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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_race_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_race_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gender and race theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_race_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music journalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89" title="صحافة الموسيقى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحافة الموسيقى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqi_jurnalistikas%C4%B1" title="Musiqi jurnalistikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Musiqi jurnalistikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музикална журналистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Музикална журналистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мусăк журналистики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мусăк журналистики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikjournalismus" title="Musikjournalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikjournalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismo_musical" title="Periodismo musical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodismo musical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="روزنامه‌نگاری موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه‌نگاری موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisme_musical" title="Journalisme musical – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journalisme musical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalisme_musik" title="Jurnalisme musik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jurnalisme musik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalismo_musicale" title="Giornalismo musicale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giornalismo musicale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыкалық журналистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Музыкалық журналистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalism_muzical" title="Jurnalism muzical – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jurnalism muzical" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыкальная журналистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальная журналистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_gazetecili%C4%9Fi" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Music press" redirects here. For the American music publisher, see <a href="/wiki/Music_Press" title="Music Press">Music Press</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christgau_et_al_01A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Christgau_et_al_01A.jpg/260px-Christgau_et_al_01A.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Christgau_et_al_01A.jpg/390px-Christgau_et_al_01A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Christgau_et_al_01A.jpg/520px-Christgau_et_al_01A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>(From left to right) Music journalists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Powers" title="Ann Powers">Ann Powers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a> professor Charles Kronengolm at the 2007 Pop Conference at Seattle's <a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Experience Music Project</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Music journalism</b> (or <b>music criticism</b>) is media <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">criticism</a> and reporting about music topics, including <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a>. Journalists began writing about music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on what is now regarded as classical music. In the 1960s, music journalism began more prominently covering popular music like <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> after the breakthrough of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>. With the rise of the internet in the 2000s, music criticism developed an increasingly large online presence with music bloggers, aspiring music critics, and established critics supplementing <a href="/wiki/Print_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media">print media</a> online. Music journalism today includes reviews of songs, albums and live concerts, profiles of <a href="/wiki/Recording_artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording artists">recording artists</a>, and reporting of artist news and music events. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_in_classical_music_criticism">Origins in classical music criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins in classical music criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:151_Franck_Hector_Berlioz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/151_Franck_Hector_Berlioz.JPG/170px-151_Franck_Hector_Berlioz.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/151_Franck_Hector_Berlioz.JPG/255px-151_Franck_Hector_Berlioz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/151_Franck_Hector_Berlioz.JPG/340px-151_Franck_Hector_Berlioz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, active as a music journalist in Paris in the 1830s and 1840s</figcaption></figure> <p>Music journalism has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">music criticism</a>, which has traditionally comprised the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of music that has been composed and notated in a <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">score</a> and the evaluation of the performance of classical songs and pieces, such as <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertos</a>. </p><p>Before about the 1840s, reporting on music was either done by musical journals, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_musikalische_Zeitung" title="Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung">Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung</a></i> (founded by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Rochlitz" title="Johann Friedrich Rochlitz">Johann Friedrich Rochlitz</a> in 1798) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i> (founded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> in 1834), and in London journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i> (founded in 1844 as <i>The Musical Times and Singing-class Circular</i>); or else by reporters at <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_music_critics" title="List of chief music critics">general newspapers</a> where music did not form part of the central objectives of the publication. An influential English 19th-century music critic, for example, was <a href="/wiki/James_William_Davison" title="James William Davison">James William Davison</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.</i> The composer <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> also wrote reviews and criticisms for the Paris press of the 1830s and 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-bujic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bujic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> journalism is often informed by <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> consideration of the many diverse elements of a musical piece or performance, including (as regards a <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a>) its form and style, and for performance, standards of technique and expression. These standards were expressed, for example, in journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i> founded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, and are continued today in the columns of serious <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bujic_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bujic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several factors—including growth of education, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement generally and in music, popularization (including the 'star-status' of many performers such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a>), among others—led to an increasing interest in music among non-specialist journals, and an increase in the number of critics by profession of varying degrees of competence and integrity. The 1840s could be considered a turning point, in that music critics after the 1840s generally were not also practicing musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-bujic_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bujic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, counterexamples include <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>; all of whom were modern practitioners of the classical music tradition who also write (or wrote) on music. </p><p>Women music journalists in the twentieth century who covered classic music performance include <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Scott_Miller" title="Ruth Scott Miller">Ruth Scott Miller</a> of the <i>Chicago Tribune</i> (1920-1921), Henriette Weber at the Chicago <i>Herald-Examiner</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cassidy" title="Claudia Cassidy">Claudia Cassidy</a>, who worked for <i>Chicago Journal of Commerce</i> (1924–1941), the <i>Chicago Sun</i> (1941–42) and the <i>Chicago Tribune</i> (1942–65).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical">Classical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1980s, a decline in the quantity of classical criticism began occurring "when classical music criticism visibly started to disappear" from the media. At that time, leading newspapers still typically employed a <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_music_critics" title="List of chief music critics">chief music critic</a>, while magazines such as <i>Time</i> and <i>Vanity Fair</i> also employed classical music critics. But by the early 1990s, classical critics were dropped in many publications, in part due to "a decline of interest in classical music, especially among younger people".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also of concern in classical music journalism was how American reviewers can write about ethnic and folk music from cultures other than their own, such as Indian <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a> and traditional Japanese works.<sup id="cite_ref-schick_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: viii, 173">: viii, 173 </span></sup> In 1990, the World Music Institute interviewed four <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> music critics who came up with the following criteria on how to approach ethnic music: </p> <ol><li>A review should relate the music to other kinds of music that readers know, to help them understand better what the program was about.</li> <li>"The performers [should] be treated as human beings and their music [should] be treated as human activity rather than a mystical or mysterious phenomenon."</li> <li>The review should show an understanding of the music's cultural backgrounds and intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-schick_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173–74">: 173–74 </span></sup></li></ol> <p>A key finding in a 2005 study of arts journalism in America was that the profile of the "average classical music critic is a white, 52-year old male, with a graduate degree".<sup id="cite_ref-classicalcritic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classicalcritic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Demographics indicated that the group was 74% male, 92% white, and 64% had earned a graduate degree.<sup id="cite_ref-classicalcritic_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classicalcritic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> One critic of the study pointed out that because all newspapers were included, including low-circulation regional papers, the female representation of 26% misrepresented the actual scarcity, in that the "large US papers, which are the ones that influence public opinion, have virtually no women classical music critics", with the notable exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Midgette" title="Anne Midgette">Anne Midgette</a> in the <i>New York Times</i> and Wynne Delacoma in the <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-iawmlist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iawmlist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote that classical music criticism, which it characterized as "a high-minded endeavor that has been around at least as long as newspapers", had undergone "a series of hits in recent months" with the elimination, downgrading, or redefinition of critics' jobs at newspapers in Atlanta, Minneapolis, and elsewhere, citing <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Davis" title="Peter G. Davis">Peter G. Davis</a>, "one of the most respected voices of the craft, [who] said he had been forced out after 26 years".<sup id="cite_ref-Newspapers_Trimming_Classical_Critics_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newspapers_Trimming_Classical_Critics_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viewing "robust analysis, commentary and reportage as vital to the health of the art form", <i>The New York Times</i> stated in 2007 that it continued to maintain "a staff of three full-time classical music critics and three freelancers", noting also that classical music criticism had become increasingly available on blogs, and that a number of other major newspapers "still have full-time classical music critics", including (in 2007) the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newspapers_Trimming_Classical_Critics_2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newspapers_Trimming_Classical_Critics_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular">Popular</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Popular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_rock_criticism">20th century rock criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century rock criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music writers only started "treating pop and rock music seriously" in 1964 "after the breakthrough of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-jones2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (November 2018)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In their book <i>Rock Criticism from the Beginning</i>, Ulf Lindberg and his co-writers say that rock criticism appears to have been "slower to develop in the U.S. than in England".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the early British music magazines, <i><a href="/wiki/Melody_Maker" title="Melody Maker">Melody Maker</a></i>, complained in 1967 about how "newspapers and magazines are continually hammering [i.e., attacking] <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-jones2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> From 1964, <i>Melody Maker</i> led its rival publications in terms of approaching music and musicians as a subject for serious study rather than merely entertainment. Staff reporters such as <a href="/wiki/Chris_Welch" title="Chris Welch">Chris Welch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Coleman" title="Ray Coleman">Ray Coleman</a> applied a perspective previously reserved for jazz artists to the rise of American-influenced local rock and pop groups, anticipating the advent of rock critics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200585,_88,_89–91_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200585,_88,_89–91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Britain's broadsheet newspapers, pop music gained exposure in the arts section of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> when <a href="/wiki/William_Mann_(critic)" title="William Mann (critic)">William Mann</a>, the paper's <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> critic, wrote an appreciation of the Beatles in December 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200572_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200572-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1965, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, the country's highbrow Sunday newspaper, signalled a reversal of the establishment's cultural snobbery towards pop music by appointing <a href="/wiki/George_Melly" title="George Melly">George Melly</a> as its "critic of pop culture".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Tony_Palmer_(director)" title="Tony Palmer (director)">Tony Palmer</a>'s arrival at <i>The Observer</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005125fn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005125fn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first daily newspaper to employ a dedicated rock critic was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cannon" title="Geoffrey Cannon">Geoffrey Cannon</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Melody Maker</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s writers advocated the new forms of pop music of the late 1960s. "By 1999, the 'quality' press was regularly carrying reviews of popular music gigs and albums", which had a "key role in keeping pop" in the public eye. As more pop music critics began writing, this had the effect of "legitimating pop as an art form"; as a result, "newspaper coverage shifted towards pop as music rather than pop as social phenomenon".<sup id="cite_ref-jones2002_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (November 2018)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the world of pop music criticism, there has tended to be a quick turnover. The "pop music industry" expects that any particular rock critic will likely disappear from popular view within five years; in contrast, according to author Mark Fenster, the "stars" of rock criticism are more likely to have long careers with "book contracts, featured columns, and editorial and staff positions at magazines and newspapers".<sup id="cite_ref-fenster-jones2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-jones2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Goldstein_-_Pop_Conference_2015_-_02_(17182432526).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Richard_Goldstein_-_Pop_Conference_2015_-_02_%2817182432526%29.jpg/150px-Richard_Goldstein_-_Pop_Conference_2015_-_02_%2817182432526%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Richard_Goldstein_-_Pop_Conference_2015_-_02_%2817182432526%29.jpg/225px-Richard_Goldstein_-_Pop_Conference_2015_-_02_%2817182432526%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Richard_Goldstein_-_Pop_Conference_2015_-_02_%2817182432526%29.jpg/300px-Richard_Goldstein_-_Pop_Conference_2015_-_02_%2817182432526%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption>Richard Goldstein (pictured at the 2015 <a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">EMP</a> Pop Conference) was the first American music critic to focus on rock music.</figcaption></figure> <p>Author Bernard Gendron writes that in the United States "the emergence of a 'serious' rock press and the rock critic" began in 1966, presaged by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Shelton_(critic)" title="Robert Shelton (critic)">Robert Shelton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> critic for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, writing articles praising the Beatles and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, the last of whom had just embraced rock 'n' roll by performing with electric backing at the <a href="/wiki/1965_Newport_Folk_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Newport Folk Festival">1965 Newport Folk Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002190_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002190-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(journalist)" title="Paul Williams (journalist)">Paul Williams</a>, an eighteen-year-old student, launched the pop journal <i><a href="/wiki/Crawdaddy_(magazine)" title="Crawdaddy (magazine)">Crawdaddy!</a></i> in February 1966; in June, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Goldstein_(writer_born_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Goldstein (writer born 1944)">Richard Goldstein</a>, a recent graduate and <a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a> writer, debuted his "Pop Eye" column in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>, which Gendron describes as "the first regular column on rock 'n' roll ... to appear in an established cultural publication".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002191_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002191-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock journalist <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Heylin" title="Clinton Heylin">Clinton Heylin</a>, in his role as editor of <i>The Penguin Book of Rock & Roll Writing</i>, cites "the true genesis of rock criticism" to the emergence of <i>Crawdaddy!</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200573–74_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200573–74-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindberg et al. say that, while Williams is widely considered to be the first American rock critic, he "nevertheless looked to England for material".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200574_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200574-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gendron, Goldstein's most significant early pieces were a "manifesto" on rock 'n' roll and "pop aestheticism", and a laudatory assessment of the Beatles' <i><a href="/wiki/Revolver_(Beatles_album)" title="Revolver (Beatles album)">Revolver</a></i> album. Published in late August, the latter article provided "the first substantial rock review devoted to one album to appear in any nonrock magazine with accreditory power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002192_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002192-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Williams could be sure of a sympathetic readership, given the nature of his publication, Goldstein's task was to win over a more highbrow readership to the artistic merits of contemporary pop music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002192_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002192-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, both Goldstein and Williams gained considerable renown in the cultural mainstream<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were the subject of profile articles in <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of rock journalism coincided with an attempt to position rock music, particularly the Beatles' work, in the American cultural landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193–94_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193–94-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118–19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118–19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critical discourse was further heightened by the respectful coverage afforded the genre in mainstream publications such as <i>Newsweek</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> in the months leading up to and following the release of the Beatles' <i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i> album in June 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002194–95_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002194–95-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this discourse, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Meltzer" title="Richard Meltzer">Richard Meltzer</a>, in an essay for <i>Crawdaddy!</i> in March, challenged the highbrow aesthetic of rock proposed by Goldstein. The latter's mixed review of <i>Sgt. Pepper</i> in <i>The New York Times</i> was similarly the subject of journalistic debate, and invited reprisals from musicologists, composers and cultural commentators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118–19_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118–19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other young American writers who became pop columnists following Goldstein's appointment were <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> (at <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i>, from June 1967), <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Willis" title="Ellen Willis">Ellen Willis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, March 1968) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Sander (page does not exist)">Ellen Sander</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(U.S._magazine)" title="Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)">Saturday Review</a></i>, October 1968).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christgau was the "originator of the 'consumer guide' approach to pop music reviews", an approach that was designed to help readers decide whether to buy a new album.<sup id="cite_ref-jones2002_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (November 2018)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to popular music academic Roy Shuker in 1994, music reference books such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Record_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rolling Stone Record Guide">The Rolling Stone Record Guide</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide</a></i> played a role in the rise of rock critics as tastemakers in the music industry, "constructing their own version of the traditional <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high</a>/<a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">low culture</a> split, usually around notions of artistic integrity, authenticity, and the nature of commercialism". These review collections, Shuker continues, "became bibles in the field, establishing orthodoxies as to the relative value of various styles or genres and pantheons of artists. Record collectors and enthusiasts, and specialisation and secondhand record shops, inevitably have well-thumbed copies of these and similar volumes close at hand."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the realm of rock music, as in that of classical music,<sup id="cite_ref-slonimsky_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slonimsky-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> critics have not always been respected by their subjects. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> declared that "Most rock journalism is people who can't write, interviewing people who can't talk, for people who can't read." In the <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Get_in_the_Ring" title="Get in the Ring">Get in the Ring</a>", <a href="/wiki/Axl_Rose" title="Axl Rose">Axl Rose</a> verbally attacked critics who gave the band negative reviews because of their actions on stage; such critics as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Secher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Secher (page does not exist)">Andy Secher</a>, Mick Wall and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione_Jr." title="Bob Guccione Jr.">Bob Guccione Jr.</a> were mentioned by name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_Christian_criticisms_of_rock_music">Conservative Christian criticisms of rock music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conservative Christian criticisms of rock music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rock music received a considerable amount of criticism from conservative Christian communities within the United States. This criticism was strongest throughout the 1960s and 70s, with some of the most prominent Christian critics being <a href="/wiki/David_A._Noebel" title="David A. Noebel">David A. Noebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Larson" title="Bob Larson">Bob Larson</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Garlock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Garlock (page does not exist)">Frank Garlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these men were not professional music critics, they often claimed to be qualified rock critics because of their professional experiences with both music and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Larson tried to assert his authority as a rock critic by stating: "As a minister, I know now what it is like to feel the unction of the Holy Spirit. As a rock musician, I knew what it meant to feel the counterfeit anointing of Satan".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian criticisms of rock music in the mid 20th century often centered around arguments that rock was both sonically and morally bad and physically harmful to both the body and soul.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using these central arguments, Noebel, Larson, Garlock, and other Christian critics of rock music wrote extensively about the differences between 'good' and 'bad' music.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Beatles: A Study in Drugs, Sex and Revolution</i>, Noebel explained why rock music was 'bad' by contrasting it with qualities of 'good' music.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Big Beat: A Rock Blast</i>, similar arguments were posed by Garlock, with the additional argument that 'good' music must come from distinguished and educated musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Larson argued that the beats used in rock music could cause rebellion in younger generations due to their hypnotic and influential nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing from styles like <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> was first innovated by black communities, but was soon appropriated by white populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect of rock's history has been overlooked by historians and the media, but music experts now widely agree that rock's true origins lie in the American south among black populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early conservative Christian criticisms of rock music had strong footings in racism. Most white conservative Christians in the mid 20th century understood that rock started among black populations and feared what the success of the genre implied for the church, segregation, and racial equality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When critiquing rock music, Christian critics commonly portrayed rock music with "primitive and exotic imagery to convey [its] African-roots".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, The <a href="/wiki/American_Tract_Society" title="American Tract Society">American Tract Society</a> in New Jersey released a booklet called "Jungle to Jukebox" that used racist, exotic tropes to illustrate the dangers of rock music to white youth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_trends_of_the_21st_century">Critical trends of the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical trends of the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s">2000s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s, online music bloggers began to supplement, and to some degree displace, music journalists in print media.<sup id="cite_ref-edlund_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edlund-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Martin Edlund of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i> criticized the trend, arguing that while the "Internet has democratized music criticism, it seems it's also spread its penchant for uncritical hype".<sup id="cite_ref-edlund_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edlund-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilson_(writer)" title="Carl Wilson (writer)">Carl Wilson</a> described "an upsurge in pro-pop sentiment among critics" during the early 2000s, writing that a "new generation [of music critics] moved into positions of critical influence" and then "mounted a wholesale critique against the syndrome of measuring all popular music by the norms of rock culture".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i> magazine writer <a href="/wiki/Jody_Rosen" title="Jody Rosen">Jody Rosen</a> discussed the 2000s-era trends in pop music criticism in his article "The Perils of Poptimism". Rosen noted that much of the debate is centered on a perception that rock critics regard rock as "normative ... the standard state of popular music ... to which everything else is compared".<sup id="cite_ref-rosen_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosen-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a 2006 pop critic conference, attendees discussed their "guilty pop pleasures, reconsidering musicians (<a href="/wiki/Tiny_Tim_(musician)" title="Tiny Tim (musician)">Tiny Tim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Fogelberg" title="Dan Fogelberg">Dan Fogelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a>) and genres " which rock critics have long dismissed as lightweight, commercial music. Rosen stated that "this new critical paradigm" is called "popism" – or, more evocatively (and goofily), "poptimism". The poptimism approach states: "Pop (and, especially, hip-hop) producers are as important as rock auteurs, <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> is as worthy of serious consideration as <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>, and ascribing shame to pop pleasure is itself a shameful act."<sup id="cite_ref-rosen_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosen-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Powers_01A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ann_Powers_01A.jpg/170px-Ann_Powers_01A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ann_Powers_01A.jpg/255px-Ann_Powers_01A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ann_Powers_01A.jpg/340px-Ann_Powers_01A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>American pop music critic <a href="/wiki/Ann_Powers" title="Ann Powers">Ann Powers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Powers" title="Ann Powers">Ann Powers</a> of the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> argued that pop music critics "have always been contrarians", because "pop music [criticism] rose up as a challenge to taste hierarchies, and has remained a pugilistic, exhibitionist business throughout pop's own evolution".<sup id="cite_ref-powers2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powers2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powers claimed that "[i]nsults, rejections of others' authority, bratty assertions of superior knowledge and even threats of physical violence are the stuff of which pop criticism is made", while at the same time, the "best [pop criticism] also offers loving appreciation and profound insights about how music creates and collides with our everyday realities".<sup id="cite_ref-powers2008_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powers2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She stated that pop criticism developed as a "slap at the establishment, at publications such as the hippie homestead <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> and the rawker outpost <i><a href="/wiki/Creem" title="Creem">Creem</a></i>", adding that the "1980s generation" of post-punk indie rockers had in the mid-2000s "been taken down by younger 'poptimists,' who argue that lovers of underground rock are elitists for not embracing the more multicultural mainstream".<sup id="cite_ref-powers2008_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powers2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powers likened the poptimist critics' debates about bands and styles to a "scrum in rugby", in that "[e]verybody pushes against everybody else, and we move forward in a huge blob of vehement opinion and mutual judgment".<sup id="cite_ref-powers2008_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powers2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010s">2010s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music critic and indie pop musician <a href="/wiki/Scott_Miller_(pop_musician)" title="Scott Miller (pop musician)">Scott Miller</a>, in his 2010 book <i><a href="/wiki/Music:_What_Happened%3F" title="Music: What Happened?">Music: What Happened?</a></i>, suggested, "Part of the problem is that a lot of vital pop music is made by 22-year-olds who enjoy shock value, and it's pathetic when their elders are cornered into unalloyed reverence". Miller suggested that critics could navigate this problem by being prepared "to give young artists credit for terrific music without being intimidated into a frame of mind where dark subject matter always gets a passing grade", stating that a critic should be able to call a young artist "a musical genius" while "in the same breath declaring that his or her lyrics are morally objectionable."<sup id="cite_ref-mwh2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwh2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> Reacting to the state of pop music criticism, Miller identified a major issue as critics' failure to "credit an artist with getting a feeling across", specifically pointing out critic <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bangs" title="Lester Bangs">Lester Bangs</a> as "a ball of emotion at all times", who nonetheless "never really related to his favorite artists as people who develop a skill of conveying feelings. You don't feel that he comfortably acknowledged being moved as a result of their honest work. Artists in his writing were vaguely ridiculous, fascinating primitives, embodying an archetype by accident of nature."<sup id="cite_ref-mwh2010_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwh2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Tracy Moore, in 2014, suggested that one of the virtues of writing about how music made one feel, in contrast with linking it to the sounds of other artists, was to avoid excluding readers who may not have musical knowledge as broad as that of the writer.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Miller believed that analytical readers would appreciate "more music talk in music criticism", suggesting that "sensitively modest doses" of musical analysis would provide helpful support for a conclusion "that great melody writing occurred or it didn't". For example, Miller noted that critics rarely "identify catchy melodies as specific passages within a song", in the way that working musicians might discuss "the A-minor in the second measure of the chorus". </p><p>Stevie Chick, a writer who teaches music journalism at <a href="/wiki/City_University_London" class="mw-redirect" title="City University London">City University London</a>, said, "I think more than any other journalism, music journalism has got a really powerful creative writing quotient to it."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tris_McCall" title="Tris McCall">Tris McCall</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Newark_Star-Ledger" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark Star-Ledger">Newark Star-Ledger</a></i> discussed his approach to music criticism in a 2010 interview, stating, "Most of us [critics] begin writing about music because we love it so much. We can't wait to tell our friends and neighbors about what we're hearing."<sup id="cite_ref-jci2010_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jci2010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to McCall, even over the course of a long professional career, the enthusiastic impulse to share "never fades".<sup id="cite_ref-jci2010_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jci2010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCall expressed his interest in "examining why people respond to what they respond to. I hazard guesses. Sometimes I'm wrong, but I hope I'm always provocative."<sup id="cite_ref-jci2010_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jci2010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnthonyFantano2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="American music critic Anthony Fantano in 2016." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AnthonyFantano2016.png/156px-AnthonyFantano2016.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AnthonyFantano2016.png/235px-AnthonyFantano2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AnthonyFantano2016.png/313px-AnthonyFantano2016.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>American YouTuber <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fantano" title="Anthony Fantano">Anthony Fantano</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2010s, some commentators noted and criticized the lack of negative reviews in music journalism. Saul Austerlitz from the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i> noted that unlike other art forms, "music is now effectively free. Music criticism's former priority — telling consumers what to purchase — has been rendered null and void for most fans." He argued that this and "<a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">click culture</a>" causes music critics to act as "cheerleaders" for existing stars.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMLoss2015_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMLoss2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2010s saw a rise of music critics who used <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> as their platform. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i> magazine's Larry Fitzmaurice in 2016, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> (X) is "perhaps the last public space for unfettered music criticism in an increasingly anti-critical landscape".<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzmaurice_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described YouTuber <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fantano" title="Anthony Fantano">Anthony Fantano</a> as "probably the most popular music critic left standing."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fantano's channel, The Needle Drop, is his main outlet, but he also <a href="/wiki/Livestream" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestream">streams</a> music commentary on <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> and posts on X. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020s">2020s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an article published in 2024, Jessica Karl, a <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> columnist, opined that "the way we critique music is broken". She argues that the current culture of consuming new music, particularly with the release of Taylor Swift's album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department" title="The Tortured Poets Department">The Tortured Poets Department</a></i> (2024), is unhealthy. While she found some of the reviews of the album were "well-considered", she opined others were pre-written and "daft". She explained that critics are "staying up until dawn to finish listening to an album as if it's a college paper we're cramming to complete by the morning" and long albums like the 31-track <i>Tortured Poets</i> frustrate them. Karl also felt that reviews appearing online within hours of an album's release discredits both the plaudits and criticism. She condemned the <i>Paste</i> review for making "a litany of petty, exclamation-pointed digs" at Swift, and dismissed the rave <i>Rolling Stone</i> review for calling the album a <a href="/wiki/Classic" title="Classic">classic</a> within a day, as well as criticizing articles by "reputable publications" like <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i> for catering gossip to the masses and <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> instead of serious journalism of the art.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_race_theory">Gender and race theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gender and race theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Applying <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> (<i>e.g.</i>, critical gender studies and <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a>) to music journalism, some academic writers suggest that mutual disrespect between critics and artists is one of many negative effects of <a href="/wiki/Rockism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockism">rockism</a>. In 2004, critic <a href="/wiki/Kelefa_Sanneh" title="Kelefa Sanneh">Kelefa Sanneh</a> defined "rockism" as "idolizing the authentic old legend (or underground hero) while mocking the latest pop star".<sup id="cite_ref-brooks2008_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> Music journalism "infected" with rockism has become, according to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> professor Daphne Brooks,<sup id="cite_ref-yaleafam_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yaleafam-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a challenge "for those of us concerned with historical memory and popular music performance".<sup id="cite_ref-brooks2008_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57–58">: 57–58 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Frith" title="Simon Frith">Simon Frith</a> said that pop and rock music "are closely associated with gender; that is, with conventions of male and female behaviour".<sup id="cite_ref-Frith2001_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frith2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Holly Kruse, both popular music articles and academic articles about pop music are usually written from "masculine subject positions".<sup id="cite_ref-jones2002_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kembrew_McLeod" title="Kembrew McLeod">Kembrew McLeod</a> analyzed terms used by critics to differentiate between pop music and rock, finding a gendered dichotomy in descriptions of "'serious,' 'raw,' and 'sincere' rock music as distinguished from 'trivial', 'fluffy,' and 'formulaic' pop music".<sup id="cite_ref-mcleod-jones2002_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcleod-jones2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McLeod found that a likely cause of this dichotomy was the lack of women writing in music journalism: "By 1999, the number of female editors or senior writers at <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> hovered around a whopping 15%, [while] at <i><a href="/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ray_Gun_(magazine)" title="Ray Gun (magazine)">Raygun</a></i>, [it was] roughly 20%."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism associated with gender was graphically discussed in a 2014 <i><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></i> article about the struggles of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music#Music_critics" title="Women in music">women in music journalism</a>, written by music critic Tracy Moore, previously an editor at the <i><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Scene" title="Nashville Scene">Nashville Scene</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2014_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moore described how another female music blogger, an "admitted outsider" who threatened no stereotypes, was greeted with enthusiasm by men, in contrast with Moore's own experiences as a self-described "insider" who was nevertheless expected to "prove" or "earn" her way into a male-dominated journalism scene.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2014_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Anwen Crawford, music critic for Australia's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a></i>, the "problem for women [popular music critics] is that our role in popular music was codified long ago"; as a result, "most famous rock-music critics – Robert Christgau, <a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Greil Marcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bangs" title="Lester Bangs">Lester Bangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Kent" title="Nick Kent">Nick Kent</a> – are all male".<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crawford points to "[t]he <a href="/wiki/Record_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Record store">record store</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guitar_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar shop">guitar shop</a>, and now <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>: when it comes to popular music, these places become stages for the display of male prowess", and adds, "Female expertise, when it appears, is repeatedly dismissed as fraudulent. Every woman who has ever ventured an opinion on popular music could give you some variation [of this experience] ...and becoming a recognized 'expert' (a musician, a critic) will not save [women] from accusations of fakery."<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daphne Brooks, in her 2008 article "The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory, and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism", wrote that in order to restructure music criticism, one must "focus on multiple <i>counter</i>narratives" to break away from racial and gender biases as embodied in "contemporary cultural fetishizations of white male performative virtuosity and latent black male innovations".<sup id="cite_ref-brooks2008_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Brooks focused on "the ways that rock music criticism has shaped and continues to shape our understandings of racialized music encounters, and what are the alternative stories that we might tell".<sup id="cite_ref-brooks2008_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–56">: 55–56 </span></sup> Brooks pointed to Christgau's statement that, after the Beatles' arrival in America, "rock criticism embraced a dream or metaphor of perpetual revolution. Worthwhile bands were supposed to change people's lives, preferably for the better. If they failed to do so, that meant they didn't matter."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsurprisingly, according to Brooks, "the history of women who've been sustaining a tradition of writing about rock since the 60's" has been "largely hidden in American culture".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooks theorized that perceptions of female artists of color might be different if there were more women of color writing about them, and praised <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Willis" title="Ellen Willis">Ellen Willis</a> as a significant feminist critic of rock's classic era.<sup id="cite_ref-brooks2008_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup> Willis, who was a columnist for the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a></i> from 1968 to 1975, believed society could be enlightened by the "ecstatic experience" of visions expressed through music's rhythm and noise and that such joy would lead people to different ways of sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks wrote that "the confluence of cultural studies, rock studies, and third wave feminist critical studies makes it possible now more than ever to continue to critique and reinterrogate the form and content of popular music histories".<sup id="cite_ref-brooks2008_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> In Brooks' view, "By bravely breaking open dense equations of gender, class, power, and subcultural music scenes", music journalists, activists and critics such as Ellen Willis have been "able to brilliantly, like no one before [them], challenge the intellectual and political activism and agency" of the entire music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-brooks2008_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_music_critics" title="List of chief music critics">List of chief music critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">Music criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology#Popular_music_studies" title="Musicology">Popular music studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_popular_music" title="List of writers on popular music">List of writers on popular music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_journalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bujic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bujic_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bujic_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bujic_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bujić, Bojan (n.d.), "Criticism of Music" in <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Music Online">Oxford Music Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Concerning Ruth Miller”, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, November 7, 1920, p. 97; Hannah Edgar, <i>Chicago on the Aisle: Claudia Cassidy's Music Criticism and Legacy</i>, BA Thesis, University of Chicago: 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandow, Greg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194664260737253">"Yes, Classical-Music Criticism Is in Decline but the Last Thing the Industry Should Do Is Blame the Press"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112194859/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194664260737253">Archived</a> 2018-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. Accessed on March 9, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schick-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schick_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schick_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchick1996" class="citation book cs1">Schick, Robert D. 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Temple University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566399661" title="Special:BookSources/9781566399661"><bdi>9781566399661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consumers%27+Guides%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+Music+Press+and+the+Democracy+of+Critical+Discourse&rft.btitle=Pop+Music+and+the+Press&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781566399661&rft.aulast=Fenster&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-ViwZnnR3oC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002190-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002190_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGendron2002">Gendron 2002</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002191-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002191_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGendron2002">Gendron 2002</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200573–74-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200573–74_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindberg_et_al.2005">Lindberg et al. 2005</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200574-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.200574_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindberg_et_al.2005">Lindberg et al. 2005</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002192-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002192_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002192_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGendron2002">Gendron 2002</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGendron2002">Gendron 2002</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindberg_et_al.2005">Lindberg et al. 2005</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193–94-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002193–94_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGendron2002">Gendron 2002</a>, pp. 193–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118–19-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118–19_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg_et_al.2005118–19_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindberg_et_al.2005">Lindberg et al. 2005</a>, pp. 118–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2017" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Jack (24 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2017/05/the-beatles-sgt-peppers-was-a-masterpiece-of-timing.html">"<i>Sgt. Pepper</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Timing Was As Good As Its Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Sgt.+Pepper%27s+Timing+Was+As+Good+As+Its+Music&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2017%2F05%2Fthe-beatles-sgt-peppers-was-a-masterpiece-of-timing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendron2002194–95-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendron2002194–95_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGendron2002">Gendron 2002</a>, pp. 194–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuker1994" class="citation book cs1">Shuker, Roy (1994). <i>Understanding Popular Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415107229" title="Special:BookSources/0415107229"><bdi>0415107229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Popular+Music&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0415107229&rft.aulast=Shuker&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slonimsky-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slonimsky_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlonimsky2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Slonimsky, Nicolas</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjW66BVA-j0C"><i>Lexicon of Musical Invective</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32009-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32009-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+Musical+Invective&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32009-1&rft.aulast=Slonimsky&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjW66BVA-j0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span> (citing many examples of insults in both directions)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNekola2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nekola, Anna (2013-09-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143013000299">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'More than just a music': conservative Christian anti-rock discourse and the U.S. culture wars"</a>. <i>Popular Music</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 407–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0261143013000299">10.1017/s0261143013000299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-1430">0261-1430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145144224">145144224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=%27More+than+just+a+music%27%3A+conservative+Christian+anti-rock+discourse+and+the+U.S.+culture+wars&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-426&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145144224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0261-1430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0261143013000299&rft.aulast=Nekola&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0261143013000299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larson, B. (1970). <i>Rock & Roll, the Devil's Diversion</i>. Bob Larson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noebel, D. A. (1969). <i>The Beatles: A study in drugs, sex and revolution</i>. Christian Crusade Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlock, F. (1971). <i>The big beat: A rock blast</i>. Bob Jones University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203214459-7">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I hear you knocking…": from R&B to rock and roll"</a>, <i>Just My Soul Responding</i>, Routledge, pp. 31–67, 2012-10-12, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203214459-7">10.4324/9780203214459-7</a> (inactive 1 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-21445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-21445-9"><bdi>978-0-203-21445-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Just+My+Soul+Responding&rft.atitle=%22I+hear+you+knocking%E2%80%A6%22%3A+from+R%26B+to+rock+and+roll&rft.pages=31-67&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203214459-7&rft.isbn=978-0-203-21445-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203214459-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens, R. J. (2018). <i>The Devil's Music: How Christians Inspired, Condemned, and Embraced Rock'n'Roll</i>. Harvard University Press Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edlund-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edlund_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edlund_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edlund, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/arts/not-all-they-were-blogged-up-to-be/33913/">"Not All They Were Blogged Up To Be"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220003717/http://www.nysun.com/arts/not-all-they-were-blogged-up-to-be/33913/">Archived</a> 2011-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The New York Sun</i>. June 6, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7703-the-decade-in-pop/2/">"The Decade in Pop"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301114441/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7703-the-decade-in-pop/2/">Archived</a> 2010-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Pitchfork</i> articles. August 27, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosen-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosen_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosen_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosen, Jody. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2141418/">"The Perils of Poptimism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325034507/http://www.slate.com/id/2141418">Archived</a> 2010-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Slate</i> magazine. May 9, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powers2008-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powers2008_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powers2008_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powers2008_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powers2008_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Powers" title="Ann Powers">Powers, Ann</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-27-ca-pop27-story.html">"Bratty by nature"</a> . <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span></span>. <q>The influential evangelist in question is the YouTuber named Anthony Fantano, 34, who has been speaking album and song reviews directly into a camera for more than a decade on The Needle Drop, his channel with 2.26 million subscribers, making him probably the most popular music critic left standing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Only+Music+Critic+Who+Matters+%28if+You%27re+Under+25%29&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Coscarelli&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F30%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fanthony-fantano-the-needle-drop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-04-23/taylor-swift-s-tortured-poet-s-department-has-too-many-hasty-reviews">"Taylor Swift Is Proof That How We Critique Music Is Broken"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 2024-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Street, <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock</a></i> (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcleod-jones2002-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcleod-jones2002_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2002" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, Kembrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-ViwZnnR3oC&pg=PA96">"Between Rock and a Hard Place: Gender and Rock Criticism"</a>. In Jones, Steve (ed.). <i>Pop Music and the Press</i>. Temple University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566399661" title="Special:BookSources/9781566399661"><bdi>9781566399661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Rock+and+a+Hard+Place%3A+Gender+and+Rock+Criticism&rft.btitle=Pop+Music+and+the+Press&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781566399661&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Kembrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-ViwZnnR3oC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod (2002) at 94, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2007" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Marion (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMtDpy85IC4C&pg=PA67">"Meaning Making in the Press"</a>. <i>Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse, and Girl Power</i>. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754638629" title="Special:BookSources/9780754638629"><bdi>9780754638629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meaning+Making+in+the+Press&rft.btitle=Gender+in+the+Music+Industry%3A+Rock%2C+Discourse%2C+and+Girl+Power&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hampshire%2C+England&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780754638629&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMtDpy85IC4C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorker.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newyorker.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newyorker.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Crawford, Anwen (May 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-world-needs-female-rock-critics">"The World Needs Female Rock Critics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+World+Needs+Female+Rock+Critics&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Anwen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fcultural-comment%2Fthe-world-needs-female-rock-critics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau2003" class="citation book cs1">Christgau, Robert (2003). "A History of Rock Criticism". In Szántó, András; Levy, Daniel S.; Tyndall, Andrew (eds.). <i>National Arts Journalism Program: Reporting the Arts II: News Coverage of Arts and Culture in America</i>. New York: NAJP at Columbia University. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Rock+Criticism&rft.btitle=National+Arts+Journalism+Program%3A+Reporting+the+Arts+II%3A+News+Coverage+of+Arts+and+Culture+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=NAJP+at+Columbia+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Daphne A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.brooks.html">"The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism"</a>. <i>Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwam.0.0002">10.1353/wam.0.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191429506">191429506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+and+Music%3A+A+Journal+of+Gender+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Write+to+Rock%3A+Racial+Mythologies%2C+Feminist+Theory+and+the+Pleasures+of+Rock+Music+Criticism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwam.0.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191429506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Daphne+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fwomen_and_music%2Fv012%2F12.brooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span> (ellipses and internal quotes omitted)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnellPowers1999" class="citation book cs1">McDonnell, Evelyn; Powers, Ann, eds. (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockshewrotewome00mcdo"><i>Rock She Wrote: Women Write about Rock, Pop, and Rap</i></a></span>. New York: Cooper Square Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockshewrotewome00mcdo/page/6">6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+She+Wrote%3A+Women+Write+about+Rock%2C+Pop%2C+and+Rap&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockshewrotewome00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Daphne A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.brooks.html">"The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism"</a>. <i>Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwam.0.0002">10.1353/wam.0.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191429506">191429506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+and+Music%3A+A+Journal+of+Gender+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Write+to+Rock%3A+Racial+Mythologies%2C+Feminist+Theory+and+the+Pleasures+of+Rock+Music+Criticism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwam.0.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191429506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Daphne+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fwomen_and_music%2Fv012%2F12.brooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+journalism" class="Z3988"></span> (ellipses and internal quotes omitted)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Powers" title="Ann Powers">Powers, Ann</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.powers.pdf">"Spy in the House of Love"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130339/https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.powers.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/6px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/8px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/11px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arts_criticism_navigation" title="Template:Arts criticism navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arts_criticism_navigation" title="Template talk:Arts criticism navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arts_criticism_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arts criticism navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arts_criticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_criticism" title="Architecture criticism">Architecture criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_criticism" title="Dance criticism">Dance criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">Film criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_criticism" title="Television criticism">Television criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_criticism" title="Theatre criticism">Theatre criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video game journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Visual art criticism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Feminist</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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