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has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="post-388"> <header class="entry-header has-text-align-center header-footer-group"> <div class="entry-header-inner section-inner medium"> <h1 class="entry-title">Propiedades a nanoescala</h1> <div class="intro-text section-inner max-percentage small"> <p>Las propiedades de los materiales a nanoescala son diferentes en muchos casos de las propiedades de los materiales observadas en otras escalas.</p> </div> </div> </header> <div class="post-inner"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="alignwide flexColumns"> <div class="contentCol"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Propiedades a nanoescala</h2> <p>Las propiedades de los materiales a nanoescala son diferentes en muchos casos de las propiedades de los materiales observadas en otras escalas de longitud.</p> <p>Consideremos, por ejemplo, el punto de fusión de los metales. Las nanopartículas a menudo exhiben un punto de fusión más bajo que los metales correspondientes en masa, y estos puntos de fusión dependen del tamaño. Por ejemplo, el oro en masa se funde a 1064 grados Celsius, pero una partícula de oro de 4 nm se funde a aproximadamente 850 grados Celsius.</p> <p>En semiconductores como el silicio, la banda prohibida cambia con el tamaño de las partículas. El <a href="http://trynano.org/es/resources/glossary/#bandgap">banda prohibida</a> es la energía necesaria para mover un electrón de la banda de valencia a la banda de conducción. Esta característica afecta las propiedades eléctricas y ópticas de varios semiconductores (como el silicio, el germanio y el arseniuro de galio) e influye en el lugar donde se utilizan estos materiales. Las bandas prohibidas de estos tres materiales son 1,12, 0,67 y 1,42 electronvoltios (eV) respectivamente en forma masiva. Los estudios muestran que la banda prohibida aumenta cuando estos materiales se fabrican en forma de nanocables o nanopartículas. (Un nanocables es una estructura similar a un alambre con un diámetro del orden de los nanómetros). Por ejemplo, un nanocables de silicio con un diámetro de 1,3 nm tiene una banda prohibida muy amplia de 3,5 eV.</p> <p>El color de un material también puede depender del tamaño. La aparición del color es causada por la absorción parcial de la luz principalmente por los electrones de ese material; la luz que no se absorbe permanece visible.</p> <p>En muchas superficies metálicas lisas, la luz se refleja por la altísima densidad de electrones de conducción de estos materiales; por eso las superficies de las placas de metal pueden tener una apariencia de espejo. Por el contrario, las partículas pequeñas absorben parte de la luz y dan lugar a la aparición de color. Esta propiedad depende del tamaño de las nanopartículas.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-large"><img decoding="async" width="175" height="191" src="https://trynano.ieeenano.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/vase.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-390"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Cerámica china de color rubí que utiliza partículas de oro.  <em>Crédito de la imagen: Centro Ames de Nanotecnología de la NASA</em></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Los nanosistemas no son lo suficientemente grandes como para que se apliquen muchas de las leyes clásicas de la física. Por ejemplo, la ley de Ohm, que describe la relación entre corriente y voltaje en un conductor, no describe la conducción de corriente a través de un nanocables diminuto. Aquí otros efectos, conocidos como <em>efectos de la mecánica cuántica</em> volverse importante.</p> </div> <div class="sidebarCol"> <img src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/nanoscaleproperties-scaled.jpg" /> <span>Grafeno, una red molecular de hexágonos conectados entre sí. Red química. Carbono, nanomateriales. Crédito de la imagen: sermax55/bigstock.com</span> <h3>Leer más</h3> <div class="related-box"> <div class="relative-item"> <a href="https://trynano.org/es/about-nanotechnology/history-of-nanotechnology/"><img width="300" height="294" src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/smdrexel2-2a-300x294.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Model of water inside a carbon nanotube. Image Credit: Henry Ye, Drexel University" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/smdrexel2-2a-300x294.jpg 300w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/smdrexel2-2a.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://trynano.org/es/about-nanotechnology/history-of-nanotechnology/">Historia de la nanotecnología</a> <div class="excerpt"> Como ocurre con muchas otras disciplinas, las aplicaciones de la nanotecnología (por ejemplo, en la fabricación de acero y la creación de pinturas) se utilizaban siglos antes de que el campo se definiera formalmente. </div> </div> <div class="relative-item"> <a href="https://trynano.org/es/about-nanotechnology/the-future-of-nanotechnology/"><img width="300" height="169" src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-300x169.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-300x169.jpg 300w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-768x432.jpg 768w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://trynano.org/es/about-nanotechnology/the-future-of-nanotechnology/">El futuro de la nanotecnología</a> <div class="excerpt"> El futuro de la nanotecnología ha sido objeto de muchas especulaciones científicas y no científicas, incluidas varias visiones apocalípticas en la cultura popular que predecían nanopartículas autorreplicantes que participarían en ataques masivos contra la humanidad y el medio ambiente. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </main> <div class="footer-nav-widgets-wrapper header-footer-group"> <a class="to-the-top" href="#site-header"> <span class="to-the-top-long"> Ir arriba <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> <span class="to-the-top-short"> Hasta <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> </a> <div class="footer-inner section-inner"> <aside class="footer-widgets-outer-wrapper" role="complementary"> <div class="footer-widgets-wrapper"> <div class="footer-widgets"> <div class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://trynano.org/es/education-resources/nanotechnology-glossary/"> <svg version="1.1" id="Capa_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;" 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