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life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1943–1954:_Education:_Port_of_Spain_and_Oxford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943–1954:_Education:_Port_of_Spain_and_Oxford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1943–1954: Education: Port of Spain and Oxford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943–1954:_Education:_Port_of_Spain_and_Oxford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954–1956:_London,_Caribbean_Voices,_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954–1956:_London,_Caribbean_Voices,_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1954–1956: London, Caribbean Voices, marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954–1956:_London,_Caribbean_Voices,_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1956–1958:_Early_Trinidad_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956–1958:_Early_Trinidad_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1956–1958: Early Trinidad novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956–1958:_Early_Trinidad_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1957–1960:_A_House_for_Mr_Biswas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1957–1960:_A_House_for_Mr_Biswas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1957–1960: A House for Mr Biswas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1957–1960:_A_House_for_Mr_Biswas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1961–1963:_The_Middle_Passage,_India,_An_Area_of_Darkness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1961–1963:_The_Middle_Passage,_India,_An_Area_of_Darkness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1961–1963: The Middle Passage, India, An Area of Darkness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961–1963:_The_Middle_Passage,_India,_An_Area_of_Darkness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964–1967:_A_Flag_on_the_Island,_Africa,_The_Mimic_Men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964–1967:_A_Flag_on_the_Island,_Africa,_The_Mimic_Men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1964–1967: A Flag on the Island, Africa, The Mimic Men </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964–1967:_A_Flag_on_the_Island,_Africa,_The_Mimic_Men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968–1972:_The_Loss_of_El_Dorado,_In_A_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968–1972:_The_Loss_of_El_Dorado,_In_A_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1968–1972: The Loss of El Dorado, In A Free State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968–1972:_The_Loss_of_El_Dorado,_In_A_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972–1976:_Trinidad_killings,_Argentina,_Guerrillas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972–1976:_Trinidad_killings,_Argentina,_Guerrillas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 1972–1976: Trinidad killings, Argentina, Guerrillas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972–1976:_Trinidad_killings,_Argentina,_Guerrillas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Later works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Awards and recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Non-fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">V. S. Naipaul</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" > 96 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_S._Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar S. Naipaul – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vidiadhar S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadxar_Suracprasad_Naypol" title="Vidiadxar Suracprasad Naypol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vidiadxar Suracprasad Naypol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2" title="বিদ্যাধর সূর্যপ্রসাদ নাইপল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিদ্যাধর সূর্যপ্রসাদ নাইপল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Відзьядхар Сураджпрасад Найпал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Відзьядхар Сураджпрасад Найпал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Відыядхар Сураджпрасад Найпал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Відыядхар Сураджпрасад Найпал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="वी एस नायपॉल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वी एस नायपॉल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Видиядхар Сураджпрасад Найпол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видиядхар Сураджпрасад Найпол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92.%CE%A3._%CE%9D%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB" title="Β.Σ. Νάιπολ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Β.Σ. Νάιπολ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84" title="وی. اس. نایپل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وی. اس. نایپل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80._%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B8._%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2" title="વી. એસ. નાયપોલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વી. એસ. નાયપોલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%B4" title="V. S. 나이폴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="V. S. 나이폴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Վիդիադհար Սուրաջպրասադ Նայփոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիդիադհար Սուրաջպրասադ Նայփոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="विद्याधर सूरजप्रसाद नैपाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्याधर सूरजप्रसाद नैपाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="וידיאדר סורג'פרסאד נייפול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וידיאדר סורג'פרסאד נייפול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF._%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D._%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿ. ಎಸ್. ನೈಪಾಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿ. ಎಸ್. ನೈಪಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვიდიადჰარ ნაიპოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიდიადჰარ ნაიპოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Видиадхар Сураджпрасад Найпол – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Видиадхар Сураджпрасад Найпол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Найпол, Видиадхар Сураджпрасад – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Найпол, Видиадхар Сураджпрасад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidijadhars_Surad%C5%BEprasads_Naipols" title="Vidijadhars Suradžprasads Naipols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vidijadhars Suradžprasads Naipols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Видјадар Сураџпрасад Најпол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Видјадар Сураџпрасад Најпол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="വി.എസ്. നൈപോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വി.എസ്. നൈപോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="व्ही.एस. नायपॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्ही.एस. नायपॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვიდიადჰარ სურაჯპრასად ნაიპოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიდიადჰარ სურაჯპრასად ნაიპოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84" title="وی. اس. نایپل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وی. اس. نایپل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="विद्याधर सुरजप्रसाद नेपाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विद्याधर सुरजप्रसाद नेपाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="विद्याधर सूरजप्रसाद नैपाल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विद्याधर सूरजप्रसाद नैपाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E3%83%BBS%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="V・S・ナイポール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="V・S・ナイポール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵਿੱਦਿਆਧਰ ਸੂਰਜਪ੍ਰਸਾਦ ਨਾਇਪਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿੱਦਿਆਧਰ ਸੂਰਜਪ੍ਰਸਾਦ ਨਾਇਪਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%92%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ودیادہر سورجپراسد نےپال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ودیادہر سورجپراسد نےپال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Naipaul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vidiadhar Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Найпол, Видиадхар Сураджпрасад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Найпол, Видиадхар Сураджпрасад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="विद्याधर सूरजप्रसाद नैपाल – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विद्याधर सूरजप्रसाद नैपाल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiadhar_Surajprasad_Naipaul" title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Видјадар Сураџпрасад Најпол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Видјадар Сураџпрасад Најпол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" title="V.S. Naipaul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="V.S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82._%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வி. சூ. நைப்பால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வி. சூ. நைப்பால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Видиадһар Сураҗпрасад Найпол – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Видиадһар Сураҗпрасад Найпол" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="విద్యాధర్ సూరజ్ ప్రసాద్ నైపాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విద్యాధర్ సూరజ్ ప్రసాద్ నైపాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA._%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="วี. เอส. ไนพอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วี. เอส. ไนพอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Відьядхар Сураджпрасад Найпол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відьядхар Сураджпрасад Найпол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="وی ایس نائپال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وی ایس نائپال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C2%B7S%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E4%BF%9D%E5%B0%94" title="V·S·奈保尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="V·S·奈保尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="V. S. Naipaul" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C2%B7S%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="V·S·奈波爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="V·S·奈波爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44593#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trinidadian-British writer (1932–2018)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Sir</div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">V. S. Naipaul</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland">FRAS</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cross" title="Trinity Cross">TC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:VS_Naipaul_2016_Dhaka_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naipaul in 2016"><img alt="Naipaul in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/VS_Naipaul_2016_Dhaka_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-VS_Naipaul_2016_Dhaka_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/VS_Naipaul_2016_Dhaka_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-VS_Naipaul_2016_Dhaka_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/VS_Naipaul_2016_Dhaka_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-VS_Naipaul_2016_Dhaka_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1024" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Naipaul in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (1932-08-17)17 August 1932 <a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">11 August 2018(2018-08-11) (aged 85) London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Novelist</li><li>travel writer</li><li>essayist</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1957–2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_House_for_Mr_Biswas" title="A House for Mr Biswas">A House for Mr Biswas</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Free_State" title="In a Free State">In a Free State</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bend_in_the_River" title="A Bend in the River">A Bend in the River</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_of_Arrival" title="The Enigma of Arrival">The Enigma of Arrival</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cross" title="Trinity Cross">Trinity Cross</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Patricia Ann Hale</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955; died 1996)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nadira_Naipaul" title="Nadira Naipaul">Nadira Khannum Alvi</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1996)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Seepersad_Naipaul" title="Seepersad Naipaul">Seepersad Naipaul</a> (father)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Naipaul" title="Shiva Naipaul">Shiva Naipaul</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capildeo_family" title="Capildeo family">Capildeo family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul<a href="#cite_note-1">[nb 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland">FRAS</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cross" title="Trinity Cross">TC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɪdjɑːdər ˌsuːrədʒprəˈsɑːd ˈnaɪpɔːl, naɪˈpɔːl/</a>; 17 August 1932 – 11 August 2018) was a Trinidadian-born British writer of works of fiction and nonfiction in English. He is known for his comic early novels set in Trinidad, his bleaker novels of alienation in the wider world, and his vigilant chronicles of life and travels. He wrote in prose that was widely admired, but his views sometimes aroused controversy. He published more than thirty books over fifty years. Naipaul's breakthrough novel <a href="/wiki/A_House_for_Mr_Biswas" title="A House for Mr Biswas">A House for Mr Biswas</a> was published in 1961. Naipaul won the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> in 1971 for his novel <a href="/wiki/In_a_Free_State" title="In a Free State">In a Free State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Booker_Prize_1971-2">[1]</a> He won the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> in 1983, and in 1990, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cross" title="Trinity Cross">Trinity Cross</a>, Trinidad and Tobago's highest national honour. He received a knighthood in Britain in 1990, and the <a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 2001. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_early_life">Background and early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:12em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85% 111111; color: #202122;background-color: #D0F0F0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Where there had been swamp at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Range" title="Northern Range">Northern Range</a>, with mud huts with earthen walls that showed the damp halfway up ... there was now the landscape of Holland ... Sugarcane as a crop had ceased to be important. None of the Indian villages were like villages I had known. No narrow roads; no dark, overhanging trees; no huts; no earth yards with hibiscus hedges; no ceremonial lighting of lamps, no play of shadows on the wall; no cooking of food in half-walled verandas, no leaping firelight; no flowers along gutters or ditches where frogs croaked the night away."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1987352-3">[2]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""> — From Enigma of Arrival (1987)</cite> </div> V. S. Naipaul was born to Droapatie (née <a href="/wiki/Capildeo_family" title="Capildeo family">Capildeo</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Seepersad_Naipaul" title="Seepersad Naipaul">Seepersad Naipaul</a> on 17 August 1932 in the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar plantation">sugar plantation</a>-town of <a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, the larger of the two islands in the British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20025-4">[3]</a> He was the couple's second child and first son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20025-4">[3]</a> Naipaul's father, Seepersad, was an English-language journalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200818b-5">[4]</a> In 1929, he had begun contributing stories to the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Guardian" title="Trinidad and Tobago Guardian">Trinidad Guardian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200819-6">[5]</a> and in 1932 he joined the staff as the provincial Chaguanas correspondent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20027-7">[6]</a> In "A prologue to an autobiography" (1983), Naipaul describes how Seepersad's great reverence for writers and for the writing life spawned the dreams and aspirations of his eldest son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200836–37-8">[7]</a> In the 1880s, Naipaul's paternal grandfather had emigrated from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> to work as an <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured labourer</a> in a sugar plantation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200812-9">[8]</a> In the 1890s, his maternal grandfather was to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200812-9">[8]</a> During this time, many people in India, their prospects blighted by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of 1876–78">Great Famine of 1876–78</a>, or similar calamities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983515,a-10">[9]</a> had emigrated to distant outposts of the British Empire such as Trinidad, <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, the French colonies of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, and the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Suriname</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983515,b-11">[10]</a> Although slavery had been <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">abolished</a> in these places in 1833, slave labour was still in demand, and <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indenture</a> was the legal contract being drawn to meet the demand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20025-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench20085-12">[11]</a> According to the genealogy the Naipauls had reconstructed in Trinidad, they were <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>—embraced from the knowledge of his mother's family; his father's background had remained less certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200823–25-13">[12]</a> Their ancestors in India had been guided by ritual restrictions. Among these were those on food—including the prohibition against eating flesh—drink, attire and social interaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200855a-14">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Shaded_Relief_PCL_Texas_Annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Shaded_Relief_PCL_Texas_Annotated.jpg/176px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Shaded_Relief_PCL_Texas_Annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Shaded_Relief_PCL_Texas_Annotated.jpg/264px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Shaded_Relief_PCL_Texas_Annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Shaded_Relief_PCL_Texas_Annotated.jpg/352px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Shaded_Relief_PCL_Texas_Annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Women_go_Shopping_in_Port_of_Spain,_Trinidad,_1945,_National_Archives,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Indian_Women_go_Shopping_in_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad%2C_1945%2C_National_Archives%2C_UK.jpg/148px-Indian_Women_go_Shopping_in_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad%2C_1945%2C_National_Archives%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Indian_Women_go_Shopping_in_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad%2C_1945%2C_National_Archives%2C_UK.jpg/222px-Indian_Women_go_Shopping_in_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad%2C_1945%2C_National_Archives%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Indian_Women_go_Shopping_in_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad%2C_1945%2C_National_Archives%2C_UK.jpg/296px-Indian_Women_go_Shopping_in_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad%2C_1945%2C_National_Archives%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2027" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Left) <a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a> is just inward of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Paria" title="Gulf of Paria">Gulf of Paria</a> coast. <a href="/wiki/Caroni_County" title="Caroni County">County Caroni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naparima_Plain" title="Naparima Plain">Naparima</a> were fictionalised as County Naparoni in Naipaul's <a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_of_Elvira" title="The Suffrage of Elvira">The Suffrage of Elvira</a>. (Right) Indian women go shopping in <a href="/wiki/Port-of-Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-of-Spain">Port-of-Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, 1945.</div></div></div></div> In Trinidad, the restrictions were to gradually loosen. By the time of Naipaul's earliest childhood memories, chicken and fish were eaten at the family's dining table, and Christmas was celebrated with a dinner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200855b-15">[14]</a> The men wore only western clothes. The women's <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">saris</a> were being accessorised with belts and heeled footwear, their <a href="/wiki/Hemline" title="Hemline">hemlines</a> rising in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">skirt</a>, and they were soon to disappear altogether as an item of daily wear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008208–209-16">[15]</a> Disappearing as well were the languages of India. Naipaul and his siblings were encouraged to speak only English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200826-17">[16]</a> At school, other languages were taught, but these were usually Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200841-18">[17]</a> Naipaul's family moved to Trinidad's capital <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, at first when he was seven,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200830-19">[18]</a> and then more permanently when he was nine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200832–33-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943–1954:_Education:_Port_of_Spain_and_Oxford">1943–1954: Education: Port of Spain and Oxford</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1943–1954: Education: Port of Spain and Oxford">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Students_at_Queens_Royal_College_Port_of_Spain_with_Visitor_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naipaul attended the government-run Queen's Royal College (QRC), a high school, Port of Spain from 1942 to 1950. Shown here are some older students at QRC talking to a visitor in 1955."><img alt="Naipaul attended the government-run Queen's Royal College (QRC), a high school, Port of Spain from 1942 to 1950. Shown here are some older students at QRC talking to a visitor in 1955." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Students_at_Queens_Royal_College_Port_of_Spain_with_Visitor_1955.jpg/130px-Students_at_Queens_Royal_College_Port_of_Spain_with_Visitor_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Students_at_Queens_Royal_College_Port_of_Spain_with_Visitor_1955.jpg/195px-Students_at_Queens_Royal_College_Port_of_Spain_with_Visitor_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Students_at_Queens_Royal_College_Port_of_Spain_with_Visitor_1955.jpg/260px-Students_at_Queens_Royal_College_Port_of_Spain_with_Visitor_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1432" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naipaul attended the government-run <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_College" title="Queen's Royal College">Queen's Royal College</a> (QRC), a high school, Port of Spain from 1942 to 1950. Shown here are some older students at QRC talking to a visitor in 1955.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street_Oxford_showing_University_College_on_the_left.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1790 aquatint of High Street, Oxford, showing University College in the left foreground. A century and a half later, V. S. Naipaul would spend four years at the college."><img alt="A 1790 aquatint of High Street, Oxford, showing University College in the left foreground. A century and a half later, V. S. Naipaul would spend four years at the college." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/High_Street_Oxford_showing_University_College_on_the_left.jpg/130px-High_Street_Oxford_showing_University_College_on_the_left.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/High_Street_Oxford_showing_University_College_on_the_left.jpg/195px-High_Street_Oxford_showing_University_College_on_the_left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/High_Street_Oxford_showing_University_College_on_the_left.jpg/260px-High_Street_Oxford_showing_University_College_on_the_left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="532" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1790 aquatint of <a href="/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford" title="High Street, Oxford">High Street, Oxford</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a> in the left foreground. A century and a half later, V. S. Naipaul would spend four years at the college.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> Naipaul was enrolled in the government-run <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_College" title="Queen's Royal College">Queen's Royal College</a> (QRC), an urban, cosmopolitan, high-performing school, which was designed and functioned in the fashion of a British boys' <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200840–41-21">[20]</a> Before he turned 17, he won a Trinidad Government scholarship to study abroad. He reflected later that the scholarship would have allowed him to study any subject at any institution of higher learning in the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>, but that he chose to go to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> to do a degree in English. He went, he wrote, "in order at last to write...." In August 1950, Naipaul boarded a <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan Am</a> flight to New York, continuing the next day by boat to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200867-22">[21]</a> He left Trinidad, like the narrator of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Street" title="Miguel Street">Miguel Street</a>, hardening himself to the emotion displayed by his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200867-22">[21]</a> For recording the impressions of his journey, Naipaul purchased a pad of paper and a <a href="/wiki/Copying_pencil" title="Copying pencil">copying pencil</a>, noting, "I had bought the pad and pencil because I was travelling to become a writer, and I had to start."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200867-22">[21]</a> The copious notes and letters from that time were to become the basis for the chapter "Journey" in Naipaul's novel <a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_of_Arrival" title="The Enigma of Arrival">The Enigma of Arrival</a> written 37 years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200867-22">[21]</a> Arriving at Oxford for the <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas_term" title="Michaelmas term">Michaelmas term</a>, 1950, Naipaul judged himself adequately prepared for his studies;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200873a-23">[22]</a> in the judgment of his Latin tutor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bayley_(literary_critic)" title="Peter Bayley (literary critic)">Peter Bayley</a>, Naipaul showed promise and poise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200873b-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200896-25">[24]</a> But, a year later, in Naipaul's estimation, his attempts at writing felt contrived. Unsure of his ability and calling, and lonely, he became depressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200890-26">[25]</a> By late March 1952, plans were made for his return to Trinidad in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200891-27">[26]</a> His father put down a quarter of the passage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200891-27">[26]</a> However, in early April, in the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vac" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vac">vacs</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_term" title="Trinity term">Trinity term</a>, Naipaul took an impulsive trip to Spain, and quickly spent all he had saved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200892–93-28">[27]</a> Attempting an explanation to his family, he called it "a nervous breakdown".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200893-29">[28]</a> Thirty years later, he was to call it "something like a mental illness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussawalla1997126-30">[29]</a> Earlier in 1952, at a college play, Naipaul had met Patricia Ann Hale, a history student. Hale and Naipaul formed a close friendship, which eventually developed into a sexual relationship. With Hale's support, Naipaul began to recover and gradually to write. In turn, she became a partner in planning his career. When they told their families about their relationship, the response was unenthusiastic; from her family it was hostile. In June 1953, both Naipaul and Hale graduated, both receiving, in his words, "a damn, bloody, ... <a href="/wiki/Second_class_honours#Second-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Second class honours">second</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008115-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon</a> at Oxford, however, judged Naipaul's Anglo-Saxon paper to have been the best in the university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008115-31">[30]</a> In Trinidad, Naipaul's father had had a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">coronary thrombosis</a> in early 1953,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008111-32">[31]</a> and lost his job at the Guardian in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008118-33">[32]</a> In October 1953, Seepersad Naipaul died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008123-34">[33]</a> By Hindu tenets, it fell to Naipaul to light the funeral pyre—it was the mandatory ritual of the eldest son. But since there was not the time nor the money for Naipaul to return, his eight-year-old brother, <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Naipaul" title="Shiva Naipaul">Shiva Naipaul</a>, performed the final rites of cremation. "The event marked him," Naipaul wrote about his brother. "That death and cremation were his private wound."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1987346-35">[34]</a> Through the summer and autumn of 1953, Naipaul was financially depleted. His prospects for employment in frugal post-war Britain were unpromising, his applications to jobs overseas repeatedly rejected, and his attempts at writing as yet haphazard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128-36">[35]</a> Working off and on at odd jobs, borrowing money from Pat or his family in Trinidad, Naipaul reluctantly enrolled for a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Letters" title="Bachelor of Letters">B. Litt.</a> post-graduate degree at Oxford in <a href="/wiki/English_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="English Literature">English Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128-36">[35]</a> In December 1953, he failed his first B.Litt. exam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128-36">[35]</a> Although he passed the second written examination, his <a href="/wiki/Oral_exam" title="Oral exam">viva voce</a>, in February 1954, with <a href="/wiki/F._P._Wilson" title="F. P. Wilson">F. P. Wilson</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a> scholar and <a href="/wiki/Merton_Professors" title="Merton Professors">Merton Professor of English Literature</a> at Oxford, did not go well. He was failed overall for the B.Litt. degree.<a href="#cite_note-38">[nb 2]</a> With that also ended all hopes of being supported for academic studies at Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008128-39">[37]</a> Naipaul would later say that he 'hated Oxford'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenTejpal1998-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954–1956:_London,_Caribbean_Voices,_marriage">1954–1956: London, Caribbean Voices, marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1954–1956: London, Caribbean Voices, marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline_Enriques_Sam_Sevlon_Caribbean_Voices_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pauline Henriques and Samuel Selvon reading a story on BBC's Caribbean Voices. In December 1954, Naipaul joined the staff."><img alt="Pauline Henriques and Samuel Selvon reading a story on BBC's Caribbean Voices. In December 1954, Naipaul joined the staff." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pauline_Enriques_Sam_Sevlon_Caribbean_Voices_1952.jpg/130px-Pauline_Enriques_Sam_Sevlon_Caribbean_Voices_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pauline_Enriques_Sam_Sevlon_Caribbean_Voices_1952.jpg/195px-Pauline_Enriques_Sam_Sevlon_Caribbean_Voices_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pauline_Enriques_Sam_Sevlon_Caribbean_Voices_1952.jpg/260px-Pauline_Enriques_Sam_Sevlon_Caribbean_Voices_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Henriques" title="Pauline Henriques">Pauline Henriques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Selvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Selvon">Samuel Selvon</a> reading a story on <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Voices" title="Caribbean Voices">Caribbean Voices</a>. In December 1954, Naipaul joined the staff.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Langham_Hotel_London_post_card_1903.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The old Langham Hotel in a picture-postcard ca. 1903. Here, in 1955 in the BBC freelancers' room, Naipaul wrote the first story of Miguel Street."><img alt="The old Langham Hotel in a picture-postcard ca. 1903. Here, in 1955 in the BBC freelancers' room, Naipaul wrote the first story of Miguel Street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Langham_Hotel_London_post_card_1903.JPG/130px-Langham_Hotel_London_post_card_1903.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Langham_Hotel_London_post_card_1903.JPG/195px-Langham_Hotel_London_post_card_1903.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Langham_Hotel_London_post_card_1903.JPG/260px-Langham_Hotel_London_post_card_1903.JPG 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="541" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The old <a href="/wiki/Langham_Hotel,_London" title="Langham Hotel, London">Langham Hotel</a> in a picture-postcard ca. 1903. Here, in 1955 in the BBC freelancers' room, Naipaul wrote the first story of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Street" title="Miguel Street">Miguel Street</a>.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:12em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: #D0F0C0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The freelancers' room was like a club: chat, movement, the separate anxieties of young or youngish men below the passing fellowship of the room. That was the atmosphere I was writing in. That was the atmosphere I gave to Bogart's Port of Spain street. Partly for the sake of speed, and partly because my memory or imagination couldn't rise to it, I had given his servant room hardly any furniture: the Langham room itself was barely furnished. And I benefited from the fellowship of the room that afternoon. Without that fellowship, without the response of the three men who read the story, I might not have wanted to go on with what I had begun." </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""> — From, "A Prologue to an Autobiography" (1983).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983c-41">[39]</a></cite> </div> Naipaul moved to London, where he reluctantly accepted shelter in the flat of a cousin. Pat, who had won a scholarship for further studies at the University of Birmingham, moved out of her parents' flat to independent lodgings where Naipaul could visit her. For the remainder of 1954, Naipaul exhibited behaviour that tried the patience of those closest to him. He denounced Trinidad and Trinidadians; he castigated the British who he felt had taken him out of Trinidad but left him without opportunity; he took refuge in illness, but when help was offered, he rebuffed it. He was increasingly dependent on Pat, who remained loyal, offering him money, practical advice, encouragement, and rebuke.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Gainful employment appeared for Naipaul in December 1954. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Swanzy" title="Henry Swanzy">Henry Swanzy</a>, producer of the BBC weekly programme, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Voices" title="Caribbean Voices">Caribbean Voices</a>, offered Naipaul a three-month renewable contract as presenter of the programme. Swanzy, on whose program a generation of Caribbean writers had debuted, including <a href="/wiki/George_Lamming" title="George Lamming">George Lamming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Selvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Selvon">Samuel Selvon</a>, the 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a> and, earlier, Naipaul himself, was being transferred to <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> to manage the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Coast Broadcasting System">Gold Coast Broadcasting System</a>. Naipaul would stay in the part-time job for four years, and Pat would remain the critical breadwinner for the couple. In January 1955, Naipaul moved to new lodgings, a small flat in <a href="/wiki/Kilburn,_London" title="Kilburn, London">Kilburn</a>, and he and Pat were married. Neither informed their families or friends—their wedding guests were limited to the two witnesses required by law. Pat continued to live in Birmingham but visited on the weekends. At the BBC, Naipaul presented the programme once a week, wrote short reviews and conducted interviews. The sparsely furnished freelancers' room in the old <a href="/wiki/Langham_Hotel,_London" title="Langham Hotel, London">Langham Hotel</a> flowed with the banter of Caribbean writers and would-be writers, providing camaraderie and fellowship. There, one afternoon in the summer of 1955, Naipaul typed out a 3,000-word story. It was based on the memory of a neighbour he had known as a child in a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> street, but it also drew on the mood and ambience of the freelancers' room. Three fellow writers, John Stockbridge, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Salkey" title="Andrew Salkey">Andrew Salkey</a>, and Gordon Woolford, who read the story later, were affected by it and encouraged him to go on. Over the next five weeks, Naipaul would write his first publishable book, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Street" title="Miguel Street">Miguel Street</a>, a collection of linked stories of that Port of Spain street. Although the book was not published right away, Naipaul's talent caught the attention of publishers and his spirits began to lift. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956–1958:_Early_Trinidad_novels">1956–1958: Early Trinidad novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1956–1958: Early Trinidad novels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder%26Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder%26Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg/220px-HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder%26Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder%26Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg/330px-HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder%26Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder%26Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg/440px-HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder%26Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Ship">HMS</a> Cavina, the peacetime <a href="/wiki/Fyffes_Line" title="Fyffes Line">Elders & Fyffes</a> passenger-carrying <a href="/wiki/Banana_boat_(ship)" title="Banana boat (ship)">banana boat</a>, shown in 1941, requisitioned for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In August 1956, Naipaul returned on <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine#Marine_propulsion" title="Steam turbine">TSS</a> Cavina to Trinidad for a two-month stay with his family.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Diana_Athill" title="Diana Athill">Diana Athill</a>, the editor at the publishing company André Deutsch, who read Miguel Street, liked it. But the publisher, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Deutsch" title="André Deutsch">André Deutsch</a>, thought a series of linked stories by an unknown Caribbean writer unlikely to sell profitably in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156-43">[41]</a> He encouraged Naipaul to write a novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156-43">[41]</a> Without enthusiasm, Naipaul quickly wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Mystic_Masseur" title="The Mystic Masseur">The Mystic Masseur</a> in Autumn 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156-43">[41]</a> On 8 December 1955, his novel was accepted by Deutsch, and Naipaul received a <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>125 payment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156-43">[41]</a> In late August 1956, six years after arriving in England, three years after his father's death, and in the face of pressure from his family in Trinidad, especially his mother, to visit, Naipaul boarded <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine#Marine_propulsion" title="Steam turbine">TSS</a> Cavina, an <a href="/wiki/Fyffes_Line" title="Fyffes Line">Elders & Fyffes</a> passenger-carrying <a href="/wiki/Banana_boat_(ship)" title="Banana boat (ship)">banana boat</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008160-44">[42]</a> From on board the ship, he sent harsh and humorous descriptions of the ship's <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indians</a> passengers to Pat, recording also their conversations in dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008161-45">[43]</a> His early letters from Trinidad spoke to the wealth created there during the intervening years, in contrast to the prevailing frugal economy in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008163-46">[44]</a> Trinidad was in its last phase before decolonisation, and there was a new-found confidence among its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008164–165-47">[45]</a> Among Trinidad's different racial groups, there were also avowals of racial separateness—in contrast to the fluid, open racial attitudes of Naipaul's childhood—and there was violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008165-48">[46]</a> In the elections of 1956, the party supported by the majority blacks and Indian Muslims narrowly won, leading to an increased sense of gloom in Naipaul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008167–168-49">[47]</a> Naipaul accompanied a politician uncle, a candidate of the Hindu party, to his campaign rallies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172-50">[48]</a> During these and other events he was gathering ideas for later literary use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172-50">[48]</a> By the time he left Trinidad, he had written to Pat about plans for a new novelette on a rural election in Trinidad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172-50">[48]</a> These would transmute upon his return to England into the comic novel <a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_of_Elvira" title="The Suffrage of Elvira">The Suffrage of Elvira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172-50">[48]</a> Back in England, Deutsch informed Naipaul that The Mystic Masseur would not be published for another ten months. Naipaul's anger at the publisher together with his anxiety about surviving as a writer aroused more creative energy: The Suffrage of Elvira was written with great speed during the early months of 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008173-51">[49]</a> In June 1957, The Mystic Masseur was finally published. The reviews were generally complimentary, though some were also patronising. Still shy of his 25th birthday, Naipaul copied out many of the reviews by hand for his mother, including the Daily Telegraph's, "V. S. Naipaul is a young writer who contrives to blend Oxford wit with home-grown rambunctiousness and not do harm to either."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008174–175-52">[50]</a> Awaiting his book royalties, in summer 1957, Naipaul accepted his only full-time employment, the position of editorial assistant at the Cement and Concrete Association (C&CA). The association published the magazine Concrete Quarterly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008180–181-53">[51]</a> Although he disliked the desk job and remained in it for a mere ten weeks, the salary of £1,000 a year provided financial stability, allowing him to send money to Trinidad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008180–181-53">[51]</a> The C&CA was also to be the office setting for Naipaul's later novel, Mr Stone and the Knights Companion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008180–181-53">[51]</a> Around this same time, writer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wyndham_(Writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Wyndham (Writer)">Francis Wyndham</a>, who had taken Naipaul under his wing, introduced him to novelist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell" title="Anthony Powell">Anthony Powell</a>. Powell, in turn, convinced the publisher of the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Martin" title="Kingsley Martin">Kingsley Martin</a>, to give Naipaul a part-time job reviewing books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008186–187-54">[52]</a> Naipaul would review books once a month from 1957 to 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008186–187-54">[52]</a> With many West Indian writers now active in England, Caribbean Voices was judged to have achieved its purpose and slated to terminate in August 1958.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008179-55">[53]</a> Naipaul's relations with his BBC employers began to fray. Despite three years of hosting the programme and three completed novels, he had been unable to make the transition to mainstream BBC programming. He claimed later that he was told those jobs were reserved for Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008178–179-56">[54]</a> In July 1958, after arriving late for a program, Naipaul was reprimanded by the producers, and, in his words, "broke with the BBC".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008179–180-57">[55]</a> With promotional help from Andre Deutsh, Naipaul's novels would soon receive critical acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008185-58">[56]</a> The Mystic Masseur was awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_Llewellyn_Rhys_Prize" title="John Llewellyn Rhys Prize">John Llewellyn Rhys Prize</a> in 1958, and Miguel Street the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Maugham_Award" title="Somerset Maugham Award">Somerset Maugham Award</a> in 1961, <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a> himself approving the first-ever selection of a non-European.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008185-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1957–1960:_A_House_for_Mr_Biswas">1957–1960: A House for Mr Biswas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1957–1960: A House for Mr Biswas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seepersad_Naipaul_with_Ford_Prefect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Seepersad_Naipaul_with_Ford_Prefect.jpg/220px-Seepersad_Naipaul_with_Ford_Prefect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Seepersad_Naipaul_with_Ford_Prefect.jpg/330px-Seepersad_Naipaul_with_Ford_Prefect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Seepersad_Naipaul_with_Ford_Prefect.jpg/440px-Seepersad_Naipaul_with_Ford_Prefect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seepersad_Naipaul" title="Seepersad Naipaul">Seepersad Naipaul</a>, father of V. S. Naipaul, and the inspiration for the protagonist of the novel, Mr Biswas, with his <a href="/wiki/Ford_Prefect" title="Ford Prefect">Ford Prefect</a></figcaption></figure> Not long after Naipaul began writing A House for Mr Biswas, he and Pat moved across town from their attic flat in <a href="/wiki/Muswell_Hill" title="Muswell Hill">Muswell Hill</a> to an upstairs flat in <a href="/wiki/Streatham" title="Streatham">Streatham Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008184-59">[57]</a> It was the first home in which they felt comfortable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008184-59">[57]</a> In his foreword to the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> edition of the book, Naipaul was to write: <blockquote> "I had more than changed flats: for the first time in my life I enjoyed solitude and freedom in a house. And just as, in the novel, I was able to let myself go, so in the solitude of the quiet, friendly house in Streatham Hill I could let myself go. ... The two years spent on this novel in Streatham Hill remain the most consuming, the most fulfilled, the happiest years of my life. They were my Eden."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983a133,_136-60">[58]</a></blockquote> The book is an imagined version of his father's life as fashioned from childhood memories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008192-61">[59]</a> The story as it evolved became so real for Naipaul, that he later claimed it had "destroyed memory" in some respects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008192-61">[59]</a> The protagonist, Mohun Biswas, referred to throughout the book as Mr Biswas, is propelled by the forces of circumstance into a succession of vocations: apprentice to a Hindu priest; a signboard painter; a grocery store proprietor in the "heart of the sugarcane area"; a driver, or "sub-overseer," in a dark, damp and overgrown estate; and a reporter for The Trinidad Sentinel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193-62">[60]</a> What ambition or resourcefulness Mr Biswas possesses is inevitably undermined by his dependence on his powerful in-laws and the vagaries of opportunity in a colonial society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193-62">[60]</a> His in-laws, the Tulsis, with whom he lives much of the time, are a large <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a>, and are caricatured with great humour, and some unkindness, in the novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193-62">[60]</a> There is a melancholic streak in Mr Biswas which makes him at times both purposeless and clumsy, but it also stirs flashes of anger and of sniping wit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008194-63">[61]</a> Humour underpins the many tense relationships in the book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008194-63">[61]</a> Eventually, as times change, as two of his children go abroad for college, and as ill health overcomes him, he buys a house, with money borrowed from a friend, and moves into it with his wife and remaining children, and in small measure strikes out on his own before he dies at age 46.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008194-63">[61]</a> According to the author <a href="/wiki/Patrick_French" title="Patrick French">Patrick French</a>, A House for Mr Biswas is "universal in the way that the work of Dickens or Tolstoy is universal; the book makes no apologies for itself, and does not contextualize or exoticize its characters. It reveals a complete world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193-62">[60]</a> The writing of the book consumed Naipaul. In 1983, he would write:<blockquote>The book took three years to write. It felt like a career; and there was a short period, towards the end of the writing, when I do believe I knew all or much of the book by heart. The labour ended; the book began to recede. And I found that I was unwilling to re-enter the world I had created, unwilling to expose myself again to the emotions that lay below the comedy. I became nervous of the book. I haven't read it since I passed the proofs in May 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983a128-64">[62]</a> </blockquote> The reviews of the book both in the British press and the Caribbean were generous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196-65">[63]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>, Colin McInnes wrote that the book had the "unforced pace of a masterpiece: it is relaxed, yet on every page alert".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196-65">[63]</a> Francis Wyndham, writing in the <a href="/wiki/London_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="London Magazine">London Magazine</a>, suggested that the book was "one of the clearest and subtlest illustrations ever shown of the effects of colonialism ...."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196-65">[63]</a> In his Trinidad Guardian review, Derek Walcott, judged Naipaul to be "one of the most mature of West Indian writers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196-65">[63]</a> In 2011, on the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of A House for Mr Biswas, and ten years after Naipaul had won the Nobel Prize for Literature, he dedicated the book to his late wife Patricia Anne Hale, who had died in 1996. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961–1963:_The_Middle_Passage,_India,_An_Area_of_Darkness">1961–1963: The Middle Passage, India, An Area of Darkness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1961–1963: The Middle Passage, India, An Area of Darkness">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Williams_Trinidad_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dr. Eric Williams, the Premier of Trinidad and Tobago, invited Naipaul to visit in early 1961 and to write a book on Caribbean history, published as The Middle Passage."><img alt="Dr. Eric Williams, the Premier of Trinidad and Tobago, invited Naipaul to visit in early 1961 and to write a book on Caribbean history, published as The Middle Passage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eric_Williams_Trinidad_Independence.jpg/130px-Eric_Williams_Trinidad_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eric_Williams_Trinidad_Independence.jpg/195px-Eric_Williams_Trinidad_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eric_Williams_Trinidad_Independence.jpg/260px-Eric_Williams_Trinidad_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dr. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Premier_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_.281959.E2.80.9362.29" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Premier of Trinidad and Tobago</a>, invited Naipaul to visit in early 1961 and to write a book on Caribbean history, published as <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Passage_(book)" title="The Middle Passage (book)">The Middle Passage</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrated_Weekly_of_India_January_1947.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Naipaul wrote a monthly "Letter from London" for the Illustrated Weekly of India from 1963 to 1965."><img alt="Naipaul wrote a monthly "Letter from London" for the Illustrated Weekly of India from 1963 to 1965." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Illustrated_Weekly_of_India_January_1947.JPG/130px-Illustrated_Weekly_of_India_January_1947.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Illustrated_Weekly_of_India_January_1947.JPG/195px-Illustrated_Weekly_of_India_January_1947.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Illustrated_Weekly_of_India_January_1947.JPG/260px-Illustrated_Weekly_of_India_January_1947.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1586" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naipaul wrote a monthly "Letter from London" for the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Weekly_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated Weekly of India">Illustrated Weekly of India</a> from 1963 to 1965.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> In September 1960, Naipaul was sounded out about visiting Trinidad as a guest of the government and giving a few lectures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201-66">[64]</a> The following month an invitation arrived offering an all-expenses-paid trip and a stipend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201-66">[64]</a> Naipaul and Pat, both exhausted after the completion of A House for Mr Biswas, spent the next five months in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201-66">[64]</a> In Port-of-Spain, Naipaul was invited by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Premier_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_.281959.E2.80.9362.29" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Premier of Trinidad and Tobago</a> within the short-lived <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>, to visit other countries of the region and write a book on the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201–202-67">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Passage_(book)" title="The Middle Passage (book)">The Middle Passage: Impressions of Five Societies – British, French and Dutch in the West Indies and South America</a>, Naipaul's first work of travel writing, was the result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200637-68">[66]</a> To gather material for the book, Naipaul and Pat travelled to <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, Suriname, Martinique and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200637-68">[66]</a> The book begins with perceptive, lively, but unflattering and gratuitously descriptive portraits of fellow passengers bound for Trinidad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200637–38-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008202-70">[68]</a> Although he was later criticised for the insensitivity of these descriptions, he stood by his book, claiming it was "a very funny book",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200637–38-69">[67]</a> and that he was employing a form of irreverent West Indian humour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008202-70">[68]</a> Naipaul does not attempt to be detached in the book, continually reminding the reader of his own ties to the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200639-71">[69]</a> For him, the West Indies are islands colonised only for the purpose of employing slaves for the production of other people's goods; he states, "The history of the islands can never be told satisfactorily. Brutality is not the only difficulty. History is built around achievement and creation; and nothing was created in the West Indies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008203-72">[70]</a> As the narrative progresses, Naipaul becomes more sympathetic and insightful, noting that no African names remain on the islands; that slavery had engendered "self-contempt," impelling the descendants of the slaves to idealise European civilisation and to look down on all others; and that the debasement of identity has created racial animosity and rivalry among the brutalised peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008203-72">[70]</a> As Naipaul does not see nationalism as having taken root in these societies, only cults of personality, he does not celebrate the coming of independence, though he does not suggest a return to colonial subjecthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008203-72">[70]</a> In early 1962, Naipaul and Pat arrived in India for a year-long visit. It was Naipaul's first visit to the land of his ancestors. The title of the resulting book, <a href="/wiki/An_Area_of_Darkness" title="An Area of Darkness">An Area of Darkness</a>, was not so much a reference to India as to Naipaul's effort to understand India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008230-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200644-74">[72]</a> Soon after arrival, Naipaul was overwhelmed by two sensations. First, for the first time in his life, he felt anonymous, even faceless. He was no longer identified, he felt, as part of a special ethnic group as he had in Trinidad or England and this made him anxious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008215-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200641–42-76">[74]</a> Second, he was upset by what he saw was the resigned or evasive Indian reaction to poverty and suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008217-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200642–43-78">[76]</a> After a month in Bombay and Delhi, Naipaul and Pat spent five months in Kashmir, staying in a lakeside hotel, "Hotel Liward," in Srinagar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200643–44-79">[77]</a> Here, Naipaul was exceptionally productive. He wrote a novella Mr Stone and the Knights Companion, set in London, and based, in part, on his experiences working for the Cement and Concrete Association, and, in part, on his relationship with Pat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008218–219-80">[78]</a> He wrote a number of short stories which were eventually published in the collection <a href="/wiki/A_Flag_on_the_Island" title="A Flag on the Island">A Flag on the Island</a>. His evolving relationship with the hotel manager, Mr. Butt, and especially his assistant, Mr. Aziz, became the subject of the middle section of An Area of Darkness, Naipaul bringing his novelistic skills and economy of style to bear with good effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200643–44-79">[77]</a> During the rest of his stay, his frustration with some aspects of India mounted even as he felt an attraction to other aspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008226–227-81">[79]</a> Gorakhpur, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, he wrote later, had "reduced him to the early-Indian stage of (his) hysteria".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008226–227-81">[79]</a> During his visit to his ancestral village, soon afterwards, Naipaul impatiently turned down a request for assistance and made a quick escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008226–227-81">[79]</a> But in a letter, he also wrote: "As you can imagine I fell in love with these beautiful people, their so beautiful women who have all the boldness and independence ... of Brahmin women ... and their enchanting fairy-tale village."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008226–227-81">[79]</a> Just before he left India, Naipaul was invited by the editor of the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Weekly_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated Weekly of India">Illustrated Weekly of India</a>, a prominent, established, English-language magazine, to write a monthly "Letter from London" for the magazine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008232–233-82">[80]</a> Naipaul accepted for a fee of £30 a letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008232–233-82">[80]</a> He wrote a monthly letter for the next two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008232–233-82">[80]</a> It would be the only time he would write regularly on the contemporary culture in England, his country of domicile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008232–233-82">[80]</a> The topics included <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo affair</a>, advertising in the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Tube</a>, and the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008232–233-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964–1967:_A_Flag_on_the_Island,_Africa,_The_Mimic_Men">1964–1967: A Flag on the Island, Africa, The Mimic Men</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1964–1967: A Flag on the Island, Africa, The Mimic Men">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/A_Flag_on_the_Island" title="A Flag on the Island">A Flag on the Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mimic_Men" title="The Mimic Men">The Mimic Men</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach,_Scarborough,_Tobago,_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A beach near Scarborough, Tobago, similar to the one on the fictional island of Isabella in The Mimic Men."><img alt="A beach near Scarborough, Tobago, similar to the one on the fictional island of Isabella in The Mimic Men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Beach%2C_Scarborough%2C_Tobago%2C_1947.jpg/130px-Beach%2C_Scarborough%2C_Tobago%2C_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Beach%2C_Scarborough%2C_Tobago%2C_1947.jpg/195px-Beach%2C_Scarborough%2C_Tobago%2C_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Beach%2C_Scarborough%2C_Tobago%2C_1947.jpg/260px-Beach%2C_Scarborough%2C_Tobago%2C_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A beach near Scarborough, <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, similar to the one on the fictional island of Isabella in The Mimic Men.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Makerere_University_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naipaul served as writer-in-residence at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, and finished his novel The Mimic Men"><img alt="Naipaul served as writer-in-residence at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, and finished his novel The Mimic Men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Makerere_University_tower.jpg/130px-Makerere_University_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Makerere_University_tower.jpg/195px-Makerere_University_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Makerere_University_tower.jpg/260px-Makerere_University_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naipaul served as writer-in-residence at <a href="/wiki/Makerere_University" title="Makerere University">Makerere University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, Uganda, and finished his novel The Mimic Men</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:13em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: #D0F0C0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Coconut trees and beach and the white of breakers seemed to meet at a point in the distance. It was not possible to see where coconut turned to mangrove and swampland. Here and there, interrupting the straight line of the beach, were the trunks of trees washed up by the sea. I set myself to walk to one tree, then to the other. I was soon far away from the village and from people, and was alone on the beach, smooth and shining silver in the dying light. No coconut now, but mangrove, tall on the black cages of their roots. From the mangrove swamps channels ran to the ocean between sand banks that were daily made and broken off, as neatly as if cut by machines, shallow channels of clear water touched with the amber of dead leaves, cool to the feet, different from the warm sea." </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""> — From, The Mimic Men (1967).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1967133-83">[81]</a></cite> </div> Naipaul had spent an overwrought year in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008239-84">[82]</a> Back in London, after An Area of Darkness was completed, he felt creatively drained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008239-84">[82]</a> He felt he had used up his Trinidad material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008219–220-85">[83]</a> Neither India nor the writing of Mr Stone and the Knights Companion, his only attempt at a novel set in Britain with white British characters, had spurred new ideas for imaginative writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008219–220-85">[83]</a> His finances too were low, and Pat went back to teaching to supplement them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008239-84">[82]</a> Naipaul's books had received much critical acclaim, but they were not yet money makers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008239-84">[82]</a> Socially, he was now breaking away from the Caribbean Voices circle, but no doors had opened to mainstream British society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008240-86">[84]</a> That changed when Naipaul was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>, at the time the wife of conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fraser_(British_politician)" title="Hugh Fraser (British politician)">Hugh Fraser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008241–242-87">[85]</a> Fraser introduced Naipaul to her social circle of upper-class British politicians, writers, and performing artists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008241–242-87">[85]</a> In this circle was the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Baron_Glenconner#Barons_Glenconner_.281911.29" title="Baron Glenconner">second Baron Glenconner</a>, father of novelist <a href="/wiki/Emma_Tennant" title="Emma Tennant">Emma Tennant</a> and owner of estates in Trinidad, who arranged for an unsecured loan of £7,200 for Naipaul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008243–244-88">[86]</a> Naipaul and Pat bought a three-floor house on <a href="/wiki/Stockwell" title="Stockwell">Stockwell Park Crescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008244-89">[87]</a> In late 1964, Naipaul was asked to write an original script for an American movie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008247-90">[88]</a> He spent the next few months in Trinidad writing the story, a novella named, "A Flag on the Island," later published in the collection, <a href="/wiki/A_Flag_on_the_Island" title="A Flag on the Island">A Flag on the Island</a>. The finished version was not to the director's liking and the movie was never made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008247-90">[88]</a> The story is set in the present time—1964—in a Caribbean island, which is not named.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200369-91">[89]</a> The main character is an American named "Frankie" who affects the mannerisms of Frank Sinatra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008247-90">[88]</a> Frankie has links to the island from having served there during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200657-92">[90]</a> He revisits reluctantly when his ship anchors there during a hurricane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200657-92">[90]</a> Naipaul wilfully makes the pace of the book feverish, the narrative haphazard, the characters loud, the protagonist fickle or deceptive, and the dialogue confusing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200657-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008247-90">[88]</a> Balancing the present time is Frankie's less disordered, though comfortless, memory of 20 years before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200658-93">[91]</a> Then he had become a part of a community on the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200658-93">[91]</a> He had tried to help his poor friends by giving away the ample US Army supplies he had.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200658-93">[91]</a> Not everyone was happy about receiving help and not everyone benefited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200658-93">[91]</a> Frankie was left chastened about finding tidy solutions to the island's social problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200658-93">[91]</a> This theme, indirectly developed in the story, is one to which Naipaul would return again. Not long after finishing <a href="/wiki/A_Flag_on_the_Island" title="A Flag on the Island">A Flag on the Island</a>, Naipaul began work on the novel The Mimic Men, though for almost a year he did not make significant progress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008248-94">[92]</a> At the end of this period, he was offered a Writer-in-Residence fellowship at <a href="/wiki/Makerere_University" title="Makerere University">Makerere University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008249-95">[93]</a> There, in early 1966, Naipaul, began to rewrite his material and went on to complete the novel quickly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008250-96">[94]</a> The finished novel broke new ground for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008250-96">[94]</a> Unlike his Caribbean work, it was not comic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200655-97">[95]</a> It did not unfold chronologically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200377–78-98">[96]</a> Its language was allusive and ironic, its overall structure whimsical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200371-99">[97]</a> It had strands of both fiction and non-fiction, a precursor of other Naipaul novels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200654-100">[98]</a> It was intermittently dense, even obscure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200377–78-98">[96]</a> but it also had beautiful passages, especially descriptive ones of the fictional tropical island of Isabella. The subject of sex appeared explicitly for the first time in Naipaul's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200653-101">[99]</a> The plot, to the extent there is one, is centred around a protagonist, Ralph Singh, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">East Indian</a>-<a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> politician from Isabella.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200371-99">[97]</a> Singh is in exile in London and attempting to write his political memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200371-99">[97]</a> Earlier, in the immediate aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> in a number of British colonies in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Singh had shared political power with a more powerful African Caribbean politician. Soon, the memoirs take on a more personal aspect. There are flashbacks to the formative and defining periods of Singh's life. In many of these, during crucial moments, whether during his childhood, married life, or political career, he appears to abandon engagement and enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200371-99">[97]</a> These, he rationalises later, belong only to fully made European societies. When The Mimic Men was published, it received generally positive critical notice. In particular, Caribbean politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a> weighed in, the latter writing, "V. S. Naipaul's description of West Indians as 'mimic men' is harsh but true ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008257-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968–1972:_The_Loss_of_El_Dorado,_In_A_Free_State">1968–1972: The Loss of El Dorado, In A Free State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1968–1972: The Loss of El Dorado, In A Free State">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugandan_kings_at_Toro_ceremony_late_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four kings of Ugandan kingdoms, from left to right: The Omugabe of Ankole, Omukama of Bunyoro, the Kabaka of Buganda, and the Won Nyaci of Lango, at the signing of an agreement in Kabarole, Toro, Uganda, between the British governor, Sir Frederick Crawford and the Omukama of Toro."><img alt="Four kings of Ugandan kingdoms, from left to right: The Omugabe of Ankole, Omukama of Bunyoro, the Kabaka of Buganda, and the Won Nyaci of Lango, at the signing of an agreement in Kabarole, Toro, Uganda, between the British governor, Sir Frederick Crawford and the Omukama of Toro." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ugandan_kings_at_Toro_ceremony_late_1950s.jpg/130px-Ugandan_kings_at_Toro_ceremony_late_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ugandan_kings_at_Toro_ceremony_late_1950s.jpg/195px-Ugandan_kings_at_Toro_ceremony_late_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ugandan_kings_at_Toro_ceremony_late_1950s.jpg/260px-Ugandan_kings_at_Toro_ceremony_late_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="737" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four kings of Ugandan kingdoms, from left to right: The <a href="/wiki/Omugabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Omugabe">Omugabe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omukama_of_Bunyoro" title="Omukama of Bunyoro">Omukama of Bunyoro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka of Buganda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Langi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Langi people">Won Nyaci of Lango</a>, at the signing of an agreement in <a href="/wiki/Kabarole_District" title="Kabarole District">Kabarole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toro_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Toro Kingdom">Toro</a>, Uganda, between the British governor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crawford_(colonial_administrator)" title="Frederick Crawford (colonial administrator)">Frederick Crawford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Omukama_of_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Omukama of Toro">Omukama of Toro</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-76054-0003,_Leipzig,_Kenia-Tag,_Gerald_G%C3%B6tting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At "Kenya Day," Leipzig, 1960, Milton Obote, centre, later PM of Uganda, demanded the release of Jomo Kenyatta, the Kenyan nationalist. In 1966 and 1967, Obote would depose all the Ugandan kings, including the Kabaka of Buganda."><img alt="At "Kenya Day," Leipzig, 1960, Milton Obote, centre, later PM of Uganda, demanded the release of Jomo Kenyatta, the Kenyan nationalist. In 1966 and 1967, Obote would depose all the Ugandan kings, including the Kabaka of Buganda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-76054-0003%2C_Leipzig%2C_Kenia-Tag%2C_Gerald_G%C3%B6tting.jpg/130px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-76054-0003%2C_Leipzig%2C_Kenia-Tag%2C_Gerald_G%C3%B6tting.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-76054-0003%2C_Leipzig%2C_Kenia-Tag%2C_Gerald_G%C3%B6tting.jpg/195px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-76054-0003%2C_Leipzig%2C_Kenia-Tag%2C_Gerald_G%C3%B6tting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-76054-0003%2C_Leipzig%2C_Kenia-Tag%2C_Gerald_G%C3%B6tting.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-76054-0003%2C_Leipzig%2C_Kenia-Tag%2C_Gerald_G%C3%B6tting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="580" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">At "Kenya Day," <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, 1960, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a>, centre, later PM of Uganda, demanded the release of <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a>, the Kenyan nationalist. In 1966 and 1967, Obote would depose all the Ugandan kings, including the Kabaka of Buganda.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> Back in London in October 1966, Naipaul received an invitation from the American publisher <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a> to write a book on Port-of-Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008258-103">[101]</a> The book took two years to write, its scope widening with time. <a href="/wiki/The_Loss_of_El_Dorado" title="The Loss of El Dorado">The Loss of El Dorado</a> eventually became a narrative history of Trinidad based on primary sources. Pat spent many months in the archives of the British Library reading those sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008258-103">[101]</a> In the end, the finished product was not to the liking of Little, Brown, which was expecting a guidebook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008258-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> agreed to publish it instead in the United States as did Andre Deutsch later in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008258-103">[101]</a> The Loss of El Dorado is an attempt to ferret out an older, deeper, history of Trinidad, one preceding its commonly taught history as a British-run plantation economy of slaves and indentured workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200383–84-104">[102]</a> Central to Naipaul's history are two stories: the search for <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>, a Spanish obsession, in turn pursued by the British, and the British attempt to spark from their new colony of Trinidad, even as it was itself becoming mired in slavery, a revolution of lofty ideals in South America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200383–84-104">[102]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco Miranda</a> would become the human faces of these stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200383–84-104">[102]</a> Although slavery is eventually abolished, the sought-for social order slips away in the face of uncertainties created by changeable populations, languages, and governments and by the cruelties inflicted by the island's inhabitants on each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200383–84-104">[102]</a> Before Naipaul began writing The Loss of El Dorado, he had been unhappy with the political climate in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008270-105">[103]</a> He had been especially unhappy with the increasing public animosity, in the mid-1960s, towards Asian immigrants from Britain's ex-colonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008270-105">[103]</a> During the writing of the book, he and Pat sold their house in London, and led a transient life, successively renting or borrowing use of the homes of friends. After the book was completed, they travelled to Trinidad and Canada with a view to finding a location in which to settle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200384–85-106">[104]</a> Naipaul had hoped to write a blockbuster, one relieving him of future money anxieties. As it turned out, The Loss of El Dorado sold only 3,000 copies in the US, where major sales were expected; Naipaul also missed England more than he had calculated. It was thus in a depleted state, both financial and emotional, that he returned to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200384–85-106">[104]</a> Earlier, during their time in Africa, Naipaul and Pat had travelled to Kenya, staying for a month in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> on the Indian Ocean coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008253-107">[105]</a> They had travelled in rural Uganda to <a href="/wiki/Kisoro_District" title="Kisoro District">Kisoro District</a> on the south-western border with Rwanda and the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008253-107">[105]</a> Naipaul showed interest in the clans of the <a href="/wiki/Baganda" title="Baganda">Bagandan</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008253-107">[105]</a> When Uganda's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a> overthrew their ruler, the <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka of Buganda</a>, Naipaul was critical of the British press for not condemning <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mengo_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mengo Hill">the action</a> enough.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008254-108">[106]</a> Naipaul also travelled to Tanzania with a young American he had met in Kampala, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008254-108">[106]</a> It was upon this African experience that Naipaul would draw during the writing of his next book, <a href="/wiki/In_a_Free_State" title="In a Free State">In a Free State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008255-109">[107]</a> In the title novella, 'In a Free State', at the heart of the book, two young expatriate Europeans drive across an African country, which remains nameless, but offers clues about Uganda, Kenya, and Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200391–92-110">[108]</a> The novella speaks to many themes. The colonial era ends and Africans govern themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200391–92-110">[108]</a> Political chaos, frequently violent, takes hold in newly decolonised countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200391–92-110">[108]</a> Young, idealistic, expatriate whites are attracted to these countries, seeking expanded moral and sexual freedoms. They are rootless, their bonds with the land tenuous; at the slightest danger they leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200387–88-111">[109]</a> The older, conservative, white settlers, by contrast, are committed to staying, even in the face of danger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200387–88-111">[109]</a> The young expatriates, though liberal, can be racially prejudiced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200387–88-111">[109]</a> The old settlers, unsentimental, and sometimes brutal, can show compassion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200388-112">[110]</a> The young, engrossed in narrow preoccupations, are uncomprehending of the dangers that surround them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200387–88-111">[109]</a> The old are knowledgeable, armed, and ready to defend themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200388-112">[110]</a> The events unfolding along the car trip and the conversation during it become the means of exploring these themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200387–88-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972–1976:_Trinidad_killings,_Argentina,_Guerrillas">1972–1976: Trinidad killings, Argentina, Guerrillas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1972–1976: Trinidad killings, Argentina, Guerrillas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naipaul met Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires in 1972, and wrote critically of Borges in the New York Review of Books. Here Borges is shown three years earlier."><img alt="Naipaul met Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires in 1972, and wrote critically of Borges in the New York Review of Books. Here Borges is shown three years earlier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg/130px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg/195px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg/260px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="526" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naipaul met Argentine author <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> in Buenos Aires in 1972, and wrote critically of Borges in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>. Here Borges is shown three years earlier.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_with_dying_wife_from_Jane_Eyre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jane and Roche in Guerrillas also evoke the title character in Jane Eyre and her employer Rochester, whose deranged West Indian wife dies at the end of the novel while attempting to set fire to their house."><img alt="Jane and Roche in Guerrillas also evoke the title character in Jane Eyre and her employer Rochester, whose deranged West Indian wife dies at the end of the novel while attempting to set fire to their house." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rochester_with_dying_wife_from_Jane_Eyre.jpg/130px-Rochester_with_dying_wife_from_Jane_Eyre.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rochester_with_dying_wife_from_Jane_Eyre.jpg/195px-Rochester_with_dying_wife_from_Jane_Eyre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rochester_with_dying_wife_from_Jane_Eyre.jpg/260px-Rochester_with_dying_wife_from_Jane_Eyre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="826" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jane and Roche in Guerrillas also evoke the title character in <a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a> and her employer Rochester, whose deranged <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> wife dies at the end of the novel while attempting to set fire to their house.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> The short life and career of Michael de Freitas, a Trinidadian immigrant in the London underworld of the late 1960s, who returned to Trinidad in the early 1970s as a Black Power activist, <a href="/wiki/Michael_X" title="Michael X">Michael X</a>, exemplified the themes Naipaul had developed in The Mimic Men and In a Free State. In late December 1971 as news of the killings at Michael X's commune in <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">Arima</a> filtered out, Naipaul, accompanied by Pat, arrived in Trinidad to cover the story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008295-113">[111]</a> This was a time of strains in their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008300–301-114">[112]</a> Naipaul, although dependent on Pat, was frequenting prostitutes for sexual gratification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008300–301-114">[112]</a> Pat was alone. Intensifying their disaffection was Pat's childlessness, for which neither Pat nor Naipaul sought professional treatment, preferring instead to say that fatherhood would not allow time for Naipaul's sustained literary labours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008272-115">[113]</a> Naipaul was increasingly ill-humoured and infantile, and Pat increasingly reduced to mothering him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008272-115">[113]</a> Pat began to keep a diary, a practice she would continue for the next 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008300–301-114">[112]</a> According to biographer Patrick French, <blockquote>"Pat's diary is an essential, unparalleled record of V. S. Naipaul's later life and work, and reveals more about the creation of his subsequent books, and her role in their creation, than any other source. It puts Patricia Naipaul on a par with other great, tragic, literary spouses such as <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sonia Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Welsh_Carlyle" title="Jane Welsh Carlyle">Jane Carlyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008300–301-114">[112]</a>"</blockquote> Naipaul visited the commune in Arima and Pat attended the trial. Naipaul's old friend Wyndham Lewis who was now editor of the Sunday Times offered to run the story in his newspaper. Around the same time, Naipaul received an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Silvers" title="Robert B. Silvers">Robert B. Silvers</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a> to do some stories on Argentina. The Review, still in its first decade, was short of funds and Silvers had to borrow money to fund Naipaul's trip.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1973, Naipaul was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> by <a href="/wiki/Artur_Lundkvist" title="Artur Lundkvist">Artur Lundkvist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a>'s Nobel committee.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_works">Later works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later works">edit</a>]</div> In 1974, Naipaul wrote the novel <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas_(novel)" title="Guerrillas (novel)">Guerrillas</a>, following a creative slump that lasted several years.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> His editor at André Deutsch, Diana Athill, made minor suggestions for improving the book, which led Naipaul to leave the publishing house. He returned a few weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Bend_in_the_River" title="A Bend in the River">A Bend in the River</a>, published in 1979, marks the beginning of his exploration of native historical traditions, deviating from his usual "<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>" examinations.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Naipaul also covered the <a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 Republican National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Silvers" title="Robert B. Silvers">Robert B. Silvers</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, after which Naipaul wrote "Among the Republicans",<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> an anthropological study of a "white tribe in the United States".<a href="#cite_note-naipaul-nobel-press-release-121">[119]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_of_Arrival" title="The Enigma of Arrival">The Enigma of Arrival</a>, a novel in five sections, was published. In his 1998 non-fiction book <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Islamic_Excursions_Among_the_Converted_Peoples" title="Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples">Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples</a>, Naipaul argued that Islam is a form of Arab imperialism that destroys other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-tnr-123">[121]</a> Naipaul continued to write non-fiction works, his last being The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief (2010), written following the author's trips to Africa in 2008–09. The book explores indigenous religious beliefs and rituals, where Naipaul portrays the countries he visited in real life as bleak, and the people primitive.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> During his first trip to Argentina, in 1972, Naipaul met and began an affair with Margaret Murray Gooding, a married <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Argentine">Anglo-Argentine</a> mother of three. He revealed his affair to his wife one year after it began, telling her that he had never been sexually satisfied in their relationship. In Patrick French's biography, Naipaul recounts his domestic abuse towards Margaret: "I was very violent with her for two days with my hand ... She thought of it in terms of my passion for her ... My hand was swollen."<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> French writes that the "cruelty [for Naipaul] was part of the attraction".<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> He moved between both women for the next 24 years.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_Obit-127">[125]</a> In 1995, as he was travelling through Indonesia with Gooding, his wife Patricia was hospitalised with cancer. She died the following year. Within two months of her death, Naipaul ended his affair with Gooding and married <a href="/wiki/Nadira_Naipaul" title="Nadira Naipaul">Nadira Alvi</a>, a divorced Pakistani journalist more than 20 years his junior.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_Obit-127">[125]</a> He had met her at the home of the American consul-general in Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> In 2003, he adopted Nadira's daughter, Maleeha, who was then 25.<a href="#cite_note-nytobit-129">[127]</a> Naipaul's brother, <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Naipaul" title="Shiva Naipaul">Shiva Naipaul</a>, was a novelist and journalist. Shiva died in 1985 at the age of 40.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Naipaul died at his home in London on 11 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-nytobit-129">[127]</a> Before dying he read and discussed <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Lord Tennyson</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Bar" title="Crossing the Bar">Crossing the Bar</a> with those at his bedside.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> His funeral took place at <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> In awarding Naipaul the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> praised his work "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."<a href="#cite_note-naipaul-nobel-press-release-121">[119]</a> The Committee added: "Naipaul is a modern philosopher carrying on the tradition that started originally with <a href="/wiki/Lettres_persanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettres persanes">Lettres persanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a>. In a vigilant style, which has been deservedly admired, he transforms rage into precision and allows events to speak with their inherent irony."<a href="#cite_note-naipaul-nobel-press-release-121">[119]</a> The committee also noted Naipaul's affinity with the novelist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Naipaul is Conrad's heir as the annalist of the destinies of empires in the moral sense: what they do to human beings. His authority as a narrator is grounded in the memory of what others have forgotten, the history of the vanquished.<a href="#cite_note-naipaul-nobel-press-release-121">[119]</a></blockquote> Naipaul's fiction and especially his travel writing have been criticised for their allegedly unsympathetic portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. The novelist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a> has called Naipaul's portrayal of Africa racist and "repulsive," reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>'s fascism.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> argued that Naipaul "allowed himself quite consciously to be turned into a witness for the Western prosecution", promoting what Said classified as "colonial mythologies about <a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">wogs</a> and darkies".<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Said believed that Naipaul's worldview may be most salient in his book-length essay <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Passage_(book)" title="The Middle Passage (book)">The Middle Passage</a> (1962), composed following Naipaul's return to the Caribbean after 10 years of exile in England, and the work <a href="/wiki/An_Area_of_Darkness" title="An Area of Darkness">An Area of Darkness</a> (1964). Naipaul was accused of misogyny, and of having committed acts of "chronic physical abuse" against his mistress of 25 years, Margaret Murray, who wrote in a letter to The New York Review of Books: "Vidia says I didn't mind the abuse. I certainly did mind."<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Writing in The New York Review of Books about Naipaul in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Didion" title="Joan Didion">Joan Didion</a> offered the following portrayal of the writer:<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The actual world has for Naipaul a radiance that diminishes all ideas of it. The pink haze of the bauxite dust on the first page of <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas_(novel)" title="Guerrillas (novel)">Guerrillas</a> tells us what we need to know about the history and social organization of the unnamed island on which the action takes place, tells us in one image who runs the island and for whose profit the island is run and at what cost to the life of the island this profit has historically been obtained, but all of this implicit information pales in the presence of the physical fact, the dust itself. ... The world Naipaul sees is of course no void at all: it is a world dense with physical and social phenomena, brutally alive with the complications and contradictions of actual human endeavour. ... This world of Naipaul's is in fact charged with what can only be described as a romantic view of reality, an almost unbearable tension between the idea and the physical fact ...</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Nissim_Ezekiel" title="Nissim Ezekiel">Nissim Ezekiel</a> wrote the 1984 essay "Naipaul's India and Mine" as a reply to Naipaul's An Area of Darkness.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Ajami" title="Fouad Ajami">Fouad Ajami</a> rejected the central thesis of Naipaul's 1998 book Beyond Belief, that Islam is a form of Arab imperialism that destroys other cultures. He pointed to the diversity of Islamic practices across Africa, the Middle East and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-tnr-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition">edit</a>]</div> Naipaul was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/In_a_Free_State" title="In a Free State">In a Free State</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Booker_Prize_1971-2">[1]</a> He won the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> in 1983. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cross" title="Trinity Cross">Trinity Cross</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> He was also made a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1990_New_Year_Honours" title="1990 New Year Honours">1990 New Year Honours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> He won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (July 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mystic_Masseur_(novel)" title="The Mystic Masseur (novel)">The Mystic Masseur</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_of_Elvira" title="The Suffrage of Elvira">The Suffrage of Elvira</a>  (1958)<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Street" title="Miguel Street">Miguel Street</a>  (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_House_for_Mr_Biswas" title="A House for Mr Biswas">A House for Mr Biswas</a>  (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Stone_and_the_Knights_Companion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Stone and the Knights Companion">Mr Stone and the Knights Companion</a>  (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mimic_Men" title="The Mimic Men">The Mimic Men</a>  (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Flag_on_the_Island" title="A Flag on the Island">A Flag on the Island</a>  (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Free_State" title="In a Free State">In a Free State</a>  (1971) – Booker Prize Winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrillas_(novel)" title="Guerrillas (novel)">Guerrillas</a>  (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bend_in_the_River" title="A Bend in the River">A Bend in the River</a>  (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_of_Arrival" title="The Enigma of Arrival">The Enigma of Arrival</a>  (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Way_in_the_World" title="A Way in the World">A Way in the World</a>  (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_a_Life_(novel)" title="Half a Life (novel)">Half a Life</a>  (2001) - Nobel Prize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Seeds" title="Magic Seeds">Magic Seeds</a>  (2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Passage_(book)" title="The Middle Passage (book)">The Middle Passage: Impressions of Five Societies – British, French and Dutch in the West Indies and South America</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Area_of_Darkness" title="An Area of Darkness">An Area of Darkness</a> (1964)<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Loss_of_El_Dorado" title="The Loss of El Dorado">The Loss of El Dorado</a> (1969)</li> <li>The Overcrowded Barracoon and Other Articles (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India:_A_Wounded_Civilization" title="India: A Wounded Civilization">India: A Wounded Civilization</a> (1977)</li> <li>A Congo Diary (1980), published by <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_%26_Orphanos" title="Sylvester & Orphanos">Sylvester & Orphanos</a></li> <li>The Return of Eva Perón and the Killings in Trinidad (1980)<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Among_the_Believers:_An_Islamic_Journey" class="mw-redirect" title="Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey">Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey</a> (1981)</li> <li>Finding the Centre: Two Narratives  (1984)<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Turn_in_the_South" title="A Turn in the South">A Turn in the South</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India:_A_Million_Mutinies_Now" title="India: A Million Mutinies Now">India: A Million Mutinies Now</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Islamic_Excursions_among_the_Converted_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples">Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples</a> (1998)</li> <li>Between Father and Son: Family Letters (1999, edited by <a href="/wiki/Gillon_Aitken" title="Gillon Aitken">Gillon Aitken</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Writer_and_the_World:_Essays" class="mw-redirect" title="The Writer and the World: Essays">The Writer and the World: Essays</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Writer%27s_People:_Ways_of_Looking_and_Feeling" class="mw-redirect" title="A Writer's People: Ways of Looking and Feeling">A Writer's People: Ways of Looking and Feeling</a> (2007)</li> <li>The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief (2010)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/06/the-strangeness-of-grief">"Grief: A Writer Reckons with Loss"</a>. Personal History. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. 95 (43): 18–24. 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Grief%3A+A+Writer+Reckons+with+Loss&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=18-24&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F01%2F06%2Fthe-strangeness-of-grief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capildeo_family" title="Capildeo family">Capildeo family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British writers">List of British writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_writers" title="List of Indian writers">List of Indian writers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Meaning: vidiādhar (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> "possessed of learning", (p. 921) from vidyā (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> "knowledge, learning", p. 921) + dhar (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> "holding, supporting," p. 524)); sūrajprasād (from sūraj (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> "sun", p. 1036) + prasād (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> "gift, boon, blessing", p. 666)) from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._S._McGregor" title="R. S. McGregor">McGregor, R. S.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhindiengli00mcgr_0">The Oxford Hindi–English Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198643395" title="Special:BookSources/9780198643395"><bdi>9780198643395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Hindi%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780198643395&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhindiengli00mcgr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> According to Naipaul's authorised biographer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_French" title="Patrick French">Patrick French</a>, Wilson was "a retired professor ... who was renowned for being taciturn and socially awkward." and that Naipaul blamed Wilson for failing him—in Naipaul's words—"deliberately and out of racial feeling."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128-36">[35]</a> However, according to Wilson's <a href="/wiki/ODNB" class="mw-redirect" title="ODNB">ODNB</a> biographers, Wilson retired later, in 1957, and was, "a master of social graces and a witty conversationalist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonConnell2004-37">[36]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Booker_Prize_1971-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booker_Prize_1971_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booker_Prize_1971_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/1971">"The Booker Prize 1971 | The Booker Prizes"</a>. thebookerprizes.com. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thebookerprizes.com&rft.atitle=The+Booker+Prize+1971+%26%23124%3B+The+Booker+Prizes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebookerprizes.com%2Fthe-booker-library%2Fprize-years%2F1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1987352-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul1987352_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaipaul1987">Naipaul 1987</a>, p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20025-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward20025_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward20025_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward20025_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward2002">Hayward 2002</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200818b-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200818b_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 18b:"There was talk of him (Seepersad) becoming a pundit, and he learned some Sanskrit. Soookdeo Misir, ... gave him a basic education. ... by the time he was in his late teens, he had escaped from the likely future as an agricultural labourer in the grim depths of the rural Indian community. He had taught himself how to read and write English, and had conceived the idea of becoming a journalist, a profession that was usually open to Whites and Negroes." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200819-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200819_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 19: "In 1929, the year of his marriage, Seepersad began work as a freelance reporter on the Trinidad Guardian, ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20027-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward20027_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward2002">Hayward 2002</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200836–37-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200836–37_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 36–37: "Vido spent much of his time at Petit Valley with Pa, who would read to him and sometimes to other children: extracts from Julius Caesar, Nicholas Nickleby, Three Men in a Boat, ... Pa and Vido positioned themselves in an ordered fantasy world derived from European literature ... Aspiration and ambition became the alternative to daily life ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200812-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200812_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200812_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983515,a-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983515,a_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisariaVisaria1983">Visaria & Visaria 1983</a>, p. 515,a: Quote: "A majority of the emigrants were from rural areas and from 'overcrowded agricultural districts' where 'crop failure could plunge sections of the village community into near-starvation'. In fact, there was a strong correlation between emigration and harvest conditions. Acute scarcity during 1873–5 in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> provoked large-scale emigration through the port of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. The famine in south India during 1874–8 also resulted in heavy emigration." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983515,b-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisariaVisaria1983515,b_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisariaVisaria1983">Visaria & Visaria 1983</a>, p. 515,b: Quote: "Most of the emigrants probably left even their villages of origin for the first time in their lives, and they were not fully aware of the hardships involved in long voyages and in living abroad. Diseases — cholera, typhoid, dysentery — were often rampant in depots or temporary abodes for labourers at ports of embarkation and also on ships. Consequently, mortality among the recruits and emigrants was very high. The data on long voyages to British Guiana and the West Indies clearly show that mortality at sea was alarmingly high. Before 1870, on an average about 17 to 20 per cent of the labourers departing from Calcutta port died on the ships before reaching their destination." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench20085-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench20085_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 5: "When slavery was formally abolished across the British empire in 1834 and cheap labour was needed for the sugar-can plantations, malnourished Indians were shipped over from Calcutta and Madras. ... Black agricultural labourers found their wages being undercut. They looked down on the Indians, who had to work long hours in the cane fields, as the 'new slaves'." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200823–25-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200823–25_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 23–25:"The three surviving photographs of Capildeo Maharah (Naipaul's maternal grandfather) show him looking distinctly Brahminical. ... He wears white clothing befitting his caste, his shoes are unlaced to indicate that he has not touched leather with his hand, ... This physical evidence, combined with the certainty that he knew Sanskrit, make his claimed family lineage highly plausible. ... Seepersad's antecedents are vague; he never liked to discuss his childhood. ... Nyepaul (Naipaul's paternal grandfather) may have been a pure Brahmin, a Brahmin-by-boat, or he may have come from another caste background altogether. ... V. S. Naipaul never addressed this inconsistency, preferring to embrace the implied "caste sense" of his mother's family, ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200855a-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200855a_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 55a: "Hinduism had regulations on all things: clothing, ritual pollution, caste distinction, bodily functions, diet." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200855b-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200855b_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 55b: The Naipaul family were not vegetarian, as most Brahmins are supposed to be; they sometimes ate meat, and treated chicken as a vegetable. At Christmas, they would celebrate with baked fowl, dalpuri, nuts and fruit." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008208–209-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008208–209_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 208–209: (caption) Above left: "Vidia with his glamorous sisters, ... Long gone were the days of covered heads and traditional dress for Indian women in Trinidad. Above right: Ma (Naipaul's mother) in heels with an Oxford-returned Vidia, 1956." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200826-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200826_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 26: "What Nanie (Naipaul's maternal grandmother) said, went. .... (quoted) 'Nanie believed in the Hindu way of life but the irony of it is, she would help with the churches and celebrate all the Catholic festivals ... She told us that she wanted us to speak in English, not Hindi, because we had to be educated.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200841-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200841_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200830-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200830_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 30: "Nanie had bought a house, 17 Luis Street, in the Port of Spain suburb of Woodbrook ... This coincided with Seeperdad's recovery from his nervous breakdown, and his success in 1938 in regaining his job as a Guardian journalist. It was decided that the Naipaul family ... would move to Luis Street." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200832–33-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200832–33_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 32–33: "The idyll could not last. In 1940, Seepersad and Droapatie were told by Nanie that they would be moving to a new family commune at a place called Petite valley. ... In 1943, Seepersad could stand it no longer at Petit Valley and the Naipaul family moved in desperation to 17 Luis Street. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200840–41-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200840–41_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 40–41: "QRC was modelled on an English boys' public school, and offered a high standard of education. ... He enjoyed his classes n Latin, French, Spanish and Science. It was a highly competitive school, with metropolitan values. Caribbean dialect was ironed out in favour of standard English, although the students remained bilingual ...." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200867-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200867_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200867_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200867_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200867_22-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200873a-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200873a_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 73a: "Vidia thought that the quality of the education he had received at QRC put him ahead of his (Oxford) contemporaries." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200873b-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200873b_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 73b: "Peter Bayley remembers Vidia reading a later essay on Milton's Paradise Lost ... 'I knew I had a winner.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200896-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200896_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 96: "Peter Bayley had been impressed with Vidia's confidence, ... Vidia, then, was able to adjust and compose himself in a social, formal setting." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200890-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200890_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200891-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200891_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200891_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200892–93-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200892–93_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200893-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench200893_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 93: "When Vidia got back to England, he was in a bad state. Trinidad was off. 'The fact is,' he admitted, 'I spent too much money in Spain. And, during the nervous breakdown (yes, it was that) I had, I grew rash and reckless ... My only opportunity of recuperating from my present chaos is to remain in England this summer and live very cheaply.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussawalla1997126-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussawalla1997126_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJussawalla1997">Jussawalla 1997</a>, p. 126: "At Oxford he continued to suffer. 'I drifted into something like a mental illness,' he would write." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008115-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008115_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008115_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008111-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008111_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008118-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008118_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008123-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008123_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1987346-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul1987346_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaipaul1987">Naipaul 1987</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008117–128_36-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 117–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonConnell2004-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonConnell2004_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertsonConnell2004">Robertson & Connell 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008128-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008128_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 128: "He remained at Oxford, the staff of the college library having given him and administrative job to tide him over." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenTejpal1998-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenTejpal1998_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosenTejpal1998">Rosen & Tejpal 1998</a>: "Actually, I hated Oxford. I hate those degrees and I hate all those ideas of universities. I was far too well prepared for it. I was far more intelligent than most of the people in my college or in my course. I am not boasting, you know well—time has proved all these things. In a way, I had prepared too much for the outer world; there was a kind of solitude and despair, really, at Oxford. I wouldn't wish anyone to go through it.." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983c-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983c_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaipaul1983c">Naipaul 1983c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 118:"Pat thought he needed to hurry up. 'If you haven't written in amongst the hurly burly you never will and what you write will never really be good. ...' She advised him not to get into debt, and asked him to send £1 that he owed her. Her affection was undimmed. 'I'm an absolute fool where you're concerned and (not to be told to your enormous ego) I really adore and worship that stupid expression ...'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008155–156_43-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008160-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008160_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008161-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008161_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008163-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008163_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008164–165-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008164–165_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008165-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008165_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008167–168-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008167–168_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 167–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008171–172_50-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008173-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008173_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008174–175-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008174–175_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008180–181-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008180–181_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008180–181_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008180–181_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008186–187-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008186–187_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008186–187_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 186–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008179-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008179_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008178–179-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008178–179_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008179–180-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008179–180_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008185-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008185_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008185_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008184-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008184_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008184_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983a133,_136-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983a133,_136_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaipaul1983a">Naipaul 1983a</a>, pp. 133, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008192-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008192_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008192_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008193_62-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008194-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008194_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008194_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008194_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983a128-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul1983a128_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaipaul1983a">Naipaul 1983a</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008196_65-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201_66-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201–202-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008201–202_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200637-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200637_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200637_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDooley2006">Dooley 2006</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200637–38-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200637–38_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200637–38_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDooley2006">Dooley 2006</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008202-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008202_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008202_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200639-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200639_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDooley2006">Dooley 2006</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008203-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008203_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008203_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008203_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008230-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008230_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200644-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200644_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDooley2006">Dooley 2006</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008215-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008215_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200641–42-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200641–42_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDooley2006">Dooley 2006</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008217-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008217_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 2008</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200642–43-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200642–43_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDooley2006">Dooley 2006</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley200643–44-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200643–44_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley200643–44_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDooley2006">Dooley 2006</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2008218–219-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2008218–219_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2008">French 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Retrieved 5 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=You+can%27t+read+this+book&rft.date=2012-03-03&rft.aulast=Suroor&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fyou-cant-read-this-book%2Farticle2953626.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/07/specials/naipaul-peron.html">"From the Third World"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+the+Third+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F06%2F07%2Fspecials%2Fnaipaul-peron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1984" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, D. A. N. (3 May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v06/n08/dan-jones/the-enchantment-of-vidia-naipaul">"The Enchantment of Vidia Naipaul"</a>. London Review of Books. 6 (8). LRB.co.uk. Retrieved 12 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Enchantment+of+Vidia+Naipaul&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1984-05-03&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=D.+A.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv06%2Fn08%2Fdan-jones%2Fthe-enchantment-of-vidia-naipaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Online version is titled "The strangeness of grief". </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2006" class="citation book cs1">Dooley, Gillian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWMnQmhCwaYC">V.S. Naipaul, Man and Writer</a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-587-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-587-6"><bdi>978-1-57003-587-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.S.+Naipaul%2C+Man+and+Writer&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-587-6&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWMnQmhCwaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2008" class="citation book cs1">French, Patrick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldiswhatitisa0000fren_q3r9">The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul</a>. New York: Alfred Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27035-1"><bdi>978-0-307-27035-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Is+What+It+Is%3A+The+Authorized+Biography+of+V.+S.+Naipaul&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27035-1&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldiswhatitisa0000fren_q3r9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2002" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Helen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enigmaofvsnaipau00hayw">The Enigma of V. S. Naipaul</a>. (Warwick University Caribbean Studies). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0254-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-0254-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+V.+S.+Naipaul&rft.series=%28Warwick+University+Caribbean+Studies%29&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-0254-2&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenigmaofvsnaipau00hayw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussawalla1997" class="citation book cs1">Jussawalla, Feroza F., ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buHPh2ZkjP8C&pg=PA126">Conversations with V. S. Naipaul</a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-945-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-945-4"><bdi>978-0-87805-945-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+V.+S.+Naipaul&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87805-945-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuHPh2ZkjP8C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation book cs1">King, Bruce (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZzQgAACAAJ">V.S. Naipaul</a> (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0456-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-0456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.S.+Naipaul&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-0456-0&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVZzQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul1964" class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (1964). An Area of Darkness.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Area+of+Darkness&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul1967" class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (1967). The Mimic Men.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mimic+Men&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul1983a" class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (1983a). "Foreword". A House for Mr. Biswas with a new foreword by the author. New York: Alfred Knopf Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44458-9"><bdi>978-0-679-44458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=A+House+for+Mr.+Biswas+with+a+new+foreword+by+the+author&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf+Inc&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44458-9&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul1983b" class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (24 November 1983b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1983/nov/24/writing-a-house-for-mr-biswas/">"Writing A House for Mr. Biswas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. 30 (18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Writing+A+House+for+Mr.+Biswas&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=18&rft.date=1983-11-24&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1983%2Fnov%2F24%2Fwriting-a-house-for-mr-biswas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul2012" class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCV7IW8-88kC&pg=PT186">"Foreword to A House of Mr. Biswas"</a>. Literary Occasions. Knopf Canada. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-0-737065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-0-737065-5"><bdi>978-03-0-737065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword+to+A+House+of+Mr.+Biswas&rft.btitle=Literary+Occasions&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-03-0-737065-5&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCV7IW8-88kC%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul1983c" class="citation magazine cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (1983c). "A prologue to an autobiography". Vanity Fair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=A+prologue+to+an+autobiography&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul1987" class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V.S. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=709bdvwJKRAC">The Enigma of Arrival</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74403-6"><bdi>978-0-307-74403-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Arrival&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-307-74403-6&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D709bdvwJKRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul2007" class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V.S. (2007) [2000]. Gillon Aitken (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gL2g5rH_He8C">Between Father and Son: Family Letters</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42497-6"><bdi>978-0-307-42497-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Father+and+Son%3A+Family+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42497-6&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgL2g5rH_He8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken2007" class="citation book cs1">Aitken, Gillon (2007) [2000]. "Introduction". In Gillon Aitken (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gL2g5rH_He8C">Between Father and Son: Family Letters</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42497-6"><bdi>978-0-307-42497-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Between+Father+and+Son%3A+Family+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42497-6&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Gillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgL2g5rH_He8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1992" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Rob (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londoncalling00robn">London Calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536196-4"><bdi>978-0-19-536196-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Calling%3A+V.+S.+Naipaul%2C+Postcolonial+Mandarin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536196-4&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondoncalling00robn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonConnell2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robertson, Jean; Connell, P. J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36953">"Wilson, Frank Percy (1889–1963)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36953">10.1093/ref:odnb/36953</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+Frank+Percy+%281889%E2%80%931963%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36953&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Connell%2C+P.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F36953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenTejpal1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rosen, Jonathan; Tejpal, Tarun, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1069/the-art-of-fiction-no-154-v-s-naipaul">"V. S. Naipaul, The Art of Fiction No. 154"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a>. Fall 1998 (148).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=V.+S.+Naipaul%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+154&rft.volume=Fall+1998&rft.issue=148&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F1069%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-154-v-s-naipaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2000" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=merq6HPXPm8C&pg=PA98">"Bitter Dispatches from the Third World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonexi00said/page/98">Reflections on Exile and Other Essays</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonexi00said/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00302-6"><bdi>978-0-674-00302-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bitter+Dispatches+from+the+Third+World&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Exile+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00302-6&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmerq6HPXPm8C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisariaVisaria1983" class="citation book cs1">Visaria, Pravin; Visaria, Leela (1983). "Population (1757–1947)". In Dharma Kumar, Meghnad Desai (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ">The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2, c.1757–c.1970</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+%281757%E2%80%931947%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India%2C+Volume+2%2C+c.1757%E2%80%93c.1970&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22802-2&rft.aulast=Visaria&rft.aufirst=Pravin&rft.au=Visaria%2C+Leela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ew8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayley1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bayley, John (9 April 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1987/apr/09/country-life/">"Country Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. 34 (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Country+Life&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1987-04-09&rft.aulast=Bayley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1987%2Fapr%2F09%2Fcountry-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxill1976" class="citation journal cs1">Boxill, Anthony (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/IFR/article/download/13159/14242">"The Little Bastard Worlds of VS Naipaul's The Mimic Men and A Flag on the Island"</a>. International Fiction Review. 3 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Fiction+Review&rft.atitle=The+Little+Bastard+Worlds+of+VS+Naipaul%27s+The+Mimic+Men+and+A+Flag+on+the+Island&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Boxill&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.hil.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FIFR%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F13159%2F14242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuruma2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Buruma, Ian</a> (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2008/nov/20/the-lessons-of-the-master/">"Lessons of the Master"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 55 (18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Lessons+of+the+Master&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.aulast=Buruma&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2008%2Fnov%2F20%2Fthe-lessons-of-the-master%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaubey2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaubey, Ajay Kumar, ed. (2015). V. S. Naipaul: An Anthology of 21st Century Criticism. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.+S.+Naipaul%3A+An+Anthology+of+21st+Century+Criticism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChotiner2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Chotiner, Isaac (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/110865/vs-naipaul-the-arab-spring-authors-he-loathes-and-the-books-he-will-never-write">"V.S. Naipaul on the Arab Spring, Authors He Loathes, and the Books He Will Never Write"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=V.S.+Naipaul+on+the+Arab+Spring%2C+Authors+He+Loathes%2C+and+the+Books+He+Will+Never+Write&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Chotiner&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fmagazine%2F110865%2Fvs-naipaul-the-arab-spring-authors-he-loathes-and-the-books-he-will-never-write&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, Peter D. (2010). "Review of V.S. Naipaul: Man and Writer by Gillian Dooley". Caribbean Studies. 38 (1). Institute of Caribbean Studies, UPR, Rio Piedras Campus: 212–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcrb.2010.0027">10.1353/crb.2010.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27944592">27944592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144996410">144996410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+V.S.+Naipaul%3A+Man+and+Writer+by+Gillian+Dooley&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=212-215&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144996410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27944592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcrb.2010.0027&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorra2008" class="citation book cs1">Gorra, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9m6PteVNcPAC">After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30476-2"><bdi>978-0-226-30476-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Empire%3A+Scott%2C+Naipaul%2C+Rushdie&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30476-2&rft.aulast=Gorra&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9m6PteVNcPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2000" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, Robert M. (Summer 2000). "Anger and the Alchemy of Literary Method in V. S. Naipaul's Political Fiction: The Case of The Mimic Men". Twentieth Century Literature. 46 (2): 214–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F441958">10.2307/441958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/441958">441958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=Anger+and+the+Alchemy+of+Literary+Method+in+V.+S.+Naipaul%27s+Political+Fiction%3A+The+Case+of+The+Mimic+Men&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214-237&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F441958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F441958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Marnham" title="Patrick Marnham">Marnham, Patrick</a> (April 2011). "An Interview with V.S. Naipaul". <a href="/wiki/Literary_Review" title="Literary Review">Literary Review</a> (London).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Marnham" title="Patrick Marnham">Marnham, Patrick</a> (2019). Introduction to V.S. Naipaul's <a href="/wiki/A_Bend_in_the_River" title="A Bend in the River">A Bend in the River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa1995" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa, Fawzia (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vsnaipaul0000must">V. S. Naipaul: Cambridge Studies in African and Caribbean Literature</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48359-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48359-9"><bdi>978-0-521-48359-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.+S.+Naipaul%3A+Cambridge+Studies+in+African+and+Caribbean+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48359-9&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Fawzia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvsnaipaul0000must&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1967" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Karl (November 1967). "V. S. Naipaul and the New Order, The Mimic Men". <a href="/wiki/The_Kenyon_Review" title="The Kenyon Review">The Kenyon Review</a>. 29 (5): 685–698. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4334777">4334777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kenyon+Review&rft.atitle=V.+S.+Naipaul+and+the+New+Order%2C+The+Mimic+Men&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=685-698&rft.date=1967-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4334777%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Naipaul" title="Shiva Naipaul">Naipaul, Shiva</a> (1986). "Brothers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xs9yAAAAMAAJ">An Unfinished Journey</a>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11943-3"><bdi>978-0-241-11943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brothers&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+Journey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-241-11943-3&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=Shiva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxs9yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (17 October 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1974/oct/17/conrads-darkness/">"Conrad's Darkness"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 21 (16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Conrad%27s+Darkness&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=16&rft.date=1974-10-17&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1974%2Foct%2F17%2Fconrads-darkness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (1986). "A prologue to an autobiography". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqpZAAAAYAAJ">Finding the Center: Two Narratives</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74090-4"><bdi>978-0-394-74090-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+prologue+to+an+autobiography&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Center%3A+Two+Narratives&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-394-74090-4&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnqpZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (12 February 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1987/feb/12/the-ceremony-of-farewell/">"The Ceremony of Farewell"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 34 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Ceremony+of+Farewell&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1987-02-12&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1987%2Ffeb%2F12%2Fthe-ceremony-of-farewell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (23 April 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1987/apr/23/on-being-a-writer/">"On Being a Writer"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 34 (7).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=On+Being+a+Writer&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1987-04-23&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1987%2Fapr%2F23%2Fon-being-a-writer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (31 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1991/jan/31/our-universal-civilization/">"Our Universal Civilization"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 38 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Our+Universal+Civilization&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1991-01-31&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1991%2Fjan%2F31%2Four-universal-civilization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (12 May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1994/may/12/a-way-in-the-world/">"A Way in the World"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 41 (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=A+Way+in+the+World&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1994-05-12&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1994%2Fmay%2F12%2Fa-way-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (18 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1999/feb/18/reading-writing/">"Reading and Writing"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 46 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Reading+and+Writing&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999-02-18&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1999%2Ffeb%2F18%2Freading-writing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (4 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1999/mar/04/the-writer-and-india/">"The Writer in India"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 46 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Writer+in+India&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999-03-04&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1999%2Fmar%2F04%2Fthe-writer-and-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pritchard, William H. (2008). "Naipaul Unveiled: Review of The World Is What It Is, The authorized biography of V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French". The Hudson Review. 61 (3): 431–440. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20464886">20464886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hudson+Review&rft.atitle=Naipaul+Unveiled%3A+Review+of+The+World+Is+What+It+Is%2C+The+authorized+biography+of+V.+S.+Naipaul+by+Patrick+French&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-440&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20464886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rahim, Sameer (2022) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/why-those-who-dismiss-vs-naipaul-as-a-defender-of-colonialism-should">Why those who dismiss V.S. Naipaul as a defender of colonialism should take a closer look at his writing</a>'. The Booker Prize website.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2018" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Bijender, ed. (2018). V.S. Naipaul: A Critical Evaluation. New Delhi: Pacific Books International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.S.+Naipaul%3A+A+Critical+Evaluation&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Pacific+Books+International&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Naipaul&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> V. S. Naipaul at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:V._S._Naipaul" class="extiw" title="c:Category:V. S. Naipaul">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" class="extiw" title="q:V. S. Naipaul">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44593" class="extiw" title="d:Q44593">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/naipaul-bibl.html">"V.S. Naipaul - Bibliography"</a>. Nobel Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V.S.+Naipaul+-+Bibliography&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F2001%2Fnaipaul-bibl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+S.+Naipaul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/747">V. S. Naipaul</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44593#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> including the Nobel Lecture 7 December 2001 Two Worlds</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?91397">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/2470">V. S. Naipaul</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0619740/">V. S. Naipaul</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=98">List of Works</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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S. Naipaul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:V._S._Naipaul" title="Template talk:V. S. Naipaul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:V._S._Naipaul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:V. S. Naipaul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_V._S._Naipaul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. S. Naipaul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mystic_Masseur_(novel)" title="The Mystic Masseur (novel)">The Mystic Masseur</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_of_Elvira" title="The Suffrage of Elvira">The Suffrage of Elvira</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Street" title="Miguel Street">Miguel Street</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/A_House_for_Mr_Biswas" title="A House for Mr Biswas">A House for Mr Biswas</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mr_Stone_and_the_Knights_Companion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Stone and the Knights Companion">Mr Stone and the Knights Companion</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/A_Flag_on_the_Island" title="A Flag on the Island">A Flag on the Island</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/The_Mimic_Men" title="The Mimic Men">The Mimic Men</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/In_a_Free_State" title="In a Free State">In a Free State</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas_(novel)" title="Guerrillas (novel)">Guerrillas</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/A_Bend_in_the_River" title="A Bend in the River">A Bend in the River</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_of_Arrival" title="The Enigma of Arrival">The Enigma of Arrival</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/A_Way_in_the_World" title="A Way in the World">A Way in the World</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Half_a_Life_(novel)" title="Half a Life (novel)">Half a Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Magic_Seeds" title="Magic Seeds">Magic Seeds</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Passage_(book)" title="The Middle Passage (book)">The Middle Passage</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/An_Area_of_Darkness" title="An Area of Darkness">An Area of Darkness</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/The_Loss_of_El_Dorado" title="The Loss of El Dorado">The Loss of El Dorado</a> </li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Overcrowded_Barracoon_and_Other_Articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Overcrowded Barracoon and Other Articles (page does not exist)">The Overcrowded Barracoon and Other Articles</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/India:_A_Wounded_Civilization" title="India: A Wounded Civilization">India: A Wounded Civilization</a> </li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Congo_Diary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Congo Diary (page does not exist)">A Congo Diary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_Eva_Peron_and_the_Killings_in_Trinidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Return of Eva Peron and the Killings in Trinidad (page does not exist)">The Return of Eva Peron and the Killings in Trinidad</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Among_the_Believers" title="Among the Believers">Among the Believers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finding_the_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finding the Centre (page does not exist)">Finding the Centre</a> </li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reading_and_Writing_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reading and Writing (book) (page does not exist)">Reading and Writing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/A_Turn_in_the_South" title="A Turn in the South">A Turn in the South</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/India:_A_Million_Mutinies_Now" title="India: A Million Mutinies Now">India: A Million Mutinies Now</a> </li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombay_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombay (book) (page does not exist)">Bombay</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Islamic_Excursions_Among_the_Converted_Peoples" title="Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples">Beyond Belief</a></li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Between_Father_and_Son&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Between Father and Son (page does not exist)">Between Father and Son</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/The_Writer_and_the_World:_Essays" class="mw-redirect" title="The Writer and the World: Essays">The Writer and the World</a> </li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_Occasions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary Occasions (page does not exist)">Literary Occasions</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/A_Writer%27s_People:_Ways_of_Looking_and_Feeling" class="mw-redirect" title="A Writer's People: Ways of Looking and Feeling">A Writer's People</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2001_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2001 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2001_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2001 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Standish Knowles</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryōji Noyori</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. S. Naipaul</a> (Trinidad & Tobago/United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> (Ghana)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">Michael Spence</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners">2000</a></dd> <dd>2001 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_received_by_V._S._Naipaul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_received_by_V._S._Naipaul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards received by V. S. Naipaul</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Booker_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Booker_Prize" title="Template:Booker Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Booker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Booker Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Booker_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Booker Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Booker_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winners_and_nominated_authors_of_the_Booker_Prize" title="List of winners and nominated authors of the Booker Prize">List of winners and nominated authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Best_of_the_Booker" title="The Best of the Booker">The Best of the Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Man_Booker" title="The Golden Man Booker">The Golden Man Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Booker_Prize" title="International Booker Prize">International Booker Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–79</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1969: <a href="/wiki/P._H._Newby" title="P. H. Newby">P. H. Newby</a> (<a href="/wiki/Something_to_Answer_For" title="Something to Answer For">Something to Answer For</a>)</li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernice_Rubens" title="Bernice Rubens">Bernice Rubens</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Elected_Member" title="The Elected Member">The Elected Member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Man_Booker_Prize" title="Lost Man Booker Prize">1970 Lost Prize</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._G._Farrell" title="J. G. Farrell">J. G. Farrell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Troubles_(novel)" title="Troubles (novel)">Troubles</a>)</li> <li>1971: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. S. Naipaul</a> (<a href="/wiki/In_a_Free_State" title="In a Free State">In a Free State</a>)</li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">John Berger</a> (<a href="/wiki/G._(novel)" title="G. (novel)">G.</a>)</li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/J._G._Farrell" title="J. G. Farrell">J. G. Farrell</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Krishnapur" title="The Siege of Krishnapur">The Siege of Krishnapur</a>)</li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Conservationist" title="The Conservationist">The Conservationist</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Middleton" title="Stanley Middleton">Stanley Middleton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holiday_(novel)" title="Holiday (novel)">Holiday</a>)</li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Prawer_Jhabvala" title="Ruth Prawer Jhabvala">Ruth Prawer Jhabvala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heat_and_Dust" title="Heat and Dust">Heat and Dust</a>)</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/David_Storey" title="David Storey">David Storey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saville_(novel)" title="Saville (novel)">Saville</a>)</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scott_(novelist)" title="Paul Scott (novelist)">Paul Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staying_On" title="Staying On">Staying On</a>)</li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Sea,_the_Sea" title="The Sea, the Sea">The Sea, The Sea</a>)</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Fitzgerald" title="Penelope Fitzgerald">Penelope Fitzgerald</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offshore_(novel)" title="Offshore (novel)">Offshore</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a> (<a href="/wiki/To_the_Ends_of_the_Earth#Rites_of_Passage" title="To the Ends of the Earth">Rites of Passage</a>)</li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a>)</li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_Ark" title="Schindler's Ark">Schindler's Ark</a>)</li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Life_%26_Times_of_Michael_K" title="Life & Times of Michael K">Life & Times of Michael K</a>)</li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Anita_Brookner" title="Anita Brookner">Anita Brookner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hotel_du_Lac" title="Hotel du Lac">Hotel du Lac</a>)</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Keri_Hulme" title="Keri Hulme">Keri Hulme</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Bone_People" title="The Bone People">The Bone People</a>)</li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Old_Devils" title="The Old Devils">The Old Devils</a>)</li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Lively" title="Penelope Lively">Penelope Lively</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moon_Tiger" title="Moon Tiger">Moon Tiger</a>)</li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oscar_and_Lucinda" title="Oscar and Lucinda">Oscar and Lucinda</a>)</li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day" title="The Remains of the Day">The Remains of the Day</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/A._S._Byatt" title="A. S. Byatt">A. S. Byatt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Possession_(Byatt_novel)" title="Possession (Byatt novel)">Possession</a>)</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Okri" title="Ben Okri">Ben Okri</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Famished_Road" title="The Famished Road">The Famished Road</a>)</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient" title="The English Patient">The English Patient</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Unsworth" title="Barry Unsworth">Barry Unsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sacred_Hunger" title="Sacred Hunger">Sacred Hunger</a>)</li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Roddy_Doyle" title="Roddy Doyle">Roddy Doyle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paddy_Clarke_Ha_Ha_Ha" title="Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha">Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha</a>)</li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/James_Kelman" title="James Kelman">James Kelman</a> (<a href="/wiki/How_Late_It_Was,_How_Late" title="How Late It Was, How Late">How Late It Was, How Late</a>)</li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Pat Barker</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Road" title="The Ghost Road">The Ghost Road</a>)</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Graham_Swift" title="Graham Swift">Graham Swift</a> (<a href="/wiki/Last_Orders" title="Last Orders">Last Orders</a>)</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_God_of_Small_Things" title="The God of Small Things">The God of Small Things</a>)</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_(novel)" title="Amsterdam (novel)">Amsterdam</a>)</li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Disgrace" title="Disgrace">Disgrace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Assassin" title="The Blind Assassin">The Blind Assassin</a>)</li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a> (<a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="True History of the Kelly Gang">True History of the Kelly Gang</a>)</li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Yann_Martel" title="Yann Martel">Yann Martel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Life_of_Pi" title="Life of Pi">Life of Pi</a>)</li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/DBC_Pierre" title="DBC Pierre">DBC Pierre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vernon_God_Little" title="Vernon God Little">Vernon God Little</a>)</li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hollinghurst" title="Alan Hollinghurst">Alan Hollinghurst</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Line_of_Beauty" title="The Line of Beauty">The Line of Beauty</a>)</li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/John_Banville" title="John Banville">John Banville</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Sea_(novel)" title="The Sea (novel)">The Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2006 Man Booker Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kiran_Desai" title="Kiran Desai">Kiran Desai</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Inheritance_of_Loss" title="The Inheritance of Loss">The Inheritance of Loss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2007 Man Booker Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Enright" title="Anne Enright">Anne Enright</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_(Enright_novel)" title="The Gathering (Enright novel)">The Gathering</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2008 Man Booker Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aravind_Adiga" title="Aravind Adiga">Aravind Adiga</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_White_Tiger_(Adiga_novel)" title="The White Tiger (Adiga novel)">The White Tiger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2009 Man Booker Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall" title="Wolf Hall">Wolf Hall</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2010 Man Booker Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Jacobson" title="Howard Jacobson">Howard Jacobson</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Finkler_Question" title="The Finkler Question">The Finkler Question</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2011 Man Booker Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Julian Barnes</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Sense_of_an_Ending" title="The Sense of an Ending">The Sense of an Ending</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2012 Man Booker Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bring_Up_the_Bodies" title="Bring Up the Bodies">Bring Up the Bodies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2013 Man Booker Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Catton" title="Eleanor Catton">Eleanor Catton</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Luminaries" title="The Luminaries">The Luminaries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2014 Man Booker Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Richard Flanagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Narrow_Road_to_the_Deep_North_(novel)" title="The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel)">The Narrow Road to the Deep North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2015 Man Booker Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marlon_James_(novelist)" title="Marlon James (novelist)">Marlon James</a> (<a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Seven_Killings" title="A Brief History of Seven Killings">A Brief History of Seven Killings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2016 Man Booker Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beatty" title="Paul Beatty">Paul Beatty</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Sellout_(novel)" title="The Sellout (novel)">The Sellout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2017 Man Booker Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Saunders" title="George Saunders">George Saunders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lincoln_in_the_Bardo" title="Lincoln in the Bardo">Lincoln in the Bardo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2018 Man Booker Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anna_Burns" title="Anna Burns">Anna Burns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milkman_(novel)" title="Milkman (novel)">Milkman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Booker_Prize" title="2019 Booker Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Testaments" title="The Testaments">The Testaments</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Evaristo" title="Bernardine Evaristo">Bernardine Evaristo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girl,_Woman,_Other" title="Girl, Woman, Other">Girl, Woman, Other</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Booker_Prize" title="2020 Booker Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Stuart_(writer)" title="Douglas Stuart (writer)">Douglas Stuart</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuggie_Bain" title="Shuggie Bain">Shuggie Bain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Booker_Prize" title="2021 Booker Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Galgut" title="Damon Galgut">Damon Galgut</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(Galgut_novel)" title="The Promise (Galgut novel)">The Promise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Booker_Prize" title="2022 Booker Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shehan_Karunatilaka" title="Shehan Karunatilaka">Shehan Karunatilaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Moons_of_Maali_Almeida" title="The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida">The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Booker_Prize" title="2023 Booker Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lynch_(writer)" title="Paul Lynch (writer)">Paul Lynch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prophet_Song" title="Prophet Song">Prophet Song</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Booker_Prize" title="2024 Booker Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Harvey_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samantha Harvey (author)">Samantha Harvey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orbital_(novel)" title="Orbital (novel)">Orbital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="David_Cohen_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:David_Cohen_Prize" title="Template:David Cohen Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:David_Cohen_Prize" title="Template talk:David Cohen Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:David_Cohen_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:David Cohen Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="David_Cohen_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/David_Cohen_Prize" title="David Cohen Prize">David Cohen Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. S. Naipaul</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Spark" title="Muriel Spark">Muriel Spark</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trevor" title="William Trevor">William Trevor</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bainbridge" title="Beryl Bainbridge">Beryl Bainbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thom_Gunn" title="Thom Gunn">Thom Gunn</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Holroyd" title="Michael Holroyd">Michael Holroyd</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Mahon" title="Derek Mahon">Derek Mahon</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Julian Barnes</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Harrison" title="Tony Harrison">Tony Harrison</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_O%27Brien" title="Edna O'Brien">Edna O'Brien</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colm_T%C3%B3ib%C3%ADn" title="Colm Tóibín">Colm Tóibín</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44593#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121447969">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98079644">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41874/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbgqWpPrp7X8QGmKCqQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118737929">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/58584">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068190123">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90072036">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036097&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000014163&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=73684">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026981">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199619819">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnph9s1rflln6">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810639204005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265713305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513912806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13910422">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00415265?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1233030">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118737929.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118737929">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02704419X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Naipaul\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","24.6"],["?","220","19.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","14.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.3"],["type","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getSiteLinkPageName","40","3.5"],["rawset","40","3.5"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","3.5"],["[others]","160","14.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-c7jm6","timestamp":"20241124054702","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"V. 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