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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nayaka_Rulers_clan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nayaka_Rulers_clan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Nayaka Rulers clan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nayaka_Rulers_clan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Historical time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Height of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div 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</button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nayaka_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nayaka_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nayaka coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nayaka_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Madurai Nayak dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83" title="سلالة مادوراي ناياك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة مادوراي ناياك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayaks_de_Madura" title="Nayaks de Madura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nayaks de Madura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayakas_de_Madurai" title="Nayakas de Madurai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nayakas de Madurai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Nayak_de_Madurai" title="Dynastie Nayak de Madurai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Nayak de Madurai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मदुरै नायक राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मदुरै नायक राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayak_di_Madurai" title="Nayak di Madurai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nayak di Madurai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB" title="മധുരൈ നായ്ക്കൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മധുരൈ നായ്ക്കൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="मदुराई नायक राजघराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मदुराई नायक राजघराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AB%E6%9C%9D" title="マドゥライ・ナーヤカ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マドゥライ・ナーヤカ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Наяки Мадурая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наяки Мадурая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9B_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="මදුරෛ නායක් රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මදුරෛ නායක් රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayak" title="Nayak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nayak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மதுரை நாயக்கர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதுரை நாயக்கர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మధురై నాయకులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మధురై నాయకులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1530838#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Madurai Nayak dynasty</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1529–1815</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a><br />(1529–1616)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a><br />(1616–1634)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a><br />(1634–1695)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a><br />(1695–1716)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a><br />(1716–1736)</li><li><b>In Sri Lanka:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a><br />(1739-1815)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Governors under the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li><li>Monarchy</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1529</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pandiyan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandiyan Dynasty">Pandiyan Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Sultanate" title="Carnatic Sultanate">Carnatic Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Ramnad estate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukkottai state">Pudukkottai state</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Madurai Nayaks</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-Telugu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telugu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who ruled most of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India, with <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> as their capital. The Madurai Nayaks had their origins in the <a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Balija</a> warrior clans of present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nayak reign which lasted for over two centuries from around 1529 to 1736 was noted for its achievements in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultans</a>, and the inauguration of a unique architectural style.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dynasty consisted of 13 rulers, of whom nine were kings, two were queens, and two were joint-kings. The most notable among them were king <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Nayaka" title="Tirumala Nayaka">Tirumala Nayaka</a> and queen <a href="/wiki/Mangammal" title="Mangammal">Rani Mangammal</a>. Foreign trade was conducted mainly with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>, as the British and the French had not yet made inroads into the region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dalavay Agraharam Plates of <a href="/wiki/Venkata_I" title="Venkata I">Venkata I</a>, mention that Virappa Nayaka, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Nayak" title="Viswanatha Nayak">Viswanatha Nayak</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayaks">Madurai</a> line mentions him with the title of lord of Ayyavalipura.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (lords of the town of Ayyavole). The lords of Ayyavolu were called Vira- Balanjas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Vira-<a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">balija</a> in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, Vira-<a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Banajiga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and Vira-<a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Valanjiyar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, all of them mean valiant merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their capital was at <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Ayyavole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Description of the Nayakas of Madurai was compiled by an official of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> in 1677, it mentions that the founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Nayak" title="Viswanatha Nayak">Viswanatha Nayak</a>, as belonging to the Wellen Chetti merchant community.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nayaka_Rulers_clan">The Nayaka Rulers clan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Nayaka Rulers clan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, the Nayakas were <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Balija Chetti</a> warrior from present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telugu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telugu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kaifiyat" title="Kaifiyat">Kaifiyat</a> of the Karnata Kotikam Kings mentions the founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Nayak" title="Viswanatha Nayak">Viswanatha Nayak</a>, as belonging to the Garikepati family of the <a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Balija</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewan Bahadur <a href="/wiki/V._Ramabadra_Naidu" title="V. Ramabadra Naidu">Ramabadra Naidu</a>, Zamindar of Vadagarai was a <a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">descendant</a> of the famous warrior and diplomat Ramabhadra Nayak, who had held the post of <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> Chief and <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">Collector</a> of Revenue under his close relative <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Nayak" title="Viswanatha Nayak">Viswanatha Nayak</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> country. He belonged to <a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Balija</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Srivamsa Prakashika</i>, an <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th</a> century <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> writing mentions the last ruler of the dynasty, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayak, as belonging to the Garikepati family of the <a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Balija</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <i>The Madura Country A Manual</i> written by J. H. Nelson in 1868, it mentions that the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayaks">Madurai Nayaks</a> belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Balija" title="Balija">Balija</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_time">Historical time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They started as <i>kartakkals</i> (agents) of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagar</a> empire in southern regions of what would become <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. That region had long been a troubled province due to its distance from Vijayanagara and had been only been fully subjugated in the early 16th century under Veera Narasimha. The first Nayaka, Nangama, was a popular and able general of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>. Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama Nayaka with a large army to bring <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">Pandya Nadu</a> back under imperial control. Although he was an able administrator he was a hard ruler and rejected any claims of authority from the petty chieftains, which made him unpopular. In addition, experienced officers like Nangama Nayaka were chafing under the strict control Krishnadevaraya imposed on them. Towards the end of Krishnadevaraya's reign, trouble erupted in the south as the Chola Nayakas openly revolted and fled to <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, while Nangama began defying central orders while still claiming power of deputy. In response, the emperor sent Nangama's son, Viswanatha, with a large army to recapture <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Nayak" title="Viswanatha Nayak">Viswanatha Nayaka</a> defeated his father and sent him as prisoner to <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>, who in turned pardoned Nangama Nayaka for his valued service. After defeating his father <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> made Viswanatha governor of Madurai and other Tamil provinces in 1529, beginning the Madurai Nayaka dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another story goes that the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a> were under attack from the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> and appealed to Krishnadevaraya for help. He then sent Nangama Nayaka to restore the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a> to their rightful throne. Nangama defeated the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a>, but instead claimed the throne for himself and deposed the Pandyan king. So Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama's son Viswanatha Nayaka to defeat him, which he did. Thus he was made <i>nayaka</i> of the region. However, this story does not have epigraphic evidence to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Madurai Nayak dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; 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margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Madurai Nayaks and contemporary polities circa 1600.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 20em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; line-height:1.5em;">Kings and Queen Regents of<br /><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayak Dynasty">Madurai Nayak Dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><small>Part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tirumalai Nayak Palace"><img alt="Tirumalai Nayak Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg/270px-Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg/405px-Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg/540px-Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Madurai Nayak rulers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Nayak" title="Viswanatha Nayak">Viswanatha Nayak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1529–1563</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Kumara Krishnappa Nayak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1563–1573</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Joint Rulers Group I</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1573–1595</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Joint Rulers Group II</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1595–1602</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Muttu Krishnappa Nayak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1602–1609</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Muttu Virappa Nayak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1609–1623</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Nayaka" title="Tirumala Nayaka">Tirumala Nayak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1623–1659</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Muthu Alakadri Nayak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1659–1662</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chokkanatha_Nayak" title="Chokkanatha Nayak">Chokkanatha Nayak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1662–1682</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1682–1689</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mangammal" title="Mangammal">Rani Mangammal</a>‡</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1689–1704</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;">Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1704–1731</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_(Nayak_queen)" title="Meenakshi (Nayak queen)">Queen Meenakshi</a>‡</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1731–1736</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><small>‡ Regent Queens</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Capitals</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1529–1616</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1616–1634</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1634–1665</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">1665–1736</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Major forts</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">Madurai 72 Bastion Fort</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli_Rock_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort">Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_Fort" title="Dindigul Fort">Dindigul Fort</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;">Thirunelvelli Fort</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">other Military forts</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_Fort" title="Namakkal Fort">Namakkal Fort</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sankagiri_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankagiri Fort">Sankagiri Fort</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Attur_Fort" title="Attur Fort">Attur Fort</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Palaces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayak_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumalai Nayak Mahal">Thirumalai Nayak Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chokkanatha_Nayak_Palace" title="Chokkanatha Nayak Palace">Chokkanatha Nayak Palace</a> a.k.a. Durbar Hall, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Rani_Mangammal_Tamukkam_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Mangammal Tamukkam palace">Rani Mangammal Tamukkam palace</a> <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" title="Template:Madurai Nayak Dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" title="Template talk:Madurai Nayak Dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Madurai Nayak Dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Viswanatha Nayaka was not originally independent, but was treated as just another governor who the emperor had sent to keep control over the provinces. Originally he had control over <a href="/wiki/Chola_Nadu" title="Chola Nadu">Chola Nadu</a> as well, which was ruled by a feudatory Chola prince, but this was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Nayakas</a>. In 1544, Viswanatha Nayaka helped <a href="/wiki/Rama_Raya_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama Raya (statesman)">Rama Raya</a>'s army subdue Travancore, which had been refusing to pay tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viswanatha also rebuilt fortifications at Madurai and made travel safer. He cleared the jungle around the banks of the Kaveri near Tiruchirappalli and destroyed hideouts of robbers there. He also expanded the borders of the kingdom so it included most of modern southern and western Tamil Nadu at his death. However, many of the local chieftains were still chafing under his rule, and so to appease them, Viswanatha's chief minister, <a href="/wiki/Ariyanatha_Mudaliar" title="Ariyanatha Mudaliar">Ariyanatha Mudaliar</a>, assisted him in using the <i>palayam</i> or <a href="/wiki/Poligar" class="mw-redirect" title="Poligar">poligar</a> system. The system was a quasi-fedual organisation of the country, which was divided into multiple <i>palayams</i> or small provinces; and each palayam was ruled by a <i>palayakkarar</i> or a petty chief. Ariyanatha organized the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan">Pandyan</a> kingdom into 72 <i>palayams</i> and ruled over the 72 dry-zone poligar chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these 72, <a href="/wiki/Kuruvikulam" title="Kuruvikulam">Kurvikulam</a> and Ilayarasanendal, which were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Kamma_(caste)" title="Kamma (caste)">Kamma</a> Nayakas of the <a href="/wiki/Pemmasani_Nayaks" title="Pemmasani Nayaks">Pemmasani</a>, Komatineni and Ravella clans, were considered royal <i>palayams</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last year of his life he abdicated the throne and was alive for his son's investiture with ruling power in 1564, and died thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viswanatha's son, Krishnappa, was crowned in 1564.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He immediately faced threats from nobles disgruntled with the new <i>palayam</i> system brought in by his father. These nobles, led by Tumbichchi Nayaka instigated a revolt among some of the polygars, which was crushed by Krishnappa. In the same year, he sent a contingent to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a> but it could not arrive in time. The defeat of Rama Raya made the Nayakas virtually independent. When the king of Kandy, a friend of Tumbichchi Nayaka, stopped sending tribute, Krishnappa then led an invasion of Kandy. In this invasion he killed the king of Kandy, sent the late king's wife and children to <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy there to ensure tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death in 1572, power in the kingdom went to his son Virappa Nayaka. Some documents claim the two sons of <a href="/wiki/Kumara_Krishnappa_Nayak" title="Kumara Krishnappa Nayak">Krishnappa Nayaka</a> were co-rulers, while other historians claim some member of the royal family was associated with rule, but not actually a ruler, like a <i>yuva raja</i> system in many of the princely states. During this time he crushed another revolt of polygars who were illegitimate descendants of the Pandyas. Virappa reigned over a period of relative stability. His relations with his nominal Vijayanagara overlords varied by their strength, but were generally cordial. After his death in 1595, power passed to his eldest son Krishnappa Nayaka II. During this time he led an occupation of Travancore and recognized <a href="/wiki/Venkatapati_Raya" title="Venkatapati Raya">Venkatapati Raya</a> as emperor of VIjayanagar. During his reign, Ariyanatha Mudaliar died, and he himself died in 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height_of_power">Height of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Height of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death a succession crisis arose and Krishnappa Nayaka II's youngest brother, Kasturi Rangappa, seized the throne but was assassinated a week later. Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka, the son of Krishnappa Nayaka II's second brother, became ruler. His rule was mainly focused on the organization of the southern coast, mainly inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Paravar" title="Paravar">Paravars</a>. The community was excellent at fishing and pearl diving, which made them a valuable revenue source, but the region had generally been neglected by previous Nayakas. The region gradually became lawless and fell under Portuguese control. However, when the Portuguese asserted the coast was now theirs and began to collect taxes, Muttu Krishnappa started sending officers called <i>Sethupathis</i> to modern Ramanathapuram, where their duties were to protect pilgrims going to Rameswaram and to compel the Portuguese to respect Nayaka authority in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muttu Krishnappa Nayak is credited with the founding of Sethupathi dynasty in Ramnad. </p><p> He was succeeded by his son Muttu Virappa Nayaka in 1609, who desired greater independence from his Vijayanagara overlords and thus stopped paying tribute regularly. After the death of Venkatapati Raya in 1614, a nobleman Gobburi Jagga Raya murdered his successor Sriranga II and his family. This fomented a succession crisis in the Vijayanagara empire developed and civil war broke out between him and Rama Deva Raya, Sriranga II's son, who had escaped. Madurai, Gingee and the Portuguese supported the side of Jagga Raya while <a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Nayak" title="Raghunatha Nayak">Raghunatha Nayaka</a> of Thanjavur and Yachama Nayaka of <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Kalahasti" title="Nayakas of Kalahasti">Kalahasti</a> were among those supporting Rama Deva Raya. In the Battle of Toppur in 1616, the generalship of Raghunatha and Yachama led to a crushing defeat for Jagga Raya's forces, and he was killed. Muttu Virappa was forced to pay a huge tribute to the Centre. He then shifted his capital to Tiruchirappalli later that year so that he could more easily launch an invasion of Thanjavur if he wanted to, but this failed. However, his appeasement of his Pandyan vassals meant they were loyal when Mysore invaded Dindigul in 1620 and was repelled. He died in 1623.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace,_Madurai,_built_in_1636_(22)_(37485534812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace%2C_Madurai%2C_built_in_1636_%2822%29_%2837485534812%29.jpg/257px-Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace%2C_Madurai%2C_built_in_1636_%2822%29_%2837485534812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace%2C_Madurai%2C_built_in_1636_%2822%29_%2837485534812%29.jpg/386px-Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace%2C_Madurai%2C_built_in_1636_%2822%29_%2837485534812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace%2C_Madurai%2C_built_in_1636_%2822%29_%2837485534812%29.jpg/514px-Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace%2C_Madurai%2C_built_in_1636_%2822%29_%2837485534812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayakkar_Mahal" title="Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal">Tirumalai Nayaka Palace</a> Interior </figcaption></figure><p>Muttu Virappa was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Nayaka" title="Tirumala Nayaka">Tirumala Nayaka</a>, either as de facto or de jure ruler, in 1623. One of his first acts was to shift the capital back to Madurai, both as a better protection against invasion and its religious significance. The change took 10 years and was finally done in 1635. He also increased the army size to 30,000 to better work against. The kingdom was invaded again by Mysore in 1625, but Tirumala and his generals Ramappayya and Ranganna Nayaka crushed the invasion and launched a counterattack in which they laid siege to Mysore. Later in 1635, Travancore stopped paying tribute to Madurai so Tirumala Nayaka sent armies to attack him, which forced Travancore to resume tribute payments. In 1635, Tirumala Nayaka sent Ramappayya against the <i><a href="/wiki/Sethupathi" title="Sethupathi">Sethupathi</a></i> of Ramnad, who had rejected his decision on a succession matter. In this campaign, the Portuguese supported Tirumala Nayaka, and in return he allowed them to build a fortress and station a small garrison wherever they might want.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, the Vijayanagara empire was falling fast and so Tirumala Nayaka cancelled tribute payment altogether. However, when Sriranga III took power, he viewed this as an act of rebellion and assembled a large army to subdue his vassal. Tirumala allied with Thanjavur and Gingee, but Thanjavur defected to the emperor. Madurai then made a new alliance with the Golconda Sultanate, who laid siege to Vellore and defeated Sriranga III. When he then appealed to his Nayakas for an alliance, all rejected him and Vijayanagara fell altogether. Goldonda, which conquered Vellore around 1646, laid siege to Gingee along with the Bijapur Sultanate. Tirumala Nayaka's armies arrived too late to save the fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1655, Mysore launched another invasion of Madurai when Tirumala was on his sickbed, and so he entrusted his defense to the Sethupathi of Ramnad, who had just emerged from a period of chaos. Ragunatha Thevar managed to drive back Mysore and in return all tribute was cancelled from him.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:History of Tamil Nadu">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#fff0a8 ; font-size:135%"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/135px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/203px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/270px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Main</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tami%E1%B8%BBakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamiḻakam">Tamiḻakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">List of Tamil monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Maritime contacts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of ancient Tamil country">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_government" title="Early Pandyan government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_society" title="Early Pandyan society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cheras" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cheras">Early Cheras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">Velirs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava Empire">Pallava Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Kingdom">Chera Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayaks">Madurai Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjore_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore Nayaks">Tanjore Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kalahasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Kalahasti">Kalahasti Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingee_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingee Nayaks">Gingee Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thondaiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu">Ancient Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_architecture" title="Category:Tamil architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_history_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Economic history of Tamil Nadu">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_monuments_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_inscriptions" title="Category:Tamil inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu">Ancient sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TNhistory" title="Template:TNhistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TNhistory" title="Template talk:TNhistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TNhistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TNhistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tirumala was succeeded by his son in 1659, who ruled for only four months, and then was succeeded by Chokkanatha Nayaka. In the first part of his reign, his army commander and chief minister revolted, supported by Thanjavur. He crushed the insurgents and invaded Thanjavur in retaliation, briefly placing his brother Muddu Alagiri as ruler there. But Madurai soon lost control of the region as Alagiri declared his independence and the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Marathas</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ekoji_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekoji I">Venkoji</a> conquered the province in 1675. Chokkanatha then waged war with Mysore and lost more territory, but his successor Muttu Virappa III recaptured it. After his death in 1689, Muttu Virappa III was succeeded by his infant son with <a href="/wiki/Mangammal" title="Mangammal">Rani Mangammal</a>, Virappa's mother, as regent. With the Mughal juggernaut approaching southern India, Rani Mangammal recognised it would be better to pay tribute to the Mughals than have them invade. She supporter their capture of Jinji from Rajaram, who would otherwise have attacked Madurai and Thanjavur, and ruled the fort as a Mughal vassal. </p><p>Muttu Virappa III's son Vijayaranga Chokkanatha reached maturity in 1704. However, he was more interested in scholarship and learning than ruling, and so real power fell to his chief counselor and commander of the army, who were known to abuse their power prodigiously. After his death in 1732, his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_(Nayak_queen)" title="Meenakshi (Nayak queen)">Meenakshi</a>, decided to adopt the son of <a href="/wiki/Bangaru_Thirumalai_Nayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaru Thirumalai Nayak">Bangaru Tirumalai Nayaka</a>, a member of the royal house. However there was severe strife between Bangaru Tirumalai and Meenakshi, and he led an uprising against her. In 1734, the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Sultanate" title="Carnatic Sultanate">Nawab of Arcot</a> sent an expedition south to demand tribute and fealty from the kingdoms there, and in desperation, Meenakshi gave tribute to the Nawab's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Chanda_Sahib" title="Chanda Sahib">Chanda Sahib</a>, to form an alliance. Bangaru Tirumalai retreated to the far south, in Madurai, and organized a large force of disgruntled polygars in 1736. Although they took Dindigul, Meenakshi and Chanda Sahib organized an army to attack Tirumalai. At the battle of Ammayanayakkanur near Dindigul, Bangaru Tirumalai's forces were defeated and he fled to Sivaganga. Once he was admitted into the Tiruchirappalli fort, however, Chanda Sahib declared himself king and imprisoned Meenakshi in her palace, ending the Madurai Nayakas for good. Tradition states she poisoned herself in 1739.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks of Kandy</a></div> <p>Some of the family members of Bangaru Thirumalai established the Nayak dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Kandy_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandy Nayaks">Kandy Nayaks</a>. They ruled till 1815 with <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a> as their capital and were also the last ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. The Kings of Kandy had from an early time sought marriages with Madurai and many of the queens were from Madurai. The Kandy Nayaks received military support from the Nayaks of Madurai in fighting off the Portuguese. And in the 17th and 18th centuries, marital alliances between the Kandyan kings and Nayak princesses had become a matter of policy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_palais_de_Thirumalai_Nayak_(Madurai,_Inde)_(13936689560).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Le_palais_de_Thirumalai_Nayak_%28Madurai%2C_Inde%29_%2813936689560%29.jpg/134px-Le_palais_de_Thirumalai_Nayak_%28Madurai%2C_Inde%29_%2813936689560%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Le_palais_de_Thirumalai_Nayak_%28Madurai%2C_Inde%29_%2813936689560%29.jpg/201px-Le_palais_de_Thirumalai_Nayak_%28Madurai%2C_Inde%29_%2813936689560%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Le_palais_de_Thirumalai_Nayak_%28Madurai%2C_Inde%29_%2813936689560%29.jpg/267px-Le_palais_de_Thirumalai_Nayak_%28Madurai%2C_Inde%29_%2813936689560%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Throne of <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Nayaka" title="Tirumala Nayaka">Tirumala Nayaka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Madurai Nayakas followed a decentralized governance style. The king was supreme ruler, but his main advisor was the <i>dalavai</i>, who controlled both civil and military matters. The three most effective <i>dalavais</i> were <a href="/wiki/Ariyanatha_Mudaliar" title="Ariyanatha Mudaliar">Ariyanatha Mudaliar</a>, Ramappayya and Narasappayya. The next most important figure was the <i>pradhani</i> or finance minister, and then the <i>rayasam</i>, chief of the bureaucracy. The kingdom was divided into provinces and local areas, each with its own governor and bureaucracy. The most basic unit was the village. Revenue would be earned through taxes on land.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Nayakas also had a parallel system of administration. They divided their territory into 72 <i>palayams</i>, each of which was ruled by a <i>palaiyakkarar</i>, better known as <i><a href="/wiki/Polygar" title="Polygar">polygar</a></i>. These warrior-chiefs had a significant amount of autonomy from the centre and held powers of law enforcement and judicial administration. In return, they would give one-third of the <i>palaiyam</i>'s revenue to the Nayaka and another third for the upkeep of an army. Often, however, the <i>polygars</i> were completely outside central control and would raid and pillage nearby territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mangammal_Palace_Madurai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Mangammal_Palace_Madurai.jpg/254px-Queen_Mangammal_Palace_Madurai.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Mangammal_Palace_Madurai.jpg/381px-Queen_Mangammal_Palace_Madurai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Mangammal_Palace_Madurai.jpg/508px-Queen_Mangammal_Palace_Madurai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Tamukkam Palace built in 1670</figcaption></figure><p>The main languages of Nayaka rule were Telugu and Tamil. Tamil was mainly used by the common people, although there were some Telugu cultivators in the region. The Madurai Nayakas, on the other hand, had Telugu as mother tongue but could also speak Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nayakas were great patrons of literature in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. Although most kings patronized mainly poetry (considered "divine"), under Nayaka patronage Telugu prose flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Muslim work in Tamil that survives complete is a translation by Vaṇṇapparimaḷappulavar of the Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_One_Thousand_Questions" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of One Thousand Questions">Book of One Thousand Questions</a></i> that was presented at the Madurai court in 1572.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Lily_Pond_and_South_Gopuram_at_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple_,_Madurai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Golden_Lily_Pond_and_South_Gopuram_at_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple_%2C_Madurai.jpg/191px-Golden_Lily_Pond_and_South_Gopuram_at_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple_%2C_Madurai.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Golden_Lily_Pond_and_South_Gopuram_at_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple_%2C_Madurai.jpg/286px-Golden_Lily_Pond_and_South_Gopuram_at_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple_%2C_Madurai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Golden_Lily_Pond_and_South_Gopuram_at_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple_%2C_Madurai.jpg/381px-Golden_Lily_Pond_and_South_Gopuram_at_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple_%2C_Madurai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Meenakshi Amman Temple expanded by the Nayakas </figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#History" title="South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – AD 489)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Nayakas were some of the most prolific architects in South India. Much of their work was expansions and additions to existing Vijayanagara or pre-Vijayanagara structures. By far their greatest work was the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi-<b>Sundaraswarar</b> complex</a> in Madurai, which is known for its four towering gopurams up to 50 metres in height. The original structure that stood there during Pandyan times was neglected during the Madurai Sultanate and fell into ruin, and the Vijayanagara rulers had begun to rebuild it. However the Nayakas made the most extensive contributions to the temple complex. Each of the additions to the temple was done by different rulers in different stages, and almost all rulers of the dynasty, or their wives and ministers, made generous donations to the temple and its construction so that it grew to a size of 254 by 238 metres. The Nayakas mainly followed the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian style</a> of architecture, with much emphasis on towering structures and elaborate carving. Much of the work centered around the addition of various <i>mandapas</i>, or columnated halls, filled with a variety of carved pillars such as the <i>pudu mandapa</i> directly adjoining the complex. Other important works included the <a href="/wiki/Alagar_Koyil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alagar Koyil">Azhagar kovil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram_Murugan_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruparankundram Murugan temple">Tiruparankundram Murugan Kovil</a> in the outskirts of Madurai, as well as the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Ranganathaswamy temple</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>. In the case of the Ranganathaswamy temple, the Nayakas expanded the original shrine to be seven concentric enclosures, each topped with towering <i>gopurams</i>. However this project was incomplete when the Nayak dynasty fell and has since been continued into the modern-day.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although temple architecture was the main pursuit of the Nayakas, they constructed other buildings as well. Thirumala Nayaka is famous for his huge <a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayakkar_Mahal" title="Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal">Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal</a>, which George Mitchell speculated must have been the largest of all royal residences in the 17th century, develops earlier palace architecture from the Vijayanagara period. This architecture includes both completely indigenous elements such as square and rectangular bases with u-shaped ascending floors with numerous courts and verandahs, as well as double-curved eaves, <i>gopuram</i>-like towers and plastered sculptures as well as elements borrowed from the Bahmanis such as significant presence of arches, cusps, and geometric designs. This style was blended with indigenous Tamil architecture, for instance, the use of cylindrical columns like Tamil wooden architecture, to create new architectural styles for grand buildings such as the Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal. Only two sections of this palace still stand, the dance hall and audience hall.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nayakas also did many public works projects such as irrigation canals and fortresses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nayaka_coins">Nayaka coins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nayaka coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some early Madurai Nayaka coins portray the figure of the king. The bull also is seen frequently on the Madurai Nayak coins. Chokkanatha Nayak, one of the last rulers of the dynasty, issued coins displaying various animals, such as the bear, elephant and lion. He also issued coins featuring <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>. The inscriptions on the Nayak coins are in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Nagari</a> scripts. Unlike the coins of many of the earlier dynasties, the Nayak coins are easily available for coin-collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayakkar_Mahal" title="Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal">Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Nayak kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Gingee" title="Nayaks of Gingee">Nayaks of Gingee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks of Kandy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Telugu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telugu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telugu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHowes1998" class="citation book cs1">Howes, Jennifer (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aex_vpsu3gwC&q=Telugu"><i>The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/07-0071-585-1" title="Special:BookSources/07-0071-585-1"><bdi>07-0071-585-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Courts+of+Pre-colonial+South+India%3A+Material+Culture+and+Kingship&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=07-0071-585-1&rft.aulast=Howes&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daex_vpsu3gwC%26q%3DTelugu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVink2015" class="citation book cs1">Vink, Markus (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA70"><i>Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27262-0"><bdi>978-90-04-27262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encounters+on+the+Opposite+Coast%3A+The+Dutch+East+India+Company+and+the+Nayaka+State+of+Madurai+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27262-0&rft.aulast=Vink&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSaW8CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmadurai%2Bnayaks%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithReynolds1987" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bardwell L.; Reynolds, Holly Baker (1 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA12"><i>The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08471-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08471-1"><bdi>978-90-04-08471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+As+a+Sacred+Center%3A+Essays+on+Six+Asian+Contexts&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08471-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bardwell+L.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Holly+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsAfAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dmadurai%2Bnayaks%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelbyPeterson2008" class="citation book cs1">Selby, Martha Ann; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan (22 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egH2CwAAQBAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA61"><i>Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7245-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-7245-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Geographies%3A+Cultural+Constructions+of+Space+and+Place+in+South+India&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7245-3&rft.aulast=Selby&rft.aufirst=Martha+Ann&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Indira+Viswanathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegH2CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmadurai%2Bnayaks%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMore2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Prashant_More" title="J. B. Prashant More">More, J. B. P.</a> (1 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhMHEAAAQBAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA26"><i>Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-26356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-26356-5"><bdi>978-1-000-26356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pondicherry%2C+Tamil+Nadu+and+South+India+under+French+Rule%3A+From+Fran%C3%A7ois+Martin+to+Dupleix+1674-1754&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-000-26356-5&rft.aulast=More&rft.aufirst=J.+B.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhMHEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmadurai%2Bnayaks%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_V._Pai2023" class="citation book cs1">Gita V. Pai, ed. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6y0EAAAQBAJ"><i>Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 36, 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009150156" title="Special:BookSources/9781009150156"><bdi>9781009150156</bdi></a>. <q>Madurai rulers were of likely Balija heritage, merchant-warriors, who came from the relatively less-stratified arid zones of the Andhra region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Sovereignty%3A+Stone+Bodies%2C+Colonial+Gazes%2C+and+Living+Gods+in+South+India&rft.pages=36%2C+51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009150156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm6y0EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntje_Flüchter,_Rouven_Wirbser2017" class="citation book cs1">Antje Flüchter, Rouven Wirbser, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfU4DwAAQBAJ"><i>Translating Catechisms, Translating Cultures: The Expansion of Catholicism in the Early Modern World</i></a>. BRILL. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004353060" title="Special:BookSources/9789004353060"><bdi>9789004353060</bdi></a>. <q>Madurai was a prosperous city ruled by Nāyaka kings who were Telugu warriors with Balija cultivators and merchant-caste affiliations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translating+Catechisms%2C+Translating+Cultures%3A+The+Expansion+of+Catholicism+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004353060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfU4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_Pollock2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC"><i>Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520228214" title="Special:BookSources/9780520228214"><bdi>9780520228214</bdi></a>. <q>.... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Cultures+in+History%3A+Reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520228214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak9csfpY2WoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Dean_Shulman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Dean_Shulman" title="David Dean Shulman">David Dean Shulman</a>, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ"><i>Classical Telugu Poetry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520344525" title="Special:BookSources/9780520344525"><bdi>9780520344525</bdi></a>. <q>..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Telugu+Poetry&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780520344525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSFXVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._B.Ramachndra_Reddy_R._Nata_Rajan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9nfP89eJuycC">"Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region"</a>. <i>Itihas</i>. <b>33</b>. Andhra Pradesh State Archives and Research Institute: 145. <q>....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas , who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itihas&rft.atitle=Identity+and+Crisis+of+Telugu+Migrants+of+Tamil+Region&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=145&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9nfP89eJuycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._S._Ghurye1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._S._Ghurye" title="G. S. Ghurye">G. S. Ghurye</a>, ed. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC"><i>Caste and Race in India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Prakashan" title="Popular Prakashan">Popular Prakashan</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171542055" title="Special:BookSources/9788171542055"><bdi>9788171542055</bdi></a>. <q>The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas , traders by caste</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+and+Race+in+India&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9788171542055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWkjsvf6_vsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_F._Irschick1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_F._Irschick" title="Eugene F. Irschick">Eugene F. Irschick</a>, ed. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0K98afLnhAC"><i>Politics and Social Conflict in South India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 8. <q>The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Social+Conflict+in+South+India&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0K98afLnhAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzaffar_Alam1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Alam" title="Muzaffar Alam">Muzaffar Alam</a>, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Mughal State, 1526-1750</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563905-6"><bdi>978-0-19-563905-6</bdi></a>. <q>As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+State%2C+1526-1750&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563905-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Satyanarayana,_Mukkamala_Radhakrishna_Sarma1996" class="citation book cs1">A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC"><i>Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D</i></a>. Osmania University. p. 145. <q>After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castes%2C+Communities%2C+and+Culture+in+Andhra+Desa%2C+17th+%26+18th+Centuries%2C+A.D&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Osmania+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsbm_Oyo8XFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelcheru_Narayana_Rao,_Sanjay_Subrahmanyam1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Velcheru_Narayana_Rao" title="Velcheru Narayana Rao">Velcheru Narayana Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Sanjay Subrahmanyam</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Symbols of Substance Court and State in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563021-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563021-3</bdi></a>. <q>Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Balija merchant- warriors reveal the rise of hitherto marginal, and only recently politicized.. These mobile, aggressive, land-hungry, Telugu-speaking warriors...helped to build the Nāyaka state-system and to impregnate it with their particular cultural vision; strong surviving traditions; supported by contemporary evidence, assert Balija origins and / or marital connections for the major Nāyaka dynasties in the Tamil country quite apart from the well-known Balija role in restructuring the revenue systems of Nāyaka Tanjavur and Madurai</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Substance+Court+and+State+in+N%C4%81yaka+Period+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563021-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennart_Bes2022" class="citation book cs1">Lennart Bes (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6KdzgEACAAJ"><i>The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India</i></a>. Leiden University Press. p. 79. <q>The dynasty's first ruler was Vishvanatha Nayaka, son of the imperial courtier and military officer Nagama Nayaka. He belonged to one of the Balija castes, which originated in the Telugu region and whose members undertook both military and mercantile activities. Vishvanatha was possibly installed at Madurai around 1530 and reigned until c. 1563</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Vijayanagara%3A+Court+Politics+in+Early+Modern+South+India&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Lennart+Bes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6KdzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoboru_Karashima1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noboru_Karashima" title="Noboru Karashima">Noboru Karashima</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kingship in Indian History</i></a>. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173043260" title="Special:BookSources/9788173043260"><bdi>9788173043260</bdi></a>. <q>To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+in+Indian+History&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788173043260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyiKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiplab_Auddya2017" class="citation book cs1">Biplab Auddya, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZnXEAAAQBAJ"><i>Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects</i></a>. Vol. 6. The Hill Publication. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788196477660" title="Special:BookSources/9788196477660"><bdi>9788196477660</bdi></a>. <q>Many later rulers were also of different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) who ruled from 1559 to 1739</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+in+Multidisciplinary+Subjects&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=The+Hill+Publication&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788196477660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZnXEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancine_R._Frankel,_M._S._A._Rao1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francine_Frankel" title="Francine Frankel">Francine R. Frankel</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._S._A._Rao" title="M. S. A. Rao">M. S. A. Rao</a>, ed. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7whuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195620986" title="Special:BookSources/9780195620986"><bdi>9780195620986</bdi></a>. <q>The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were balijas ( traders )</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominance+and+State+Power+in+Modern+India%3A+Decline+of+a+Social+Order&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780195620986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7whuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_N._Stearns,_William_Leonard_Langer2001" class="citation book cs1">Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oREvuAAACAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395652374" title="Special:BookSources/9780395652374"><bdi>9780395652374</bdi></a>. <q>The Vijayanagara Empire developed, in its second half, into what is known as the nayaka state-system, in which administrative and political relations differed significantly from what had gone before. While the Vijayanagara rulers continued to hold ultimate power over a broad belt of territory, they shared authority locally with a number of military chiefs, or nayakas. Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, Balija merchant-warriors who claimed these nayaka positions rose to political and cultural power and supported an ethos that emphasized nonascriptive, heroic criteria in legitimizing political power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+History+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern%2C+Chronologically+Arranged&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780395652374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoREvuAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_D'Attilio1995" class="citation book cs1">Daniel D'Attilio, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9JOAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Last Vijayanagara Kings</i></a>. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 81. <q>......many of the Telugu migrant groups who settled in Tamil Nadu from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries were led by Balija warriors . These Balijas and their descendants became local rulers under the auspices of Vijayanagara.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Vijayanagara+Kings&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin--Madison&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp9JOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus_Vink2015" class="citation book cs1">Markus Vink (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ"><i>Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. BRILL. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004272620" title="Special:BookSources/9789004272620"><bdi>9789004272620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encounters+on+the+Opposite+Coast%3A+The+Dutch+East+India+Company+and+the+Nayaka+State+of+Madurai+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004272620&rft.au=Markus+Vink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSaW8CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0esuAQAAIAAJ"><i>South Asia Politics</i></a>. Vol. 5. Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan. 2006. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+Politics&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Rashtriya+Jagriti+Sansthan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0esuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8IhOAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute</i></a>. Vol. 26. 1970. p. 677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+the+Ganganatha+Jha+Research+Institute&rft.pages=677&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IhOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVboAAAAMAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Indica</i></a>. Vol. 12. Department of Archaeology. 1982. p. 187. <q>(Vv . 67-79 .) Virabhupa , a devout worshipper of Vishnu , was born in the family of Viśvanatha Nayaka . He was living gloriously . He constructed a mandapa of rare sculptures in front of the shrine of Sundaranayaka and presented the goddess Minakshi with a golden kavacha ( mailcoat studded with gems ) . The munificence of this prince is praised . He held the birudas , Samayadrōhara - ganda , and Dakshina - samudrādhipati , and was the lord of Ayyavalipura , He was the grandson of Viśvanatha Nayaka , and son of the king Krishņa by Lakshmama . At the request of this prince Virabhupa , the village was granted by Vira- Venkatapatidevaraya and it consisted of 142 shares</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Department+of+Archaeology&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVboAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tO1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University</i></a>. Vol. 5. Tamil University, Thanjavur. 1987. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Civilization%3A+Quarterly+Research+Journal+of+the+Tamil+University&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Tamil+University%2C+Thanjavur&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tO1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhasker_Anand_Saletore1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._A._Saletore" title="B. A. Saletore">Bhasker Anand Saletore</a>, ed. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MhRuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346-A.D. 1646)</i></a>. Vol. 2. B.G. Paul & Company. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Political+Life+in+the+Vijayanagara+Empire+%28A.D.+1346-A.D.+1646%29&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=B.G.+Paul+%26+Company&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhRuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Sundaram1968" class="citation book cs1">K. Sundaram, ed. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600</i></a>. Triveni Publishers. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Economic+and+Social+Conditions+of+Medieval+Andhra%2C+A.+D.+1000-1600&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Triveni+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJFXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKambhampati_Satyanarayana1975" class="citation book cs1">Kambhampati Satyanarayana, ed. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYsBAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism</i></a>. People's Publishing House. p. 334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+History+and+Culture+of+the+Andhras%3A+From+stone+age+to+feudalism&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYsBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwpDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Itihas</i></a>. Vol. 6. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1978. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itihas&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwpDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallampalli_Sōmaśēkharaśarma1948" class="citation book cs1">Mallampalli Sōmaśēkharaśarma, ed. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)</i></a>. Andhra University. p. 397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Reddi+Kingdoms+%28circa.+1325+A.D.+to+Circa+1448+A.D.%29&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Andhra+University&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdiYLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakkottai_Krishnaswami_Aiyangar1941" class="citation book cs1">Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, ed. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300</i></a>. Oriental Book Agency. p. 801.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India+and+South+Indian+History+%26+Culture%3A+Papers+on+Indian+History+and+Culture%3B+India+to+A.D.+1300&rft.pages=801&rft.pub=Oriental+Book+Agency&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3tDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.S._Shashi2000" class="citation book cs1">S.S. Shashi, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wUwAQAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh</i></a>. Vol. 106. Anmol Publications. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170418597" title="Special:BookSources/9788170418597"><bdi>9788170418597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Indica%3A+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+Bangladesh&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788170418597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wUwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XqTaGy9KOfsC"><i>The Indian Antiquary</i></a>. Vol. 56. Popular Prakashan. 1927. p. 197. <q>This occurs in inscriptions in various localities where flourished mercantile guilds or communities called Valanjiyar in Tamil , Banajigas in Kanarese , Balija in Telugu , corresponding exactly to the North Indian term Baniya</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Antiquary&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXqTaGy9KOfsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RV5OAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Journal of Oriental Research, Madras</i></a>. Vol. 30. Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Mylapore. 1963. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Oriental+Research%2C+Madras&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Kuppuswami+Sastri+Research+Institute%2C+Mylapore&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRV5OAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAravind_Kumar2006" class="citation book cs1">Aravind Kumar, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz9mAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Kannada Inscriptions in Telangana</i></a>. Department of History, Archaeology and Culture, Dravidian University. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Kannada+Inscriptions+in+Telangana&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Department+of+History%2C+Archaeology+and+Culture%2C+Dravidian+University&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGz9mAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Satyanarayana,_Mukkamala_Radhakrishna_Sarma1996" class="citation book cs1">A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC"><i>Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D</i></a>. Osmania University. p. 105. <q>The andhra sources state that the Balija's migrated to Dekhan from North or West . The statement that they hailed from Ahicchatra in North India may be an attempt to explain their Aryan origin . But a large number of inscriptions refer to them as ' Ayyavole Swamis ' and many scholars believe that the Balijas came from Ayyavole , Aihole in Bijapur District of Karnataka. They are frequently referred to as Ayyavole Swamis and Ayyavole Puravaradishwaralu in medieval inscriptions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castes%2C+Communities%2C+and+Culture+in+Andhra+Desa%2C+17th+%26+18th+Centuries%2C+A.D&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Osmania+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsbm_Oyo8XFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngadipuram_Appadorai1936" class="citation book cs1">Angadipuram Appadorai, ed. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39545/page/n407/mode/1up"><i>Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.)</i></a>. University of Madras. p. 394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Conditions+in+Southern+India+%281000-1500+A.D.%29&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.39545%2Fpage%2Fn407%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Vedachalam2009" class="citation book cs1">V. Vedachalam, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aavanam-volume-20"><i>Avanam</i></a>. Vol. 20. Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, Thanjavur. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avanam&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Tamil+Nadu+Archaeological+Society%2C+Thanjavur&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faavanam-volume-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGijs_KruijtzerJos_J._L._GommansMarcus_P._M._VinkCarolien_Stolte2012" class="citation book cs1">Gijs Kruijtzer; <a href="/wiki/Jos_Gommans" title="Jos Gommans">Jos J. L. Gommans</a>; Marcus P. M. Vink; Carolien Stolte (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BT8yzgEACAAJ"><i>Dutch Sources on South Asia, C. 1600-1825: Mission to Madurai: Dutch embassies to the Nayaka court of Madurai in the seventeenth century</i></a>. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 285–287, 344–345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173049316" title="Special:BookSources/9788173049316"><bdi>9788173049316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Sources+on+South+Asia%2C+C.+1600-1825%3A+Mission+to+Madurai%3A+Dutch+embassies+to+the+Nayaka+court+of+Madurai+in+the+seventeenth+century&rft.pages=285-287%2C+344-345&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788173049316&rft.au=Gijs+Kruijtzer&rft.au=Jos+J.+L.+Gommans&rft.au=Marcus+P.+M.+Vink&rft.au=Carolien+Stolte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBT8yzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_V._Pai2023" class="citation book cs1">Gita V. Pai (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6l26EAAAQBAJ"><i>Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009174770" title="Special:BookSources/9781009174770"><bdi>9781009174770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Sovereignty%3A+Stone+Bodies%2C+Colonial+Gazes%2C+and+Living+Gods+in+South+India&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009174770&rft.au=Gita+V.+Pai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6l26EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennart_Bes2022" class="citation book cs1">Lennart Bes (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6KdzgEACAAJ"><i>The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India</i></a>. Leiden University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087283711" title="Special:BookSources/9789087283711"><bdi>9789087283711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Vijayanagara%3A+Court+Politics+in+Early+Modern+South+India&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789087283711&rft.au=Lennart+Bes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6KdzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Chandrasekharan1951" class="citation book cs1">T. Chandrasekharan, ed. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0011619_Descriptive_catalogue_of_the_Telugu_manuscripts_vol_13.pdf"><i>A Descriptive Catalogue of the Telugu Manuscripts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 13. The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras. p. 2863. <q>No.2607 KOTIKAMVARI KAIFIYATU - A Kaifiyat relating to Garikipati Viswanathanayaka of Balijakula who was given Pandya kingdom by Atchutadevaraya.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Catalogue+of+the+Telugu+Manuscripts&rft.pages=2863&rft.pub=The+Government+Oriental+Manuscripts+Library%2C+Madras&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamildigitallibrary.in%2Fadmin%2Fassets%2Fbook%2FTVA_BOK_0011619_Descriptive_catalogue_of_the_Telugu_manuscripts_vol_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._A._Nilakanta_Sastri1946" class="citation book cs1">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory/page/n189/mode/1up"><i>Further Sources of Vijayanagara History</i></a>. University of Madras. p. 179. <q>Moreover, Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Viswanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the king of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him the golden idols of Durga, Laksmi and Lakshmi-Narayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the south. Visvanatha Nayudu reached the city of Madhura, from which he began to govern the country entrusted to his care. – <i>Kaifiyat of Karnata-Kotikam Kings: L.R.8, pp. 319–22.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Further+Sources+of+Vijayanagara+History&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1946&rft.au=K.+A.+Nilakanta+Sastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory%2Fpage%2Fn189%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonduri_Sarojini_Devi1990" class="citation book cs1">Konduri Sarojini Devi (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qnXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Religion in Vijayanagara Empire</i></a>. Sterling Publishers. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1167-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1167-9"><bdi>978-81-207-1167-9</bdi></a>. <q>According to the Kaifiyat of the Karnata Kotikam Kings, "Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Visvanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the King of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him with golden idols of Durga, Lakshmi and Lakshminarayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the South."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Vijayanagara+Empire&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1167-9&rft.au=Konduri+Sarojini+Devi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qnXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Vadivelu1915" class="citation book cs1">A. Vadivelu, ed. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India</i></a>. Vol. 1. G.C. Loganadham. p. 679. <q>The Honourable Diwan Bahadur V. Rama Bhadra Naick Garu is one of the most prominent noblemen of South India . As a representative of the zamindari interests of the Southern Group , he has , since 1910 , been in the reformed Legislative Council of Madras. He represents the ancient house of Vadagarai , and is the lineal descendant of the famous Rama Bhadra Naick . To trace the ancestry of the founder of this well - known ancient family we have to go back to the events that had occurred three centuries ago , that is , to the period when the power of the once famous kingdom of Vijianagar was at its height , Rama Bhadra Naick I is said to have been a follower as well as a close relation of the well - known Kottiya Nagama Naick , the Revenue Collector and Commander of the Vijianagar army in the South.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruling+Chiefs%2C+Nobles+and+Zamindars+of+India&rft.pages=679&rft.pub=G.C.+Loganadham&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLfoxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEHVAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency</i></a>. Pearl Press. 1938. p. 52. <q>Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabhadra Naidu , member of a family which had close relations with the ruling house of Madura , the Great Tirumal Nayak. Belongs to an ancient Palayagar family of Madura.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Who%27s+who+in+Madras%3A+...+A+Pictorial+Who%27s+who+of+Distinguished+Personages%2C+Princes%2C+Zemindars+and+Noblemen+in+the+Madras+Presidency&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Pearl+Press&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEHVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuppuluri_Lakshminarayana_Sastri1920" class="citation book cs1">Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri, ed. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2o_AQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States</i></a>. University of Minnesota. p. 450.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Madras+Presidency+and+the+Adjacent+States&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2o_AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthiban_Rajukalidoss2013" class="citation book cs1">Parthiban Rajukalidoss, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uio.no/actaorientalia/article/view/4469/3924"><i>The Spice Road 'Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri' Its Historicity and Architectural Remains</i></a>. Vol. 74. Acta Orientalia. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spice+Road+%27Va%E1%B9%ADakarai+Zam%C4%ABnd%C4%81ri%27+Its+Historicity+and+Architectural+Remains&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Acta+Orientalia&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uio.no%2Factaorientalia%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4469%2F3924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxMnAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Feudatory and zemindari India</i></a>. Vol. 9. the University of California. 1938. p. 250. <q>He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior and diplomat Rama- bhadra Nayak who had held the post of Fouzdar or Military Chief and Collector of Revenue under his relative Viswanatha Nayak of the House of Vijianagar , King of the Pandyan country</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feudatory+and+zemindari+India&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=the+University+of+California&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxMnAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._V._Mahalingam,_Colin_Mackenzie1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._V._Mahalingam" title="T. V. Mahalingam">T. V. Mahalingam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Mackenzie" title="Colin Mackenzie">Colin Mackenzie</a>, ed. 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University of California Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52093-887-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52093-887-8"><bdi>978-0-52093-887-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemy+lines%3A+childhood%2C+warfare%2C+and+play+in+Batticaloa&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-52093-887-8&rft.aulast=Trawick&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5A8FQzSAlnwC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronit Ricci, <i>Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2011), p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521441100.005">"Temple architecture: the Tamil zone"</a>, <i>Architecture and Art of Southern India</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–120, 17 August 1995, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521441100.005">10.1017/chol9780521441100.005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44110-0"><bdi>978-0-521-44110-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architecture+and+Art+of+Southern+India&rft.atitle=Temple+architecture%3A+the+Tamil+zone&rft.pages=73-120&rft.date=1995-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521441100.005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44110-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521441100.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521441100.006">"Palace architecture"</a>, <i>Architecture and Art of Southern India</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–154, 17 August 1995, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521441100.006">10.1017/chol9780521441100.006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44110-0"><bdi>978-0-521-44110-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architecture+and+Art+of+Southern+India&rft.atitle=Palace+architecture&rft.pages=121-154&rft.date=1995-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521441100.006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44110-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521441100.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021104160732/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/yw/2002/01/05/stories/2002010500050200.htm">"The Hindu : Crafted coins"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+%3A+Crafted+coins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Fyw%2F2002%2F01%2F05%2Fstories%2F2002010500050200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai+Nayak+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Nayak_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Madurai Nayak Dynasty">Madurai Nayak Dynasty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129021948/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/06/stories/2007060612260300.htm">Images of Nayak kings </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030517150138/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/yw/2002/01/05/stories/2002010500050200.htm">The Hindu : Crafted coins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/namma-madurai-from-vedas-to-military-strategies/article3376882.ece">Namma Madurai: From Vedas to military strategies – The Hindu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/images-of-nayak-kings-found-in-sri-nellaiyappar-temple/article1852617.ece">Images of Nayak kings found in Sri Nellaiyappar Temple – TAMIL NADU – The Hindu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/thirumalai-nayak-period-inscription-found-at-temple/article6798646.ece">Thirumalai Nayak period inscription found at temple – The Hindu</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107213930/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/08/04/stories/2007080450090400.htm">"Madurai City Chronicles : Unique in its own way"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 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