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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianization of Poland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="تنصير بولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنصير بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisierung_Polens" title="Christianisierung Polens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christianisierung Polens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εκχριστιανισμός της Πολωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκχριστιανισμός της Πολωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianizaci%C3%B3n_de_Polonia" title="Cristianización de Polonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianización de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مسیحی‌شدن لهستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحی‌شدن لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisation_de_la_Pologne" title="Christianisation de la Pologne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christianisation de la Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A8_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Քրիստոնեության ընդունումը Լեհաստանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեության ընդունումը Լեհաստանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristenisasi_Polandia" title="Kristenisasi Polandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kristenisasi Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianizzazione_della_Polonia" title="Cristianizzazione della Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianizzazione della Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Христијанизација на Полска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Христијанизација на Полска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystianizacja_Polski" title="Chrystianizacja Polski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrystianizacja Polski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinarea_Poloniei" title="Creștinarea Poloniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creștinarea Poloniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya%27n%C4%B1n_Hristiyanla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Polonya'nın Hristiyanlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya'nın Hristiyanlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_Kit%C3%B4_%E1%BB%9F_Ba_Lan" title="Truyền đạo Kitô ở Ba Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền đạo Kitô ở Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="波蘭的基督教化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波蘭的基督教化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q573912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg/300px-Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg/450px-Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg/600px-Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland_A.D._966." class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Poland A.D. 966.">Christianization of Poland A.D. 966.</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Poland" title="Category:History of Poland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History of <span class="fn org label">Poland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/80px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/120px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/160px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonophile" title="Polonophile">Polonophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Poland">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Territorial evolution of Poland">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_statehood" title="Template:Polish statehood">Statehood</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Prehistory and protohistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze-_and_Iron-Age_Poland" title="Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_in_antiquity" title="Poland in antiquity">Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_tribes" title="Polish tribes">Polish tribes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of Poland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Poland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianization</a></li></ul> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Piast period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">10th century–1385</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1385–1572</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_early_modern_period_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="History of Poland in the early modern period (1569–1795)">Early Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569%E2%80%931648)" title="History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)">Early elective monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1572–1648</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1648%E2%80%931764)" title="History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)">Deluge and decline</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1648–1764</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1764%E2%80%931795)" title="History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795)">Three partitions</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1764–1795</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Partitioned Poland</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1795–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Second Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Communist Poland</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1945–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Third Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_history" title="Timeline of Polish history">Timeline of Polish history</a><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Poland" title="Template:History of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Poland" title="Template talk:History of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Christianization of Poland</b><sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">chrystianizacja Polski</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[xrɘs.tja.ɲiˈza.t͡sja<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpɔl.ski]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-chrystianizacja_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrystianizacja-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the introduction and subsequent spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Poland">Christianity in Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LukowskiZawadzki2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impetus to the process was the <b>Baptism of Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">chrzest Polski</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈxʂɛst<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpɔl.ski]</a></span>), the personal <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a>, the first ruler of the future Polish state, and much of his court. The ceremony took place on <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a>, 14 April 966 (under the Julian pre-Gregorian calendar, equivalent to 19 April 966 Gregorian), although the exact location is disputed by historians, with the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> being the most likely sites. Mieszko's wife, <a href="/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrawa of Bohemia">Dobrawa of Bohemia</a>, is often seen as a major influence on Mieszko's decision to accept Christianity. </p><p>While the spread of Christianity in Poland took centuries to finish, the process was ultimately successful, as within several decades Poland joined the rank of established European states recognised by the papacy and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. According to historians, the baptism of Poland marks the beginning of Polish statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubrzycki2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubrzycki2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Christianization was a long and arduous process, as most of the Polish population remained pagan until the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">pagan reaction</a> during the 1030s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Czeska.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Czeska.jpeg/220px-D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Czeska.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Czeska.jpeg/330px-D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Czeska.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Czeska.jpeg/440px-D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Czeska.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="6126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dobrawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrawa">Dobrawa</a>, Mieszko's wife who played a major role in Poland's conversion to Christianity.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Poland in the Early Middle Ages">Poland in the Early Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a></div> <p>Before the adoption of Christianity in modern-day Poland, there were a number of different <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> tribes. <a href="/wiki/Svetovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetovid">Svetovid</a> was among the most widespread pagan gods worshiped in Poland. Christianity arrived around the late 9th century, most likely around the time when the <a href="/wiki/Vistulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistulan">Vistulan</a> tribe encountered the Christian rite in dealings with their neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> (Bohemian) state. </p><p>The Moravian cultural influence played a significant role in the spread of Christianity onto the Polish lands and the subsequent adoption of that religion.<sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of Davies, the Christianization of Poland through the Czech–Polish alliance represented a conscious choice on the part of Polish rulers to ally themselves with the Czech state rather than the German one.<sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies2005-53_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2005-53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar fashion, some of the later political struggles involved the Polish Church refusing to subordinate itself to the German hierarchy and instead being directly subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI19962-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies2005-57_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2005-57-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism">Baptism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Baptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MieszkoDagome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MieszkoDagome.jpg/220px-MieszkoDagome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/MieszkoDagome.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a>, the first Christian ruler of Poland. Depicted by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a> as holding a crucifix in an allusion to the Baptism of Poland.</figcaption></figure> <p>"The Baptism of Poland" refers to the ceremony when the first ruler of the Polish state, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a>, and much of his court converted to the Christian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI19962-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mieszko's wife <a href="/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrawa of Bohemia">Dobrawa of Bohemia</a>, a zealous Christian, played a significant role in promoting Christianity in Poland, and might have had a significant influence on converting Mieszko himself.<sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact place of Mieszko's baptism is disputed; Most historians argue that <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> are the most likely sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moczulski2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moczulski2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other historians have suggested alternative locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki" title="Ostrów Lednicki">Ostrów Lednicki</a>, or even in German <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moczulski2007_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moczulski2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of Mieszko's baptism was 14 April 966, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceremony was preceded by a week of oral catechism and several days of fasting. The actual ceremony involved pouring water over the segregated groups of men and women, although it is possible that their heads were immersed instead, and anointed with the <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianization_of_Poland">Christianization of Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianization of Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The baptismal mission which began in the two major cities of Gniezno and Poznań with the baptism of Mieszko and his court spread throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 10th and 11th centuries various ecclesiastical organs were established in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LukowskiZawadzki2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the building of churches and the appointment of clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LukowskiZawadzki2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bishops_of_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bishops of Poznań">Bishop of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_(Bishop_of_Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan (Bishop of Poland)">Jordan</a>, was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">Pope John XIII</a> in 968.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mieszko's son <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a> supported Christianization missions to neighboring lands, notably the mission of future Saint <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a> to <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, and established the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Gniezno" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Gniezno">Archbishopric of Gniezno</a> in the year 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI19962-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although at first the Christian religion was "unpopular and alien", Mieszko's baptism was highly influential<sup id="cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LukowskiZawadzki2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but needed to be enforced by the state, and ran into some popular opposition, including <a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">an uprising in the 1030s</a> (particularly intense in the years of 1035–1037).<sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies2005-57_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2005-57-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, by that time Poland had won recognition as a proper European state, from both the papacy and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prazmowska2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prazmowska2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of various provinces of today's Poland, Christianity's spread was slowest in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, where it gained a significant following only around the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the clergy came from the Western Christian European countries; native Polish clergy took three or four generations to emerge, and were supported by the monasteries and friars that grew increasingly common in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LukowskiZawadzki2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 13th century Roman Catholicism had become the dominant religion throughout Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LukowskiZawadzki2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In adopting Christianity as the state religion, Mieszko sought to achieve several personal goals.<sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw Poland's baptism as a way of strengthening his hold on power, as well as using it as a unifying force for the Polish people.<sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI19962-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced several smaller cults with a single, central one, clearly associated with the royal court.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would also improve the position and respectability of the Polish state on the international, European scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI19962-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church also helped to strengthen the monarch's authority and brought to Poland much experience with regard to state administration. Thus, the Church organisation supported the state, and in return, bishops received important government titles (in the later era, they were members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate of Poland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Millennial_celebrations_of_1966">Millennial celebrations of 1966</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Millennial celebrations of 1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_the_Polish_State" title="Millennium of the Polish State">Millennium of the Polish State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_of_Poland.Mural_in_Gniezno.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Baptism_of_Poland.Mural_in_Gniezno.JPG/220px-Baptism_of_Poland.Mural_in_Gniezno.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Baptism_of_Poland.Mural_in_Gniezno.JPG/330px-Baptism_of_Poland.Mural_in_Gniezno.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Baptism_of_Poland.Mural_in_Gniezno.JPG/440px-Baptism_of_Poland.Mural_in_Gniezno.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary mural in <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> commemorating the baptism of Poland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Je%C5%BAd%C5%BAcy_w_strojach_husarii_podczas_defilady_w_czasie_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99ta_Tysi%C4%85clecia_Pa%C5%84stwa_Polskiego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Je%C5%BAd%C5%BAcy_w_strojach_husarii_podczas_defilady_w_czasie_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99ta_Tysi%C4%85clecia_Pa%C5%84stwa_Polskiego.jpg/220px-Je%C5%BAd%C5%BAcy_w_strojach_husarii_podczas_defilady_w_czasie_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99ta_Tysi%C4%85clecia_Pa%C5%84stwa_Polskiego.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Je%C5%BAd%C5%BAcy_w_strojach_husarii_podczas_defilady_w_czasie_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99ta_Tysi%C4%85clecia_Pa%C5%84stwa_Polskiego.jpg/330px-Je%C5%BAd%C5%BAcy_w_strojach_husarii_podczas_defilady_w_czasie_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99ta_Tysi%C4%85clecia_Pa%C5%84stwa_Polskiego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Je%C5%BAd%C5%BAcy_w_strojach_husarii_podczas_defilady_w_czasie_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99ta_Tysi%C4%85clecia_Pa%C5%84stwa_Polskiego.jpg/440px-Je%C5%BAd%C5%BAcy_w_strojach_husarii_podczas_defilady_w_czasie_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99ta_Tysi%C4%85clecia_Pa%C5%84stwa_Polskiego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3475" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial cavalry during the parade in 1966.</figcaption></figure> <p>The preparations for the millennial celebrations begun with the Great Novena of 1957, which marked a nine years period of fast and prayer. In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> witnessed large festivities on the 1,000th anniversary of those events, with the Church celebrating the 1,000 years of Christianity in Poland, while the Communist government celebrated the secular 1,000 years of the Polish State, culminated in twice denying <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> permission to visit Poland that year. The desire of the Communist party to separate religion from the state made the festivities a culture clash between the state and the Church. While the Church was focusing on the religious, ecclesiastical aspects of the baptism, with slogans (in Latin) like <i>Sacrum Poloniae Millenium</i> (Poland's Sacred Millennium), <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">the Communist Party</a> was framing the celebrations as a secular, political anniversary of the creation of the Polish state, with slogans (in Polish) like <i>Tysiąclecie Państwa Polskiego</i> (A Thousand Years of the Polish State). As <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> noted, both the Church and the Party had "rival, and mutually exclusive, interpretations of [Poland's baptism] significance".<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 July 1966, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing">U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a> issued 128,475,000 commemorative stamps honoring the millennium anniversary of the adoption of Christianity in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An anniversary parade was held in front of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Science" title="Palace of Culture and Science">Palace of Culture and Science</a> on <a href="/wiki/Parade_Square" title="Parade Square">Parade Square</a> on 22 July to coincide with the annual National Day of the Rebirth of Poland celebrations (set on the anniversary of the signing of the <a href="/wiki/PKWN_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="PKWN Manifesto">PKWN Manifesto</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was attended by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party">First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party</a>, as well as members of the PUWP and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Council of State">Polish Council of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parade inspector was <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Spychalski" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a> while it was commanded by the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Military_District" title="Warsaw Military District">Warsaw Military District</a> Major General Czesław Waryszak (1919–1979). Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a> were on parade, featuring units such as the <a href="/wiki/Representative_Honor_Guard_Regiment_of_the_Polish_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces">Representative Honor Guard of the LWP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Representative_Central_Band_of_the_Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Representative Central Band of the Polish Armed Forces">Band of the LWP</a> (led by Colonel Lisztok), as well as cadets of military academies and other ceremonial units dressed in Polish historical military uniforms dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parade is today regarded as the largest military parade in the history of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholic Church in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus">Lech, Czech, and Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Christianization of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagome_Iudex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagome Iudex">Dagome Iudex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(966%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (966–1385)">History of Poland (966–1385)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Gniezno_and_primates_of_Poland" title="List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland">List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LERSKI1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI1996_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHalina_Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Halina Lerski (30 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC&pg=PA104"><i>Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5"><bdi>978-0-313-03456-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03456-5&rft.au=Halina+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrystianizacja-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chrystianizacja_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chrystianizacja Polski południowej.</i> Materiały sesji naukowej odbytej 29 czerwca 1993 roku, Kraków, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LukowskiZawadzki2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LukowskiZawadzki2006_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_LukowskiW._H._Zawadzki2006" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (6 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA9"><i>A Concise History of Poland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85332-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85332-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85332-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-07-06&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85332-3&rft.au=Jerzy+Lukowski&rft.au=W.+H.+Zawadzki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMylRh-wHWEC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zubrzycki2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zubrzycki2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneviève_Zubrzycki2006" class="citation book cs1">Geneviève Zubrzycki (15 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HI5Bbn9e8sC&pg=PA64"><i>The Crosses of Auschwitz: Nationalism And Religion in Post-communist Poland</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-99304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-99304-1"><bdi>978-0-226-99304-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crosses+of+Auschwitz%3A+Nationalism+And+Religion+in+Post-communist+Poland&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-99304-1&rft.au=Genevi%C3%A8ve+Zubrzycki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HI5Bbn9e8sC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bardach53-54-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bardach53-54_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, <i>Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego</i> Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2005-53-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2005-53_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (30 March 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0"><i>God's Playground: The origins to 1795</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12817-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+The+origins+to+1795&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12817-9&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kłoczowski2000_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Kłoczowski2000" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Kłoczowski (14 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecdye8hk_tgC&pg=PA10"><i>A History of Polish Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36429-4"><bdi>978-0-521-36429-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Polish+Christianity&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36429-4&rft.au=Jerzy+K%C5%82oczowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Decdye8hk_tgC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LERSKI19962-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI19962_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalina_Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Halina Lerski (30 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC&pg=PA27"><i>Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5"><bdi>978-0-313-03456-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03456-5&rft.au=Halina+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2005-57-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies2005-57_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies2005-57_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (30 March 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0"><i>God's Playground: The origins to 1795</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12817-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+The+origins+to+1795&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12817-9&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moczulski2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moczulski2007_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moczulski2007_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeszek_Moczulski2007" class="citation book cs1">Leszek Moczulski (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FY_u2_TUiFoC&pg=PA638"><i>Narodziny Międzymorza: ukształtowanie ojczyzn, powstanie państw oraz układy geopolityczne wschodniej części Europy w późnej starożytności i we wczesnym średniowieczu</i></a>. Bellona. p. 638. GGKEY:KQL3CPL831C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narodziny+Mi%C4%99dzymorza%3A+ukszta%C5%82towanie+ojczyzn%2C+powstanie+pa%C5%84stw+oraz+uk%C5%82ady+geopolityczne+wschodniej+cz%C4%99%C5%9Bci+Europy+w+p%C3%B3%C5%BAnej+staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9Bci+i+we+wczesnym+%C5%9Bredniowieczu&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Leszek+Moczulski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFY_u2_TUiFoC%26pg%3DPA638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prazmowska2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prazmowska2011_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_Anita_J._Prazmowska2011" class="citation book cs1">Professor Anita J. Prazmowska (13 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_0-BjHIkh4C&pg=PT24"><i>A History of Poland</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34537-9"><bdi>978-0-230-34537-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34537-9&rft.au=Professor+Anita+J.+Prazmowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_0-BjHIkh4C%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (30 March 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0"><i>God's Playground: The origins to 1795</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/15">15</a>–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12817-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+The+origins+to+1795&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12817-9&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihobb.com/p/USSTAMPS1278-1896/USSM1313.html">U.S. #1313 Polish Millennium MNH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414045800/http://www.ihobb.com/p/USSTAMPS1278-1896/USSM1313.html">Archived</a> 14 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wyborcza.pl/5,140981,19910958.html?i=6">"Defilada tysiąclecia – partyjne obchody milenium – zdjęcie nr 7"</a>. <i>wyborcza.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wyborcza.pl&rft.atitle=Defilada+tysi%C4%85clecia+%E2%80%93+partyjne+obchody+milenium+%E2%80%93+zdj%C4%99cie+nr+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwyborcza.pl%2F5%2C140981%2C19910958.html%3Fi%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warszawawpigulce.pl/niesamowita-defilada-tysiaclecia-tak-to-wygladalo-w-1966-wideo/">"Niesamowita Defilada Tysiąclecia. Tak to wyglądało w 1966 [WIDEO] | Warszawa W Pigułce"</a>. 16 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niesamowita+Defilada+Tysi%C4%85clecia.+Tak+to+wygl%C4%85da%C5%82o+w+1966+%5BWIDEO%5D+%26%23124%3B+Warszawa+W+Pigu%C5%82ce&rft.date=2015-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarszawawpigulce.pl%2Fniesamowita-defilada-tysiaclecia-tak-to-wygladalo-w-1966-wideo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kronikarp.pl/pop-up.php?id=58989&type=2">"Kronika RP"</a>. <i>kronikarp.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phistory.info/photo-history/679-rycari-v-kinorekvizite-uchastvuyut-v-parade-v-chest-1000-letiya-polskogo-gosudarstva.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%28%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%29+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+1000-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphistory.info%2Fphoto-history%2F679-rycari-v-kinorekvizite-uchastvuyut-v-parade-v-chest-1000-letiya-polskogo-gosudarstva.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/historia/1668606,1,jak-wygladala-najwieksza-parada-wojskowa-w-historii-polski.read">"Jak wyglądała największa parada wojskowa w historii Polski"</a>. 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jak+wygl%C4%85da%C5%82a+najwi%C4%99ksza+parada+wojskowa+w+historii+Polski&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polityka.pl%2Ftygodnikpolityka%2Fhistoria%2F1668606%2C1%2Cjak-wygladala-najwieksza-parada-wojskowa-w-historii-polski.read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianization+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Poland" title="Bibliography of the history of Poland">Bibliography of the history of Poland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianization_of_Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental 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