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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Talkies, soundies, and shorts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talkies,_soundies,_and_shorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_popular_music_television_and_promotional_clips:_1960–1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_popular_music_television_and_promotional_clips:_1960–1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Beginnings of popular music television and promotional clips: 1960–1973 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_popular_music_television_and_promotional_clips:_1960–1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974–1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1974–1980 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974–1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981–1991:_Music_videos_go_mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981–1991:_Music_videos_go_mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1981–1991: Music videos go mainstream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981–1991:_Music_videos_go_mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992–2004:_Rise_of_the_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992–2004:_Rise_of_the_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1992–2004: Rise of the directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992–2004:_Rise_of_the_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005–present:_Music_video_downloads_and_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–present:_Music_video_downloads_and_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2005–present: Music video downloads and streaming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–present:_Music_video_downloads_and_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_lo-fi_Internet_music_clips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_lo-fi_Internet_music_clips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Official lo-fi Internet music clips </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_lo-fi_Internet_music_clips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Vertical videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyric_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyric_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Lyric videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyric_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Censorship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Censorship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Commercial release </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_release-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commercial release subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_album" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_album"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Video album </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_album-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_single" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_single"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Video single </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_single-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_music_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_music_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Unofficial music videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_music_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_video_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_video_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Music video stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_video_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_video_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_video_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Music video shows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_video_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Music video</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="موسيقى مصورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى مصورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoclip" title="Videoclip – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Videoclip" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoklip" title="Videoklip – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Videoklip" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoclip" title="Videoclip – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Videoclip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoklip" title="Videoklip – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Videoklip" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikvideo" title="Musikvideo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Musikvideo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikvideo" title="Musikvideo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikvideo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikavideo" title="Muusikavideo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikavideo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoclip" title="Videoclip – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Videoclip" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzikvideo" title="Muzikvideo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzikvideo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideoklip" title="Bideoklip – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bideoklip" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88" title="موزیک ویدئو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موزیک ویدئو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clip" title="Clip – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clip" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideoklip" title="Fideoklip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fideoklip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoclip" title="Videoclip – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Videoclip" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%95%AB" title="音畫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="音畫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%A7%81_%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="뮤직 비디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뮤직 비디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Երաժշտական տեսահոլովակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երաժշտական տեսահոլովակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazbeni_spot" title="Glazbeni spot – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glazbeni spot" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_musik" title="Video musik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Video musik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_musical" title="Video musical – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Video musical" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_musicale" title="Video musicale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Video musicale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4" title="וידאו קליפ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וידאו קליפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D" title="მუსიკალური ვიდეო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუსიკალური ვიდეო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki_wa_video" title="Muziki wa video – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muziki wa video" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museksvideo" title="Museksvideo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Museksvideo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide%C3%B3klip" title="Videóklip – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Videóklip" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Музичко видео – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Музичко видео" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D" title="მუსიკალური ვიდეო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსიკალური ვიდეო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ڤيديو مزيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤيديو مزيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_muzik" title="Video muzik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Video muzik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A9_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯃꯃꯤ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩ ꯏꯁꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯃꯤ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩ ꯏꯁꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoclip" title="Videoclip – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Videoclip" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA" title="ミュージック・ビデオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミュージック・ビデオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkvideo" title="Musikkvideo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikkvideo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkvideo" title="Musikkvideo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Musikkvideo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledysk" title="Teledysk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teledysk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoclipe" title="Videoclipe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Videoclipe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoclip" title="Videoclip – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Videoclip" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Музыкальный видеоклип – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальный видеоклип" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_copa" title="Video copa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Video copa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Music video" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoklip" title="Videoklip – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Videoklip" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="ڤیدیۆکلیپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیدیۆکلیپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dki_spot" title="Muzički spot – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Muzički spot" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dki_spot" title="Muzički spot – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muzički spot" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkivideo" title="Musiikkivideo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musiikkivideo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikvideo" title="Musikvideo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikvideo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="มิวสิกวิดีโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิวสิกวิดีโอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_klip" title="Video klip – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Video klip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF" title="Музичний відеокліп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музичний відеокліп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_%C3%A2m_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Video âm nhạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Video âm nhạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%94%BB" title="音画 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%90_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4" title="ווידעא קליפ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווידעא קליפ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E9%8C%84%E5%83%8F" title="音樂錄像 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音樂錄像" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klib%C3%AA_videoy" title="Klibê videoy – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Klibê videoy" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E9%8C%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%B8%B6" title="音樂錄影帶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音樂錄影帶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> 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title="Video">video</a> that integrates a <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">album</a> with imagery that is produced for <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">promotional</a> or musical <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a> purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a music <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> device intended to promote the sale of <a href="/wiki/Music_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Music recording">music recordings</a>. These videos are typically shown on <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">music television</a> and on streaming video sites like <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, or more rarely shown theatrically. They can be commercially issued on home video, either as video albums or video singles. The format has been described by various terms including "<a href="/wiki/Illustrated_song" title="Illustrated song">illustrated song</a>", "filmed insert", "promotional (promo) film", "promotional clip", "promotional video", "song video", "song clip", "film clip", "video clip", or simply "video". While <a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">musical short films</a> were popular as soon as recorded sound was introduced to theatrical film screenings in the 1920s, the music video rose to prominence in the 1980s when American pay-TV channel <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> based its format around the medium. Music videos use a wide range of styles and contemporary video-making techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">live-action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a>, and non-narrative approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Non-narrative_film" title="Non-narrative film">abstract film</a>. Combining these styles and techniques has become more popular due to the variety for the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the song's <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>, while others take a more thematic approach. Other music videos may not have any concept, being only a filmed version of the song's live <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a> performance.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:120%; background:lavender;">Development of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">music video</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_song" title="Illustrated song">Illustrated song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundie" title="Soundie">Soundie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scopitone" title="Scopitone">Scopitone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinebox" title="Cinebox">Cinebox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">Insert</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;background:#f5f5f5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literal_music_video" title="Literal music video">Literal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio-to-video_synchronization" title="Audio-to-video synchronization">Audio-to-video sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_dub" title="Lip dub">Lip dub</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_Concert_Hall" title="Video Concert Hall">Video Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_video" title="Template:Music video"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_video" title="Template talk:Music video"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_video" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music video"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1894, <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> publishers <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward B. Marks">Edward B. Marks</a> and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various artists to promote sales of their song "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Lost_Child" title="The Little Lost Child">The Little Lost Child</a>".<a href="#cite_note-music_video_1900_style_on_PBS_Kids_Go!-2">[2]</a> Using a <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">magic lantern</a>, Thomas projected a series of still images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a popular form of entertainment known as the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_song" title="Illustrated song">illustrated song</a>, the first step toward music video.<a href="#cite_note-music_video_1900_style_on_PBS_Kids_Go!-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talkies,_soundies,_and_shorts">Talkies, soundies, and shorts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Talkies, soundies, and shorts">edit</a>]</div> With the arrival of "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkies</a>" many <a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">musical short films</a> were produced. <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> shorts (produced by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>) featured many bands, vocalists, and dancers. Animation artist <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a> introduced a series of sing-along short cartoons called <a href="/wiki/Screen_Songs" title="Screen Songs">Screen Songs</a>, which invited audiences to sing along to popular songs by "following the bouncing ball", which is similar to a modern karaoke machine. Early cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on camera in live-action segments during the <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> created <a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision discs</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Betty_Bolton" title="Betty Bolton">Betty Bolton</a> and other singers from the 1930s. The early animated films by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Silly_Symphony" title="Silly Symphony">Silly Symphonies</a> shorts and especially <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a>, which featured several interpretations of classical pieces, were built around music. The <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> cartoons, even today billed as <a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merrie_Melodies" title="Merrie Melodies">Merrie Melodies</a>, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Bros. <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical films</a>. Live-action musical shorts, featuring such popular artists as <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, were also distributed to theaters.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> appeared in a two-reel short film called <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues_(1929_film)" title="St. Louis Blues (1929 film)">St. Louis Blues</a> featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soundies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundies">Soundies</a>, produced and released for the <a href="/wiki/Panoram" title="Panoram">Panoram</a> film jukebox, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Musician <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a> made short films for his songs, some of which were spliced together into a feature film, Lookout Sister. These films were, according to music historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Clarke_(writer)" title="Donald Clarke (writer)">Donald Clarke</a>, the "ancestors" of music video.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Movie_Trailer_Screenshot_(36).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Movie_Trailer_Screenshot_%2836%29.jpg/220px-Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Movie_Trailer_Screenshot_%2836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Movie_Trailer_Screenshot_%2836%29.jpg/330px-Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Movie_Trailer_Screenshot_%2836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Movie_Trailer_Screenshot_%2836%29.jpg/440px-Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Movie_Trailer_Screenshot_%2836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Musicals of the 1950s led to short-form music videos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical films</a> were another important precursor to a music video, and several well-known music videos have imitated the style of classic Hollywood musicals from the 1930s–50s. One of the best-known examples is <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna's</a> 1985 video for "<a href="/wiki/Material_Girl" title="Material Girl">Material Girl</a>" (directed by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lambert_(director)" title="Mary Lambert (director)">Mary Lambert</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> which was closely modelled on <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cole_(choreographer)" title="Jack Cole (choreographer)">Jack Cole</a>'s staging of "<a href="/wiki/Diamonds_Are_a_Girl%27s_Best_Friend" title="Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend">Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend</a>" from the film <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1953_film)" title="Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film)">Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</a>. Several of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s videos show the unmistakable influence of the dance sequences in classic Hollywood musicals, including the landmark "<a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Thriller</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>-directed "<a href="/wiki/Bad_(Michael_Jackson_song)" title="Bad (Michael Jackson song)">Bad</a>", which was influenced by the stylized dance "fights" in the film version of <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> According to the Internet Accuracy Project, <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJ</a>/singer J. P. "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bopper" title="The Big Bopper">The Big Bopper</a>" Richardson was the first to coin the phrase "music video", in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In his autobiography, Tony Bennett claims to have created "...the first music video" when he was filmed walking along the <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_(lake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine (lake)">Serpentine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a>, with the resulting clip being set to his recording of the song "<a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_Paradise_(song)" title="Stranger in Paradise (song)">Stranger in Paradise</a>".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The clip was sent to UK and US television stations and aired on shows including <a href="/wiki/Dick_Clark" title="Dick Clark">Dick Clark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Bandstand" title="American Bandstand">American Bandstand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The oldest example of a promotional music video with similarities to more abstract, modern videos seems to be the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakian</a> "Dáme si do bytu" ("We´ll put in the apartment") created and directed by <a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Rychman" title="Ladislav Rychman">Ladislav Rychman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_popular_music_television_and_promotional_clips:_1960–1973">Beginnings of popular music television and promotional clips: 1960–1973</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginnings of popular music television and promotional clips: 1960–1973">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1950s<a href="#cite_note-Almind-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Scopitone" title="Scopitone">Scopitone</a>, a visual jukebox, was introduced in France and short films were produced by many French artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg" title="Serge Gainsbourg">Serge Gainsbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Hardy" title="Françoise Hardy">Françoise Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dutronc" title="Jacques Dutronc">Jacques Dutronc</a>, and the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brel" title="Jacques Brel">Jacques Brel</a> to accompany their songs. Its use spread to other countries, and similar machines such as the Cinebox in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Color-sonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Color-sonic">Color-sonic</a> in the U.S. were patented.<a href="#cite_note-Almind-14">[14]</a> In 1961, for the Canadian-produced show <a href="/wiki/Singalong_Jubilee" title="Singalong Jubilee">Singalong Jubilee</a>, Manny Pittson began pre-recording the music audio, went on-location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip-synching, then edited the audio and video together. Most music numbers were taped in-studio on stage, and the location shoot "videos" were to add variety.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anger" title="Kenneth Anger">Kenneth Anger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental</a> short film, <a href="/wiki/Scorpio_Rising_(film)" title="Scorpio Rising (film)">Scorpio Rising</a> used popular songs instead of dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On 1 January 1964, <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Stewart" title="Johnnie Stewart">Johnnie Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Dorfman" title="Stanley Dorfman">Stanley Dorfman</a> created the British <a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">chart</a> music television series <a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a>, which they produced in tandem and directed in weekly rotation until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Humphries-2013-17">[17]</a> The show's format created a demand for frequent studio appearances by renowned British and US artists at short notice, as the charts came out on Tuesday mornings and the show was taped live on Thursdays. Coupled with the artists busy touring schedules and subsequent requests from broadcasters in Europe and America to showcase popular British acts, ultimately prompted the production of pre-recorded or filmed inserts referred to as "promotional videos." These videos served as substitutes for live performances by the artists and played a pivotal role in the development of the music video genre.<a href="#cite_note-Humphries-2013a-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riefe-2016a-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reed-2002a-20">[20]</a> During the early stages of the show's introduction in 1964, when alternative footage was unavailable, Dorfman and Stewart resorted to capturing footage of the enthusiastic audience dancing. However, a significant change took place in October 1964 when a decision was made to occasionally introduce a <a href="/wiki/Dance_troupe" title="Dance troupe">dance troupe</a> with choreographed routines for specific tracks. This addition brought a new dynamic to the show, enhancing its visual appeal and diversifying the entertainment value for viewers.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> One notable example was the video for <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>'s song '<a href="/wiki/Oh,_Pretty_Woman" title="Oh, Pretty Woman">Oh Pretty Woman</a>', which Dorfman filmed and directed in the rooftop garden of London's Kensington-based <a href="/wiki/Derry_%26_Toms" title="Derry & Toms">Derry and Toms</a> department store on 19 October 1964 as a visual accompaniment to the song. It subsequently aired on Top of the Pops on 22 October, 29, as well as 12 November and 19."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> By the 1970s, Top of the Pops had an average weekly viewership of 12,500,000 people, had solidified its status as the premier international platform for artists launching new records at the time,<a href="#cite_note-Hull_Daily_Mail-1970-24">[24]</a> had firmly established the significance of promotional film clips as a crucial tool for promoting the careers of emerging artists and generating buzz for new releases by established acts, and was significant in developing and popularizing what would later become the music video genre across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-Riefe-2016a-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reed-2002a-20">[20]</a> In 1964, <a href="/wiki/The_Moody_Blues" title="The Moody Blues">The Moody Blues</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Alex_Wharton" title="Alex Wharton">Alex Murray</a> wanted to promote his version of "<a href="/wiki/Go_Now" title="Go Now">Go Now</a>". The short film clip he produced and directed to promote the single has a striking visual style that predates <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen's</a> similar "<a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody" title="Bohemian Rhapsody">Bohemian Rhapsody</a>" video by a full decade[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. It also predates what <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> did with promotional films of their single "<a href="/wiki/Paperback_Writer" title="Paperback Writer">Paperback Writer</a>" and B-Side "<a href="/wiki/Rain_(The_Beatles_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain (The Beatles song)">Rain</a>", both released in 1966.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also in 1964, the Beatles starred in their first feature film, <a href="/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(film)" title="A Hard Day's Night (film)">A Hard Day's Night</a>, directed by US filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lester" title="Richard Lester">Richard Lester</a>. Shot in <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> and presented as a <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mock documentary</a>, it interspersed comedic and dialogue sequences with musical tones. The musical sequences furnished basic templates on which numerous subsequent music videos were modeled. It was the direct model for the successful US TV series <a href="/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)" title="The Monkees (TV series)">The Monkees</a> (1966–1968), which was similarly composed of film segments that were created to accompany various Monkees songs.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-25">[25]</a> The Beatles' second feature, <a href="/wiki/Help!_(film)" title="Help! (film)">Help!</a> (1965), was a much more lavish affair, filmed in color in London and on international locations. The title track sequence, filmed in black-and-white, is arguably one of the prime archetypes of the modern performance-style music video, employing rhythmic cross-cutting, contrasting long shots and close-ups, and infrequent shots and camera angles, such as the shot 50 seconds into the song, in which <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>'s left hand and the neck of his guitar are seen in sharp focus in the foreground while the completely out-of-focus figure of <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> sings in the background.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1965, the Beatles started making promotional clips (then known as "filmed inserts") for distribution and broadcast on Top of the Pops and in different countries—primarily the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>—so they could promote their record releases without having to make in-person appearances. Their first batch of promo films shot in late 1965 (including their then-current single, "<a href="/wiki/Day_Tripper" title="Day Tripper">Day Tripper</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/We_Can_Work_It_Out" title="We Can Work It Out">We Can Work It Out</a>"), were fairly straightforward mimed-in-studio performance pieces (albeit sometimes in silly sets) and meant to blend in fairly seamlessly with television shows like Top of the Pops and <a href="/wiki/Hullabaloo_(TV_series)" title="Hullabaloo (TV series)">Hullabaloo</a>. By the time the Beatles stopped touring in late 1966, their promotional films, like their recordings, had become highly sophisticated. In May 1966 they filmed two sets of colour promotional clips for their current single "<a href="/wiki/Rain_(The_Beatles_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain (The Beatles song)">Rain</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Paperback_Writer" title="Paperback Writer">Paperback Writer</a>" all directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lindsay-Hogg" title="Michael Lindsay-Hogg">Michael Lindsay-Hogg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> who went on to direct <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Rock_and_Roll_Circus" title="The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus">The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus</a> and the Beatles' final film, <a href="/wiki/Let_It_Be_(1970_film)" title="Let It Be (1970 film)">Let It Be</a>. It aired on Top of the Pops on 2 June.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The colour promotional clips for "<a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Fields_Forever#Promotional_film" title="Strawberry Fields Forever">Strawberry Fields Forever</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Penny_Lane" title="Penny Lane">Penny Lane</a>", made in early 1967 and directed by Peter Goldman,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> took the promotional film format to a new level. They used techniques borrowed from underground and avant-garde film, including reversed film and slow motion, dramatic lighting, unusual camera angles, and colour filtering added in post-production. At the end of 1967 the group released their third film, the one hour, made-for-television project <a href="/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour_(film)" title="Magical Mystery Tour (film)">Magical Mystery Tour</a>; it was written and directed by the group and first broadcast on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> on <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> 1967. Although poorly received at the time for lacking a narrative structure, it showed the group to be adventurous music filmmakers in their own right.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrailerUSHelp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TrailerUSHelp.jpg/220px-TrailerUSHelp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TrailerUSHelp.jpg/330px-TrailerUSHelp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TrailerUSHelp.jpg/440px-TrailerUSHelp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The Beatles in Help!</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert films</a> were being released in the mid-1960s, at least as early as 1964, with the <a href="/wiki/T.A.M.I._Show" title="T.A.M.I. Show">T.A.M.I. Show</a>. The monochrome 1965 clip for <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Homesick_Blues" title="Subterranean Homesick Blues">Subterranean Homesick Blues</a>" filmed by <a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a> was featured in Pennebaker's Dylan film documentary <a href="/wiki/Dont_Look_Back" title="Dont Look Back">Dont Look Back</a>. Eschewing any attempt to simulate performance or present a narrative, the clip shows Dylan standing in a city back alley, silently shuffling a series of large cue cards (bearing key words from the song's lyrics). Besides the Beatles, many other British artists made "filmed inserts" so they could be screened on TV when the bands were not available to appear live. <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a> featured in several promotional clips, beginning with their 1965 clip for "<a href="/wiki/I_Can%27t_Explain" title="I Can't Explain">I Can't Explain</a>". Their plot clip for "<a href="/wiki/Happy_Jack_(song)" title="Happy Jack (song)">Happy Jack</a>" (1966) shows the band acting like a gang of thieves. The promo film to "<a href="/wiki/Call_Me_Lightning_(song)" title="Call Me Lightning (song)">Call Me Lightning</a>" (1968) tells a story of how drummer <a href="/wiki/Keith_Moon" title="Keith Moon">Keith Moon</a> came to join the group: The other three band members are having tea inside what looks like an abandoned hangar when suddenly a "bleeding box" arrives, out of which jumps a fast-running, time lapse, Moon that the other members subsequently try to get a hold of in a sped-up slapstick chasing sequence to wind him down. <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> produced promotional films for their songs, including "<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco:_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco: Film">San Francisco: Film</a>", directed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stern" title="Anthony Stern">Anthony Stern</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_(Pink_Floyd_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow (Pink Floyd song)">Scarecrow</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Arnold_Layne" title="Arnold Layne">Arnold Layne</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Overdrive" title="Interstellar Overdrive">Interstellar Overdrive</a>", the latter directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitehead_(filmmaker)" title="Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)">Peter Whitehead</a>, who also made several pioneering clips for <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> between 1966 and 1968. <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a> made one of the first "<a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a>" promotional clips for a song. For their single "<a href="/wiki/Dead_End_Street_(song)" title="Dead End Street (song)">Dead End Street</a>" (1966) a miniature comic movie was made. The BBC reportedly refused to air the clip because it was considered to be in "poor taste".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Rolling Stones appeared in many promotional clips for their songs in the 1960s. In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitehead_(filmmaker)" title="Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)">Peter Whitehead</a> directed two promo clips for their single "<a href="/wiki/Have_You_Seen_Your_Mother,_Baby,_Standing_In_The_Shadow%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing In The Shadow?">Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing In The Shadow?</a>"<a href="#cite_note-mvdbase.com-30">[30]</a> In 1967, Whitehead directed a plot clip colour promo clip for the Stones single "<a href="/wiki/We_Love_You" title="We Love You">We Love You</a>", which first aired in August 1967.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> This clip featured sped-up footage of the group recording in the studio, intercut with a mock trial that clearly alludes to the drug prosecutions of <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a> underway at that time. Jagger's girlfriend <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull" title="Marianne Faithfull">Marianne Faithfull</a> appears in the trial scenes and presents the "judge" (Richards) with what may be the infamous fur rug that had featured so prominently in the press reports of the drug bust at Richards' house in early 1967. When it is pulled back, it reveals an apparently naked Jagger with chains around his ankles. The clip concludes with scenes of the Stones in the studio intercut with footage that had previously been used in the "concert version" promo clip for "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby". The group also filmed a color promo clip for the song "<a href="/wiki/2000_Light_Years_from_Home" title="2000 Light Years from Home">2000 Light Years from Home</a>" (from their album <a href="/wiki/Their_Satanic_Majesties_Request" title="Their Satanic Majesties Request">Their Satanic Majesties Request</a>) directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lindsay-Hogg" title="Michael Lindsay-Hogg">Michael Lindsay-Hogg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mvdbase.com-30">[30]</a> In 1968, Michael Lindsay-Hogg directed three clips for their single "<a href="/wiki/Jumpin%27_Jack_Flash" title="Jumpin' Jack Flash">Jumpin' Jack Flash</a>" / "Child Of The Moon"—a color clip for "Child Of The Moon" and two different clips for "Jumpin' Jack Flash". In 1968, they collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> on the film <a href="/wiki/Sympathy_for_the_Devil_(1968_film)" title="Sympathy for the Devil (1968 film)">Sympathy for the Devil</a>, which mixed Godard's politics with documentary footage of the song's evolution during recording sessions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Sinatra" title="Nancy Sinatra">Nancy Sinatra</a> filmed a clip for her song "<a href="/wiki/These_Boots_Are_Made_for_Walkin%27" title="These Boots Are Made for Walkin'">These Boots Are Made for Walkin'</a>". <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a> appeared in promotional clips, such as his 1968 hit, "Walk On".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> During late 1972–73, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a> featured in a series of promotional films: "<a href="/wiki/Elected_(song)" title="Elected (song)">Elected</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Hello_Hooray" title="Hello Hooray">Hello Hooray</a>", "No More Mr. Nice Guy" and "<a href="/wiki/Teenage_Lament_%2774" title="Teenage Lament '74">Teenage Lament '74</a>". Also during late 1972–73, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> featured in a series of promotional films directed by pop photographer <a href="/wiki/Mick_Rock" title="Mick Rock">Mick Rock</a>, who worked extensively with Bowie in this period. Rock directed and edited four clips to promote four consecutive David Bowie singles—"<a href="/wiki/John,_I%27m_Only_Dancing" title="John, I'm Only Dancing">John, I'm Only Dancing</a>" (May 1972), "<a href="/wiki/The_Jean_Genie" title="The Jean Genie">The Jean Genie</a>" (November 1972), the December 1972 US re-release of "<a href="/wiki/Space_Oddity" title="Space Oddity">Space Oddity</a>" and the 1973 release of the single "<a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars?">Life on Mars?</a>" (lifted from Bowie's earlier album <a href="/wiki/Hunky_Dory" title="Hunky Dory">Hunky Dory</a>). The clip for "John, I'm Only Dancing" was made with a budget of just <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>200 and filmed at the afternoon rehearsal for Bowie's <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Theatre" title="Rainbow Theatre">Rainbow Theatre</a> concert on August 19, 1972. It shows Bowie and band mimicking to the record intercut with footage of the <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Kemp" title="Lindsay Kemp">Lindsay Kemp</a> mime troupe, dancing on stage and behind a back-lit screen. The clip was turned down by the BBC, who reportedly found the homosexual overtones of the film distasteful; accordingly, Top of the Pops replaced it with footage of bikers and a dancer.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The "Jean Genie" clip, produced for just US$350, was shot in one day and edited in less than two days. It intercuts footage of Bowie and band in concert with contrasting footage of the group in a photographic studio, wearing black stage outfits, and standing against a white background. It also includes location footage with Bowie and <a href="/wiki/Cyrinda_Foxe" title="Cyrinda Foxe">Cyrinda Foxe</a> (a MainMan employee and a friend of David and <a href="/wiki/Angie_Bowie" title="Angie Bowie">Angie Bowie</a>) shot in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> outside the famous <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Hotel">Mars Hotel</a>, with Fox posing provocatively in the street while Bowie lounges against the wall, smoking.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Country music also picked up on the trend of promotional film clips to publicize songs. Sam Lovullo, the producer of the television series <a href="/wiki/Hee_Haw" title="Hee Haw">Hee Haw</a>, explained his show presented "what were, in reality, the first musical videos",<a href="#cite_note-Lovullo-35">[35]</a> while JMI Records made the same claim with <a href="/wiki/Don_Williams" title="Don Williams">Don Williams</a>' 1973 song "<a href="/wiki/The_Shelter_of_Your_Eyes" title="The Shelter of Your Eyes">The Shelter of Your Eyes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Millard-36">[36]</a> Country music historian Bob Millard wrote that JMI had pioneered the country music video concept by "producing a 3-minute film" to go along with Williams' song.<a href="#cite_note-Millard-36">[36]</a> Lovullo said his videos were conceptualized by having the show's staff go to nearby rural areas and film animals and farmers, before editing the footage to fit the storyline of a particular song. "The video material was a very workable production item for the show," he wrote. "It provided picture stories for songs. However, some of our guests felt the videos took attention away from their live performances, which they hoped would promote record sales. If they had a hit song, they didn't want to play it under comic barnyard footage." The concept's mixed reaction eventually spelled an end to the "video" concept on Hee Haw.<a href="#cite_note-Lovullo-35">[35]</a> Promotional films of country music songs, however, continued to be produced.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1974, the band <a href="/wiki/Sparks_(band)" title="Sparks (band)">Sparks</a> made a promotional video for their song "<a href="/wiki/This_Town_Ain%27t_Big_Enough_for_Both_of_Us" title="This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us">This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us</a>".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974–1980">1974–1980</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1974–1980">edit</a>]</div> The Australian TV shows <a href="/wiki/Countdown_(Australian_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Countdown (Australian TV series)">Countdown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sounds_(Australian_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounds (Australian TV series)">Sounds</a>, both of which premiered in 1974, followed in the steps of the UK's Top of the Pops and were significant in developing and popularizing what would later become the music video genre in Australia and other countries, and in establishing the importance of promotional film clips as a means of promoting both emerging acts and new releases by established acts. In early 1974, former radio DJ <a href="/wiki/Graham_Webb_(Australian_broadcaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Webb (Australian broadcaster)">Graham Webb</a> launched a weekly teen-oriented TV music show which screened on <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ATN-7" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN-7">ATN-7</a> on Saturday mornings; this was renamed Sounds Unlimited in 1975 and later shortened simply to Sounds. In need of material for the show, Webb approached Seven newsroom staffer <a href="/wiki/Russell_Mulcahy" title="Russell Mulcahy">Russell Mulcahy</a> and asked him to shoot film footage to accompany popular songs for which there were no purpose-made clips (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nilsson" title="Harry Nilsson">Harry Nilsson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Talkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Everybody's Talkin">Everybody's Talkin</a>"). Using this method, Webb and Mulcahy assembled a collection of about 25 clips for the show. The success of his early efforts encouraged Mulcahy to quit his TV job and become a full-time director, and he made clips for several popular Australian acts including <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(band)" title="Stylus (band)">Stylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Hines" title="Marcia Hines">Marcia Hines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hush_(band)" title="Hush (band)">Hush</a> and <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smh.com.au-38">[38]</a> As it gained popularity, Countdown talent coordinator <a href="/wiki/Ian_%22Molly%22_Meldrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian "Molly" Meldrum">Ian "Molly" Meldrum</a> and producer Michael Shrimpton quickly realized that "film clips" were becoming an important new commodity in music marketing. Despite the show's minuscule budget, Countdown's original director <a href="/wiki/Paul_Drane" title="Paul Drane">Paul Drane</a> was able to create several memorable music videos especially for the show, including the classic film-clips for the AC/DC hits "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Long_Way_to_the_Top_(If_You_Wanna_Rock_%27n%27_Roll)" title="It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)">It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Jailbreak_(AC/DC_song)" title="Jailbreak (AC/DC song)">Jailbreak</a>".<a href="#cite_note-smh.com.au-38">[38]</a> After relocating to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> in the mid-1970s, Mulcahy made successful promo films for several noted British pop acts—his early UK credits included <a href="/wiki/XTC_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="XTC (band)">XTC</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Making_Plans_for_Nigel" title="Making Plans for Nigel">Making Plans for Nigel</a>" (1979) and his landmark video clip for <a href="/wiki/The_Buggles" title="The Buggles">The Buggles</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Video_Killed_the_Radio_Star" title="Video Killed the Radio Star">Video Killed the Radio Star</a>" (1979), which became the first music video played on <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> in 1981. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_@_United_Center,_Chicago_6-19-2014_(14486803126).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queen_%40_United_Center%2C_Chicago_6-19-2014_%2814486803126%29.jpg/220px-Queen_%40_United_Center%2C_Chicago_6-19-2014_%2814486803126%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queen_%40_United_Center%2C_Chicago_6-19-2014_%2814486803126%29.jpg/330px-Queen_%40_United_Center%2C_Chicago_6-19-2014_%2814486803126%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queen_%40_United_Center%2C_Chicago_6-19-2014_%2814486803126%29.jpg/440px-Queen_%40_United_Center%2C_Chicago_6-19-2014_%2814486803126%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Footage of <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody#Promotional_video" title="Bohemian Rhapsody">"Bohemian Rhapsody" music video</a> during a Queen + Adam Lambert concert at the <a href="/wiki/United_Center" title="United Center">United Center</a>, Chicago</figcaption></figure> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> employed <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gowers" title="Bruce Gowers">Bruce Gowers</a> to make a promotional <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> to show their new single "<a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody" title="Bohemian Rhapsody">Bohemian Rhapsody</a>" on the BBC music series <a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a>. According to rock historian Paul Fowles, the song is "widely credited as the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy".<a href="#cite_note-Fowles-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> has said of "Bohemian Rhapsody": "Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven [sic] years before MTV went on the air."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> At the end of the 1970s, the broadcasting of music videos on television became more and more regular, in several countries. The music videos were, for example, broadcast in weekly music programs or inserted into various programs. In the United States, for example, on terrestrial networks at the end of the 1970s, music videos were sometimes broadcast on music shows: The Midnight Special, Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, and occasionally on certain talk shows.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A worldwide pioneer in programs that only transmitted rock and pop music video clips was the Peruvian program Disco Club, hosted by the Peruvian musician Gerardo Manuel, which began its transmission on the Peruvian state channel (Channel 7 of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Perú">Perú</a> in free-to-air TV) in June 1978, three years before the appearance of MTV. Initially, it was only broadcast on Saturdays at 7 p.m. , but due to acceptance, in November of that same year it began to be broadcast every day. <a href="/wiki/Video_Concert_Hall" title="Video Concert Hall">Video Concert Hall</a>, created by Jerry Crowe and <a href="/wiki/C.W._Henderson" title="C.W. Henderson">Charles Henderson</a> and launched on November 1, 1979, was the first nationwide video music programming on American cable television, predating MTV by almost two years.<a href="#cite_note-ATL_firm-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-King-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werts-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denisoff-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Cable Network</a> program <a href="/wiki/Night_Flight_(TV_series)" title="Night Flight (TV series)">Night Flight</a> was one of the first American programs to showcase these videos as an art form. In 1980, the music video to <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Ashes to Ashes (David Bowie song)">Ashes to Ashes</a>" became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos" title="List of most expensive music videos">most expensive ever made</a>, having a production cost of $582,000 (equivalent to $2.15 million in 2023), the first music video to have a production cost of over $500,000.<a href="#cite_note-Strange_Fascination-46">[46]</a> The video was made in <a href="/wiki/Solarization_(photography)" title="Solarization (photography)">solarized</a> color with stark black-and-white scenes and was filmed in different locations, including a padded room and a rocky shore.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The video became one of the most iconic ever made at the time, and its complex nature is seen as significant in the evolution of the music video. The same year, New Zealander group <a href="/wiki/Split_Enz" title="Split Enz">Split Enz</a> had major success with the single "<a href="/wiki/I_Got_You_(Split_Enz_song)" title="I Got You (Split Enz song)">I Got You</a>" and the album <a href="/wiki/True_Colours_(Split_Enz_album)" title="True Colours (Split Enz album)">True Colours</a>, and later that year they produced a complete set of promo clips for each song on the album (directed by their percussionist, <a href="/wiki/Noel_Crombie" title="Noel Crombie">Noel Crombie</a>) and to market these on videocassette. This was followed a year later by the video album, <a href="/wiki/The_Completion_Backward_Principle" title="The Completion Backward Principle">The Completion Backward Principle</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Tubes" title="The Tubes">The Tubes</a>, directed by the group's keyboard player, Michael Cotten, which included two videos directed by Russell Mulcahy ("Talk to Ya Later" and "Don't Want to Wait Anymore").<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Among the first music videos were clips produced by <a href="/wiki/The_Monkees" title="The Monkees">ex-Monkee</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nesmith" title="Michael Nesmith">Michael Nesmith</a>, who started making short musical films for <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-25">[25]</a> In 1981, he released <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Parts" title="Elephant Parts">Elephant Parts</a>, the first winner of a <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> for music video, directed by William Dear. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard magazine">Billboard</a> credits<a href="#cite_note-ATL_firm-42">[42]</a> the independently produced <a href="/wiki/Video_Concert_Hall" title="Video Concert Hall">Video Concert Hall</a> as being the first with nationwide video music programming on American television.<a href="#cite_note-King-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werts-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denisoff-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981–1991:_Music_videos_go_mainstream">1981–1991: Music videos go mainstream</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1981–1991: Music videos go mainstream">edit</a>]</div> In 1981, the U.S. video channel <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> launched, airing "<a href="/wiki/Video_Killed_the_Radio_Star" title="Video Killed the Radio Star">Video Killed the Radio Star</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Buggles" title="The Buggles">The Buggles</a> and beginning an era of 24-hour-a-day music on television. With this new outlet for material, the music video would, by the mid-1980s, grow to play a central role in popular music marketing. Many important acts of this period, most notably <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants" title="Adam and the Ants">Adam and the Ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>, owed a great deal of their success to the skillful construction and seductive appeal of their videos. Two key innovations in the development of the modern music video were the development of relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> recording and editing equipment, and the development of visual effects created with techniques such as image <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">compositing</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The advent of high-quality color videotape recorders and portable video cameras coincided with the DIY ethos of the <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> era,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] enabling many pop acts to produce promotional videos quickly and cheaply, in comparison to the relatively high costs of using film. However, as the genre developed, <a href="/wiki/Music_video_director" title="Music video director">music video directors</a> increasingly turned to 35mm film as the preferred medium, while others mixed film and video. During the 1980s, music videos had become de rigueur for most recording artists. The phenomenon was famously parodied by <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television comedy program <a href="/wiki/Not_The_Nine_O%27Clock_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Not The Nine O'Clock News">Not The Nine O'Clock News</a> who produced a spoof music video "Nice Video, Shame About The Song" (the title was a spoof of a recent pop hit "Nice Legs, Shame About Her Face"). In this period, directors and the acts they worked with began to discover and expand the form and style of the genre, using more sophisticated effects in their videos, mixing film and video, and adding a storyline or plot to the music video. Occasionally videos were made in a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>non-representational form, in which the musical artist was not shown. Because music videos are mainly intended to promote the artist, such videos are comparatively rare; three early 1980s examples are <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_(song)" title="Atlantic City (song)">Atlantic City</a>", directed by Arnold Levine, <a href="/wiki/David_Mallet_(director)" title="David Mallet (director)">David Mallet</a>'s video for <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Under_Pressure" title="Under Pressure">Under Pressure</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Emes" title="Ian Emes">Ian Emes</a>' video for <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Chauffeur" title="The Chauffeur">The Chauffeur</a>". One notable later example of the non-representational style is Bill Konersman's innovative 1987 video for <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sign_o%27_the_Times_(song)" title="Sign o' the Times (song)">Sign o' the Times</a>"<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> – influenced by Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues" clip, it featured only the text of the song's lyrics. In the early 1980s, music videos also began to discover political and social themes. Examples include the music videos for <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie's</a> "<a href="/wiki/China_Girl_(song)" title="China Girl (song)">China Girl</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Let's Dance (David Bowie song)">Let's Dance</a>" (1983) which both discussed race issues.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In a 1983 interview, Bowie spoke about the importance of using music videos in addressing social issues, "Let's try to use the video format as a platform for some kind of social observation, and not just waste it on trotting out and trying to enhance the public image of the singer involved".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1983, one of the most successful, influential and iconic music videos of all time was released: the nearly 14-minute-long video for <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Thriller</a>", directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a>. The video set new standards for production, having cost US $800,000 to film.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The video for "Thriller", along with earlier videos by Jackson for his songs "<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Beat_It" title="Beat It">Beat It</a>", were instrumental in getting music videos by <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> artists played on MTV. Prior to Jackson's success, videos by African-American artists were rarely played on MTV: according to MTV, this was because it initially conceived itself as a rock-music-oriented channel, although musician <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a> was outspoken in his criticism of the cable channel, claiming in 1983 that MTV's refusal to air the music video for his song "<a href="/wiki/Super_Freak" title="Super Freak">Super Freak</a>" and clips by other African-American performers was "blatant racism".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> British rock singer David Bowie had also recently lashed out against MTV during an interview that he did with them prior to the release of "Thriller", stating that he was "floored" by how much MTV neglected black artists, bringing attention to how videos by the "few black artists that one does see" only appeared on MTV between 2:00 a.m. until 6:00 a.m. when nobody was watching.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> MTV also influences music video shows aired on other American TV channels, such as: Friday Night Videos, launched in 1983 on the terrestrial network NBC and MV3 launched in 1982. On March 5, 1983, <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Music Television">Country Music Television</a> (CMT), was launched,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> created and founded by Glenn D. Daniels and uplinked from the Video World Productions facility in <a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee" title="Hendersonville, Tennessee">Hendersonville, Tennessee</a>. The <a href="/wiki/MuchMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="MuchMusic">MuchMusic</a> video channel was launched in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 1984. In 1984, MTV also launched the <a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards" title="MTV Video Music Awards">MTV Video Music Awards</a> (later to be known as the VMAs), an annual awards event that would come to underscore MTV's importance in the music industry. The inaugural event rewarded <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award" title="Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award">Video Vanguard Award</a> for their work in pioneering the music video. In 1985, MTV's Viacom (currently Paramount) launched the channel <a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a> (then known as "VH-1: Video Hits One"), featuring softer music, and meant to cater to the slightly older baby-boomer demographic who were out-growing MTV. Internationally, <a href="/wiki/MTV_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Europe">MTV Europe</a> was launched in 1987, and <a href="/wiki/MTV_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Asia">MTV Asia</a> in 1991. Another important development in music videos was the launch of <a href="/wiki/The_Chart_Show" title="The Chart Show">The Chart Show</a> on the UK's <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> in 1986. This was a program that composed entirely of music videos (the only outlet many videos had on British TV at the time<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>), with no presenters. Instead, the videos were linked by then state of the art <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>. The show moved to <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> in 1989. The video for the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)" title="Money for Nothing (song)">Money for Nothing</a>" made pioneering use of computer animation, and helped make the song an international hit. The song itself was a wry comment on the music-video phenomenon, sung from the point of view of an appliance deliveryman both drawn to and repelled by the outlandish images and personalities that appeared on MTV. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(Peter_Gabriel_song)" title="Sledgehammer (Peter Gabriel song)">Sledgehammer</a>" used special effects and animation techniques developed by British studio <a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a>. The video for "Sledgehammer" would go on to be a phenomenal success<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and win nine MTV Video Music Awards. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a> released the song "<a href="/wiki/Musique_Non_Stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique Non Stop">Musique Non Stop</a>". The video featured 3D animations of the group. It was a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Allen_(artist)" title="Rebecca Allen (artist)">Rebecca Allen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology" title="New York Institute of Technology">New York Institute of Technology</a> and ran continuously on <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> for a while.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1988, the show <a href="/wiki/Yo!_MTV_Raps" title="Yo! MTV Raps">Yo! MTV Raps</a> introduced; the show helped to bring <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> to a mass audience for the first time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992–2004:_Rise_of_the_directors">1992–2004: Rise of the directors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1992–2004: Rise of the directors">edit</a>]</div> In November 1992, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> began screening videos made by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cunningham" title="Chris Cunningham">Chris Cunningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Gondry" title="Michel Gondry">Michel Gondry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Jonze" title="Spike Jonze">Spike Jonze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floria_Sigismondi" title="Floria Sigismondi">Floria Sigismondi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Sednaoui" title="Stéphane Sednaoui">Stéphane Sednaoui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Romanek" title="Mark Romanek">Mark Romanek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hype_Williams" title="Hype Williams">Hype Williams</a> who all got their start around this time; all brought a unique vision and style to the videos they directed. Some of these directors, including, Gondry, Jonze, Sigismondi,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._Gary_Gray" title="F. Gary Gray">F. Gary Gray</a>, went on to direct feature films. This continued a trend that had begun earlier with directors such as <a href="/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m" title="Lasse Hallström">Lasse Hallström</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>. Two of the videos directed by Romanek in 1995 are notable for being two of the three <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos" title="List of most expensive music videos">most expensive music videos of all time</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_and_Janet_Jackson_song)" title="Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)">Scream</a>", which allegedly cost $7 million to produce, and <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Bedtime_Story_(Madonna_song)" title="Bedtime Story (Madonna song)">Bedtime Story</a>", which cost a reported $5 million. From this, "Scream" is the most expensive video to date. In the mid to late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stern_(director)" title="Walter Stern (director)">Walter Stern</a> directed "<a href="/wiki/Firestarter_(The_Prodigy_song)" title="Firestarter (The Prodigy song)">Firestarter</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">The Prodigy</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_Symphony" title="Bitter Sweet Symphony">Bitter Sweet Symphony</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Verve" title="The Verve">The Verve</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Teardrop_(Massive_Attack_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teardrop (Massive Attack song)">Teardrop</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Massive_Attack" title="Massive Attack">Massive Attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> During this period, MTV launched channels around the world to show music videos produced in each local market: <a href="/wiki/MTV_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Latin America">MTV Latin America</a> in 1993, <a href="/wiki/MTV_India" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV India">MTV India</a> in 1996, and <a href="/wiki/MTV_Mandarin" title="MTV Mandarin">MTV Mandarin</a> in 1997, among others. <a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a>, originally called "M2" and meant to show more alternative and older music videos, debuted in 1996. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Heartbreaker_(Mariah_Carey_song)" title="Heartbreaker (Mariah Carey song)">Heartbreaker</a>" (featuring guest rapper <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a>) became one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos" title="List of most expensive music videos">most expensive ever made</a>, costing over $2.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> From 1991 to 2001, Billboard had its own Music Video Awards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005–present:_Music_video_downloads_and_streaming">2005–present: Music video downloads and streaming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2005–present: Music video downloads and streaming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm/200px--Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="227" data-mwtitle="Spoon「ワンダーランド」【MUSIC_VIDEO】.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm/Spoon%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%90MUSIC_VIDEO%E3%80%91.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A video promoting Spoon's album Spacey Boy and Sadness Girl.</figcaption></figure> The website <a href="/wiki/IFilm" title="IFilm">iFilm</a>, which hosted short videos including music videos, launched in 1997. <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> service which ran between 1999 and 2001, enabled users to share video files, including those for music videos. By the mid-2000s, MTV and many of its sister channels had largely abandoned showing music videos in favor of <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality</a> TV shows, which were more popular with its audiences, and which MTV had itself helped to pioneer with the show <a href="/wiki/The_Real_World_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real World (TV series)">The Real World</a>, which premiered in 1992. 2005 saw the launch of <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, which made the viewing of online video much faster and easier; <a href="/wiki/Google_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Videos">Google Videos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Video">Yahoo! Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>'s video functionality use similar technology. Such websites had a profound effect on the viewing of music videos; some artists began to see success as a result of videos seen mostly or entirely online. The band <a href="/wiki/OK_Go" title="OK Go">OK Go</a> capitalized on the growing trend, having achieved fame through the videos for two of their songs, "<a href="/wiki/A_Million_Ways" title="A Million Ways">A Million Ways</a>" in 2005 and "<a href="/wiki/Here_It_Goes_Again" title="Here It Goes Again">Here It Goes Again</a>" in 2006, both of which first became well-known online (OK Go repeated the trick with another high-concept video in 2010, for their song "<a href="/wiki/This_Too_Shall_Pass_(OK_Go_song)" title="This Too Shall Pass (OK Go song)">This Too Shall Pass</a>"). At its launch, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> provided a section of free music videos in high quality compression to be watched via the iTunes application. More recently the iTunes Store has begun selling music videos for use on Apple's <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> with video playback capability. The 2008 video for <a href="/wiki/Weezer" title="Weezer">Weezer</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Pork_and_Beans_(song)" title="Pork and Beans (song)">Pork and Beans</a>" also captured this trend, by including at least 20 <a href="/wiki/YouTube_celebrities" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube celebrities">YouTube celebrities</a>; the single became the most successful of Weezer's career, in chart performance. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> issued cease-and-desist letters to YouTube users to prevent single users from sharing videos, which are the property of the music labels. After its merger with <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, YouTube assured the RIAA that they would find a way to pay <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> through a bulk agreement with the major record labels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was complicated by the fact that not all labels share the same policy toward music videos: some welcome the development and upload music videos to various online outlets themselves, viewing music videos as free <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> for their artists, while other labels view music videos not as an advertisement, but as the product itself. To further signify the change in direction towards Music Video airplay, MTV officially dropped the Music Television tagline on February 8, 2010 from their logo in response to their increased commitment to non-scripted reality programming and other youth-oriented entertainment rising in prominence on their live broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a>, a music video service launched by several major music publishers, debuted in December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-launch-66">[66]</a> The videos on Vevo are syndicated to YouTube, with <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and Vevo sharing the advertising revenue.<a href="#cite_note-cnetold-67">[67]</a> As of 2017, the most-watched English-language video on YouTube was "<a href="/wiki/Shape_of_You" title="Shape of You">Shape of You</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sheeran" title="Ed Sheeran">Ed Sheeran</a>. As of 2018, the most-watched remix video on YouTube was "<a href="/wiki/Te_Bote" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Bote">Te Bote</a>" by Casper Mágico featuring Nio García, <a href="/wiki/Darell_(rapper)" title="Darell (rapper)">Darell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Jam" title="Nicky Jam">Nicky Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Bunny" title="Bad Bunny">Bad Bunny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ozuna_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozuna (singer)">Ozuna</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_lo-fi_Internet_music_clips">Official lo-fi Internet music clips</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Official lo-fi Internet music clips">edit</a>]</div> Following the shift toward internet broadcasting and the rising popularity of user-generated video sites such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> around 2006, various <a href="/wiki/Independent_filmmakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent filmmakers">independent filmmakers</a> began films recording live sessions to present on the Web. All of these swiftly recorded clips are made with minimal budgets and share similar aesthetics with the <a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">lo-fi music</a> movement of the early nineties. Offering freedom from the increasingly burdensome financial requirements of high-production movie-like clips, it began as the only method for little-known <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">indie music</a> artists to present themselves to a wider audience, but increasingly this approach has been taken up by such major mainstream artists as <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)" title="Tom Jones (singer)">Tom Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertical_videos">Vertical videos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vertical videos">edit</a>]</div> In the late 2010s, some artists began releasing alternative <a href="/wiki/Vertical_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical videos">vertical videos</a> tailored to mobile devices in addition to music videos; these vertical videos are generally platform-exclusive.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> These vertical videos are often shown on <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>'s "Discover" section or within <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> playlists.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Early adopters of vertical video releases include the number-one hits "<a href="/wiki/Havana_(Camila_Cabello_song)" title="Havana (Camila Cabello song)">Havana</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Camila_Cabello" title="Camila Cabello">Camila Cabello</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Girls_Like_You" title="Girls Like You">Girls Like You</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Maroon_5" title="Maroon 5">Maroon 5</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Idontwannabeyouanymore" title="Idontwannabeyouanymore">Idontwannabeyouanymore</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Billie_Eilish" title="Billie Eilish">Billie Eilish</a> is the most-watched vertical video on YouTube. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lyric_videos">Lyric videos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lyric videos">edit</a>]</div> A lyric video is a type of music video in which the <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> to the song are the primary visual element of the video. As such, they can be created with relative ease and often serve as a supplemental video to a more traditional music video. The music video for <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>'s 1986 song "<a href="/wiki/Fall_on_Me_(R.E.M._song)" title="Fall on Me (R.E.M. song)">Fall on Me</a>" interspersed the song's lyrics with abstract film footage. In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> released a video for his song "<a href="/wiki/Sign_o%27_the_Times_(song)" title="Sign o' the Times (song)">Sign o' the Times</a>". The video featured the song's words pulsing to the music, presented alongside abstract geometric shapes, an effect created by Bill Konersman.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The following year, the video for the <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> single "<a href="/wiki/(Nothing_But)_Flowers" title="(Nothing But) Flowers">(Nothing But) Flowers</a>" composed of the song's lyrics superimposed onto or next to members of the band, was released. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a> released "Praying for Time" as a lyric video. He had refused to make a traditional music video, so his label released a simple clip that displayed the song's lyrics on a black screen.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Lyric videos rose to greater prominence in the 2010s, when it became relatively easy for artists to disperse videos through websites such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ew1-74">[74]</a> Many do not feature any visual related to the musician in question, but merely a background with the lyrics appearing over it as they are sung in the song.<a href="#cite_note-ew1-74">[74]</a> In 2011, death metal band Krokmitën released the first lyric video for an entire album, "Alpha-Beta".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The concept album video featured imagery pulsing to the music and stylized typography created by bandleader Simlev. As of 2017, the 2016 song "<a href="/wiki/Closer_(Chainsmokers_song)#Lyric_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Closer (Chainsmokers song)">Closer</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Chainsmokers" title="The Chainsmokers">The Chainsmokers</a>, featuring vocalist <a href="/wiki/Halsey_(singer)" title="Halsey (singer)">Halsey</a>, is the most-watched lyric video on YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship">Censorship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_music_videos" title="Sexuality in music videos">Sexuality in music videos</a></div> As the concept and medium of a music video is a form of artistic expression, artists have been on many occasions censored if their content is deemed offensive. What may be considered offensive will differ in countries due to censorship laws and local customs and ethics. In most cases, the record label will provide and distribute videos edited or provide both censored and uncensored videos for an artist. In some cases, it has been known for music videos to be banned in their entirety as they have been deemed far too offensive to be broadcast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> The first video to be banned by <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> was <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>'s 1982 hit "<a href="/wiki/Body_Language_(Queen_song)" title="Body Language (Queen song)">Body Language</a>". Due to thinly veiled homoerotic undertones plus much skin and sweat (but apparently not enough clothing, save that worn by the fully clothed members of Queen themselves), it was deemed unsuitable for a television audience at the time. However, the channel did air <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a>'s 1981 video for the hit song "<a href="/wiki/Physical_(Olivia_Newton-John_song)" title="Physical (Olivia Newton-John song)">Physical</a>", which lavished camera time on male models working out in string bikinis who spurn her advances, ultimately pairing off to walk to the men's locker rooms holding hands, though the network ended the clip before the overt homosexual "reveal" ending in some airings. The video for "<a href="/wiki/Girls_on_Film" title="Girls on Film">Girls on Film</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, which featured topless women mud wrestling and other depictions of sexual fetishes was banned by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. MTV did air the video, albeit in a heavily edited form. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Branigan" title="Laura Branigan">Laura Branigan</a> initially protested an MTV request to edit her "<a href="/wiki/Self_Control_(Raf_song)#Laura_Branigan_version" title="Self Control (Raf song)">Self Control</a>" video in 1984, but relented when the network refused to air the <a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a>-directed clip, featuring the singer lured through an increasingly debauched, if increasingly stylized, series of nightclubs by a masked man who ultimately takes her to bed. In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/If_I_Could_Turn_Back_Time" title="If I Could Turn Back Time">If I Could Turn Back Time</a>" video (where the singer performs the song in an extremely revealing body suit surrounded by a ship full of cheering sailors) was restricted to late-night broadcasts on MTV. <a href="/wiki/The_Sex_Pistols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sex Pistols">The Sex Pistols</a>' video for "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)" title="God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)">God Save the Queen</a>" was banned by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> for being "in gross bad taste". <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>'s video for "<a href="/wiki/Girls,_Girls,_Girls_(M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe_song)" title="Girls, Girls, Girls (Mötley Crüe song)">Girls, Girls, Girls</a>" was banned by MTV for having completely nude women dancing around the members of the band in a <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip club</a>, although they did produce another version that was accepted by MTV. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight" title="Entertainment Tonight">Entertainment Tonight</a> ran a segment on censorship and "Rock Video Violence". The episode explored the impact of <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> rock video violence on the youth of the early 1980s. Excerpts from the music videos of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Earring" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(band)" title="Kansas (band)">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Idol" title="Billy Idol">Billy Idol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Benatar" title="Pat Benatar">Pat Benatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> were shown. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Radecki" title="Thomas Radecki">Thomas Radecki</a> of the National Coalition on TV Violence was interviewed accusing the fledgling rock video business of excessive violence. <a href="/wiki/Night_Tracks" title="Night Tracks">Night Tracks</a>' producer Tom Lynch weighed in on the effects of the video violence controversy. Recording artists <a href="/wiki/John_Mellencamp" title="John Mellencamp">John Cougar Mellencamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Simmons" title="Gene Simmons">Gene Simmons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stanley" title="Paul Stanley">Paul Stanley</a> of Kiss, along with directors Dominic Orlando and <a href="/wiki/Julien_Temple" title="Julien Temple">Julien Temple</a>, provided a defense of their work. The episode's conclusion was that the controversy will continue to grow. Some artists have used censorship as a publicity tool. In the 1980s, the show Top of the Pops was censorious in its approach to video content, so some acts made videos that they knew would be censored, using the resulting public controversy to promote their release. Examples of this tactic were <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>'s aforementioned "Girls on Film" and <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood" title="Frankie Goes to Hollywood">Frankie Goes to Hollywood</a> with "Relax", directed by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rose_(director)" title="Bernard Rose (director)">Bernard Rose</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> In 1991, the dance segment of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White">Black or White</a>" was edited out because it showed Jackson "inappropriately" touching himself in it. His most controversial video, for "<a href="/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us" title="They Don't Care About Us">They Don't Care About Us</a>", was banned from MTV, VH1, and BBC due to the alleged <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> messages in the song and the visuals in the background of the "Prison Version" of the video.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> is the artist most associated with music video censorship. The controversy surrounding Madonna's marketing of her sexuality began with the video for "<a href="/wiki/Lucky_Star_(Madonna_song)" title="Lucky Star (Madonna song)">Lucky Star</a>", and amplified over time due to clips such as "<a href="/wiki/Like_a_Virgin_(song)" title="Like a Virgin (song)">Like a Virgin</a>". Outcry occurred over the subject matter (relating to <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>) discussed in the video for the song "<a href="/wiki/Papa_Don%27t_Preach" title="Papa Don't Preach">Papa Don't Preach</a>". "<a href="/wiki/Like_a_Prayer_(song)" title="Like a Prayer (song)">Like a Prayer</a>" courted heavy criticism due to its religious, sexual, and racially oriented imagery. In 1990, Madonna's music video for the song "<a href="/wiki/Justify_My_Love" title="Justify My Love">Justify My Love</a>" was banned by MTV due to its depiction of <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadomasochism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">group sex</a> which generated a media firestorm. In Canada, the debate over the banning of "Justify My Love" by the music video network <a href="/wiki/MuchMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="MuchMusic">MuchMusic</a> led to the launching in 1991 of <a href="/wiki/Too_Much_4_Much" title="Too Much 4 Much">Too Much 4 Much</a>, a series of occasional, late-night specials (still being aired in the early 2000s) in which videos officially banned by MuchMusic were broadcast, followed by a panel discussion regarding why they were removed. In 1992, <a href="/wiki/The_Shamen" title="The Shamen">The Shamen</a>'s video for the song "<a href="/wiki/Ebeneezer_Goode" title="Ebeneezer Goode">Ebeneezer Goode</a>" was banned by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> due to its perceived subliminal endorsement of the recreational drug <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecstasy (drug)">Ecstasy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">The Prodigy</a>'s 1997 video for "<a href="/wiki/Smack_My_Bitch_Up" title="Smack My Bitch Up">Smack My Bitch Up</a>" was banned in some countries due to depictions of drug use and nudity. The Prodigy's video for "<a href="/wiki/Firestarter_(The_Prodigy_song)" title="Firestarter (The Prodigy song)">Firestarter</a>" was banned by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> due to its references to arson.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1993, the Australian rock band <a href="/wiki/INXS" title="INXS">INXS</a>' song "<a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(INXS_song)" title="The Gift (INXS song)">The Gift</a>" was banned by MTV due to its use of Holocaust and Gulf War footage, among images of famine, pollution, war, and terrorism. As well as this, metal band <a href="/wiki/Tool_(band)" title="Tool (band)">Tool</a>'s music video for "<a href="/wiki/Prison_Sex" title="Prison Sex">Prison Sex</a>" was banned from MTV, as the video and lyrics touch on the sensitive matter of child abuse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, the music video for "<a href="/wiki/Rock_DJ" title="Rock DJ">Rock DJ</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a> caused controversy due to the graphic nature of the video which features Williams stripping naked then peeling off his skin to reveal bloody flesh, followed by ripping off his muscles and organs until he is nothing but a blood-soaked skeleton. The video was censored in the UK during daytime hours and was broadcast unedited after 10 pm. The video was banned in <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> due to allegations of <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">satanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>'s video for "<a href="/wiki/Pagan_Poetry" title="Pagan Poetry">Pagan Poetry</a>" was banned from MTV for depictions of sexual intercourse, fellatio, and body piercings. Her next single, "<a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(Bj%C3%B6rk_song)" title="Cocoon (Björk song)">Cocoon</a>", was also banned by MTV as it featured a nude Björk (though the nude body was usually a fitted bodysuit rigged with red string). In 2002, <a href="/wiki/T.A.T.u." title="T.A.T.u.">t.A.T.u.</a>'s video for "<a href="/wiki/All_the_Things_She_Said" title="All the Things She Said">All the Things She Said</a>" caused controversy as it featured the young Russian girls, <a href="/wiki/Lena_Katina" title="Lena Katina">Lena Katina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Volkova" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulia Volkova">Yulia Volkova</a>, embracing and eventually kissing. British TV presenters Richard and Judy campaigned to have the video banned claiming it pandered to "<a href="/wiki/Pedophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedophile">pedophiles</a>" with the use of school uniforms and young girls kissing, although the campaign failed. Capitalizing on the controversy, the kiss was choreographed into their live performances. Top of the Pops aired the girls' performance with the kiss replaced by audience footage. NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno cut away from the girls' kiss to shots of the band. Throughout their promotional tour, t.A.T.u. protested by appearing in shirts reading "censored". In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Maroon_5" title="Maroon 5">Maroon 5</a>'s video for "<a href="/wiki/This_Love_(Maroon_5_song)" title="This Love (Maroon 5 song)">This Love</a>" generated controversy due to intimate scenes between the frontman <a href="/wiki/Adam_Levine" title="Adam Levine">Adam Levine</a> and his then-girlfriend. Despite those particular scenes being shot at strategic angles, a censored version was released with a stream of <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated</a> flowers added in to cover up more. The video for "<a href="/wiki/(s)AINT" class="mw-redirect" title="(s)AINT">(s)AINT</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)" title="Marilyn Manson (band)">Marilyn Manson</a> was banned by their label due to its violence and sexual content. The following year, <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>'s video for "<a href="/wiki/Just_Lose_It" title="Just Lose It">Just Lose It</a>" caused controversy over its parody of Michael Jackson's <a href="/wiki/People_v._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="People v. Jackson">2005 child molestation trial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_and_appearance_of_Michael_Jackson" title="Health and appearance of Michael Jackson">plastic surgery</a>, and hair catching fire during the filming of a <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a> commercial. The video was banned from <a href="/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Entertainment Television">BET</a>, and Jackson spoke out against the video, calling it "inappropriate and disrespectful to me, my children, my family, and the community at large". In 2004, many family groups and politicians lobbied for the banning of the <a href="/wiki/Eric_Prydz" title="Eric Prydz">Eric Prydz</a> video "<a href="/wiki/Call_on_Me_(Eric_Prydz_song)" title="Call on Me (Eric Prydz song)">Call on Me</a>" for containing women dancing in a sexually suggestive way; however, the video was not banned. As of 2005, the Egyptian state censorship committee banned at least 20 music videos which featured sexual connotations due to Muslim moral viewpoints.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The music video of "<a href="/wiki/These_Boots_Are_Made_for_Walkin%27#Jessica_Simpson_version" title="These Boots Are Made for Walkin'">These Boots Are Made for Walkin'</a>" which featured <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Simpson" title="Jessica Simpson">Jessica Simpson</a> in character as Daisy Duke, was controversial for featuring Simpson in "revealing" outfits and washing the <a href="/wiki/General_Lee_(car)" title="General Lee (car)">General Lee car</a> in her bikini.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The controversy resulted in the music video being banned in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Justice_(French_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice (French band)">Justice</a>'s video for their song "Stress" was boycotted by several major music television channels due to allegations of racism and violence; the video depicts several youths committing different crimes throughout the streets of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, with the youths mainly being of <a href="/wiki/North_African" class="mw-redirect" title="North African">North African</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> While country music has largely avoided controversy surrounding video content, it has never been immune. The music video for the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Rascal_Flatts" title="Rascal Flatts">Rascal Flatts</a> song "<a href="/wiki/I_Melt" title="I Melt">I Melt</a>" is a case in point, gaining notoriety for clips featuring guitarist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Don_Rooney" title="Joe Don Rooney">Joe Don Rooney</a>'s bare buttocks, and model Christina Auria taking a shower nude.<a href="#cite_note-cmt-85">[85]</a> The video was the first aired on CMT to show nudity,<a href="#cite_note-contact-86">[86]</a> and eventually reached #1 on the network's "Top Twenty Countdown" program.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Great American Country">GAC</a> banned the video when the group refused to release an edited version.<a href="#cite_note-contact-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars" title="Thirty Seconds to Mars">Thirty Seconds to Mars</a>' video "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_song)" title="Hurricane (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)">Hurricane</a>" was censored due to its major elements of violence, nudity and sex.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The short film was later released with a clean version that can air on television.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The explicit version is available on the band's official website with a viewing certificate of 18+.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2010, a rumor circulated that <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>'s video "<a href="/wiki/Telephone_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone (video)">Telephone</a>" was banned by MTV, a rumour which reached some press outlets. The rumor claimed that MTV had banned the video because the content could not be shown within their programming. MTV denied the ban and showed the video frequently on European MTV programming.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Lady Gaga's previous videos have also attracted criticism for their sexually suggestive content; the video for "<a href="/wiki/LoveGame" title="LoveGame">LoveGame</a>" was not played on the Australian music video program <a href="/wiki/Video_Hits_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Video Hits (Australian TV series)">Video Hits</a>; however, other Australian programs aired the video uncensored. The video for "<a href="/wiki/Alejandro_(Lady_Gaga_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alejandro (Lady Gaga song)">Alejandro</a>" was criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(U.S.)" title="Catholic League (U.S.)">Catholic League</a>, for showing the singer dressed in a red <a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">latex fetish</a> version of a <a href="/wiki/Nun%27s_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nun's habit">nun's habit</a>, simulating rape, and appearing to swallow a <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciara" title="Ciara">Ciara</a>'s video for "<a href="/wiki/Ride_(Ciara_song)" title="Ride (Ciara song)">Ride</a>" was banned by <a href="/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Entertainment Television">BET</a>, with the network citing that the video was too sexually charged. The video was also subsequently banned by all UK television channels.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 2011, the video for "<a href="/wiki/S%26M_(song)" title="S&M (song)">S&M</a>", which features the Barbadian singer <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a> whipping a tied-up white man, taking hostages and indulging in a lesbian kiss, was banned in eleven countries and was flagged as inappropriate for viewers that are under 18 on YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a>'s viral song "Old Town Road" became the longest-running number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. However, it was his follow-up song named "Montero (Call Me By Your Name)" which was released in 2021 that raised the controversy. In the music video for "<a href="/wiki/Montero_(Call_Me_by_Your_Name)" title="Montero (Call Me by Your Name)">Montero</a>", Lil Nas X included various provocative scenes, including one in which he gives a lap dance to Satan. The video was widely criticized by conservative and religious groups, who saw it as promoting Satanism and immorality. Lil Nas X responded to the backlash by defending that it was just a way of expressing his own sexuality and challenging societal norms. He made profit regarding to the controversy by promoting his own merchandise, including a pair of "Satan Shoes" that were made in collaboration with a company called MSCHF. A peculiar thing about these shoes are that they had real human blood in each pair. The controversy related to "Montero" eventually helped dragging the song to even greater success, debuting at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning applause from critics for its bold and innovative approach to music and visuals.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2023, the music video "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Here_to_Make_Friends" title="I'm Not Here to Make Friends">I'm Not Here to Make Friends</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Smith" title="Sam Smith">Sam Smith</a> was criticised and debated about regarding whether it should be censored or not. Critics claimed that the music video was sexualised, irresponsible and improper, and not good for society, where as the discussion on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_Britain_(2014_TV_programme)" title="Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)">Good Morning Britain</a> inquired as to whether it was no different and similar to the Madonna music videos of the '80s and '90s. Proponents claimed that it was not different to Rocky Horror Picture Show, or the Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "Relax" music video that were successful decades ago.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2023, the music video "<a href="/wiki/Try_That_in_a_Small_Town" title="Try That in a Small Town">Try That in a Small Town</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aldean" title="Jason Aldean">Jason Aldean</a> was banned by <a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a> due to controversy. Lyrics expressed behaviours that supposedly happen in the big cities that would be perceived to not be liked in a small town, such as, "carjack an old lady"; "cuss out a cop"; and "stomp on the flag." United States State Representative <a href="/wiki/Justin_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Justin Jones (Tennessee politician)">Justin Jones</a> of Tennessee, a US Democrat, condemned the song on Twitter, describing it as a "heinous song calling for racist violence" that promoted "a shameful vision of gun extremism and vigilantism." Aldean then defended himself on Twitter, asserting that he had been wrongly accused of releasing a pro-lynching song, and that he was "not too pleased" with the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_release">Commercial release</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commercial release">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_album">Video album</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Video album">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_album" title="Visual album">Visual album</a></div> Music videos have been released commercially on physical formats such as <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>. Similar to an <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">audio album</a>, a video album is a long-form release containing multiple music videos on a disc. The market for video albums is considerably smaller than for audio albums and <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">audio singles</a>. Video albums are eligible for <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">gold certifications</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) after record labels shipped 50,000 units to retailers, while both audio albums and singles have to ship 500,000 units to achieve gold.<a href="#cite_note-RIAA-98">[98]</a> One of the early video albums was <a href="/wiki/Eat_to_the_Beat#Video_album_(12"_Laser_Video_Format)" title="Eat to the Beat">Eat to the Beat</a> (1979) by American rock band <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Videocassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">videocassette</a> containing music videos of all tracks from their fourth studio album of the same name. It was produced by Paul Flattery for Jon Roseman Productions and directed by David Mallet. The music videos were recorded in New York and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, with some songs featuring the band playing in a concert fashion, and some others having scenarios based on the songs' lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Another popular video album was <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Physical" title="Olivia Physical">Olivia Physical</a> (1982) by <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year" title="Grammy Award for Video of the Year">Video of the Year</a> at the <a href="/wiki/25th_Grammy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Grammy Awards">25th Grammy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The video collection features music videos of all songs from her ninth studio album, <a href="/wiki/Physical_(Olivia_Newton-John_album)" title="Physical (Olivia Newton-John album)">Physical</a> (1981). Due to the increase of video albums popularity, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> magazine introduced the weekly best-selling music video sales ranking in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, titled the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">Top Music Videocassette</a> chart on March 30, 1985 (now known as Music Video Sales chart).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Its first chart-topper was <a href="/wiki/Private_Dancer" title="Private Dancer">Private Dancer</a> (1984), a videocassette by <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a> containing four music videos.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a> began the similar chart in the United Kingdom on January 30, 1994, with <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Adams" title="Bryan Adams">Bryan Adams</a>'s <a href="/wiki/So_Far_So_Good_(Bryan_Adams_album)" title="So Far So Good (Bryan Adams album)">So Far So Good</a> reaching number one.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> According to the RIAA, the <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Farewell_1_Tour-Live_from_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Farewell 1 Tour-Live from Melbourne">Farewell 1 Tour-Live from Melbourne</a> (2005) is the top-certified longform music video with 30-time platinum (three million units shipped),<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> while <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>' <a href="/wiki/Four_Flicks" title="Four Flicks">Four Flicks</a> (2005) is the top-certified music video <a href="/wiki/Boxset" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxset">boxset</a> with 19-time platinum (1.9 million units shipped).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_single">Video single</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Video single">edit</a>]</div> A video single contains no more than three music videos in the form of a videotape, LaserDisc or DVD. In 1983, British <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> band <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">The Human League</a> released the first commercial video single titled <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League_Video_Single_(1983)" title="The Human League Video Single (1983)">The Human League Video Single</a> on both VHS and Betamax.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> It was not a huge commercial success due to the high retail price of £10.99, compared to around £1.99 for a 7" vinyl single. The VHS single gained higher levels of mainstream popularity when <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> released "<a href="/wiki/Justify_My_Love" title="Justify My Love">Justify My Love</a>" as a video single in 1990 following the blacklisting of the video by <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. "Justify My Love" remains the best-selling video single of all time.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The DVD single was introduced in the late 1990s as a replacement for the videotape single. Although many record companies in the United States refused to issue <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD singles</a>, they readily issued DVD singles, and some popular DVD singles include <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson" title="Kelly Clarkson">Kelly Clarkson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/A_Moment_Like_This" title="A Moment Like This">A Moment Like This</a>", <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Simpson" title="Jessica Simpson">Jessica Simpson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/With_You_(Jessica_Simpson_song)" title="With You (Jessica Simpson song)">With You</a>", <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Crazy_in_Love_(Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crazy in Love (Beyoncé Knowles song)">Crazy in Love</a>", <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Fighter_(Christina_Aguilera_song)" title="Fighter (Christina Aguilera song)">Fighter</a>", <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Toxic_(song)" title="Toxic (song)">Toxic</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Satellite_15..._The_Final_Frontier" title="Satellite 15... The Final Frontier">Satellite 15... The Final Frontier</a>". According to the RIAA, a music video single is defined as 1-2 songs per video OR under 15 minutes running time. In 2003, the first certified platinum and gold music DVD singles were certified by the RIAA.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf_2003-108">[108]</a> Noteworthy early DVD singles in the United States include <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie" title="Sly and Robbie">Sly and Robbie</a>'s "Superthruster" (1999), <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/All_Is_Full_of_Love" title="All Is Full of Love">All Is Full of Love</a>" (1999), and <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Music_(Madonna_song)" title="Music (Madonna song)">Music</a>" (2000).<a href="#cite_note-Mancini_2000-109">[109]</a> In the United Kingdom where up to 3 physical formats are eligible for the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">chart</a>, DVD singles are quite common (with the single available on DVD as well as CD and/or <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone records">vinyl record</a>). As with other single formats, DVD singles have a limited production run, often causing them to become collector's items. The DVD single never experienced a high amount of popularity in the United Kingdom because when artists started releasing them in the early 2000s, the CD single had started declining. They were also seen as expensive. Some artists would not release DVD singles and instead put their music videos as enhanced content on a CD single/album. Beginning in the early 2000s, artists in Japan may release singles in the CD+DVD format. Japanese singer <a href="/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki" title="Ayumi Hamasaki">Ayumi Hamasaki</a> has been credited as the "creator of the CD+DVD format"; one of the examples is her 2005 single "<a href="/wiki/Fairyland_(song)" title="Fairyland (song)">Fairyland</a>". The CD+DVD format is more expensive and usually contains one or more music videos, and sometimes a "making of" section or other bonus material is included. The Japanese music conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Hello!_Project" title="Hello! Project">Hello! Project</a> released corresponding DVD singles for almost all of its CD single releases. The company calls them Single Vs. A Single V usually contains a music video for the title song plus several more of its versions and a <a href="/wiki/Making-of" class="mw-redirect" title="Making-of">making-of</a>. Sometimes, an Event V (エベントV) will be released at Hello! Project <a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">fan club</a> events that will offer alternate shots of a promotional video, or bonus footage, like backstage footage or footage from a photoshoot not released anywhere else. As of 2017, Single Vs are no longer released; instead Hello! Project acts now put the music videos on DVDs included in a CD single's limited edition. The DVD singles are popular and chart in the generic <a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a> DVD sales chart, due to the non-existence of a separate DVD single ranking in Japan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unofficial_music_videos">Unofficial music videos</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unofficial music videos">edit</a>]</div> Unofficial, fan-made music videos are typically made by synchronizing existing footage from other sources, such as television series or films, with the song. The first known fan video, or <a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">songvid</a>, was created by <a href="/wiki/Kandy_Fong" title="Kandy Fong">Kandy Fong</a> in 1975 using still images from Star Trek loaded into a slide carousel and played in conjunction with a song.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Fan videos made using <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorders</a> soon followed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> With the advent of easy distribution over the internet and cheap video-editing software, fan-created videos began to gain wider notice in the late 1990s. A well-known example of an unofficial video is one made for <a href="/wiki/Danger_Mouse_(music_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danger Mouse (music producer)">Danger Mouse</a>'s illegal <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">mashup</a> from his <a href="/wiki/The_Grey_Album" title="The Grey Album">The Grey Album</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> track "<a href="/wiki/Encore_(Jay-Z_song)" title="Encore (Jay-Z song)">Encore</a>" with music sampled from <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)">White Album</a>, in which concert footage of the Beatles is remixed with footage of <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> and hip-hop dancers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2004, a <a href="/wiki/Placebo_(band)" title="Placebo (band)">Placebo</a> fan from South Africa<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">claymation</a> video for the band's song "<a href="/wiki/English_Summer_Rain" title="English Summer Rain">English Summer Rain</a>" and sent it to the band. They liked the result so much that it was included on their greatest hits DVD.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a> for song "<a href="/wiki/Come_Together" title="Come Together">Come Together</a>" by the Beatles was included on The Beatles <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> disc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_video_stations">Music video stations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music video stations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_video_television_channels" title="List of music video television channels">List of music video television channels</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_video_shows">Music video shows</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music video shows">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Love" title="24 Hours of Love">24 Hours of Love</a> (<a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a>; premiered in 2002)</li> <li>3ABN Today Music (3ABN Praise Him Music Network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Rocks" title="ABC Rocks">ABC Rocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_10" title="America's Top 10">America's Top 10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Syndication</a>)</li> <li>Back to Nature (<a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>, 3ABN International, 3ABN Praise Him Music Network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/106_%26_Park" title="106 & Park">106 & Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a>; 2000-December 19, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD:UK_Hotshots" class="mw-redirect" title="CD:UK Hotshots">CD:UK Hotshots</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITV1" title="ITV1">ITV1</a>; 1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>; 1964–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Click_List:_Top_10_Videos" title="The Click List: Top 10 Videos">The Click List: Top 10 Videos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Logo_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logo (TV channel)">Logo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countdown_(music_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Countdown (music show)">Countdown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Track_Flashback" title="8-Track Flashback">8-Track Flashback</a> (<a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Videos" title="Friday Night Videos">Friday Night Videos</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>)</li> <li>Goodnight LA (<a href="/wiki/KABC-TV" title="KABC-TV">KABC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Rockin%27_Tonite" title="Good Rockin' Tonite">Good Rockin' Tonite</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbangers_Ball" title="Headbangers Ball">Headbangers Ball</a> (MTV2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack%27s_Big_Music_Show" title="Jack's Big Music Show">Jack's Big Music Show</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel" title="Nick Jr. Channel">Nick Jr.</a>)</li> <li>Jukebox (AITV) (<a href="/wiki/Television_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Television syndication">Syndication</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidsongs" title="Kidsongs">Kidsongs</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>)</li> <li>Kids Praise Too! (<a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>, 3ABN International, 3ABN Kids Network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_(Fuse_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loaded (Fuse TV series)">Loaded</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuse_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse TV">Fuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_10%2B_Pedidos" title="Los 10+ Pedidos">Los 10+ Pedidos</a> (<a href="/wiki/MTV_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Latin America">MTV Latin America</a>)</li> <li>Magnify Him (3ABN Dare to Dream Network, 3ABN Praise Him Music Network)</li> <li>Melodías del Corazón (<a href="/wiki/3ABN_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN Latino">3ABN Latino</a>)</li> <li>Melody From My Heart (<a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>, 3ABN International, 3ABN Praise Him Music Network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metric_Marvels" title="The Metric Marvels">The Metric Marvels</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Tracks" title="Night Tracks">Night Tracks</a> (<a href="/wiki/TBS_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TBS (TV network)">TBS</a>)</li> <li>Piano Praise (<a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>, 3ABN Praise Him Music Network)</li> <li>Playboy's Hot Rocks (<a href="/wiki/Playboy_TV" title="Playboy TV">Playboy TV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-Up_Video" title="Pop-Up Video">Pop-Up Video</a> (<a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a>)</li> <li>Praise (<a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>, 3ABN International, 3ABN Praise Him Music Network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(TV_program)" title="Rage (TV program)">Rage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoolhouse_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoolhouse Rock">Schoolhouse Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Smothers_Brothers_Comedy_Hour" title="The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour">The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>; first broadcast in 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalks:_Video_Nite" title="Sidewalks: Video Nite">Sidewalks: Video Nite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Television_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Television syndication">Syndication</a>)</li> <li>Soundwaves (<a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Syndication</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Hits_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Video Hits (Australian TV series)">Video Hits Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Network_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Ten">Network Ten</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Hits_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Video Hits (Canadian TV series)">Video Hits Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Jukebox_(TV_series)" title="Video Jukebox (TV series)">Video Jukebox (TV series)</a> (<a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Video_Soul" title="Video Soul">Video Soul</a>" (<a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Request_Live" title="Total Request Live">TRL</a> (<a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Fuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Fuse">Power Fuse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuse_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse TV">Fuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_City" title="Rap City">Rap City</a> (<a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuchOnDemand" title="MuchOnDemand">MuchOnDemand</a> (<a href="/wiki/MuchMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="MuchMusic">MuchMusic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Station" title="Music Station">Music Station</a> (<a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Hot_Tracks" title="New York Hot Tracks">New York Hot Tracks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Syndication</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Choose_40" class="mw-redirect" title="U Choose 40">U Choose 40</a> (<a href="/wiki/C4_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 (TV channel)">C4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Top_20_Video_Countdown" title="VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown">VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown</a> (<a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a>; 1995-2015)</li> <li>Volvamos a la Naturaleza (<a href="/wiki/3ABN_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN Latino">3ABN Latino</a>)</li> <li>Your Favorites by Request (<a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>, 3ABN International, 3ABN Praise Him Music Network)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_video_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert video design">Concert video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_24-hour_music_video" class="mw-redirect" title="First 24-hour music video">First 24-hour music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-shot_music_videos" title="List of one-shot music videos">List of one-shot music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_music_videos" title="Semiotics of music videos">Semiotics of music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCutietta1985" class="citation journal cs1">Cutietta, Robert (1985). 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Retrieved September 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Building%3A+Space+and+Community&rft.atitle=Stories+as+Pieces+and+Fragments+as+Wholes%3A+The+Influence+of+Final+Cut+Pro+and+Nonlinear+Digital+Editing+on+Fan+Videos&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lyndsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworlds.gameology.org%2Fviewabstract.php%3Fid%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+video" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJom_dooT2011" class="citation web cs1">Jom dooT (November 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924112022/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNNma1BDIUA">"The Beatles vs Jay-Z [The Grey Album]"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNNma1BDIUA">the original</a> on September 24, 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+vs+Jay-Z+%5BThe+Grey+Album%5D&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.au=Jom+dooT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuNNma1BDIUA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+video" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFt75.org" class="citation web cs1">t75.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516123635/http://www.indielondon.co.uk/music/mu_placebo_english_summer_video.html">"music - Placebo, English Summer Rain video details, and DVD special"</a>. IndieLondon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indielondon.co.uk/music/mu_placebo_english_summer_video.html">the original</a> on May 16, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=music+-+Placebo%2C+English+Summer+Rain+video+details%2C+and+DVD+special&rft.pub=IndieLondon&rft.au=t75.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indielondon.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Fmu_placebo_english_summer_video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+video" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Once_More_with_Feeling:_Singles_1996%E2%80%932004" title="Once More with Feeling: Singles 1996–2004">Once More with Feeling</a> DVD audio commentary, Virgin, 2004 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_video&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_videos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Music videos">Music videos</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/music_video" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:music video">music video</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Banks, Jack (1996) Monopoly Television: Mtv's Quest to Control the Music <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1820-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1820-3">0-8133-1820-3</a></li> <li>Burns, Lori A. and Stan Hawkins, eds. (2019) The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Video Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501342332" title="Special:BookSources/9781501342332">9781501342332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Clarke_(writer)" title="Donald Clarke (writer)">Clarke, Donald</a> (1995) The Rise and Fall of Popular Music St. Martin's Pressy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-11573-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-11573-3">0-312-11573-3</a></li> <li>Denisoff, R. Serge (1991) Inside MTV New Brunswick: Transaction publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-864-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-864-7">0-88738-864-7</a></li> <li>Durant, Alan (1984). Cited in Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9">0-335-15275-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Frith" title="Simon Frith">Frith, Simon</a>, Andrew Goodwin & <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Grossberg" title="Lawrence Grossberg">Lawrence Grossberg</a> (1993) Sound & Vision. The music video reader London: Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09431-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09431-3">0-415-09431-3</a></li> <li>Goodwin, Andrew (1992) Dancing in the Distraction Factory : Music Television and Popular Culture <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2063-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2063-6">0-8166-2063-6</a></li> <li>Illescas, Jon E. (2015) La Dictadura del Videoclip. Industria musical y sueños prefabricados <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Viejo_Topo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Viejo Topo (page does not exist)">El Viejo Topo</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-16288-55-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-16288-55-7">978-84-16288-55-7</a></li> <li>Johnson, Henry & Oli Wilson (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.otago.ac.nz/Sites/article/viewFile/319/353">"Music video and online social media: A case study of the discourse around Japanese imagery in the New Zealand indie scene"</a>. Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology & Cultural Studies 13 (2): 163–186. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1179-0237">1179-0237</a></li> <li>Kaplan, E. Ann (1987) Rocking Around the Clock. Music Television, Postmodernism, and Consumer Culture London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03005-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03005-6">0-415-03005-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Keazor" title="Henry Keazor">Keazor, Henry</a>; Wübbena, Thorsten (2010). Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video. transcript Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/383761185X" title="Special:BookSources/383761185X">383761185X</a></li> <li>Kleiler, David (1997) You Stand There: Making Music Video <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80036-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80036-1">0-609-80036-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Middleton_(musicologist)" title="Richard Middleton (musicologist)">Middleton, Richard</a> (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9">0-335-15275-9</a>.</li> <li>Shore, Michael (1984) The Rolling Stone book of rock video New York: Quill <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-03916-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-03916-2">0-688-03916-2</a></li> <li>Turner, G. Video Clips and Popular Music, in Australian Journal of Cultural Studies 1/1,1983, 107–110</li> <li>Vernallis, Carol (2004) Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11798-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11798-1">0-231-11798-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA-IV.2e.html#Musikvideo">Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art</a> Chap. IV.2.1.4.2: Music Videos.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> (<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100">Billboard Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100">Billboard Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts">Rolling Stone Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)">Idol franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (Females)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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