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1.1 Ideological origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Contemporary understanding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Roots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common-practice_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common-practice_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Common-practice period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common-practice_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Baroque </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Classical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Romantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Modernist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-modern/contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-modern/contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Post-modern/contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-modern/contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Women in classical music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_other_music_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_other_music_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Relationship to other music traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_to_other_music_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship to other music traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_other_music_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Popular music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Folk music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Commercialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_and_encyclopedia_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_and_encyclopedia_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Journal and encyclopedia articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_and_encyclopedia_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Classical music</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassieke_musiek" title="Klassieke musiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klassieke musiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassische_Musik" title="Klassische Musik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klassische Musik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="पाश्चात्य शास्त्रीय संगीत – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पाश्चात्य शास्त्रीय संगीत" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى كلاسيكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى كلاسيكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_clasica" title="Musica clasica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Musica clasica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="পশ্চিমীয়া ধ্ৰুপদী সংগীত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পশ্চিমীয়া ধ্ৰুপদী সংগীত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Música clásica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música clásica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupoty_hekopor%C3%A3it%C3%A9va" title="Pupoty hekoporãitéva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pupoty hekoporãitéva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassik_musiqi" title="Klassik musiqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klassik musiqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="کلاسیک موسیقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلاسیک موسیقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="পাশ্চাত্য ধ্রুপদী সঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাশ্চাত্য ধ্রুপদী সঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF_k%C3%B3%CD%98-ti%C3%A1n_im-ga%CC%8Dk" title="Se-iûⁿ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-iûⁿ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Классик музыка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Классик музыка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класічная музыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Класічная музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клясычная музыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клясычная музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класическа музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Класическа музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassische_Musi" title="Klassische Musi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Klassische Musi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="གནའ་གཞུང་རོལ་དབྱངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གནའ་གཞུང་རོལ་དབྱངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_muzika" title="Klasična muzika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klasična muzika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonerezh_klasel" title="Sonerezh klasel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sonerezh klasel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Һунгадаг хүгжэм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һунгадаг хүгжэм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Música clàssica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música clàssica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Классикăлла мусăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Классикăлла мусăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasikal_nga_musika" title="Klasikal nga musika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Klasikal nga musika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasick%C3%A1_hudba" title="Klasická hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klasická hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_glasurol" title="Cerddoriaeth glasurol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth glasurol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_musik" title="Klassisk musik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klassisk musik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassische_Musik" title="Klassische Musik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klassische Musik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassikaline_muusika" title="Klassikaline muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klassikaline muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Κλασική μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλασική μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Música clásica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música clásica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasika_muziko" title="Klasika muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klasika muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika_klasiko" title="Musika klasiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musika klasiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="موسیقی کلاسیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی کلاسیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Classical music" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassiskur_t%C3%B3nleikur" title="Klassiskur tónleikur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Klassiskur tónleikur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_classique" title="Musique classique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique classique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassike_muzyk" title="Klassike muzyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klassike muzyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiche_classiche" title="Musiche classiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Musiche classiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol_clasaiceach" title="Ceol clasaiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceol clasaiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiaull_chlassicagh" title="Kiaull chlassicagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kiaull chlassicagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Música clásica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música clásica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="古典音樂 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="古典音樂" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A4" title="શાસ્ત્રીય સંગીત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શાસ્ત્રીય સંગીત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%98%EC%8B%9D_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="클래식 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클래식 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դասական երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դասական երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="यूरोपीय शास्त्रीय संगीत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोपीय शास्त्रीय संगीत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_glazba" title="Klasična glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klasična glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_klasik" title="Musik klasik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik klasik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_classic" title="Musica classic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Musica classic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klass%C3%ADsk_t%C3%B3nlist" title="Klassísk tónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klassísk tónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_classica" title="Musica classica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica classica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה קלאסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה קלאסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%A9l%C9%A9y%C9%9B_al%C9%A9waat%CA%8A_taa_m%CA%8As%C9%A9" title="Tɩlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa mʊsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɩlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa mʊsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4" title="ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಗೀತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಗೀತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კლასიკური მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლასიკური მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Классикалық музыка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Классикалық музыка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki_wa_klasiki" title="Muziki wa klasiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muziki wa klasiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanmizik_klasik" title="Lanmizik klasik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmizik klasik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C3%AEka_klas%C3%AEk" title="Muzîka klasîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muzîka klasîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Классикалык музыка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Классикалык музыка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_classica" title="Musica classica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica classica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasisk%C4%81_m%C5%ABzika" title="Klasiskā mūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klasiskā mūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_klasikin%C4%97_muzika" title="Vakarų klasikinė muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų klasikinė muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassieke_meziek" title="Klassieke meziek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klassieke meziek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasszikus_zene" title="Klasszikus zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klasszikus zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класична музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Класична музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="പാശ്ചാത്യസംഗീതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാശ്ചാത്യസംഗീതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="शास्त्रीय संगीत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शास्त्रीय संगीत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კლასიკური მუსიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლასიკური მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="مزيكا كلاسيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزيكا كلاسيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_klasikal" title="Muzik klasikal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik klasikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ဂန္ထဝင်ဂီတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂန္ထဝင်ဂီတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassieke_muziek" title="Klassieke muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klassieke muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassike_musik" title="Klassike musik – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Klassike musik" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="शास्त्रीय सङ्गीत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शास्त्रीय सङ्गीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="युरोपेली शास्त्रीय संगीत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युरोपेली शास्त्रीय संगीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="クラシック音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラシック音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_musikk" title="Klassisk musikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassisk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_musikk" title="Klassisk musikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klassisk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_classica" title="Musica classica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Musica classica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassik_musiqa" title="Klassik musiqa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Klassik musiqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="کلاسیکی موسیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلاسیکی موسیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8D_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="پخوانۍ موسیقی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پخوانۍ موسیقی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasikal_myuuzik" title="Klasikal myuuzik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Klasikal myuuzik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassische_Musik" title="Klassische Musik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klassische Musik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_klasyczna" title="Muzyka klasyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka klasyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1ssica" title="Música clássica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música clássica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassik_%C4%9Farb_muz%C4%B1kas%C4%B1" title="Klassik ğarb muzıkası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Klassik ğarb muzıkası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_clasic%C4%83" title="Muzică clasică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică clasică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalasiku_taki" title="Kalasiku taki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kalasiku taki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класічна музика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Класічна музика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Классическая музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классическая музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_classica" title="Musica classica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Musica classica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clessical_muisic" title="Clessical muisic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Clessical muisic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_klasike" title="Muzika klasike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzika klasike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Mùsica clàssica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mùsica clàssica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Classical music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasick%C3%A1_hudba" title="Klasická hudba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klasická hudba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_glasba" title="Klasična glasba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klasična glasba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مۆسیقای کلاسیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای کلاسیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класична музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Класична музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_muzika" title="Klasična muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klasična muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_klasik" title="Musik klasik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Musik klasik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taidemusiikki" title="Taidemusiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taidemusiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_musik" title="Klassisk musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klassisk musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikang_klasiko" title="Musikang klasiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Musikang klasiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="மேல்நாட்டுச் செந்நெறி இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேல்நாட்டுச் செந்நெறி இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="శాస్త్రీయ సంగీతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శాస్త్రీయ సంగీతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ดนตรีคลาสสิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดนตรีคลาสสิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasik_m%C3%BCzik" title="Klasik müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klasik müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класична музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broad tradition of Western art music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Western art music from the Middle Ages to the present. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Classical music (disambiguation)">Classical music (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BJO_Konzert_Phil_MR_098.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BJO_Konzert_Phil_MR_098.jpg/300px-BJO_Konzert_Phil_MR_098.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BJO_Konzert_Phil_MR_098.jpg/450px-BJO_Konzert_Phil_MR_098.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BJO_Konzert_Phil_MR_098.jpg/600px-BJO_Konzert_Phil_MR_098.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Members of a <a href="/wiki/Youth_orchestra" title="Youth orchestra">youth orchestra</a> standing to acknowledge <a href="/wiki/Applause" title="Applause">applause</a> after performing.</figcaption></figure> Classical music generally refers to the <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, considered to be <a href="#Relationship_to_other_music_traditions">distinct from</a> Western <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as Western classical music, as the term "classical music" can also be applied to <a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">non-Western art musics</a>. Classical music is often characterized by formality and complexity in its <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1-1">[1]</a> particularly with the use of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg200099-2">[2]</a> Since at least the ninth century it has been primarily a written tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg200099-2">[2]</a> spawning a sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">notational</a> system, as well as accompanying literature in <a href="/wiki/Music_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Music analysis">analytical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">critical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">historiographical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">philosophical</a> practices. A foundational component of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, classical music is frequently seen from the perspective of individual or <a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">groups</a> of <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a>, whose compositions, personalities and beliefs have fundamentally shaped its history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal courts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1-1">[1]</a> surviving early <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval music</a> is chiefly <a href="/wiki/Sacred_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred music">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> and vocal, with the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">music of ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Rome</a> influencing its thought and theory. The earliest extant music manuscripts date from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (800–888),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100-3">[3]</a> around the time which Western <a href="/wiki/Plainchant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainchant">plainchant</a> gradually unified into what is termed <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100–101-4">[4]</a> Musical centers existed at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Abbey of Saint Martial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Emmeram%27s_Abbey" title="Saint Emmeram's Abbey">Saint Emmeram's Abbey</a>, while the 11th century saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff notation</a> and increasing output from <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">medieval music theorists</a>. By the mid-12th century France became the major European musical center:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100-3">[3]</a> The religious <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> first fully explored <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_mode" title="Rhythmic mode">organized rhythms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> music flourished with the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a> traditions led by poet-musician nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000102–104-5">[5]</a> This culminated in the court sponsored French <a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">ars nova</a> and Italian <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a>, which evolved into <a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">ars subtilior</a>, a stylistic movement of extreme rhythmic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000102–104-5">[5]</a> Beginning in the early 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> composers of the influential <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish School</a> built off the harmonic principles in the English <a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">contenance angloise</a>, bringing choral music to new standards, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000104–105-6">[6]</a> Northern Italy soon emerged as the central musical region, where the <a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman School</a> engaged in highly sophisticated methods of polyphony in genres such as the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000104–105-6">[6]</a> which inspired the brief <a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a> (1580–1750) saw the relative standardization of <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common-practice</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000110-7">[7]</a> as well as the increasing importance of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">musical instruments</a>, which grew into ensembles of considerable size. Italy remained dominant, being the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">birthplace of opera</a>, the soloist centered <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a> genre, the organized <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> as well as the large scale vocal-centered genres of <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a> technique championed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> exemplified the Baroque tendency for complexity, and as a reaction the simpler and song-like <a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">galant music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">empfindsamkeit</a> styles were developed. In the shorter but pivotal <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a> (1730–1820) composers such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> created widely admired representatives of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000113-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._2-9">[9]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a> and concertos. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a> (1800–1910) focused instead on <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic music</a>, for which the <a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">art song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> genres were important vessels. During this time <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuosity</a> was celebrated, immensity was encouraged, while philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">nationalism</a> were embedded—all aspects that converged in the operas of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. By the 20th century, stylistic unification gradually dissipated while the prominence of popular music greatly increased. Many composers actively avoided past techniques and genres in the lens of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernism</a>, with some abandoning tonality in place of <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a>, while others found new inspiration in folk melodies or <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">impressionist</a> sentiments. After World War II, for the first time audience members valued older music over <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary</a> works, a preference which has been catered to by the emergence and widespread availability of commercial recordings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._7-10">[10]</a> Trends of the mid-20th century to the present day include <a href="/wiki/New_Simplicity" title="New Simplicity">New Simplicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a>. Increasingly global, practitioners from the Americas, Africa and Asia have obtained crucial roles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100-3">[3]</a> while symphony orchestras and <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera houses</a> now appear across the world. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_definition">Terminology and definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology and definition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_origins">Ideological origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideological origins">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Haydn_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09438.JPG/127px-Haydn_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09438.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Haydn_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09438.JPG/191px-Haydn_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09438.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Haydn_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09438.JPG/254px-Haydn_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09438.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mozart_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09446.JPG/127px-Mozart_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09446.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mozart_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09446.JPG/191px-Mozart_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09446.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mozart_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09446.JPG/254px-Mozart_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09446.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Beethoven_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09442.JPG/127px-Beethoven_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09442.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Beethoven_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09442.JPG/191px-Beethoven_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09442.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Beethoven_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09442.JPG/254px-Beethoven_-_Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal_-_Berlin%2C_Germany_-_DSC09442.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(from left to right) Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven from the 1904 <a href="/wiki/Beethoven%E2%80%93Haydn%E2%80%93Mozart_Memorial" title="Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial">Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial</a>. The three are part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First Viennese School</a> and among the first composers to be referred to as "Classical".</div></div></div></div> Both the English term classical and the German equivalent <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Klassik#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Klassik">Klassik</a> developed from the French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/classique#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:classique">classique</a>, itself derived from the Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/classicus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:classicus">classicus</a>, which originally referred to the highest <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Ancient Roman citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[n 1]</a> In Roman usage, the term later became a means to distinguish revered literary figures;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a> the Roman author <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> commended writers such as <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> as classicus.<a href="#cite_note-Mignot-14">[13]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the adjective had acquired a more general meaning: an entry in <a href="/wiki/Randle_Cotgrave" title="Randle Cotgrave">Randle Cotgrave</a>'s 1611 A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues is among the earliest extant definitions, translating classique as "classical, formall [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], orderlie, in due or fit ranke; also, approved, authenticall, chiefe, principall".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Heartz" title="Daniel Heartz">Daniel Heartz</a> summarizes this into two definitions: 1) a "formal discipline" and 2) a "model of excellence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a> Like Gellius, later Renaissance scholars who wrote in Latin used classicus in reference to writers of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Howatson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[n 2]</a> however, this meaning only gradually developed, and was for a while subordinate to the broader classical ideals of formality and excellence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2-17">[15]</a> Literature and visual arts—for which substantial Ancient Greek and Roman examples existed—did eventually adopt the term "classical" as relating to classical antiquity, but virtually no music of that time was available to Renaissance musicians, limiting the connection between classical music and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[n 3]</a> It was in 18th-century England that the term 'classical' "first came to stand for a particular canon of works in performance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2-17">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> had developed a prominent public concert music scene, unprecedented and unmatched by other European cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a> The royal court had gradually lost its monopoly on music, in large part from instability that the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>'s dissolution and the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> enacted on court musicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[n 4]</a> In 1672, the former court musician <a href="/wiki/John_Banister_(composer)" title="John Banister (composer)">John Banister</a> began giving popular public concerts at a London tavern;<a href="#cite_note-24">[n 5]</a> his popularity rapidly inaugurated the prominence of public concerts in the London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2001§_para._1–4-23">[19]</a> The conception of "classical"—or more often "ancient music"—emerged, which was still built on the principles of formality and excellence, and according to Heartz "civic ritual, religion and moral activism figured significantly in this novel construction of musical taste".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2-17">[15]</a> The performance of such music was specialized by the <a href="/wiki/The_original_Academy_of_Ancient_Music" title="The original Academy of Ancient Music">Academy of Ancient Music</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/Concerts_of_Antient_Music" title="Concerts of Antient Music">Concerts of Antient Music</a> series, where the work of select 16th and 17th composers was featured,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1999345-25">[20]</a> especially <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[n 6]</a> In France, the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1638–1715) saw a cultural renaissance, by the end of which writers such as <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a> were considered to have surpassed the achievements of classical antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"2._Earlier_'classicisms'":_§_para._1-27">[21]</a> They were thus characterized as "classical", as was the music of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>), being designated as "l'opéra française classique".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"2._Earlier_'classicisms'":_§_para._1-27">[21]</a> In the rest of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, the abandonment of defining "classical" as analogous to the Greco-Roman World was slower, primarily because the formation of canonical repertoires was either minimal or exclusive to the upper classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2-17">[15]</a> Many European commentators of the early 19th century found new unification in their definition of classical music: to juxtapose the older composers <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, and (excluding some of his <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven#The_late_period" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">later works</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> as "classical" against the emerging style of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"1._The_Viennese_'Classical'_idiom":_§_para._1-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000110–111-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED2-30">[24]</a> These three composers in particular were grouped into the <a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First Viennese School</a>, sometimes called the "Viennese classics",<a href="#cite_note-31">[n 7]</a> a coupling that remains problematic by reason of none of the three being born in Vienna and the minimal time Haydn and Mozart spent in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page6mode2up_6]-32">[25]</a> While this was an often expressed characterization, it was not a strict one. In 1879 the composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kensington_Salaman" title="Charles Kensington Salaman">Charles Kensington Salaman</a> defined the following composers as classical: <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>, Handel, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Spohr">Spohr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a> More broadly, some writers used the term "classical" to generally praise well-regarded outputs from various composers, particularly those who produced many works in an established genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[n 8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_understanding">Contemporary understanding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary understanding">edit</a>]</div> The contemporary understanding of the term "classical music" remains vague and multifaceted.<a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page2mode2up_2]-39">[31]</a> Other terms such as "art music", "canonic music", "cultivated music" and "serious music" are largely synonymous.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a> The term "classical music" is often indicated or implied to concern solely the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELocke2012320–322-41">[33]</a> and conversely, in many academic histories the term "Western music" excludes non-classical Western music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2005"Introduction:_The_History_of_What?"-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[n 9]</a> Another complication lies in that "classical music" is sometimes used to describe non-Western art music exhibiting similar long-lasting and complex characteristics; examples include <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic classical music">Carnatic Music</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odissi_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Odissi classical music">Odissi Music</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> music, and various styles of the court of Imperial China (see <a href="/wiki/Yayue" title="Yayue">yayue</a> for instance).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1-1">[1]</a> Thus in the later 20th century terms such as "Western classical music" and "Western art music" came in use to address this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELocke2012320–322-41">[33]</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_P._Locke" title="Ralph P. Locke">Ralph P. Locke</a> notes that neither term is ideal, as they create an "intriguing complication" when considering "certain practitioners of Western-art music genres who come from non-Western cultures".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELocke2012321-45">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[n 10]</a> Complexity in <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmony_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony (music)">harmonic organization</a> are typical traits of classical music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED) offers three definitions for the word "classical" in relation to music:<a href="#cite_note-OED-34">[27]</a> <ol><li>"of acknowledged excellence"</li> <li>"of, relating to, or characteristic of a formal musical tradition, as distinguished from popular or folk music"</li> <li>and more specifically, "of or relating to formal European music of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by harmony, balance, and adherence to established compositional forms".</li></ol> The last definition concerns what is now termed the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a>, a specific stylistic era of European music from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page2mode2up_3]–[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page4mode2up_4]-47">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">List of classical music composers by era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of classical music eras</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d6d6ff;font-size:120%;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;">Major eras of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western classical music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500–1400</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance" title="Medieval music">Transition to Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Transition to Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1730–1820</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800–1910</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Transition to Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  • <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a>  • <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template talk:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots">Roots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roots">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music of ancient Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music of ancient Rome</a></div> The Western classical tradition formally begins with music created by and for the early Christian Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout19732-48">[38]</a> It is probable that the early Church wished to disassociate itself from the predominant <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">music of ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Rome</a>, as it was a reminder of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan religion">pagan religion</a> it had <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">persecuted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">by which it had been persecuted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout19732-48">[38]</a> As such, it remains unclear as to what extent the music of the Christian Church, and thus Western classical music as a whole, was influenced by preceding <a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">ancient music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197311-49">[39]</a> The general attitude towards music was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> music theorists and commentators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin198920-50">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[n 11]</a> Just as in Greco-Roman society, music was considered central to education; along with arithmetic, geometry and astronomy, music was included in the <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>, the four subjects of the upper division of a standard <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts education</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin198927–28-53">[42]</a> This high regard for music was first promoted by the scholars <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin198928–29-54">[43]</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin198925-55">[44]</a> whose transmission and expansion on the perspectives of music from <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> were crucial in the development of medieval musical thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassler201428-56">[45]</a> However, scholars, <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">medieval music theorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">composers</a> regularly misinterpreted or misunderstood the writings of their Greek and Roman predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese19404-57">[46]</a> This was due to the complete absence of surviving Greco-Roman musical works available to medieval musicians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese19404-57">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[n 12]</a> to the extent that Isidore of Seville (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 559 – 636) stated "unless sounds are remembered by man, they perish, for they cannot be written down", unaware of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">systematic notational practices</a> of Ancient Greece centuries before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassler201420-59">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[n 13]</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Reese" title="Gustave Reese">Gustave Reese</a> notes, however, that many Greco-Roman texts can still be credited as influential to Western classical music, since medieval musicians regularly read their works—regardless of whether they were doing so correctly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese19404-57">[46]</a> However, there are some indisputable musical continuations from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout19734-61">[48]</a> Basic aspects such as <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a> and the dominance of text in musical settings are prominent in both early medieval and music of nearly all ancient civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout19734–5,_11-62">[49]</a> Greek influences in particular include the <a href="/wiki/Church_modes" class="mw-redirect" title="Church modes">church modes</a> (which were descendants of developments by <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> and Pythagoras),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197328-63">[50]</a> basic <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_theory" title="Acoustic theory">acoustical theory</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">pythagorean tuning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197311-49">[39]</a> as well as the central function of <a href="/wiki/Tetrachords" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrachords">tetrachords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197311,_22-64">[51]</a> Ancient Greek instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Reed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed instrument">reed instrument</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> (a stringed instrument similar to a small <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>) eventually led to several modern-day instruments of a symphonic orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197324-65">[52]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Donald Jay Grout</a> notes that attempting to create a direct evolutionary connection from the ancient music to early medieval is baseless, as it was almost solely influenced by Greco-Roman music theory, not performance or practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout19735-66">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_music">Early music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval">Medieval</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of medieval composers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of medieval music theorists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of medieval musical instruments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vielle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vielle.jpg/220px-Vielle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vielle.jpg/330px-Vielle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vielle.jpg/440px-Vielle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Musician playing the <a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a> (fourteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a>)</figcaption></figure> Medieval music includes Western European music from after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> by 476 to about 1400. <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">Monophonic</a> chant, also called plainsong or <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, was the dominant form until about 1100.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197375-67">[54]</a> Christian monks developed the first forms of European musical notation in order to standardize liturgy throughout the Church.<a href="#cite_note-68">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphonic</a> (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, including the more complex voicings of <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">earlier medieval period</a>, the vocal music from the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> genre, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a>, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857-70">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphonic</a> vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high medieval era</a>, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century. Notable Medieval composers include <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">medieval musical instruments</a> still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a> and plucked <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>. As well, early versions of the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a>) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a> note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowles1954119_et_passim-71">[58]</a> A number of instrument have roots in Eastern predecessors that were <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">adopted from the medieval Islamic world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sachs260-72">[59]</a> For example, the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a> is the ancestor of all European <a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">bowed string instruments</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">lira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebec" title="Rebec">rebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-73">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div> The musical Renaissance era lasted from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">instrumentation</a>, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of earlier forms of <a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">bass instruments</a>. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize. It is in this time that the notation of music on a <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a> and other elements of <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> began to take shape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197361-75">[62]</a> This invention made possible the separation of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a> of a piece of music from its transmission; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">musical score</a>, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197375–76-76">[63]</a> The invention of the movable-type <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973175–176-77">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chigi_codex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chigi_codex.jpg/300px-Chigi_codex.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chigi_codex.jpg/450px-Chigi_codex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chigi_codex.jpg/600px-Chigi_codex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>An illuminated opening from the <a href="/wiki/Chigi_codex" title="Chigi codex">Chigi codex</a> featuring the <a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Ockeghem</a>'s Missa Ecce ancilla Domini</figcaption></figure> Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be re-created in order to perform music on period instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind. Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guilds</a> and they included the <a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">slide trumpet</a>, the wooden <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, the valveless <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a>. Stringed instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rebec" title="Rebec">rebec</a>, the harp-like <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cittern</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bandora_(instrument)" title="Bandora (instrument)">bandora</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orpharion" title="Orpharion">orpharion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (music)">Keyboard</a> instruments with strings included the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a>. Percussion instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">Jew's harp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double-reed <a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">shawm</a> (an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> family), the <a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">reed pipe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">transverse flute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorder (instrument)">recorder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dulcian" title="Dulcian">dulcian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crumhorn" title="Crumhorn">crumhorn</a>. Simple <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organs</a> existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197372–74-78">[65]</a> Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as instruction in their use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973222–225-79">[66]</a> Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a>) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_comedy" title="Madrigal comedy">madrigal comedy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">intermedio</a> are seen. Around 1597, Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a>, the first work to be called an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> today. He also composed <a href="/wiki/Euridice_(Peri)" title="Euridice (Peri)">Euridice</a>, the first opera to have survived to the present day. Notable Renaissance composers include <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common-practice_period">Common-practice period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common-practice period">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a> is typically defined as the era between the formation and the dissolution of common-practice <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The term usually spans roughly two-and-a-half centuries, encompassing the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic periods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baroque">Baroque</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Baroque">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">List of Baroque composers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg/220px-Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg/330px-Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg/440px-Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Baroque instruments including <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_viol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass viol">bass viol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">violin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">baroque guitar</a></figcaption></figure> Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> and the use of a <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a>, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the simple songs of all previous periods.<a href="#cite_note-Kirgiss-80">[67]</a> The beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> took shape in the <a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a>, as did a more formalized notion of <a href="/wiki/Theme_and_variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme and variations">theme and variations</a>. The tonalities of <a href="/wiki/Major_and_minor" title="Major and minor">major and minor</a> as means for managing dissonance and <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> in music took full shape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973300–32-81">[68]</a> During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> became increasingly popular, and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> became more common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973341–355-82">[69]</a> For the first time, vocalists began adding ornamentals to the music.<a href="#cite_note-Kirgiss-80">[67]</a> The theories surrounding <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a> began to be put in wider practice, as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although <a href="/wiki/J.S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J.S. Bach">J.S. Bach</a> did not use equal temperament, changes in the temperaments from the then-common <a href="/wiki/Meantone" class="mw-redirect" title="Meantone">meantone system</a> to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable made possible his <a href="/wiki/Well-Tempered_Clavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Well-Tempered Clavier">Well-Tempered Clavier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973378-83">[70]</a> Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g., the oboe, bassoon, cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm, <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cittern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rackett" title="Rackett">rackett</a>, and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass" title="Contrabass">contrabass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a> (which often played the <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> parts), <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">Baroque guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">Baroque flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_oboe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque oboe">Baroque oboe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>. Brass instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">natural horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">natural trumpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">serpent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>. Keyboard instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tangent_piano" title="Tangent piano">tangent piano</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">pipe organ</a>, and, later in the period, the <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> (an early version of the piano). Percussion instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">castanets</a>. One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in Baroque ensembles were much less standardized. A Baroque ensemble could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ or harpsichord),<a href="#cite_note-84">[71]</a> additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute), bowed strings, woodwinds, and brass instruments, and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo,(e.g., a cello, contrabass, viola, bassoon, serpent, etc.). Vocal oeuvres of the Baroque era included suites such as <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaCantata-85">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaOratorio-86">[73]</a> Secular music was less common, and was typically characterized only by instrumental music. Like <a href="/wiki/Baroque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque art">Baroque art</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SmarthistoryTheSacredBaroqueintheCatholicWorld-87">[74]</a> themes were generally sacred and for the purpose of a catholic setting. Important composers of this era include <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Barbara Strozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical">Classical</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period (music)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Classical-era_composers" title="List of Classical-era composers">List of Classical-era composers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haydn_portrait_by_Thomas_Hardy_(small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Haydn_portrait_by_Thomas_Hardy_%28small%29.jpg/180px-Haydn_portrait_by_Thomas_Hardy_%28small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Haydn_portrait_by_Thomas_Hardy_%28small%29.jpg/270px-Haydn_portrait_by_Thomas_Hardy_%28small%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Haydn_portrait_by_Thomas_Hardy_%28small%29.jpg/360px-Haydn_portrait_by_Thomas_Hardy_%28small%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> (1732–1809), portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy_(English_painter)" title="Thomas Hardy (English painter)">Thomas Hardy</a> (1791)</figcaption></figure> Though the term "classical music" includes all Western art music from the medieval era to the early 2010s, the Classical era was the period of Western art music from the 1750s to the early 1820s<a href="#cite_note-88">[75]</a>—the era of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>. The Classical era established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> became somewhat standardized (though they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8-10 performers for <a href="/wiki/Serenade#Classical_and_Romantic_eras" title="Serenade">serenades</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The <a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">opera buffa</a>, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a> came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">concertmaster</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973463-89">[76]</a> Classical era musicians continued to use many of the instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano (the precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>) and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse e.g. the theorbo and rackett, many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>), Baroque oboe (which became the <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>) and Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet. During the Classical era, the stringed instruments used in orchestra and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> such as <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a> were standardized as the four instruments which form the <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string section</a> of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello, and double bass. Baroque-era stringed instruments such as fretted, bowed <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viols</a> were phased out. Woodwinds included the <a href="/wiki/Basset_clarinet" title="Basset clarinet">basset clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basset_horn" title="Basset horn">basset horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarinette_d%27amour" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinette d'amour">clarinette d'amour</a>, the Classical <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">chalumeau</a>, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use at the end of the century. Brass instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">buccin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ophicleide" title="Ophicleide">ophicleide</a> (a replacement for the bass <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">serpent</a>, which was the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">natural horn</a>. Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While <a href="/wiki/Double_reed" title="Double reed">double-reed</a> instruments like the oboe and <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a> became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Single_reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Single reed">single reeds</a> was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.<a href="#cite_note-90">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romantic">Romantic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Romantic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic-era_composers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romantic-era composers">List of Romantic-era composers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg/220px-Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg/330px-Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg/440px-Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josef_Danhauser" title="Josef Danhauser">Josef Danhauser</a>'s 1840 painting of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> at the piano surrounded by (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marie_d%27Agoult" title="Marie d'Agoult">Marie d'Agoult</a> with a bust of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> on the piano</figcaption></figure> The music of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era">Romantic era</a>, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like <a href="/wiki/Nocturne" title="Nocturne">nocturnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">preludes</a> being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1992200-91">[78]</a> The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing.<a href="#cite_note-Swafford201-92">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">art song</a> (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>, ultimately transcended by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973595–612-93">[80]</a> In the 19th century, musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons, as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility. Increasing interest in music by the growing middle classes throughout western Europe spurred the creation of organizations for the teaching, performance, and preservation of music. The piano, which achieved its modern construction in this era (in part due to industrial advances in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>) became widely popular with the middle class, whose demands for the instrument spurred many piano builders. Many symphony orchestras date their founding to this era.<a href="#cite_note-Swafford201-92">[79]</a> Some musicians and composers were the stars of the day; some, like <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>, fulfilled both roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973543-94">[81]</a> European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in music">nationalism in music</a> (echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1973634,_641–642-95">[82]</a> In the Romantic era, the modern <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (<a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string section</a>, woodwinds, brass, and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."<a href="#cite_note-classicfm.com-96">[83]</a> The families of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew larger; a process that climaxed in the early 20th century with very large orchestras used by late romantic and modernist composers. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">rotary valves</a> made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100.<a href="#cite_note-Swafford201-92">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>'s 1906 <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 8</a>, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400.<a href="#cite_note-97">[84]</a> New woodwind instruments were added, such as the <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a> and new percussion instruments were added, including <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">celestas</a> (a bell-like keyboard instrument), <a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">bells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-classicfm.com-96">[83]</a> large <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestral harp">orchestral harps</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Wind_machine" title="Wind machine">wind machines</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophones</a> appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards, usually featured as a solo instrument rather than as in integral part of the orchestra. The <a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a>, a modified member of the horn family, appears in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s cycle <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>. It also has a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 7 in E Major</a> and is also used in several late romantic and modernist works by Richard Strauss, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, and others<a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a> Cornets appear regularly in 19th century scores, alongside trumpets which were regarded as less agile, at least until the end of the century. Prominent composers of this era include <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Nikolai Medtner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">Johann Strauss II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> are commonly regarded as transitional composers whose music combines both late romantic and early modernist elements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg/220px-Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg/330px-Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg/440px-Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Concept art for the 1913 production of Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a>. Many early 20th century composers such as Mahler, Sibelius and Vaughan Williams were heavily influenced by the forces of nature.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">Neue Musik</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century classical music</a></div> At the turn of the century, music was characteristically late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">romantic</a> in style with its expressive melodies, complex harmonies, and expansive forms. This era was marked by the works of several composers who pushed forward <a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">post-romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonic writing</a>. Composers such as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> continued to develop the western classical tradition with expansive symphonies and operas, while the likes of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a> infused their compositions with nationalistic elements and influences from folk songs. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> began in this tradition but soon ventured into modernist territories. At the same time, the impressionist movement, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, was being developed in France, with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> as another notable pioneer.<a href="#cite_note-99">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernist">Modernist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modernist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism (music)</a></div> Modernist classical music encompasses many styles of composition that can be characterised as post romantic, impressionist, expressionist, and neoclassical. Modernism marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure.<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a> Some music historians regard musical modernism as an era extending from about 1890 to 1930.<a href="#cite_note-karolyi-101">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-two-102">[89]</a> Others consider that modernism ended with one or the other of the two world wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright200413-103">[90]</a> Still other authorities claim that modernism is not associated with any historical era, but rather is "an attitude of the composer; a living construct that can evolve with the times".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHard200814-104">[91]</a> Despite its decline in the last third of the 20th century, there remained at the end of the century an active core of composers who continued to advance the ideas and forms of modernism, such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros" title="Pauline Oliveros">Pauline Oliveros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toru_Takemitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toru Takemitsu">Toru Takemitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Druckman" title="Jacob Druckman">Jacob Druckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wernick" title="Richard Wernick">Richard Wernick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Wilson" title="Richard Edward Wilson">Richard Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Shapey" title="Ralph Shapey">Ralph Shapey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001§9-105">[92]</a> Two musical movements that were dominant during this time were the <a href="/wiki/Impressionist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist music">impressionist</a> beginning around 1890 and the <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">expressionist</a> that started around 1908. It was a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that lead to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in the arts of the time. The operative word most associated with it is "innovation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzer20093-106">[93]</a> Its leading feature is a "linguistic plurality", which is to say that no single <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> ever assumed a dominant position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1984443-107">[94]</a> The orchestra continued to grow during the early years modernist era, peaking in the first two decades of the 20th century. Saxophones that appeared only rarely during the 19th century became more commonly used as supplementary instruments, but never became core members of the orchestra. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>'s orchestration of <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition" title="Pictures at an Exhibition">Pictures at an Exhibition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Dances_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphonic Dances (Rachmaninoff)">Symphonic Dances</a>, the saxophone is included in other works such as <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Prokofiev)#Orchestral_suites_extracted_from_Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)">Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2</a> and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. In some compositions such as Ravel's <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro" title="Boléro">Boléro</a>, two or more saxophones of different sizes are used to create an entire section like the other sections of the orchestra. The <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphonium</a> is featured in a few late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th century</a> works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben" title="Ein Heldenleben">Ein Heldenleben</a>. Prominent composers of the early 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Cécile Chaminade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Amy Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, along with the aforementioned Mahler and Strauss as transitional figures who carried over from the 19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-modern/contemporary">Post-modern/contemporary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-modern/contemporary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary classical music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_20th-century_classical_composers" title="List of 20th-century classical composers">List of 20th-century classical composers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_21st-century_classical_composers" title="List of 21st-century classical composers">List of 21st-century classical composers</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a> is a period of music that began as early as 1930 according to some authorities.<a href="#cite_note-karolyi-101">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-two-102">[89]</a> It shares characteristics with <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">postmodernist art</a> – that is, art that comes after and reacts against <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>. Some other authorities have more or less equated postmodern music with the "contemporary music" composed well after 1930, from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1995217-108">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeardGloag2005142-109">[96]</a> Some of the diverse movements of the postmodern/contemporary era include the neoromantic, neomedieval, minimalist, and post minimalist. <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary classical music</a> at the beginning of the 21st century was often considered to include all post-1945 musical forms.<a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a> A generation later, this term now properly refers to the music of today written by composers who are still alive; music that came into prominence in the mid-1970s. It includes different variations of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">postmodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoromanticism_(music)" title="Neoromanticism (music)">neoromantic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_music" title="Eclecticism in music">pluralist music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001§9-105">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Performance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_AKH_Vienna_June_2006_583_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Altes_AKH_Vienna_June_2006_583_cropped.jpg/220px-Altes_AKH_Vienna_June_2006_583_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Altes_AKH_Vienna_June_2006_583_cropped.jpg/330px-Altes_AKH_Vienna_June_2006_583_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Altes_AKH_Vienna_June_2006_583_cropped.jpg/440px-Altes_AKH_Vienna_June_2006_583_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> performing for the <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> Year 2006 in Vienna</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Performers" class="mw-redirect" title="Performers">Performers</a> who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may come from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a> degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.<a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a> Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in <a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">sight-reading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensemble</a> playing, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> principles, strong <a href="/wiki/Ear_training" title="Ear training">ear training</a> (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Performance_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance practice">performance practice</a> (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The key characteristic of European classical music that distinguishes it from <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, and some other classical music traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, is that the repertoire tends to be written down in <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>, creating a musical part or <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">score</a>. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a>, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> yet creating a coherent <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic function">harmonic logic</a>. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">musical improvisation</a>, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">preludes</a>, keyboard performers playing <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> would improvise <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a> symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise <a href="/wiki/Musical_ornament" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical ornament">musical ornaments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> was particularly noted for his complex improvisations.<a href="#cite_note-113">[100]</a> During the Classical era, the composer-performer <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles.<a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the <a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">cadenza</a> sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> would improvise at the piano.<a href="#cite_note-115">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_classical_music">Women in classical music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Women in classical music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_classical_music" title="Women in classical music">Women in classical music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_(Lithographie_1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithograph of a young girl at the piano, with a hand on the keyboard but the face turned back, dressed in a festive gown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg/170px-Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a> was a renowned 19th-century composer and pianist, known for her symphonic works, chamber music, and art songs. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amy_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amy_Beach.jpg/200px-Amy_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amy_Beach.jpg/300px-Amy_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Amy_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Amy Beach</a> American composer and one of the first women to compose large-scale symphonic works. 1908.</figcaption></figure> Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">standard concert repertoire</a> are male composers, even though there have been a <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_composers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female composers">large number of women composers</a> throughout the history of classical music. Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Citron" title="Marcia Citron">Marcia Citron</a> has asked "[w]hy is <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">music composed by women</a> so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?"<a href="#cite_note-Citron-116">[103]</a> Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received '<a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canon</a>' of performed musical works". She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote <a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">art songs</a> for performance in small recitals rather than <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a> intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed not to be notable as composers.<a href="#cite_note-Citron-116">[103]</a> In the "...Concise Oxford History of Music, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara S[c]humann</a> is one of the only female composers mentioned."<a href="#cite_note-rvanews-117">[104]</a> Abbey Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."<a href="#cite_note-rvanews-117">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lili_Boulanger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lili_Boulanger.jpg/200px-Lili_Boulanger.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lili_Boulanger.jpg/300px-Lili_Boulanger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lili_Boulanger.jpg/400px-Lili_Boulanger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lili_Boulanger" title="Lili Boulanger">Lili Boulanger</a> French composer and the first woman to win the <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a>. Her emotionally deep works were highly praised, though her career was tragically cut short by illness.</figcaption></figure> Historically, major professional <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a> have been mostly or entirely composed of musicians who are men. Some of the earliest cases of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">women being hired in professional orchestras</a> was in the position of <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harpist</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-The_world's_greatest_orchestras-118">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[n 14]</a> The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[109]</a> As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Flury" title="Dieter Flury">Dieter Flury</a>, told <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a> that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has".<a href="#cite_note-124">[110]</a> In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of <a href="/wiki/Maternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity leave">maternity leave</a> would be a problem.<a href="#cite_note-125">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Argerich_concierto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Martha_Argerich_concierto.jpg/220px-Martha_Argerich_concierto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Martha_Argerich_concierto.jpg/330px-Martha_Argerich_concierto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Martha_Argerich_concierto.jpg/440px-Martha_Argerich_concierto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kirchner_Cultural_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirchner Cultural Centre">Kirchner Cultural Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></figcaption></figure> In 2013, an article in <a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a> stated that while "[m]any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership—women outnumber men in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>'s violin section—and several renowned ensembles, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="National Symphony Orchestra">National Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Symphony">Detroit Symphony</a>, and the Minnesota Orchestra, are led by women violinists", the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras "...are still predominantly male".<a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> A 2014 BBC article stated that the "...introduction of <a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">'blind' auditions</a>, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift."<a href="#cite_note-127">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_other_music_traditions">Relationship to other music traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relationship to other music traditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Popular music">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_Tower_in_music_is_(Speaking_Portraits)_(Vol._I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Joan_Tower_in_music_is_%28Speaking_Portraits%29_%28Vol._I%29.jpg/200px-Joan_Tower_in_music_is_%28Speaking_Portraits%29_%28Vol._I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Joan_Tower_in_music_is_%28Speaking_Portraits%29_%28Vol._I%29.jpg/300px-Joan_Tower_in_music_is_%28Speaking_Portraits%29_%28Vol._I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Joan_Tower_in_music_is_%28Speaking_Portraits%29_%28Vol._I%29.jpg/400px-Joan_Tower_in_music_is_%28Speaking_Portraits%29_%28Vol._I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joan_Tower" title="Joan Tower">Joan Tower</a> is a renowned American composer known for blending popular music elements with classical works.</figcaption></figure> Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student <a href="/wiki/Drinking_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking songs">drinking songs</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture" title="Academic Festival Overture">Academic Festival Overture</a>, genres exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a>, and the influence of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> on early and mid-20th-century composers including <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano.<a href="#cite_note-128">[114]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">postmodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">minimalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">postminimalist</a> classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.<a href="#cite_note-129">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>'s 1924 orchestral composition <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a> has been described as <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">orchestral jazz or symphonic jazz</a>. The composition combines elements of classical music with jazz-influenced effects. Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which <a href="/wiki/Pachelbel%27s_Canon#Pachelbel's_canon_in_popular_culture" title="Pachelbel's Canon">Pachelbel's Canon</a> has been put since the 1970s, and the musical <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (music)">crossover</a> phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena.<a href="#cite_note-130">[116]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/Lead_guitarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead guitarist">lead guitarists</a> (playing <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Blackmore" title="Ritchie Blackmore">Ritchie Blackmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randy_Rhoads" title="Randy Rhoads">Randy Rhoads</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[117]</a> modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical-era instrumental music.<a href="#cite_note-132">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Folk music">edit</a>]</div> Composers of classical music have often made use of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> (music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yeomans2-133">[119]</a> have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a> have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.<a href="#cite_note-Stevens129-134">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Khachaturian</a> widely incorporated into his work the folk music of his native <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, but also other ethnic groups of the Middle East and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-135">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Commercialization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WQXR_CD_promotion_ad_(1986).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/WQXR_CD_promotion_ad_%281986%29.png/220px-WQXR_CD_promotion_ad_%281986%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/WQXR_CD_promotion_ad_%281986%29.png/330px-WQXR_CD_promotion_ad_%281986%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/WQXR_CD_promotion_ad_%281986%29.png/440px-WQXR_CD_promotion_ad_%281986%29.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">record shop</a>, live classical music performances have been compiled into compilation CDs (<a href="/wiki/WQXR-FM" title="WQXR-FM">WQXR</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tower_Records" title="Tower Records">Tower Records</a>, 1986).</figcaption></figure> Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">clichéd</a>, particularly the opening of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>' <a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra">Also sprach Zarathustra</a> (made famous in the film <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a>) and the opening section "<a href="/wiki/O_Fortuna" title="O Fortuna">O Fortuna</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)" title="Carmina Burana (Orff)">Carmina Burana</a>; other examples include the "<a href="/wiki/Dies_irae" title="Dies irae">Dies irae</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Requiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Hall_of_the_Mountain_King" title="In the Hall of the Mountain King">In the Hall of the Mountain King</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(Grieg)" title="Peer Gynt (Grieg)">Peer Gynt</a>, the opening bars of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sabre_Dance" title="Sabre Dance">Sabre Dance</a>", <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee" title="Flight of the Bumblebee">Flight of the Bumblebee</a>", and excerpts of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rodeo_(ballet)" title="Rodeo (ballet)">Rodeo</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several works from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">Golden Age of Animation</a> matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry" title="Tom and Jerry">Tom and Jerry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mouse" title="Johann Mouse">Johann Mouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>' <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_of_Seville" title="Rabbit of Seville">Rabbit of Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/What%27s_Opera,_Doc%3F" title="What's Opera, Doc?">What's Opera, Doc?</a> Similarly, movies and television often use standard, clichéd excerpts of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">Cello Suite No. 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eine_kleine_Nachtmusik" title="Eine kleine Nachtmusik">Eine kleine Nachtmusik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">Four Seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Night_on_Bald_Mountain" title="Night on Bald Mountain">Night on Bald Mountain</a> (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/William_Tell_Overture" title="William Tell Overture">William Tell Overture</a>". Shawn Vancour argues the commercialization of classical music in the 1920s may have harmed the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></div> During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the "<a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a>": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on <a href="/wiki/Spatial_visualization_ability" title="Spatial visualization ability">spatial reasoning</a> tests as a result of listening to Mozart's music. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> by 8 to 9 points.<a href="#cite_note-138">[124]</a> This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> music columnist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a>: "researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter."<a href="#cite_note-139">[125]</a> Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented "I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music education</a> programs."<a href="#cite_note-140">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The Ancient Roman citizenship classes in question were derived from the guidelines set forth by the legendary king <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Servian_constitution" title="Servian constitution">Servian constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howatson-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> In 1690, many decades after Cotgrave's 1611 definition, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fureti%C3%A8re" title="Antoine Furetière">Antoine Furetière</a>'s posthumous <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_universel" title="Dictionnaire universel">Dictionnaire universel</a> echoed <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> in praising <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> and referring to them as classique.<a href="#cite_note-Mignot-14">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> This is why the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> movement of the mid 18th-century was widespread in fields such as architecture and painting but not music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page2mode2up_3]-18">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Before the beginning of the 18th-century, there was a brief flowering of court music following the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">[11]</a> Composers such as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Locke_(composer)" title="Matthew Locke (composer)">Matthew Locke</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> found considerable success,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2005"Restoration"-20">[17]</a> particularly with the popular court <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Banister_(composer)" title="John Banister (composer)">John Banister</a>'s concerts quickly gained popularity, allowing him to later move his venue to <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Essex_Street,_London" title="Essex Street, London">Essex Street</a>; at its peak, his ensemble consisted of nearly 50 musicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2001§_para._1–4-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> For further information on the development of a classical music canon in 18th-century England, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeber1994" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, William (Autumn 1994). "The Intellectual Origins of Musical Canon in Eighteenth-Century England". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a>. 47 (3): 488–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3128800">10.2307/3128800</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3128800">3128800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Musicological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Intellectual+Origins+of+Musical+Canon+in+Eighteenth-Century+England&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E488-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3128800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3128800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Some critics, from the 19th to 21st centuries, defined the <a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First Viennese School</a> in different ways. Commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Finscher" title="Ludwig Finscher">Ludwig Finscher</a> excluded Beethoven from the school entirely, while the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Friedrich Blume</a> included all three in addition to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"1._The_Viennese_'Classical'_idiom":_§_para._1-28">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a> included Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, but only their instrumental music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"1._The_Viennese_'Classical'_idiom":_§_para._1-28">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The earliest use of the term "classical music" in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> given by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED) is in the 1829 diary of English musician <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Novello" title="Vincent Novello">Vincent Novello</a>, who said "This is the place I should come to every Sunday when I wished to hear classical music correctly and judiciously performed".<a href="#cite_note-OED-34">[27]</a> However, this is predated by at least 9 years from the title of the English writer <a href="/wiki/John_Feltham_Danneley" title="John Feltham Danneley">John Feltham Danneley</a>'s 1820 Introduction to the Elementary Principles of Thorough Bass and Classical Music.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> In addition to the title of <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2005">Taruskin 2005</a>, see also, the titles of <a href="#CITEREFGrout1973">Grout 1973</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHanning2002">Hanning 2002</a> and <a href="#CITEREFStolba1998">Stolba 1998</a>, all of which include the term "Western music" but essentially exclude non-classical music in the Western world. <a href="#CITEREFGrout1973">Grout 1973</a> was first published in 1960, and it was not until the fifth edition prepared by <a href="/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca" title="Claude V. Palisca">Claude V. Palisca</a> in 1996 that any information on <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> was included.<a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_P._Locke" title="Ralph P. Locke">Ralph P. Locke</a> cites composer <a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a> as an example, and notes the title of a 2004 publication, Locating East Asia in Western Art Music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELocke2012321-45">[36]</a> See also the title of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarone2021" class="citation news cs1">Barone, Joshua (23 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/23/arts/music/asian-composers-classical-music.html">"Asian Composers Reflect on Careers in Western Classical Music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/23/arts/music/asian-composers-classical-music.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Asian+Composers+Reflect+on+Careers+in+Western+Classical+Music&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F23%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fasian-composers-classical-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> <a href="#CITEREFBurkholderGroutPalisca2014">Burkholder, Grout & Palisca 2014</a>, p. 1009 note that "We may well wonder whether the term "Western [classical] music" is still appropriate when Western culture has spread around the world, and some of the most practices performers and interesting new composers come from China, Japan and Korea. Given its global reach, it may be time to rename this tradition, but as eclectic and diverse as it has become, its roots are still in Western culture reaching back through Europe to ancient Greece". </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> From all available evidence, it appears that no, or few, significant musical developments can be credited to Ancient Rome, who largely adopted the practices of their Ancient Greek predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout197310–11-51">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Donald Jay Grout</a> notes that even by the 20th century there were only fragments and a few more sizable examples of such Greco-Roman music that survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout19732-48">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The entirety of early medieval Europe may not have been without a notional system for music, see <a href="#CITEREFGampel2012">Gampel 2012</a>, who argues against the traditional conclusion of Isidore of Seville's remark. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_for_Women_in_Music" title="International Alliance for Women in Music">International Alliance for Women in Music</a>. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist."<a href="#cite_note-JP-119">[106]</a> As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">concertmasters</a> in 2008, the first woman to hold that position.<a href="#cite_note-120">[107]</a> In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Hellsberg" title="Clemens Hellsberg">Clemens Hellsberg</a> said the VPO now uses completely screened <a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">blind auditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Legends-121">[108]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._1_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwens2008">Owens 2008</a>, § para. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg200099-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg200099_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg200099_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2000">Schulenberg 2000</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2000">Schulenberg 2000</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100–101-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000100–101_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2000">Schulenberg 2000</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000102–104-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000102–104_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000102–104_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2000">Schulenberg 2000</a>, pp. 102–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000104–105-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000104–105_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000104–105_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2000">Schulenberg 2000</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000110-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000110_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2000">Schulenberg 2000</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000113-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulenberg2000113_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulenberg2000">Schulenberg 2000</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._2-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._2_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwens2008">Owens 2008</a>, § para. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._7-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2008§_para._7_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwens2008">Owens 2008</a>, § para. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._1_11-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeartz2001">Heartz 2001</a>, § para. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Howatson-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howatson_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howatson_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowatson2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Howatson, M. C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199548545.001.0001/acref-9780199548545-e-0735">"classic"</a>. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954854-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954854-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207104858/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199548545.001.0001/acref-9780199548545-e-0735">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=classic&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954854-5&rft.aulast=Howatson&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199548545.001.0001%2Facref-9780199548545-e-0735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mignot-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mignot_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mignot_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignot2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mignot" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Mignot">Mignot, Claude</a> [in French] (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190681166.001.0001/acref-9780190681166-e-48">"Classic"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cassin" title="Barbara Cassin">Cassin, Barbara</a> (ed.). Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068116-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068116-6"><bdi>978-0-19-068116-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207002739/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190681166.001.0001/acref-9780190681166-e-48">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classic&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Untranslatables%3A+A+Philosophical+Lexicon&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068116-6&rft.aulast=Mignot&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190681166.001.0001%2Facref-9780190681166-e-48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotgrave1611" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randle_Cotgrave" title="Randle Cotgrave">Cotgrave, Randle</a> (1611). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOhMAAAAcAAJ">A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</a>. London: Adam Islip.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionarie+of+the+French+and+English+Tongues&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+Islip&rft.date=1611&rft.aulast=Cotgrave&rft.aufirst=Randle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOhMAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001§_para._2_17-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeartz2001">Heartz 2001</a>, § para. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page2mode2up_3]-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page2mode2up_3]_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPauly1988">Pauly 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5/page/2/mode/2up">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2005"Restoration"-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2005"Restoration"_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2005">Taruskin 2005</a>, "Restoration". </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkling1996" class="citation journal cs1">Walkling, Andrew R. (February 1996). "Masque and Politics at the Restoration Court: John Crowne's "Calisto"". <a href="/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a>. 24 (1): 27–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fearlyj%2FXXIV.1.27">10.1093/earlyj/XXIV.1.27</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3128449">3128449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Masque+and+Politics+at+the+Restoration+Court%3A+John+Crowne%27s+%22Calisto%22&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fearlyj%2FXXIV.1.27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3128449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walkling&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2001§_para._1–4-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2001§_para._1–4_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2001§_para._1–4_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcVeigh2001">McVeigh 2001</a>, § para. 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1999345-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1999345_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1999">Weber 1999</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"2._Earlier_'classicisms'":_§_para._1-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"2._Earlier_'classicisms'":_§_para._1_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeartz2001"2._Earlier_'classicisms'":_§_para._1_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeartz2001">Heartz 2001</a>, "2. 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Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times+and+Singing+Class+Circular&rft.atitle=Classical+Music&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=434&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=1879-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3355606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3355606%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salaman&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2388440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/33881">"classical, adj. and n.: A9"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OED_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="OED Online">OED Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217100802/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=15AD26346361B0F7A71C0E3C5CAB60C6?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F33881">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=classical%2C+adj.+and+n.%3A+A9&rft.btitle=OED+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F33881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquire2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Squire, W. B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7129">"Danneley, John Feltham (bap. 1785, d. 1834x6), writer on music"</a>. In Baker, Anne Pimlott (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Revised by Anne Pimlott Baker. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7129">10.1093/ref:odnb/7129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604064640/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7129">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Danneley%2C+John+Feltham+%28bap.+1785%2C+d.+1834x6%29%2C+writer+on+music&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7129&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Squire&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-7129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanneley1820" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Feltham_Danneley" title="John Feltham Danneley">Danneley, John Feltham</a> (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel00dann">An Introduction to the Elementary Principles of Thorough Bass and Classical Music</a>. Ipswich: R. Deck. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1047597428">1047597428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Elementary+Principles+of+Thorough+Bass+and+Classical+Music&rft.place=Ipswich&rft.pub=R.+Deck&rft.date=1820&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1047597428&rft.aulast=Danneley&rft.aufirst=John+Feltham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoel00dann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (1994). "classical". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000kenn">The Oxford Dictionary of Music</a> (New ed.). Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000kenn/page/178/mode/2up">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869162-4"><bdi>978-0-19-869162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=classical&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-869162-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary0000kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page2mode2up_2]-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauly1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5page2mode2up_2]_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPauly1988">Pauly 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5/page/2/mode/2up">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettl1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Nettl, Bruno</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZ1_pQJnKEC">Heartland Excursions: Ethnomusicological Reflections on Schools of Music</a>. Champaign: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZ1_pQJnKEC&pg=PA3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06468-5"><bdi>978-0-252-06468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heartland+Excursions%3A+Ethnomusicological+Reflections+on+Schools+of+Music&rft.place=Champaign&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06468-5&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZZ1_pQJnKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELocke2012320–322-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELocke2012320–322_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELocke2012320–322_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLocke2012">Locke 2012</a>, pp. 320–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2005"Introduction:_The_History_of_What?"-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2005"Introduction:_The_History_of_What?"_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2005">Taruskin 2005</a>, "Introduction: The History of What?". </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholder2009–2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Burkholder" title="J. 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Mother Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124021929/http://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/09/women-conductors-gap-charts-marin-alsop-proms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here%27s+Why+You+Seldom+See+Women+Leading+a+Symphony&rft.pub=Mother+Jones&rft.au=Hannah+Levintova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fmedia%2F2013%2F09%2Fwomen-conductors-gap-charts-marin-alsop-proms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2014" class="citation web cs1">Burton, Clemency (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130821-why-so-few-women-conductors">"Culture – Why aren't there more women conductors?"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123122422/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130821-why-so-few-women-conductors">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+%E2%80%93+Why+aren%27t+there+more+women+conductors%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Clemency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20130821-why-so-few-women-conductors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kelly, Barbara L. (2001). "Ravel, Maurice, §3: 1918–37". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ravel%2C+Maurice%2C+%C2%A73%3A+1918%E2%80%9337&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988">‎ </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiôn2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Siôn, Pwyll Ap (2001). "Nyman, Michael". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nyman%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Si%C3%B4n&rft.aufirst=Pwyll+Ap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988">‎ </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Notable examples are the <a href="/wiki/Hooked_on_Classics" title="Hooked on Classics">Hooked on Classics</a> series of recordings made by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a> in the early 1980s and the classical crossover violinists <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Mae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanessa Mae">Vanessa Mae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catya_Mar%C3%A9" title="Catya Maré">Catya Maré</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarew2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Carew, Francis Wayne (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1668&context=oa_theses">The Guitar Voice of Randy Rhoads</a> (Master of Arts). <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>. pp. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085902/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1668&context=oa_theses">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Guitar+Voice+of+Randy+Rhoads&rft.inst=Wayne+State+University&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.aulast=Carew&rft.aufirst=Francis+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wayne.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1668%26context%3Doa_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalser1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser_(musicologist)" title="Robert Walser (musicologist)">Walser, Robert</a> (October 1992). "Eruptions: heavy metal appropriations of classical virtuosity". Popular Music. 11 (3): 263–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0261143000005158">10.1017/s0261143000005158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-1430">0261-1430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162682249">162682249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=Eruptions%3A+heavy+metal+appropriations+of+classical+virtuosity&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162682249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0261-1430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0261143000005158&rft.aulast=Walser&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeomans2-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Yeomans2_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2006" class="citation book cs1">Yeomans, David (2006). Piano Music of the Czech Romantics: A Performer's Guide. Indiana University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21845-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21845-2"><bdi>978-0-253-21845-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piano+Music+of+the+Czech+Romantics%3A+A+Performer%27s+Guide&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21845-2&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens129-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens129_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensGillies,_Malcolm1993" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Haley; Gillies, Malcolm (1993). The Life and Music of Béla Bartók. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816349-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816349-7"><bdi>978-0-19-816349-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Music+of+B%C3%A9la+Bart%C3%B3k&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816349-7&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft.au=Gillies%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakst1977" class="citation book cs1">Bakst, James (1977). "Khachaturyan". A History of Russian-Soviet Music (Reprint ed.). Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837194229" title="Special:BookSources/0837194229"><bdi>0837194229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khachaturyan&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian-Soviet+Music&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=336&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0837194229&rft.aulast=Bakst&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1987" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Kenyon C. (1987). "Khachaturian, Aram". A Basic Classical and Operatic Recordings Collection for Libraries. Metuchen, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810820418" title="Special:BookSources/9780810820418"><bdi>9780810820418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khachaturian%2C+Aram&rft.btitle=A+Basic+Classical+and+Operatic+Recordings+Collection+for+Libraries&rft.place=Metuchen%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780810820418&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Kenyon+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVancour2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vancour, Shawn (March 2009). "Popularizing the Classics: Radio's Role in the Music Appreciation Movement 1922–34". Media, Culture & Society. 31 (2): 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443708100319">10.1177/0163443708100319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144331723">144331723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Popularizing+the+Classics%3A+Radio%27s+Role+in+the+Music+Appreciation+Movement+1922%E2%80%9334.&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0163443708100319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144331723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vancour&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteeleBellaPeretzDunlop1999" class="citation journal cs1">Steele, Kenneth M.; Bella, Simone Dalla; Peretz, Isabelle; Dunlop, Tracey; Dawe, Lloyd A.; Humphrey, G. Keith; Shannon, Roberta A.; Kirby, Johnny L.; Olmstead, C. G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Steele_KM_1999_Prelude_or_Requiem.pdf">"Prelude or requiem for the 'Mozart effect'?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 400 (6747): 827–828. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.400..827S">1999Natur.400..827S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F23611">10.1038/23611</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10476959">10476959</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4352029">4352029</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030091404/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Steele_KM_1999_Prelude_or_Requiem.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Prelude+or+requiem+for+the+%27Mozart+effect%27%3F&rft.volume=400&rft.issue=6747&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E827-%3C%2Fspan%3E828&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F23611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4352029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10476959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Natur.400..827S&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft.au=Bella%2C+Simone+Dalla&rft.au=Peretz%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Dunlop%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Dawe%2C+Lloyd+A.&rft.au=Humphrey%2C+G.+Keith&rft.au=Shannon%2C+Roberta+A.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+Johnny+L.&rft.au=Olmstead%2C+C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibres.uncg.edu%2Fir%2Fasu%2Ff%2FSteele_KM_1999_Prelude_or_Requiem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EFDF1239F93BA1575BC0A962958260">"Classical View; Listening To Prozac... Er, Mozart"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217100802/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/28/arts/classical-view-listening-to-prozac-er-mozart.html">Archived</a> 17 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 28 August 1994. Retrieved on 16 May 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Goode, Erica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E0D81131F930A3575BC0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3">"Mozart for Baby? Some Say, Maybe Not"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217100804/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/03/science/mozart-for-baby-some-say-maybe-not.html">Archived</a> 17 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 3 August 1999. Retrieved on 16 May 2008. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright2004" class="citation book cs1">Albright, Daniel (2004). Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-01267-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-01267-0"><bdi>0-226-01267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+and+Music%3A+An+Anthology+of+Sources&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-01267-0&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeardGloag2005" class="citation book cs1">Beard, David; Gloag, Kenneth (2005). Musicology: The Key Concepts. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31692-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31692-7"><bdi>978-0-415-31692-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musicology%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31692-7&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gloag%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholderGroutPalisca2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Burkholder" title="J. Peter Burkholder">Burkholder, J. Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald Jay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca" title="Claude V. Palisca">Palisca, Claude V.</a> (2014). A History of Western Music (9th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91829-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91829-8"><bdi>978-0-393-91829-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-91829-8&rft.aulast=Burkholder&rft.aufirst=J.+Peter&rft.au=Grout%2C+Donald+Jay&rft.au=Palisca%2C+Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Noyer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Du_Noyer" title="Paul Du Noyer">Du Noyer, Paul</a>, ed. (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music: From Rock, Pop, Jazz, Blue, and Hip-Hop to Classical, Folk, World, and More. London: Flame Tree. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904041-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904041-70-2"><bdi>978-1-904041-70-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Music%3A+From+Rock%2C+Pop%2C+Jazz%2C+Blue%2C+and+Hip-Hop+to+Classical%2C+Folk%2C+World%2C+and+More&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Flame+Tree&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-904041-70-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFassler2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Fassler" class="mw-redirect" title="Margot Fassler">Fassler, Margot</a> (2014). Frisch, Walter (ed.). Music in the Medieval West. Western Music in Context: A Norton History (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92915-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92915-7"><bdi>978-0-393-92915-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Medieval+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Western+Music+in+Context%3A+A+Norton+History&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92915-7&rft.aulast=Fassler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrout1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald Jay</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00grou">A History of Western Music</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09416-9"><bdi>978-0-393-09416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09416-9&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwestern00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanning2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Russano_Hanning" title="Barbara Russano Hanning">Hanning, Barbara Russano</a> (2002) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hann">Concise History of Western Music</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97775-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97775-7"><bdi>0-393-97775-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-393-97775-7&rft.aulast=Hanning&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Russano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0000hann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppin1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoppin" title="Richard Hoppin">Hoppin, Richard</a> (1978). Medieval Music. The Norton Introduction to Music History (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09090-1"><bdi>978-0-393-09090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Norton+Introduction+to+Music+History&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09090-1&rft.aulast=Hoppin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKárolyi1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Ottó Károlyi">Károlyi, Ottó</a> (1994). Modern British Music: The Second British Musical Renaissance – From Elgar to P. Maxwell Davies. Madison: <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3532-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3532-6"><bdi>0-8386-3532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+British+Music%3A+The+Second+British+Musical+Renaissance+%E2%80%93+From+Elgar+to+P.+Maxwell+Davies&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8386-3532-6&rft.aulast=K%C3%A1rolyi&rft.aufirst=Ott%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHard2008" class="citation book cs1">McHard, James L. (2008). The Future of Modern Music: A Philosophical Exploration of Modernist Music in the 20th Century and Beyond (3rd ed.). Livonia: Iconic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9778195-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9778195-1-5"><bdi>978-0-9778195-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Modern+Music%3A+A+Philosophical+Exploration+of+Modernist+Music+in+the+20th+Century+and+Beyond&rft.place=Livonia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Iconic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9778195-1-5&rft.aulast=McHard&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Metzer, David Joel (2009). Musical Modernism at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century. Music in the Twentieth Century 26. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51779-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Modernism+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Music+in+the+Twentieth+Century+26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51779-9&rft.aulast=Metzer&rft.aufirst=David+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1994" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Leonard B. (1994). Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture (2nd ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5"><bdi>0-226-52143-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%2C+the+Arts%2C+and+Ideas%3A+Patterns+and+Predictions+in+Twentieth-Century+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-52143-5&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Leonard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauly1988" class="citation book cs1">Pauly, Reinhard G. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5">Music in the Classic Period</a> (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Classic+Period&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Pauly&rft.aufirst=Reinhard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicinclassicpe0000paul_u2j5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Reese" title="Gustave Reese">Reese, Gustave</a> (1940). Music in the Middle Ages: With an Introduction on the Music of Ancient Times. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09750-4"><bdi>978-0-393-09750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+With+an+Introduction+on+the+Music+of+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09750-4&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolba1998" class="citation book cs1">Stolba, K Marie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofwes0000stol_t2w0">The Development of Western Music: A History</a> (3rd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Companies">McGraw-Hill Companies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-697-29379-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-697-29379-3"><bdi>0-697-29379-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Western+Music%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-697-29379-3&rft.aulast=Stolba&rft.aufirst=K+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentofwes0000stol_t2w0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1995" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Henry W. (1995). The Beatles with Lacan: Rock 'n' Roll as Requiem for the Modern Age. Sociocriticism: Literature, Society and History Series 4. New York: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">P. Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-2183-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-2183-9"><bdi>0-8204-2183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+with+Lacan%3A+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+as+Requiem+for+the+Modern+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Sociocriticism%3A+Literature%2C+Society+and+History+Series+4&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8204-2183-9&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwafford1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Swafford, Jan</a> (1992). The Vintage Guide to Classical Music. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72805-4"><bdi>978-0-679-72805-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vintage+Guide+to+Classical+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72805-4&rft.aulast=Swafford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/">Oxford History of Western Music</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516979-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516979-9"><bdi>978-0-19-516979-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516979-9&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordwesternmusic.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1999" class="citation book cs1">Weber, William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.some.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2.-Weber-1999-The-history-of-musical-canon.pdf">"The History of Musical Canon"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cook" title="Nicholas Cook">Cook, Nicholas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Everist" title="Mark Everist">Everist, Mark</a> (eds.). Rethinking Music. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 336–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879003-7"><bdi>978-0-19-879003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Musical+Canon&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879003-7&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.some.ox.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F08%2F2.-Weber-1999-The-history-of-musical-canon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudkin1989" class="citation book cs1">Yudkin, Jeremy (1989). Music in Medieval Europe (1st ed.). Upper Saddle River: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-608192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-608192-0"><bdi>978-0-13-608192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-13-608192-0&rft.aulast=Yudkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_and_encyclopedia_articles">Journal and encyclopedia articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Journal and encyclopedia articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotstein2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Botstein, Leon</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040625">"Modernism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40625">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40625</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernism&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40625&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Botstein&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> (subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowles1954" class="citation journal cs1">Bowles, Edmund A. (1954). "Haut and Bas: The Grouping of Musical Instruments in the Middle Ages". <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Musicology#Musica_Disciplina" title="American Institute of Musicology">Musica Disciplina</a>. 8: 115–140. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20531877">20531877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musica+Disciplina&rft.atitle=Haut+and+Bas%3A+The+Grouping+of+Musical+Instruments+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20531877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bowles&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGampel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gampel, Alan (2012). "Papyrological Evidence of Musical Notation From the 6th to the 8th Centuries". <a href="/wiki/Musica_Disciplina" class="mw-redirect" title="Musica Disciplina">Musica Disciplina</a>. 57: 5–50. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24427165">24427165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musica+Disciplina&rft.atitle=Papyrological+Evidence+of+Musical+Notation+From+the+6th+to+the+8th+Centuries&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24427165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gampel&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeartz2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Heartz" title="Daniel Heartz">Heartz, Daniel</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000005889">"Classical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alan_Brown" title="Bruce Alan Brown">Bruce Alan Brown</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.05889">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05889</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.05889&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Heartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000005889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> (subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_P._Locke" title="Ralph P. Locke">Locke, Ralph P.</a> (2012). "On Exoticism, Western Art Music, and the Words We Use". <a href="/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Musikwissenschaft" title="Archiv für Musikwissenschaft">Archiv für Musikwissenschaft</a>. 69 (H. 4): 318–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fafmw-2012-0028">10.25162/afmw-2012-0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23375158">23375158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252447994">252447994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Musikwissenschaft&rft.atitle=On+Exoticism%2C+Western+Art+Music%2C+and+the+Words+We+Use&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=H.+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252447994%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23375158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fafmw-2012-0028&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Ralph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeigh2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McVeigh, Simon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000016904">"London (i)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.16904">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=London+%28i%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.16904&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000016904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> (subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1984" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Robert P. (1984). "Secret Languages: The Roots of Musical Modernism". <a href="/wiki/Critical_Inquiry" title="Critical Inquiry">Critical Inquiry</a>. 10 (3): 442–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448257">10.1086/448257</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343302">1343302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161937907">161937907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Secret+Languages%3A+The+Roots+of+Musical+Modernism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E442-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161937907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1343302%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F448257&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulenberg2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schulenberg" class="extiw" title="fr:David Schulenberg">Schulenberg, David</a> [in French] (2000). "History of European Art Music". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a>: Europe. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 99–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2"><bdi>0-8240-6034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+European+Art+Music&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+Europe&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8240-6034-2&rft.aulast=Schulenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Owens, Tom C. (2008). "Classical Music". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stearns" title="Peter Stearns">Stearns, Peter N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-320?rskey=HyY0tY&result=3">The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517632-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Music&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517632-2&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Tom+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195176322.001.0001%2Facref-9780195176322-e-320%3Frskey%3DHyY0tY%26result%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckermanBoghossian2021" class="citation book cs1">Beckerman, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boghossian" title="Paul Boghossian">Boghossian, Paul</a>, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7goEAAAQBAJ">Classical Music: Contemporary Perspectives and Challenges</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Open_Book_Publishers" title="Open Book Publishers">Open Book Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80064-116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80064-116-7"><bdi>978-1-80064-116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Music%3A+Contemporary+Perspectives+and+Challenges&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-80064-116-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ7goEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bryant, Wanda (2000). "Ancient Greek Music". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a>: Europe. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2"><bdi>0-8240-6034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Music&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+Europe&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8240-6034-2&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Wanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Russano_Hanning" title="Barbara Russano Hanning">Hanning, Barbara Russano</a> (2002) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hann">Concise History of Western Music</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97775-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97775-7"><bdi>0-393-97775-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-393-97775-7&rft.aulast=Hanning&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Russano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0000hann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Julian (2002). Who Needs Classical Music?: Cultural Choice and Musical Value. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Needs+Classical+Music%3F%3A+Cultural+Choice+and+Musical+Value&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kramer_(musicologist)" title="Lawrence Kramer (musicologist)">Kramer, Lawrence</a> (2007). Why Classical Music Still Matters. Simpson Book in the Humanities. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25082-6"><bdi>978-0-520-25082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Classical+Music+Still+Matters&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Simpson+Book+in+the+Humanities&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25082-6&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Nettl, Bruno</a> (2000). "The Role of History in Contemporary European Art-Music Culture". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a>: Europe. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 89–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2"><bdi>0-8240-6034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+History+in+Contemporary+European+Art-Music+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+Europe&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8240-6034-2&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nettl, Bruno (2014) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476">"Music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40476">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40476&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"> (subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Randel, Don Michael</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC">The Harvard Dictionary of Music</a> (4th ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674011632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674011632"><bdi>978-0674011632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0674011632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02rFSecPhEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Scholes, Percy</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Companion_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Oxford Companion to Music">The New Oxford Companion to Music</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-311316-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-311316-3"><bdi>0-19-311316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-311316-3&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Seebass, Tilman (2000). "Notation and Transmission in European Music History". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a>: Europe. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 80–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2"><bdi>0-8240-6034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notation+and+Transmission+in+European+Music+History&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+Europe&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8240-6034-2&rft.aulast=Seebass&rft.aufirst=Tilman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stolba, K Marie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofwes0000stol_t2w0">The Development of Western Music: A History</a> (3rd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Companies">McGraw-Hill Companies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-697-29379-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-697-29379-3"><bdi>0-697-29379-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Western+Music%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-697-29379-3&rft.aulast=Stolba&rft.aufirst=K+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentofwes0000stol_t2w0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_music&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/">Grove Music Online</a> – online version of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgg-online.com/">MGG Online</a> – online version of <a href="/wiki/Die_Musik_in_Geschichte_und_Gegenwart" title="Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart">Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Classical-music">Historical classical recordings</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Library_Sound_Archive" title="British Library Sound Archive">British Library Sound Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicalmusiconly.com/lists">Official ClassicalMusicOnly WebSite</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music777" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music" title="Outline of classical music">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_music" title="Category:Classical music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_music" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music956" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="8129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Timor-Leste" title="Music of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Music and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_sleep" title="Music and sleep">Music and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_escapism" title="Musical escapism">Musical escapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/6px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/8px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/11px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music" title="Category:Music">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> 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href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Classical music at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Classical_music" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Classical music">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Classical_music" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Classical music">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Classical_music" class="extiw" title="q:Classical music">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/European_classical_music" class="extiw" title="voy:European classical music">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9730" class="extiw" title="d:Q9730">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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