried by the Portuguese Inquisition. There, she was sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-Wojciehowski208-98">[95]</a> The persecution of Jews extended to Portuguese territorial claims in Cochin. Their Synagogue (the <a href="/wiki/Pardesi_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardesi Synagogue">Pardesi Synagogue</a>) was destroyed by the Portuguese. The Kerala Jews rebuilt the Paradesi synagogue in 1568.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Goan_Catholics">Persecution of Goan Catholics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Persecution of Goan Catholics">edit</a>]</div> The Inquisition considered those Hindus who had converted to Catholicism, but continued to observe their former Hindu customs and cultural practices, as heretics.<a href="#cite_note-Fuchs-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farias-101">[98]</a> The Catholic missionaries aimed to eradicate indigenous languages such as <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> and cultural practices such as ceremonies, fasts, growing of the <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi plant">tulsi plant</a> in front of the house, the use of flowers and leaves for ceremony or ornament.<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-102">[99]</a> There were other far reaching changes that took place during the Portuguese occupation, these changes included the prohibition of traditional musical instruments and the prohibition of the singing of celebratory verses, which were replaced with Western music.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] People were renamed when they converted and they were not permitted to use their original Hindu names. Alcohol was introduced and dietary habits changed dramatically so that foods which were once taboo, such as pork which is shunned by Muslims and beef which is shunned by Hindus, became part of the Goan diet.<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-102">[99]</a> Nevertheless, many <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a> continued to observe some of their old cultural practices and Hindu customs.<a href="#cite_note-Fuchs-100">[97]</a> Some of those accused of Crypto-Hinduism were condemned to death. Such circumstances forced many to leave Goa and settle in the neighbouring kingdoms, of which a minority went to the Deccan and the vast majority went to <a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Canara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fuchs-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farias-101">[98]</a> Historian Severine Silva states that those who fled the Inquisition preferred to observe a mixture of Hindu customs and Catholic practices.<a href="#cite_note-Fuchs-100">[97]</a> As the persecution increased, missionaries complained that the <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> continued to perform the Hindu religious rites and Hindus defiantly increased their public religious ceremonies. This defiance by the Hindus, alleged the missionaries, motivated the recently converted Goan Catholics to participate in Hindu ceremonies and relapse into Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Mendonca2002p309-104">[101]</a> In addition, states Délio de Mendonça, there was a hypocritical difference between the preaching and the practices of the Portuguese who were living in Goa. The Portuguese Christians and many clergymen were gambling, spending extravagantly, practicing public <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>, extorting money from the Indians, and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. The "bad examples" of Portuguese Catholics were not universal and there were also "good examples" in which some Portuguese Catholics offered medical care to the Goan Catholics who were sick. However, the "good examples" were not strong enough when they were contrasted with the "bad examples", and the Portuguese betrayed their belief in their cultural superiority and their assumptions that "Hindus, Muslims, barbarians and pagans did not possess virtues and goodness", states Mendonça.<a href="#cite_note-Mendonca2002p309-104">[101]</a> Racial epithets such as negros and cachorros (dogs) were commonly used against the natives by the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-Souza207-105">[102]</a> In the later decades of the 250-year period of the Goa Inquisition, the Portuguese Catholic clergy discriminated against the Indian Catholic clergy because its members were the children of previously converted Catholic parents. The Goan Catholics were referred to as "black priests" and they were also stereotyped as being "ill-natured and ill-behaved by their very nature, lascivious, drunkards, etc. and, based on these stereotypes, they were considered most unworthy to receive the charge of the churches" in Goa.<a href="#cite_note-Souza207-105">[102]</a> Friars who did not want to lose their careers and promotions alleged that unlike proper Europeans, those who grew up as native Catholics hated "white skinned" people because they were suffering from the "diabolic vice of pride". These racist accusations were used as grounds to keep the parishes and the institution of the clergy in Goa under the monopoly of the Portuguese Catholics rather than allow native Goan Catholics to rise in their ecclesiastical careers based on their merits.<a href="#cite_note-Souza207-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suppression_of_Konkani">Suppression of Konkani</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suppression of Konkani">edit</a>]</div> In stark contrast to the Portuguese priests' earlier intense study of the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a> and its cultivation as a communication medium in their quest for converts during the previous century, under the Inquisition, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> measures were adopted to isolate new converts from the non-Catholic populations.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> The use of Konkani was suppressed, while the colony suffered from repeated <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> attempts to invade Goa in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These events posed a serious threat to Portugal's control of Goa, and they also posed a serious threat to its maintenance of its trade in India.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> Due to the Maratha threat, Portuguese authorities decided to initiate a positive programme to suppress Konkani in Goa.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> The use of Portuguese was enforced, and Konkani became a language of marginal peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Newman-107">[104]</a> Urged by the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani on 27 June 1684 and he also decreed that within three years, the local people would generally speak the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese tongue</a>. They would be required to use it in all of their contacts and they would also be required to use it in all contracts which were made in Portuguese territories. The penalty for violations of this law would be imprisonment. The decree was confirmed by the king on 17 March 1687.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> According to the Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho's letter to the Portuguese monarch <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">João V</a> in 1731, these draconian measures did not meet with success.<a href="#endnote_b">b</a><a href="#cite_note-Rivara-108">[105]</a> With the fall of the Province of the North (which included <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salsette" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsette">Salsette</a>) to the Marathas in 1739, the Portuguese renewed their assault on Konkani.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> On 21 November 1745, Archbishop Lourenço de Santa Maria decreed that applicants to the priesthood had to have knowledge of and the ability to speak in Portuguese; this applied not only to the pretendentes, but also for their close relations, as confirmed by rigorous examinations by reverend persons.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Brahmin" title="Roman Catholic Brahmin">Bamonns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Kshatriya" title="Roman Catholic Kshatriya">Chardos</a> were required to learn Portuguese within six months, failing which they would be denied the right to marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> In 1812, the Archbishop decreed that children were to be prohibited from speaking Konkani in schools and in 1847, this ban was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned in schools.<a href="#cite_note-Machado-106">[103]</a> As a result, Goans did not develop a literature in Konkani, nor could the language unite the population, because several scripts (including Roman, Devanagari and Kannada) were used to write it.<a href="#cite_note-Newman-107">[104]</a> Konkani became the lingua de criados (language of the servants),<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-109">[106]</a> while the Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Since India annexed Goa in 1961, Konkani has become the cement that binds all Goans across caste, religion and class; it is affectionately termed Konkani Mai (Mother Konkani).<a href="#cite_note-Newman-107">[104]</a> The language received full recognition in 1987, when the Indian government recognised Konkani as the official language of Goa.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_St_Thomas_Christians">Persecution of St Thomas Christians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Persecution of St Thomas Christians">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_%27Homme_Condamne_au_Feu_par_l%27Inquisition_de_Goa%27_LACMA_M.83.190.209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Condamne_au_Feu_par_l%27Inquisition_de_Goa%27_LACMA_M.83.190.209.jpg/220px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Condamne_au_Feu_par_l%27Inquisition_de_Goa%27_LACMA_M.83.190.209.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Condamne_au_Feu_par_l%27Inquisition_de_Goa%27_LACMA_M.83.190.209.jpg/330px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Condamne_au_Feu_par_l%27Inquisition_de_Goa%27_LACMA_M.83.190.209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Condamne_au_Feu_par_l%27Inquisition_de_Goa%27_LACMA_M.83.190.209.jpg/440px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Condamne_au_Feu_par_l%27Inquisition_de_Goa%27_LACMA_M.83.190.209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century French sketch showing a man condemned to be burnt alive by the Goa Inquisition. The stake is behind him to his left, the punishment is sketched on his shirt. It was inspired by Charles Dellon's persecution.<a href="#cite_note-DellonAmiel1997-111">[108]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1599 under <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Aleixo de Menezes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a> forcefully converted the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">East</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasranis) of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. He stated that they needed to be converted to Catholicism because they were practicing <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> position which was declared heretical by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benton,_Lauren_2002_p._122-112">[109]</a> The synod imposed severe restrictions on their practice of their faith and it also imposed severe restrictions on their practice of using Syriac/Aramaic. They were politically disfranchised and their Metropolitanate status was discontinued by the blocking of bishops from the East.<a href="#cite_note-Benton,_Lauren_2002_p._122-112">[109]</a> The persecution continued to operate on a large scale until it was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Coonan Cross">Coonan Cross</a> oath rebellion and the Nasrani rebellion in 1653, the eventual capture of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch</a> in 1663, and the resulting expulsion of the Portuguese from Malabar. By the time the persecution ended, St Thomas Christians were divided into opposing camps and their historical records were obliterated. Even the common prayer book was not spared by the Portuguese. This resulted in the valuable Historical records of the St Thomas Christians being lost and the beginning of division amongst a once prosperous community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_non-Portuguese_catholic_Christians">Persecution of non-Portuguese catholic Christians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Persecution of non-Portuguese catholic Christians">edit</a>]</div> The Goa Inquisition also persecuted non-Portuguese Christian missionaries and physicians, such as those missionaries and physicians who were from France.<a href="#cite_note-Benton2002p123-113">[110]</a> In the 16th century, the Portuguese clergy became jealous of a French priest who was operating in Madras (now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>); they lured him to Goa, then they had him arrested and sent to the inquisition. The French priest was saved when the Hindu King of a <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> kingdom interceded on his behalf by laying siege to St. Thome until the priest was released.<a href="#cite_note-Benton2002p123-113">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dellon" title="Charles Dellon">Charles Dellon</a>, the 18th-century French physician, was another Christian who was arrested and tortured by the Goa Inquisition because he questioned Portuguese missionary practices in India.<a href="#cite_note-Benton2002p123-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> For five years, Dellon was imprisoned by the Goa Inquisition and he was not released until France demanded it. Dellon described, states Klaus Klostermaier, the horrors of life and death at the Catholic Palace of the Inquisition that managed the prison and deployed a rich assortment of torture instruments per recommendations of the Church tribunals.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> There were assassination attempts against Archdeacon George [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>], so as to subjugate the entire Church under Rome. The common prayer book was not spared. Books were burnt and any priest who was professing independence was imprisoned. Some altars were pulled down to make way for altars which were conforming to Catholic criteria.<a href="#cite_note-Benton,_Lauren_2002_p._122-112">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Literature">In Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Goa_Inquisition" title="The Goa Inquisition">The Goa Inquisition</a>, Being a Quatercentenary Commemoration Study of the Inquisition in India is a book published by Mumbai University Press and authored by Anant Priolkar. It is a narrative of the Goan Inquisition organised by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> rulers of Goa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a> included the poem <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moralpiecesinpro00sigoiala/page/42/mode/2up">"The Destruction of the Inquisition in Goa"</a> in her Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse of 1815.</li> <li>Bengali writer Avik Sarkar wrote a novel, Ebong Inquisition in 2017, which stands on the backdrop of the massacre of Hindus in Goa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_extirpanda" title="Ad extirpanda">Ad extirpanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuncolim_Massacre" title="Cuncolim Massacre">Cuncolim Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">Galileo affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortara_case" title="Mortara case">Mortara case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Goa" title="History of Goa">History of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">History of the Jews in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Christianity in Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Goa" title="Christianization of Goa">Christianization of Goa</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dd>a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_anone">^</a> The papal bull Licet ab initio proclaimed an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a> on 21 July 1542.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></dd> <dd>b <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_bnone">^</a> In his 1731 letter to King João V, the Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho states:<a href="#cite_note-Rivara-108">[105]</a></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The first and the principal cause of such a lamentable ruin (perdition of souls) is the disregard of the law of His Majesty, Dom Sebastião of glorious memory, and the Goan Councils, prohibiting the natives to converse in their own vernacular and making obligatory the use of the Portuguese language: this disregard in observing the law, gave rise to so many and so great evils, to the extent of effecting irreparable harm to souls, as well as to the royal revenues. Since i have been though unworthy, the Inquisitor of this State, ruin has set in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Nadora" title="Nadora">Nadorá</a> (sic), <a href="/wiki/Revora" title="Revora">Revorá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirna,_Goa" title="Pirna, Goa">Pirná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assonora" title="Assonora">Assonorá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldona" title="Aldona">Aldoná</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Province of Bardez</a>; in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Cuncolim" title="Cuncolim">Cuncolim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assolna" title="Assolna">Assolná</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicarpale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicarpale (page does not exist)">Dicarpalli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consua (page does not exist)">Consuá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquem" title="Aquem">Aquem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salcette" class="mw-redirect" title="Salcette">Salcette</a>; and in the island of <a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Goa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bambolim" title="Bambolim">Bambolim</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curca (page does not exist)">Curcá</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirid%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siridão (page does not exist)">Siridão</a>, and presently in the village of <a href="/wiki/Bastora" title="Bastora">Bastorá</a> in Bardez. In these places, some members of village communities, as also women and children have been arrested and others accused of malpractices; for since they cannot speak any other language but their own vernacular, they are secretly visited by <a href="/wiki/Bhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhatt">botos</a>, servants and high priests of <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagodas</a> who teach them the tenets of their sects and further persuade them to offer alms to the pagodas and to supply other necessary requisites for the ornament of the same temples, reminding them of the good fortune their ancestors had enjoyed from such observances and the ruin they were subjected to, for having failed to observe these customs; under such persuasion they are moved to offer gifts and sacrifices and perform other diabolical ceremonies, forgetting the law of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> which they had professed in the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Holy Baptism</a>. This would not have happened had they known only the Portuguese language; since they being ignorant of the native tongue the botos, grous (gurus) and their attendants would not have been able to have any communication with them, for the simple reason that the latter could only converse in the vernacular of the place. Thus an end would have been put to the great loss among native Christians whose faith has not been well grounded, and who easily yield to the teaching of the Hindu priests.</blockquote> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The institution of Padroado dates to the 11th-century.<a href="#cite_note-flannery9-39">[39]</a> Similarly, Portuguese king's involvement in setting up, financing and militarily supporting Catholic missionaries pre-dated Portuguese Goa by centuries.<a href="#cite_note-flannery9-39">[39]</a> A number of Vatican bulls were issued to formalize this process before and after Portuguese Goa was established. For example, for the conquest of Ceuta where missionaries sailed with the Portuguese armada, the Inter Caetera bull of 1456, and the much later dated Praeclara Charissimi bull that bestowed upon the Portuguese king the responsibilities of "Grand Master of the military orders of Christ", and others.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Early texts use the term "the Roman fathers" for Jesuits. The first Jesuits arrived in Goa in 1540.<a href="#cite_note-Alden1996p25-43">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The per cent data includes those charged with Crypto-Hinduism and where the caste is identified. For about 50% of the victims, this data is unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva2001p352-83">[81]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMachado1999">Machado 1999</a>, pp. 94–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon,_H._P_2001_pp._345-7_2-3">d</a> Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRao1963" class="citation book cs1">Rao, R.P (1963). Portuguese Rule in Goa: 1510-1961. Asia Publishing House. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3296297">3296297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Rule+in+Goa%3A+1510-1961&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3296297&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=R.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teotonio_De_Souza-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Teotonio_De_Souza_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza1994" class="citation book cs1">de Souza, Teotonio (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C&q=persecution">Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170224976" title="Special:BookSources/9788170224976"><bdi>9788170224976</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082718/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C&q=persecution">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discoveries%2C+Missionary+Expansion%2C+and+Asian+Cultures&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788170224976&rft.aulast=de+Souza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvtf1eRE8FC8C%26q%3Dpersecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbl2012p12-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elbl2012p12_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbl2012p12_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbl2012p12_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbl2012p12_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbl2012p12_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Ames2012" class="citation book cs1">Glenn Ames (2012). Ivana Elbl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hld-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">Portugal and its Empire, 1250-1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames).: Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 1</a>. Trent University Press. pp. 12–15 with footnotes, context: 11–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082722/https://books.google.com/books?id=hld-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal+and+its+Empire%2C+1250-1800+%28Collected+Essays+in+Memory+of+Glenn+J.+Ames%29.%3A+Portuguese+Studies+Review%2C+Vol.+17%2C+No.+1&rft.pages=12-15+with+footnotes%2C+context%3A+11-32&rft.pub=Trent+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Glenn+Ames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhld-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Opinions/11-sept-2010/39952">"11 Sept, 2010"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11+Sept%2C+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldgoa.in%2FEdit%2FOpinions%2F11-sept-2010%2F39952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegoan.net/sunday-mag/pride-prejudice-forgotten-lgbt-people-of-early-modern-goa/73670.html">"Pride & Prejudice: Forgotten LGBT people of early modern Goa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pride+%26+Prejudice%3A+Forgotten+LGBT+people+of+early+modern+Goa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegoan.net%2Fsunday-mag%2Fpride-prejudice-forgotten-lgbt-people-of-early-modern-goa%2F73670.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_Benton2002" class="citation book cs1">Lauren Benton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121">Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3"><bdi>978-0-521-00926-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082726/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Colonial+Cultures%3A+Legal+Regimes+in+World+History%2C+1400-1900&rft.pages=114-126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00926-3&rft.au=Lauren+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZtjR9JnwYwC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p215-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p215_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p215_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p215_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Chapelle_Wojciehowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&pg=PA215">Group Identity in the Renaissance World</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–216 with footnotes 98–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6"><bdi>978-1-107-00360-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082731/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Identity+in+the+Renaissance+World&rft.pages=215-216+with+footnotes+98-100&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00360-6&rft.au=Hannah+Chapelle+Wojciehowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRY6rgYan00C%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustav_HenningsenMarisa_Rey-Henningsen1979" class="citation book cs1">Gustav Henningsen; Marisa Rey-Henningsen (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_AXXAAAAMAAJ">Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History</a>. Dansk folkemindesamling. p. 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082727/https://books.google.com/books?id=_AXXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Dansk+folkemindesamling&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Gustav+Henningsen&rft.au=Marisa+Rey-Henningsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_AXXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-couto148-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-couto148_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-couto148_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-couto148_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Aurora_Couto2005" class="citation book cs1">Maria Aurora Couto (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMdU2Kj9RHcC&pg=PT148">Goa: A Daughter's Story</a>. Penguin Books. pp. 109–121, 128–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-095-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-095-1"><bdi>978-93-5118-095-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082728/https://books.google.com/books?id=BMdU2Kj9RHcC&pg=PT148">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa%3A+A+Daughter%27s+Story&rft.pages=109-121%2C+128-131&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-095-1&rft.au=Maria+Aurora+Couto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBMdU2Kj9RHcC%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_Kanjamala2014" class="citation book cs1">Augustine Kanjamala (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NweQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium</a>. Wipf and Stock. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-315-1"><bdi>978-1-62032-315-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801083718/https://books.google.com/books?id=NweQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Christian+Mission+in+India%3A+Toward+a+New+Paradigm+for+the+Third+Millennium&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-315-1&rft.au=Augustine+Kanjamala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNweQBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaig_A._Bosmajian2006" class="citation book cs1">Haig A. Bosmajian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkAXPuObVBUC&pg=PA28">Burning Books</a>. McFarland. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2208-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-2208-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801083720/https://books.google.com/books?id=UkAXPuObVBUC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+Books&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2208-1&rft.au=Haig+A.+Bosmajian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkAXPuObVBUC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576077702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576077702"><bdi>978-1576077702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1576077702&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Politics-and-the-economy#ref485980">"India - Politics and the economy | Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028202055/https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Politics-and-the-economy#ref485980">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+-+Politics+and+the+economy+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndia%2FPolitics-and-the-economy%23ref485980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeill2004">Neill 2004</a>, p. 160: "By another route I have written to your highness of the great need there is in India for preachers... The second necessity which obtains in India, if those who live there are to be good Christians, is that your highness should institute the holy Inquisition; for there are many who live according to the law of Moses or the law of Muhammad without any fear of God or shame before men". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao196343-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao196343_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao196343_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRao1963">Rao 1963</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism">"How did St. Francis Xavier shape Catholicism? | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 July 2022. <q>However, his actions in India were not without controversy, as he was involved with the establishment of the Goa Inquisition, which punished converts accused of continuing to practice Hinduism or other religions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=How+did+St.+Francis+Xavier+shape+Catholicism%3F+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fhow-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118130358/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">"Goa Inquisition"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">the original</a> on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Goa+Inquisition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Feducation%2Fstudent%2FGoa-Inquisition%2F2015%2F09%2F03%2Farticle2979630.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saraiva_1975_p._107-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saraiva_1975_p._107_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraiva_1975_p._107_20-1">b</a> ANTÓNIO JOSÉ SARAIVA (1985), Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D. (Translators, 2001), The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill Academic), pp. 107, 345-351 </li> <li id="cite_note-parker292-21"><a href="#cite_ref-parker292_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_H._ParkerGretchen_Starr-LeBeau2017" class="citation book cs1">Charles H. Parker; Gretchen Starr-LeBeau (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVxEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">Judging Faith, Punishing Sin</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14024-0"><bdi>978-1-107-14024-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801083723/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVxEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judging+Faith%2C+Punishing+Sin&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14024-0&rft.au=Charles+H.+Parker&rft.au=Gretchen+Starr-LeBeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVxEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndianExpress-22"><a href="#cite_ref-IndianExpress_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/sep/03/goa-inquisition-809153.html">"Goa Inquisition"</a>. New Indian Express. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028212428/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/sep/03/goa-inquisition-809153.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goa+Inquisition&rft.pub=New+Indian+Express&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fbengaluru%2F2015%2Fsep%2F03%2Fgoa-inquisition-809153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-daSilva-23"><a href="#cite_ref-daSilva_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2017" class="citation book cs1">Silva, Luiza Tonon da (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=pt-BR&user=4tpguhYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=4tpguhYAAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC">O Santo Ofício no Índico: perseguições, processos e a Inquisição de Goa (1561-1623) (PDF)</a>. Vol. 03. Anais eletrônicos da Jornada de Estudos Históricos Professor Manoel Salgado PPGHIS/UFRJ. pp. 252–256. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111181724/https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=pt-BR&user=4tpguhYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=4tpguhYAAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Santo+Of%C3%ADcio+no+%C3%8Dndico%3A+persegui%C3%A7%C3%B5es%2C+processos+e+a+Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Goa+%281561-1623%29+%28PDF%29&rft.pages=252-256&rft.pub=Anais+eletr%C3%B4nicos+da+Jornada+de+Estudos+Hist%C3%B3ricos+Professor+Manoel+Salgado+PPGHIS%2FUFRJ&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Luiza+Tonon+da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fview_op%3Dview_citation%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26user%3D4tpguhYAAAAJ%26citation_for_view%3D4tpguhYAAAAJ%3A2osOgNQ5qMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Souza1994p93-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Souza1994p93_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotonio_R._De_Souza1994" class="citation book cs1">Teotonio R. De Souza (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C">Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures</a>. Concept. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-497-6"><bdi>978-81-7022-497-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801083757/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discoveries%2C+Missionary+Expansion%2C+and+Asian+Cultures&rft.pages=93-95&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-497-6&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+De+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvtf1eRE8FC8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Souza1994p112-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Souza1994p112_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotonio_R._De_Souza1994" class="citation book cs1">Teotonio R. De Souza (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C&pg=PA112">Goa to Me</a>. Concept. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-504-1"><bdi>978-81-7022-504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+to+Me&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-504-1&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+De+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWy9qBd8u0M0C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRene_J._Barendse2009" class="citation book cs1">Rene J. Barendse (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WyBZ7wVBdtoC&pg=PA697">Arabian Seas, 1700 – 1763</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 697–698. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17658-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabian+Seas%2C+1700+%E2%80%93+1763&rft.pages=697-698&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17658-4&rft.au=Rene+J.+Barendse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWyBZ7wVBdtoC%26pg%3DPA697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC_K_Mathew2019" class="citation journal cs1">C K Mathew (26 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehinducentre.com/publications/issue-brief/article29796731.ece#seven77">"Uniform Civil Code: The Importance of an Inclusive and Voluntary Approach"</a>. Issue Brief. 10. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109171112/https://www.thehinducentre.com/publications/issue-brief/article29796731.ece#seven77">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issue+Brief&rft.atitle=Uniform+Civil+Code%3A+The+Importance+of+an+Inclusive+and+Voluntary+Approach&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2019-10-26&rft.au=C+K+Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehinducentre.com%2Fpublications%2Fissue-brief%2Farticle29796731.ece%23seven77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_28-1">b</a> A Traveller's History of Portugal, by Ian Robertson (p. 69), Gloucestshire: Windrush Press, in association with London: Cassell & Co., 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentateuch-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pentateuch_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentateuch_29-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121412/http://jewish-heritage-europe.eu/country/portugal/portugal.htm">"Jewish Heritage: Portugal"</a>, Jewish Heritage in Europe </li> <li id="cite_note-chuchiak315-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chuchiak315_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chuchiak315_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chuchiak315_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Chuchiak2012" class="citation book cs1">John F. Chuchiak (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqNOxF8nqVMC&pg=PT315">The Inquisition in New Spain, 1536–1820: A Documentary History</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 315–317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0449-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0449-3"><bdi>978-1-4214-0449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inquisition+in+New+Spain%2C+1536%E2%80%931820%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pages=315-317&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0449-3&rft.au=John+F.+Chuchiak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqNOxF8nqVMC%26pg%3DPT315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daus_81_82-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daus_81_82_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daus_81_82_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daus_81_82_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daus_81_82_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaus1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daus, Ronald (1983). Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus (in German). Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6"><bdi>3-87294-202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Erfindung+des+Kolonialismus&rft.place=Wuppertal%2FGermany&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Peter+Hammer+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-87294-202-6&rft.aulast=Daus&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAna_Cannas_da_Cunha1995" class="citation book cs1">Ana Cannas da Cunha (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3BG2AAAACAAJ">A inquisição no estado da Índia: origens (1539-1560)</a>. Arquivos Nacionais/Torre do Tombo. pp. 1–16, 251–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8107-14-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-8107-14-7"><bdi>978-972-8107-14-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+estado+da+%C3%8Dndia%3A+origens+%281539-1560%29&rft.pages=1-16%2C+251-258&rft.pub=Arquivos+Nacionais%2FTorre+do+Tombo&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-972-8107-14-7&rft.au=Ana+Cannas+da+Cunha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3BG2AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAna_E._Schaposchnik2015" class="citation book cs1">Ana E. 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University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 3–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30614-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30614-4"><bdi>978-0-299-30614-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lima+Inquisition%3A+The+Plight+of+Crypto-Jews+in+Seventeenth-Century+Peru&rft.pages=3-21&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-299-30614-4&rft.au=Ana+E.+Schaposchnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfF4CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray127-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray127_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray127_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray127_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray127_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray127_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray127_34-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAniruddha_Ray2016" class="citation book cs1">Aniruddha Ray (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 127–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99731-7"><bdi>978-1-351-99731-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801084230/https://books.google.com/books?id=4TslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towns+and+Cities+of+Medieval+India%3A+A+Brief+Survey&rft.pages=127-129&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-99731-7&rft.au=Aniruddha+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TslDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotónio_de_Souza2015" class="citation book cs1">Teotónio de Souza (2015). "Chapter 10. Portuguese Impact upon Goa: Lusotopic, Lusophilic, Lusophonic?". In J. Philip Havik; Malyn Newitt (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwQDswEACAAJ">Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 204–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8027-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-8027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10.+Portuguese+Impact+upon+Goa%3A+Lusotopic%2C+Lusophilic%2C+Lusophonic%3F&rft.btitle=Creole+Societies+in+the+Portuguese+Colonial+Empire&rft.pages=204-207&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-8027-5&rft.au=Teot%C3%B3nio+de+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwQDswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Daus (1983), "Die Erfindung", p. 33 (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-Flannery2013p11-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flannery2013p11_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flannery2013p11_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flannery2013p11_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Flannery2013" class="citation book cs1">John M. Flannery (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz5TO9BNFH8C">The Mission of the Portuguese Augustinians to Persia and Beyond (1602-1747)</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 11–15 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8"><bdi>978-90-04-24382-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801084237/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz5TO9BNFH8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+of+the+Portuguese+Augustinians+to+Persia+and+Beyond+%281602-1747%29&rft.pages=11-15+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24382-8&rft.au=John+M.+Flannery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNz5TO9BNFH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_E._Hedlund,_Jesudas_M._Athyal,_Joshua_Kalapati,_and_Jessica_Richard2011" class="citation book cs1">Roger E. Hedlund, Jesudas M. Athyal, Joshua Kalapati, and Jessica Richard (2011). "Padroado". The Oxford Encyclopaedia of South Asian Christianity. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198073857" title="Special:BookSources/9780198073857"><bdi>9780198073857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Padroado&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopaedia+of+South+Asian+Christianity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780198073857&rft.au=Roger+E.+Hedlund%2C+Jesudas+M.+Athyal%2C+Joshua+Kalapati%2C+and+Jessica+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-flannery9-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flannery9_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flannery9_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Flannery2013" class="citation book cs1">John M. Flannery (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz5TO9BNFH8C">The Mission of the Portuguese Augustinians to Persia and Beyond (1602-1747)</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 9–10 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8"><bdi>978-90-04-24382-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801084237/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz5TO9BNFH8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+of+the+Portuguese+Augustinians+to+Persia+and+Beyond+%281602-1747%29&rft.pages=9-10+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24382-8&rft.au=John+M.+Flannery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNz5TO9BNFH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Flannery2013" class="citation book cs1">John M. Flannery (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz5TO9BNFH8C">The Mission of the Portuguese Augustinians to Persia and Beyond (1602-1747)</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 10–12 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8"><bdi>978-90-04-24382-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801084237/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz5TO9BNFH8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+of+the+Portuguese+Augustinians+to+Persia+and+Beyond+%281602-1747%29&rft.pages=10-12+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24382-8&rft.au=John+M.+Flannery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNz5TO9BNFH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Frederick_LachEdwin_J._Van_Kley1998" class="citation book cs1">Donald Frederick Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBZg0OhbiXMC">Asia in the Making of Europe</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 130–167, 890–891 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46767-2"><bdi>978-0-226-46767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=130-167%2C+890-891+with+footnotes&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46767-2&rft.au=Donald+Frederick+Lach&rft.au=Edwin+J.+Van+Kley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBZg0OhbiXMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alden1996p25-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Alden1996p25_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauril_Alden1996" class="citation book cs1">Dauril Alden (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC">The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 25–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2271-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-2271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+an+Enterprise%3A+The+Society+of+Jesus+in+Portugal%2C+Its+Empire%2C+and+Beyond%2C+1540-1750&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2271-1&rft.au=Dauril+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nVIBhrRb9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=6008">"Jews & New Christians in Portuguese Asia 1500-1700 Webcast | Library of Congress"</a>. loc.gov. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. 5 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706052813/http://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=6008">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Jews+%26+New+Christians+in+Portuguese+Asia+1500-1700+Webcast+%7C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ftoday%2Fcyberlc%2Ffeature_wdesc.php%3Frec%3D6008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraiva" class="citation web cs1">Saraiva, Antonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Christianity/The_Inquisition_Collection5/3-%20Saraiva%20-%20The%20Marrano%20Factory%3B%20The%20Portuguese%20Inquisition%20and%20Its%20New%20Christians,%201536-1765%20(2001).pdf">"The Marrano Factory"</a> (PDF). ebooks.rahnuma.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050057/http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Christianity/The_Inquisition_Collection5/3-%20Saraiva%20-%20The%20Marrano%20Factory%3B%20The%20Portuguese%20Inquisition%20and%20Its%20New%20Christians,%201536-1765%20(2001).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebooks.rahnuma.org&rft.atitle=The+Marrano+Factory&rft.aulast=Saraiva&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.rahnuma.org%2Freligion%2FChristianity%2FThe_Inquisition_Collection5%2F3-%2520Saraiva%2520-%2520The%2520Marrano%2520Factory%253B%2520The%2520Portuguese%2520Inquisition%2520and%2520Its%2520New%2520Christians%2C%25201536-1765%2520%282001%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayounLimorStroumsaStroumsa1996" class="citation book cs1">Hayoun, Maurice R.; Limor, Ora; Stroumsa, Guy G.; Stroumsa, Gedaliahu A. G. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-yF4wPWF5EC&q=%22new+christians%22+goa&pg=PA249">Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics Between Christians and Jews</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161464829" title="Special:BookSources/9783161464829"><bdi>9783161464829</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801084241/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-yF4wPWF5EC&q=%22new+christians%22+goa&pg=PA249">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contra+Iudaeos%3A+Ancient+and+Medieval+Polemics+Between+Christians+and+Jews&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783161464829&rft.aulast=Hayoun&rft.aufirst=Maurice+R.&rft.au=Limor%2C+Ora&rft.au=Stroumsa%2C+Guy+G.&rft.au=Stroumsa%2C+Gedaliahu+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX-yF4wPWF5EC%26q%3D%2522new%2Bchristians%2522%2Bgoa%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daus_1983_pp._61-66-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Daus_1983_pp._61-66_48-0">^</a> Daus (1983), "Die Erfindung", pp. 61-66(in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAniruddha_Ray2016" class="citation book cs1">Aniruddha Ray (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 130–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99731-7"><bdi>978-1-351-99731-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801084230/https://books.google.com/books?id=4TslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towns+and+Cities+of+Medieval+India%3A+A+Brief+Survey&rft.pages=130-132&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-99731-7&rft.au=Aniruddha+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TslDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-delio2002p382-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-delio2002p382_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delio2002p382_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delio2002p382_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDélio_de_Mendonça2002" class="citation book cs1">Délio de Mendonça (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC">Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510-1610</a>. Concept. pp. 382–385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5"><bdi>978-81-7022-960-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801085244/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversions+and+Citizenry%3A+Goa+Under+Portugal%2C+1510-1610&rft.pages=382-385&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-960-5&rft.au=D%C3%A9lio+de+Mendon%C3%A7a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMh3kKf0VSfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-delio321-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-delio321_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delio321_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDélio_de_Mendonça2002" class="citation book cs1">Délio de Mendonça (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC">Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510-1610</a>. Concept. pp. 29, 111–112, 309–310, 321–323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5"><bdi>978-81-7022-960-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801085244/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversions+and+Citizenry%3A+Goa+Under+Portugal%2C+1510-1610&rft.pages=29%2C+111-112%2C+309-310%2C+321-323&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-960-5&rft.au=D%C3%A9lio+de+Mendon%C3%A7a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMh3kKf0VSfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism">"How did St. Francis Xavier shape Catholicism? | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712172320/https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022. <q>However, his actions in India were not without controversy, as he was involved with the establishment of the Goa Inquisition, which punished converts accused of continuing to practice Hinduism or other religions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=How+did+St.+Francis+Xavier+shape+Catholicism%3F+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fhow-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924045521/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">"Goa Inquisition"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">the original</a> on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Goa+Inquisition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Feducation%2Fstudent%2FGoa-Inquisition%2F2015%2F09%2F03%2Farticle2979630.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColeridge1872">Coleridge 1872</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeill2004">Neill 2004</a>, pp. 160–161: [Let the king warn the governor that] "should he fail to take active steps for the great increase of our faith, you are determined to punish him, and inform him with a solemn oath that, on his return to Portugal, all his property will be forfeited for the benefit of the Santa Misericordia, and beyond this tell him that you will keep him in irons for a number of years... There is no better way of ensuring that all in India become Christians than that your highness should inflict severe punishment on a governor". </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Maria Aurora Couto (2005). Goa: A Daughter's Story. Penguin Books. pp. 109–121, 128–131. ISBN 978-93-5118-095-1. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeridge1872" class="citation web cs1">Coleridge, Henry James (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbJSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA265">"The Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+St.+Francis+Xavier&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Coleridge&rft.aufirst=Henry+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbJSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> DeSouza, Teotonio R. "The Portuguese in Goa" (PDF). recil.grupolusofona.pt. Universidade Lusófona. Retrieved 6 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> de Mendonça, D. (2002). Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510-1610. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170229605. Retrieved 6 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2009p152-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Green2009p152_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToby_Green2009" class="citation book cs1">Toby Green (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq0_WB5IXYkC&pg=PA152">Inquisition: The Reign of Fear</a>. Pan Macmillan. pp. 152–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-50720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-50720-2"><bdi>978-0-330-50720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition%3A+The+Reign+of+Fear&rft.pages=152-154&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-330-50720-2&rft.au=Toby+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAq0_WB5IXYkC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntónio_José_Saraiva2001" class="citation book cs1">António José Saraiva (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8xUFivagkC&pg=PA348">The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765</a>. BRILL Academic. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12080-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12080-7"><bdi>90-04-12080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+Factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians+1536-1765&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12080-7&rft.au=Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9+Saraiva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeG8xUFivagkC%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta2016" class="citation book cs1">Costa, Palmira Fontes da (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngqrCwAAQBAJ&q=jeronimo+Dias+converso+goa&pg=PA25">Medicine, Trade and Empire: Garcia de Orta's Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India (1563) in Context</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317098171" title="Special:BookSources/9781317098171"><bdi>9781317098171</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801085251/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngqrCwAAQBAJ&q=jeronimo+Dias+converso+goa&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine%2C+Trade+and+Empire%3A+Garcia+de+Orta%27s+Colloquies+on+the+Simples+and+Drugs+of+India+%281563%29+in+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.isbn=9781317098171&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Palmira+Fontes+da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngqrCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djeronimo%2BDias%2Bconverso%2Bgoa%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lea2003-63"><a href="#cite_ref-lea2003_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Charles_Lea" class="citation web cs1">Henry Charles Lea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/lea3/8lea1.htm">"A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Volume 3"</a>. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307002225/http://libro.uca.edu/lea3/8lea1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Inquisition+of+Spain%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Iberian+Resources+Online&rft.au=Henry+Charles+Lea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Flea3%2F8lea1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazetteer-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_64-3">d</a> Hunter, William W, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Trubner & Co, 1886 </li> <li id="cite_note-benton123-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benton123_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benton123_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benton123_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benton123_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benton123_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benton123_65-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benton123_65-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_Benton2002" class="citation book cs1">Lauren Benton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121">Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3"><bdi>978-0-521-00926-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082726/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Colonial+Cultures%3A+Legal+Regimes+in+World+History%2C+1400-1900&rft.pages=120-123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00926-3&rft.au=Lauren+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZtjR9JnwYwC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-souza2829-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-souza2829_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-souza2829_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-souza2829_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-souza2829_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-souza2829_66-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotonio_R._De_Souza2016" class="citation book cs1">Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf">The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais</a> (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. 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De Souza (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf">The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais</a> (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+Goa%2C+in+Acompanhando+a+Lusofonia+em+Goa%3A+Preocupa%C3%A7%C3%B5es+e+experi%C3%AAncias+pessoais&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=Lisbon%3A+Grupo+Lusofona&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+De+Souza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecil.grupolusofona.pt%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10437%2F509%2F1%2FPortuGoa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/222426/goa-birthplace-indo-western-garments.html">"Goa was birthplace of Indo-Western garments: Wendell Rodricks"</a>. Deccan Herald. New Delhi, India. 27 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403173235/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/222426/goa-birthplace-indo-western-garments.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Goa+was+birthplace+of+Indo-Western+garments%3A+Wendell+Rodricks&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F222426%2Fgoa-birthplace-indo-western-garments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinto-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinto_69-0">^</a> History of Christians in Coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D., Pius Fidelis Pinto, Samanvaya, 1999, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiswadi-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiswadi_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiswadi_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiswadi_70-2">c</a> Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians, Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethencourt1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bethencourt, Francisco (1992). "The Auto da Fe: Ritual and Imagery". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 55. The Warburg Institute: 155–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F751421">10.2307/751421</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/751421">751421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192167324">192167324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=The+Auto+da+Fe%3A+Ritual+and+Imagery&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=155-168&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192167324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F751421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F751421&rft.aulast=Bethencourt&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotonio_R._De_Souza1994" class="citation book cs1">Teotonio R. De Souza (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C">Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures</a>. Concept Publishing. pp. 79–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-497-6"><bdi>978-81-7022-497-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801083757/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discoveries%2C+Missionary+Expansion%2C+and+Asian+Cultures&rft.pages=79-82&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-497-6&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+De+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvtf1eRE8FC8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotonio_R._De_Souza1994" class="citation book cs1">Teotonio R. De Souza (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C">Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures</a>. Concept. pp. 79–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-497-6"><bdi>978-81-7022-497-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801083757/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discoveries%2C+Missionary+Expansion%2C+and+Asian+Cultures&rft.pages=79-82&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-497-6&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+De+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvtf1eRE8FC8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakshena-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakshena_74-0">^</a> Sakshena, R.N, Goa: Into the Mainstream (Abhinav Publications, 2003), p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> M. D. David (ed.), Western Colonialism in Asia and Christianity, Bombay, 1988, p.17 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaig_A._Bosmajian2006" class="citation book cs1">Haig A. Bosmajian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkAXPuObVBUC&pg=PA28">Burning Books</a>. McFarland. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2208-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-2208-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801083720/https://books.google.com/books?id=UkAXPuObVBUC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+Books&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2208-1&rft.au=Haig+A.+Bosmajian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkAXPuObVBUC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntónio_José_Saraiva2001" class="citation book cs1">António José Saraiva (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8xUFivagkC">The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 352–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12080-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12080-7"><bdi>90-04-12080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+Factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians+1536-1765&rft.pages=352-354&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12080-7&rft.au=Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9+Saraiva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeG8xUFivagkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priolkar-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Priolkar_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priolkar_78-1">b</a> Priolkar, Anant Kakba; Dellon, Gabriel; Buchanan, Claudius; (1961), The Goa Inquisition: being a quatercentenary commemoration study of the Inquisition in India, Bombay University Press, pp. 114-149 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Shirodhkar, P. P., Socio-Cultural life in Goa during the 16th century, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2021" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Timothy D. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/8618">"Contesting Sacred Space in the Estado da India: Asserting Cultural Dominance over Religious Sites in Goa"</a>. Ler História (78): 111–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flerhistoria.8618">10.4000/lerhistoria.8618</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-6182">0870-6182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237880974">237880974</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826141433/https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/8618">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021. 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Routledge. pp. 142–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28192-4"><bdi>978-1-317-28192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antagonistic+Tolerance%3A+Competitive+Sharing+of+Religious+Sites+and+Spaces&rft.pages=142-145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-28192-4&rft.au=Robert+M.+Hayden&rft.au=Aykan+Erdemir&rft.au=Tu%C4%9Fba+Tanyeri-Erdemir&rft.au=Timothy+D.+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3a3OCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saraiva2001p351-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Saraiva2001p351_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntónio_José_Saraiva2001" class="citation book cs1">António José Saraiva (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8xUFivagkC">The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765</a>. 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BRILL Academic. pp. 352–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12080-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12080-7"><bdi>90-04-12080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+Factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians+1536-1765&rft.pages=352-357&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12080-7&rft.au=Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9+Saraiva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeG8xUFivagkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerrãoMottaMiranda2016" class="citation journal cs1">Serrão, José Vicente; Motta, Márcia; Miranda, Susana Münch (2016). 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BRILL Academic. pp. 1406–1407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-3002-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-3002-5"><bdi>978-90-474-3002-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801085753/https://books.google.com/books?id=fCywCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 309–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91276-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91276-1"><bdi>978-1-351-91276-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parish+Churches+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=309-311&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-91276-1&rft.au=Andrew+Spicer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CaoDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotonio_R._De_Souza2016" class="citation book cs1">Teotonio R. 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Scribd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909120027/https://www.scribd.com/document/28411503/Goa-Inquisition-for-Colonial-Disciplining">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Goa+Inquisition+For+Colonial+Disciplining+%26%23124%3B+PDF+%26%23124%3B+Society+Of+Jesus+%26%23124%3B+Ishmael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F28411503%2FGoa-Inquisition-for-Colonial-Disciplining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dellon-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dellon_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellon_93-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twawcm37sUkC&pg=PP1">L'Inquisition de Goa: la relation de Charles Dellon (1687)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112951/https://books.google.com/books?id=twawcm37sUkC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57889g">Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021123014/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57889g">Archived</a> 21 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p187-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p187_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p187_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p187_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p187_94-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Chapelle_Wojciehowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C">Group Identity in the Renaissance World</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33, 187–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6"><bdi>978-1-107-00360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Identity+in+the+Renaissance+World&rft.pages=32-33%2C+187-193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00360-6&rft.au=Hannah+Chapelle+Wojciehowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRY6rgYan00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Chapelle_Wojciehowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C">Group Identity in the Renaissance World</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6"><bdi>978-1-107-00360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Identity+in+the+Renaissance+World&rft.pages=198-201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00360-6&rft.au=Hannah+Chapelle+Wojciehowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRY6rgYan00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Chapelle_Wojciehowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&q=Hanuman">Group Identity in the Renaissance World</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6"><bdi>978-1-107-00360-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404064837/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&q=Hanuman">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Identity+in+the+Renaissance+World&rft.pages=187-199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00360-6&rft.au=Hannah+Chapelle+Wojciehowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRY6rgYan00C%26q%3DHanuman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tavim2008p28-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tavim2008p28_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tavim2008p28_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tavim2008p28_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavim2008" class="citation book cs1">Tavim, José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva (2008). "In the Shadow of Empire: Portuguese Jewish Communities in the Sixteenth Century". In Brockey, Liam Matthew (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIlT0Uhaq_oC&pg=PA6">Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World</a>. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. pp. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6313-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-6313-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015826/https://books.google.com/books?id=gIlT0Uhaq_oC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Empire%3A+Portuguese+Jewish+Communities+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Colonial+Cities+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6313-3&rft.aulast=Tavim&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Alberto+Rodrigues+da+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIlT0Uhaq_oC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wojciehowski208-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski208_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski208_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski208_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wojciehowski208_98-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Chapelle_Wojciehowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C">Group Identity in the Renaissance World</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6"><bdi>978-1-107-00360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Identity+in+the+Renaissance+World&rft.pages=208-215&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00360-6&rft.au=Hannah+Chapelle+Wojciehowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRY6rgYan00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Chapelle_Wojciehowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C">Group Identity in the Renaissance World</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–214 with Figure 4.8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6"><bdi>978-1-107-00360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Identity+in+the+Renaissance+World&rft.pages=212-214+with+Figure+4.8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00360-6&rft.au=Hannah+Chapelle+Wojciehowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRY6rgYan00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuchs-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fuchs_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuchs_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuchs_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuchs_100-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719234523/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf">The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India</a> – pp. 4–5, Severine Silva and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fuchs" title="Stephen Fuchs">Stephen Fuchs</a>, 1965, Asian Folklore Studies, <a href="/wiki/Nanzan_University" title="Nanzan University">Nanzan University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Farias-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farias_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farias_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarias1999" class="citation book cs1">Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The Christian Impact in South Kanara. Mumbai: Church History Association of India. pp. 34–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Impact+in+South+Kanara&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=34-36&rft.pub=Church+History+Association+of+India&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Farias&rft.aufirst=Kranti+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mascarenhas-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas_102-1">b</a> Mascarenhas-Keyes, Stella (1979), Goans in London: portrait of a Catholic Asian community, Goan Association (U.K.) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Robinson, Rowina (2003), Christians of India, SAGE, </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendonca2002p309-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendonca2002p309_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendonca2002p309_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDélio_de_Mendonça2002" class="citation book cs1">Délio de Mendonça (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC">Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510-1610</a>. Concept Publishing. pp. 308–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5"><bdi>978-81-7022-960-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801085244/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversions+and+Citizenry%3A+Goa+Under+Portugal%2C+1510-1610&rft.pages=308-310&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-960-5&rft.au=D%C3%A9lio+de+Mendon%C3%A7a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMh3kKf0VSfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Souza207-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Souza207_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Souza207_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Souza207_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotónio_de_Souza2015" class="citation book cs1">Teotónio de Souza (2015). "Chapter 10. Portuguese Impact upon Goa: Lusotopic, Lusophilic, Lusophonic?". In J. Philip Havik; Malyn Newitt (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwQDswEACAAJ">Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 206–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8027-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-8027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10.+Portuguese+Impact+upon+Goa%3A+Lusotopic%2C+Lusophilic%2C+Lusophonic%3F&rft.btitle=Creole+Societies+in+the+Portuguese+Colonial+Empire&rft.pages=206-208&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-8027-5&rft.au=Teot%C3%B3nio+de+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwQDswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machado-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado_106-7">h</a> Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians, Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_107-2">c</a> Newman, Robert S. (1999), The Struggle for a Goan Identity, in Dantas, N., The Transformation of Goa, Mapusa: Other India Press, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivara-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivara_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivara_108-1">b</a> Priolkar, Anant Kakba; Dellon, Gabriel; Buchanan, Claudius; (1961), The Goa Inquisition: being a quatercentenary commemoration study of the inquisition in India, Bombay University Press, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_109-0">^</a> Routledge, Paul (22 July 2000), "Consuming Goa, Tourist Site as Dispencible space", Economic and Political Weekly, 35, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Goa/Goa-battles-to-preserve-its-identity/articleshow/5935904.cms">"Goa battles to preserve its identity"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030074004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Goa/Goa-battles-to-preserve-its-identity/articleshow/5935904.cms">Archived</a> 30 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Times of India, 16 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-DellonAmiel1997-111"><a href="#cite_ref-DellonAmiel1997_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_DellonCharles_AmielAnne_Lima1997" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel Dellon; Charles Amiel; Anne Lima (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twawcm37sUkC">L'Inquisition de Goa: la relation de Charles Dellon (1687)</a>. Editions Chandeigne. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-906462-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-906462-28-1"><bdi>978-2-906462-28-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Inquisition+de+Goa%3A+la+relation+de+Charles+Dellon+%281687%29&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=Editions+Chandeigne&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-906462-28-1&rft.au=Gabriel+Dellon&rft.au=Charles+Amiel&rft.au=Anne+Lima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtwawcm37sUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton,_Lauren_2002_p._122-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benton,_Lauren_2002_p._122_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton,_Lauren_2002_p._122_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton,_Lauren_2002_p._122_112-2">c</a> Benton, Lauren. Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900 (Cambridge, 2002), p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton2002p123-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benton2002p123_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton2002p123_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton2002p123_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_Benton2002" class="citation book cs1">Lauren Benton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA123">Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3"><bdi>978-0-521-00926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Colonial+Cultures%3A+Legal+Regimes+in+World+History%2C+1400-1900&rft.pages=121-123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00926-3&rft.au=Lauren+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZtjR9JnwYwC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Avery_HuntMargaret_C._JacobW._W._Mijnhardt2010" class="citation book cs1">Lynn Avery Hunt; Margaret C. Jacob; W. W. Mijnhardt (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBLz7GN56mgC">The Book that Changed Europe: Picart & Bernard's Religious Ceremonies of the World</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 207–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04928-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04928-4"><bdi>978-0-674-04928-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+that+Changed+Europe%3A+Picart+%26+Bernard%27s+Religious+Ceremonies+of+the+World&rft.pages=207-209&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04928-4&rft.au=Lynn+Avery+Hunt&rft.au=Margaret+C.+Jacob&rft.au=W.+W.+Mijnhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBLz7GN56mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_DellonCharles_AmielAnne_Lima1997" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel Dellon; Charles Amiel; Anne Lima (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twawcm37sUkC">L'Inquisition de Goa: la relation de Charles Dellon (1687)</a>. Editions Chandeigne. pp. 21–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-906462-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-906462-28-1"><bdi>978-2-906462-28-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Inquisition+de+Goa%3A+la+relation+de+Charles+Dellon+%281687%29&rft.pages=21-56&rft.pub=Editions+Chandeigne&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-906462-28-1&rft.au=Gabriel+Dellon&rft.au=Charles+Amiel&rft.au=Anne+Lima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtwawcm37sUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Klostermaier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Klaus Klostermaier (2009). "Facing Hindu Critique of Christianity". Journal of Ecumenical Studies. 44 (3): 461–466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies&rft.atitle=Facing+Hindu+Critique+of+Christianity&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-466&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Klaus+Klostermaier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bullarumdiplomat06cath#page/344/mode/2up">Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum santorum romanorum pontificum</a>, Augustae Taurinorum : Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Ocker2007" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Ocker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ne3yO0iFOhYC&pg=PA91">Politics and Reformations: Histories and Reformations</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 91–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16172-6"><bdi>978-90-04-16172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Reformations%3A+Histories+and+Reformations&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16172-6&rft.au=Christopher+Ocker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dne3yO0iFOhYC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (2004) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC">A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521548854" title="Special:BookSources/9780521548854"><bdi>9780521548854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+The+Beginnings+to+AD+1707&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521548854&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRH4VPgB__GQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Richard Zimler. Guardian of the Dawn (Delta Publishing, 2005).</li> <li>Benton, Lauren. Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900 (Cambridge, 2002).</li> <li>D'Costa Anthony, S.J. The Christianisation of the Goa Islands, 1510-1567 (Bombay, 1965).</li> <li>Hunter, William W. The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Trubner & Co, 1886).</li> <li>Priolkar, A. K. The Goa Inquisition (Bombay, 1961).</li> <li>Sakshena, R. N. Goa: Into the Mainstream (Abhinav Publications, 2003).</li> <li>Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001).</li> <li>Shirodhkar, P. P. Socio-Cultural life in Goa during the 16th century.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachado1999" class="citation book cs1">Machado, Alan (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187609032" title="Special:BookSources/9788187609032"><bdi>9788187609032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarasvati%27s+Children%3A+A+History+of+the+Mangalorean+Christians&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=I.J.A.+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788187609032&rft.aulast=Machado&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoa+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>App, Urs. The Birth of Orientalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4261-4">978-0-8122-4261-4</a>); contains a 60-page chapter (pp. 15–76) on Voltaire as a pioneer of Indomania and his use of fake Indian texts in anti-Christian propaganda.</li> <li>Zimler, Richard. Guardian of the Dawn Constable & Robinson, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84529-091-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84529-091-7">1-84529-091-7</a>) An award-winning historical novel set in Goa that explores the devastating effect of the Inquisition on a family of secret Jews.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa_Inquisition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Goa_Inquisition" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/relationdelinqui00dell#page/n1/mode/2up">Relation de l'inquisition de Goa</a>, Gabriel Delon (1688, in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A37503.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">The history of the Inquisition, as it is exercised at Goa written in French, by the ingenious Monsieur Dellon, who laboured five years under those severities ; with an account of his deliverance ; translated into English</a>, Henry Wharton (1689) (Large file, University of Michigan Archives)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/accountofinquisi00dell#page/16/mode/2up">An account of the Inquisition at Goa, in India</a> by Gabriel Dellon (Re-translated in 1819)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013">Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa</a> Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2. (May, 1996), pp. 387–421</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm">Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505 – 1658)</a> by the Australian Centre for Sri Lankan Unity</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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