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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Velir</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%28%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%29.JPG/220px-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%28%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%28%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%29.JPG/330px-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%28%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%28%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%29.JPG/440px-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%28%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A statue of the Sangam period Velir king</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data">Satyaputra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connected families</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Athiyam%C4%81n" title="Athiyamān">Athiyamān</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irunk%C5%8Dv%C4%93l" title="Irunkōvēl">Irunkōvēl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilanji_Vel" title="Ilanji Vel">Ilanji Vel</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Malayam%C4%81n" title="Malayamān">Malayamān</a><br />Nanan<br /><a href="/wiki/V%C4%93l_P%C4%81ri" title="Vēl Pāri">Vēl Pāri</a><br />Vel Avi Pekan</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Velir</b> <sup id="cite_ref-Pruthi_Sharma_1995_p.99_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruthi_Sharma_1995_p.99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sivaratnam_1964_p.36_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivaratnam_1964_p.36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarti_1953_p.25_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarti_1953_p.25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_2000_p._209_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_2000_p._209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iyer_1968_p.4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyer_1968_p.4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal house</a> of minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> in the early historic period of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meluhha_and_Agastya_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meluhha_and_Agastya-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had close relations with <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a> rulers through ruling and coronation rights.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Laet_Herrmann_1996_p._382_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Laet_Herrmann_1996_p._382-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_Thirumalai_Manoharan_Anthropological_Survey_of_India_1997_p.1647_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_Thirumalai_Manoharan_Anthropological_Survey_of_India_1997_p.1647-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuppiramaṇiyan̲_Tirunāvukkaracu_International_Institute_of_Tamil_Studies_1983_p.269_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuppiramaṇiyan̲_Tirunāvukkaracu_International_Institute_of_Tamil_Studies_1983_p.269-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval inscriptions and Sangam literature claim that they belong to the <a href="/wiki/Yadu_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu dynasty">Yadu dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_Bakel_Hagesteijn_van_de_Velde_1994_p._175_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Bakel_Hagesteijn_van_de_Velde_1994_p._175-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velir may refer to master of land.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg/180px-The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg/270px-The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg/360px-The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A 12th-century statue of Agastya</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Anthologies" title="Eight Anthologies">Eight Anthologies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>, praises King <a href="/wiki/Irunk%C5%8Dv%C4%93l" title="Irunkōvēl">Irunkōvēl</a>, a 49th generation descendant of the Vēlir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher (தடவு) of a Northern sage (<a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>), and said to have ruled Thuvarai (<a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvārakā</a>) with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_Heifetz_2002_p._127_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_Heifetz_2002_p._127-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a commentary on <i><a href="/wiki/Tholkappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholkappiyam">Tholkappiyam</a></i>, the earliest long work of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>, eighteen clans of the Velirs came from the city of <i><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Tuvarapati</a></i> under the leadership of the sage <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meluhha_and_Agastya_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meluhha_and_Agastya-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pivotpolitics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pivotpolitics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend goes that all the gods and sages went to the Himalayas to attend the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siva</a> with <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> due to which the earth started tilting to one side. Agastya was then requested to proceed south to restore the balance. On his way south, Agastya married Lopamudra and is said to have brought with him sage Jamadagni's son Trnadhumagni or Tholkappiyar, the author of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> grammar, and eighteen members of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni</a> family along with eighteen crore Velir and Aruvalar.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested by some like Thapar and Champakalakshmi, that the ancestors of the Velir may have been related to the Yadava of Dvaraka and the inhabitants of the post <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> Chacolithic Black and Red ware sites. According to Thapar, the Yadava may have belonged to a non Indo-Aryan language group.<sup id="cite_ref-pivotpolitics_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pivotpolitics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They eventually reached <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a>, and as the Velir-Perumakan group, cultivated its ancient society as a political, sociocultural and economic structure in South India and Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/R._Nagaswamy" title="R. Nagaswamy">R._Nagaswamy</a> writes that quite a number of these velirs were indigenous and natives of tamil country but some of the velirs seem to have migrated from dvaraka.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irunk%C5%8Dv%C4%93l" title="Irunkōvēl">Irunkōvēl</a> kings trace their lineage to the clan of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>; one of the inscriptions at Kodumbalur belonging to one of the kings in the Irunkovel line, namely Tennavan Irunkōvēl.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India._Archæological_Dept_1913_p.122_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India._Archæological_Dept_1913_p.122-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Moovar_Koil" title="Moovar Koil">Moovar Koil</a> record of Irukkuvel chief <a href="/wiki/Boothi_Vikramakesari" title="Boothi Vikramakesari">Boothi Vikramakesari</a> lauds his father, Samarabirama, as <i>Yadu-vamsa-ketu</i> (Banner of the Yadu race).<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indica_1995_p.93_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indica_1995_p.93-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians consider the <a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay</a> velirs originated from the pastoralists of <a href="/wiki/Abhira_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhira tribe">Ayars</a> and they gained preeminence at an early stage in Tamil history.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environment,_Development_and_Society_in_Contemporary_India:An_Introduction_2008_p._23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environment,_Development_and_Society_in_Contemporary_India:An_Introduction_2008_p._23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matlock_2000_p._100_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matlock_2000_p._100-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Velir were prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> of Tamil polity, economy, and society. They are traced to the <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadavas</a> (Yadu descent) of <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a> and linked up with all important dynasties of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysalas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Andhras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nākacāmi_1978_p.51_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nākacāmi_1978_p.51-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sangam literature, they are portrayed as independent chieftains who ruled in bordering areas of three major ruling dynasties, had considerable collective power and marriage alliances with <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganesh_1993_p.49_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganesh_1993_p.49-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> " </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 13em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heheya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Heheya kingdom">Haihayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolamba_dynasty" title="Nolamba dynasty">Nulambas</a></li> <li>Vaidhumbas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danda_kingdom" title="Danda kingdom">Dhandakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_in_Indian_epic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra in Indian epic literature">Andhras</a><sup id="cite_ref-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_1909_p.21_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_1909_p.21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kunthalas</a></li> <li>Dhayanas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadhavas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nākacāmi_Nākacāmi_Dikshitar_1997_p.192_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nākacāmi_Nākacāmi_Dikshitar_1997_p.192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysalas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Mysore._University._Dept._of_History_1972_p.48_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Mysore._University._Dept._of_History_1972_p.48-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bana_kingdom" title="Bana kingdom">Banas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Moryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondayars</a></li></ul> </div> <p>While most of the rulers are substantiated by epigraphs and literatures, some of their history of ruling some dynasties is not recorded. </p><p>Also, some of the medieval dynasties of the western half of the peninsula claim to be descended from <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadhavas</a> lineage and the Ay chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay dynasty</a> of the ninth century A.D. claim to be the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni-kula</a> as also the <a href="/wiki/Mushika_dynasty" title="Mushika dynasty">Mushika</a> kings who link themselves with <a href="/wiki/Heheya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Heheya kingdom">Haihaya</a> origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Thapar_1978_p._224_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thapar_1978_p._224-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Periya_Puranam" title="Periya Puranam">Periya Puranam</a> describes about a Haiheya clan king <a href="/wiki/Eyarkon_Kalikama_Nayanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyarkon Kalikama Nayanar">Eyarkon Kalikama Nayanar</a>, he was a Vellalar saint and Commander-in-chief of the Chola army.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Religion_And_Philosophy_Of_Tevaram_With_Special_Reference_To_Nampi_Arurar_In_Four_Volumes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Religion_And_Philosophy_Of_Tevaram_With_Special_Reference_To_Nampi_Arurar_In_Four_Volumes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ay velir chieftains, who settled down in Ay county (near Kanyakumari), were quite prominent in Tamil Nadu during the sangam age.<sup id="cite_ref-Padmaja_2002_p._127_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padmaja_2002_p._127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a> belonging to Manavya gotra as being the descendants of the original ancestress Hariti.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnarao_1939_pp._386–410_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnarao_1939_pp._386–410-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karmandala Satakam states that the Velirs of karmandalam belong to the same "Manavya" Gotra.<sup id="cite_ref-Vijayalakshmi,_Usha_R_2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vijayalakshmi,_Usha_R_2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chalukya kings were called <i>Velpularasar</i> and <i>Velkulattarasar</i> by some communities, that is kings over <i>Vel</i> country (<i>pula</i> means region or country).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later day references to them in Choļa inscriptions puts the Chalukyas under the Velir community ruling in Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/300px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/450px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/600px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam Period">Sangam Period</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay Vels</a> were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from <i>Vel</i> -nadu, that is the country ruled by <i>Vel</i> chieftains.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irunk%C5%8Dv%C4%93l" title="Irunkōvēl">Irunkōvēl</a> lines of Velir kings are considered to be of the same stock as the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysalas</a> as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital <a href="/wiki/Dwarasamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarasamudra">Dwarasamudra</a> by some historians.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (<i>Pulikadimal</i>) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where "sala" kills the tiger to save a sage.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title "Ballala" is only a variant of the Tamil word "Vellala".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoysala king <a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_III" title="Veera Ballala III">Veera Ballala III</a> is even now locally known as the "Vellala Maharaja" in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvannamalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvannamalai">Thiruvannamalai</a>, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irungovel chieftains were related to the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Cholas</a> through matrimony.<sup id="cite_ref-Indu_Banga_Urban_History_Association_of_India_Nehru_Memorial_Museum_and_Library_1991_p.61_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indu_Banga_Urban_History_Association_of_India_Nehru_Memorial_Museum_and_Library_1991_p.61-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tirumalai_1994_p.177_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tirumalai_1994_p.177-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These princes assumed both the Chola and Irungovel titles like for example there was one Adavallan Gangaikonda Cholan alias Irungolan during the time of <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_I" title="Kulottunga I">Kulottunga I</a> and then there was a certain Sendamangalam Udaiyan Araiyan Edirili Cholan alias Irungolan during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulottunga III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balasubrahmanyam_Venkataraman_Ramachandran_1979_p.80_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balasubrahmanyam_Venkataraman_Ramachandran_1979_p.80-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaluvul was a velir chieftain of Kamur who fought against the chera supremacy. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perum chera irumporai along with fourteen chieftains attacked kamur but perum chera irumporai was impressed with Kaluvuls resistance in battle field and let him rule kamur and accepted friendship from him. <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.Some of the velirs under Kaluvul joined the chera after the defeat. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sangam_literature">Sangam literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sangam literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Anthologies" title="Eight Anthologies">Eight Anthologies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>, praises King <a href="/wiki/Irunk%C5%8Dv%C4%93l" title="Irunkōvēl">Irunkōvēl</a>, a 49th generation descendant of the Vēlir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher (தடவு) of a Northern sage (<a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>), and said to have ruled Thuvarai (<a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvārakā</a>) with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_Heifetz_2002_p._127_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_Heifetz_2002_p._127-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velir_chiefs">Velir chiefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Velir chiefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moovar_Koil_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Moovar_Koil_Temple.jpg/250px-Moovar_Koil_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Moovar_Koil_Temple.jpg/375px-Moovar_Koil_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Moovar_Koil_Temple.jpg/500px-Moovar_Koil_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moovar_Koil" title="Moovar Koil">Moovar Koil</a> Temple Complex built by Irunkovel chieftain Boothi Vikramakesari</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Athiyam%C4%81n_Nedum%C4%81n_A%C3%B1ci" title="Athiyamān Nedumān Añci">Athiyamān Nedumān Añci</a> and his son Ezhini, were <a href="/wiki/Athiyam%C4%81n" title="Athiyamān">Athiyamān</a> chieftains, based in Tagadur (present day village located in <a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri district</a>). They were contemporaries of <a href="/wiki/Avvaiyar_(Sangam_poet)" title="Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)">Auvaiyar</a>. The Sangam poem "<i>Thagadur yathirai</i>", now lost, was written about his battle with the Chera king. Another Velir was <a href="/wiki/Irunk%C5%8Dv%C4%93l" title="Irunkōvēl">Irunkōvēl</a> who ruled over Konaadu, the area in and around <a href="/wiki/Pudukottai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukottai">Pudukottai</a>, with their capital in <a href="/wiki/Kodumbalur" title="Kodumbalur">Kodumbalur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They belong to <a href="/wiki/Kallar_(caste)" title="Kallar (caste)">Kallar</a> family, <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a> mentions in his study.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nannan was another Velir chieftain who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another Velir chief was Pekan of the Vel Avi family who ruled over Pothini, the modern <a href="/wiki/Palani" title="Palani">Palani</a> near <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other ancient Velir chiefs of repute include Alumbil Vel, Alandur Vel, <a href="/wiki/Ilanji_Vel" title="Ilanji Vel">Ilanji Vel</a> and Nangur Vel.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pruthi_Sharma_1995_p.99-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pruthi_Sharma_1995_p.99_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPruthiSharma1995" class="citation book cs1">Pruthi, R.; Sharma, B.R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BvoQAQAAIAAJ&q=velirs+or+vellalas"><i>Buddhism, Jainism and Women</i></a>. Encyclopaedia of women society and culture series. Anmol Publications. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7488-085-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7488-085-7"><bdi>978-81-7488-085-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%2C+Jainism+and+Women&rft.series=Encyclopaedia+of+women+society+and+culture+series&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7488-085-7&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+B.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvoQAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvelirs%2Bor%2Bvellalas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivaratnam_1964_p.36-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sivaratnam_1964_p.36_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivaratnam1964" class="citation book cs1">Sivaratnam, C. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7xWAAAAMAAJ&q=velirs+or+vellalas"><i>An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism</i></a>. Stangard Printers. p. 36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+the+Cultural+History+and+Principles+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Stangard+Printers&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Sivaratnam&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7xWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvelirs%2Bor%2Bvellalas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakravarti_1953_p.25-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarti_1953_p.25_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chakravarti, A. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBx4AAAAIAAJ&q=velirs+or+vellalas"><i>Tirukkural</i></a> (in Lithuanian). Diocesan Press. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tirukkural&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Diocesan+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnBx4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvelirs%2Bor%2Bvellalas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orr_2000_p._209-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_2000_p._209_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2000" class="citation book cs1">Orr, L.C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC&dq=term%20velir&pg=PA209"><i>Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu</i></a>. South Asia Research. Oxford University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4"><bdi>978-0-19-535672-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donors%2C+Devotees%2C+and+Daughters+of+God%3A+Temple+Women+in+Medieval+Tamilnadu&rft.series=South+Asia+Research&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535672-4&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=L.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF___xKcP8lMC%26dq%3Dterm%2520velir%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyer_1968_p.4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iyer_1968_p.4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1968" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, L.A.K. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU5DAAAAYAAJ&q=velirs+or+vellalas"><i>Social History of Kerala: The Dravidians</i></a>. Monographs on man in India. Book Centre Publications. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+Kerala%3A+The+Dravidians&rft.series=Monographs+on+man+in+India&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Book+Centre+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=L.A.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU5DAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dvelirs%2Bor%2Bvellalas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meluhha_and_Agastya-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meluhha_and_Agastya_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meluhha_and_Agastya_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2009" class="citation web cs1">Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf">"Meluhha and Agastya : Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chennai, India. p. 16. <q>The story of the southern migration of the Vēḷir from Dvārakā under the leadership of Agastya is narrated by Naccinarkkiniyar in his commentary on Tolkāppiyam (pāyiram ; Poruḷ. 34). According to this legend, the gods congregated on Mount Meru as a result of which the earth tilted, lowering Meru and raising the southern quarter. The gods thereupon decided that Agastya was the best person to remedy this situation and requested him to proceed to the South. Agastya agreed and, on his way, visited Tuvarāpati' (Dvārakā) and led the descendants of neṭu-muṭi-an|n|al (Viṣṇu or Krṣṇa) including eighteen kings, eighteen families of the Vēḷir and the Aruvāḷar' to the south, where they settled down clearing the forests and cultivating the land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meluhha+and+Agastya+%3A+Alpha+and+Omega+of+the+Indus+Script&rft.place=Chennai%2C+India&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harappa.com%2Farrow%2Fmeluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Laet_Herrmann_1996_p._382-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Laet_Herrmann_1996_p._382_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_LaetHerrmann1996" class="citation book cs1">de Laet, S.J.; Herrmann, J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA382"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.</i></a> Routledge. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0"><bdi>978-92-3-102812-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+century+B.C.+to+the+seventh+century+A.D.&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102812-0&rft.aulast=de+Laet&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGUz01yBumEC%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_Thirumalai_Manoharan_Anthropological_Survey_of_India_1997_p.1647-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_Thirumalai_Manoharan_Anthropological_Survey_of_India_1997_p.1647_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghThirumalaiManoharanAnthropological_Survey_of_India1997" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K.S.; Thirumalai, R.; Manoharan, S.; Anthropological Survey of India (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XLiAAAAMAAJ&q=velir+coronation"><i>Tamil Nadu</i></a>. People of India. Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1647. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85938-88-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85938-88-2"><bdi>978-81-85938-88-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Nadu&rft.series=People+of+India&rft.pages=1647&rft.pub=Affiliated+East-West+Press+%5Bfor%5D+Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-85938-88-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=Thirumalai%2C+R.&rft.au=Manoharan%2C+S.&rft.au=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XLiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvelir%2Bcoronation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuppiramaṇiyan̲_Tirunāvukkaracu_International_Institute_of_Tamil_Studies_1983_p.269-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuppiramaṇiyan̲_Tirunāvukkaracu_International_Institute_of_Tamil_Studies_1983_p.269_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuppiramaṇiyan̲TirunāvukkaracuInternational_Institute_of_Tamil_Studies1983" class="citation book cs1">Cuppiramaṇiyan̲, C.V.; Tirunāvukkaracu, K.T.; International Institute of Tamil Studies (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXIeAAAAMAAJ&q=velir++relation"><i>Historical Heritage of the Tamils</i></a>. Publication (International Institute of Tamil Studies). International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 269<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Heritage+of+the+Tamils&rft.series=Publication+%28International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies%29&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cuppirama%E1%B9%87iyan%CC%B2&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rft.au=Tirun%C4%81vukkaracu%2C+K.T.&rft.au=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFXIeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvelir%2B%2Brelation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmaja2001" class="citation book cs1">Padmaja, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&q=yadu-kula&pg=RA1-PA34"><i>Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu</i></a>. Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170173984" title="Special:BookSources/9788170173984"><bdi>9788170173984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamiln%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788170173984&rft.aulast=Padmaja&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgaS1wRnl8C%26q%3Dyadu-kula%26pg%3DRA1-PA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Bakel_Hagesteijn_van_de_Velde_1994_p._175-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_Bakel_Hagesteijn_van_de_Velde_1994_p._175_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_BakelHagesteijnvan_de_Velde1994" class="citation book cs1">van Bakel, M.; Hagesteijn, R.; van de Velde, P. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXOc1WJVpoQC&pg=PA175"><i>Pivot politics: changing cultural identities in early state formation processes</i></a>. Het Spinhuis. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-007-1"><bdi>978-90-5589-007-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pivot+politics%3A+changing+cultural+identities+in+early+state+formation+processes&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Het+Spinhuis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-5589-007-1&rft.aulast=van+Bakel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Hagesteijn%2C+R.&rft.au=van+de+Velde%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXOc1WJVpoQC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyar_Government_Museum_(Chennai_2002_p.15_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyarGovernment_Museum_(Chennai2002" class="citation book cs1">Ayyar, K.R.S.; Government Museum (Chennai, India) (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jk5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Vikramakesari+yadhu"><i>Inscriptions in the Pudukkóttai State</i></a>. Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamilnadu. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+in+the+Pudukk%C3%B3ttai+State&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Commissioner+of+Museums%2C+Government+of+Tamilnadu&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ayyar&rft.aufirst=K.R.S.&rft.au=Government+Museum+%28Chennai%2C+India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djk5mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DVikramakesari%2Byadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR1980" class="citation book cs1">R, Naga Swami (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bUeW_art-and-culture-of-tamilnadu-by-r.-naga-swami-1980-delhi-sundeep-prakashan-delhi/page/11/mode/2up?q=velir"><i>Art And Culture Of Tamilnadu</i></a>. Delhi Sundeep Prakashan. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+And+Culture+Of+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Delhi+Sundeep+Prakashan&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=R&rft.aufirst=Naga+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FbUeW_art-and-culture-of-tamilnadu-by-r.-naga-swami-1980-delhi-sundeep-prakashan-delhi%2Fpage%2F11%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dvelir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart_Heifetz_2002_p._127-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hart_Heifetz_2002_p._127_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hart_Heifetz_2002_p._127_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartHeifetz2002" class="citation book cs1">Hart, G.L.; Heifetz, H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVdBeeiYxh4C&pg=PA127"><i>The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru</i></a>. Translations from the Asian Classics. Columbia University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51252-7"><bdi>978-0-231-51252-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Hundred+Songs+of+War+and+Wisdom%3A+An+Anthology+of+Poems+from+Classical+Tamil%2C+the+Purananuru&rft.series=Translations+from+the+Asian+Classics&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51252-7&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rft.au=Heifetz%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVdBeeiYxh4C%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pivotpolitics-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pivotpolitics_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pivotpolitics_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pivot politics: changing cultural identities in early state formation processes By M. van Bakel page 165: "The Velir were an instrusive group in South India... It is now suggested that (...) may have been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadava</a> of Dvaraka..."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXOc1WJVpoQC&pg=PA165">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomila_Thapar" class="citation book cs1">Romila Thapar. <i>Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations</i>. Orient Blackswan, 1978 - India - 341 pages. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Social+History%3A+Some+Interpretations&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan%2C+1978+-+India+-+341+pages&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" class="citation book cs1">Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar. <i>Insights into Hinduism</i>. Ajanta Publications, 1979. p. 376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+into+Hinduism&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications%2C+1979&rft.au=Ramchandra+Narayan+Dandekar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaparChampakalakshmiGopal1996" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila; Champakalakshmi, Radha; Gopal, Sarvepalli (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay9uAAAAMAAJ&q=velir+perumakan"><i>Tradition, Dissent and Ideology: Essays in Honour of Romila Thapar</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195638677" title="Special:BookSources/9780195638677"><bdi>9780195638677</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mahadevan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20241005_20241005_0633/page/149/mode/1up"><i>History of Kodumbalur Velir</i></a>. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kodumbalur+Velir&rft.pages=150&rft.date=2009&rft.au=V.+Mahadevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20241005_20241005_0633%2Fpage%2F149%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohan_Peter,_Utsav_Manihara2001" class="citation book cs1">Rohan Peter, Utsav Manihara (2001). <i>Culture of Creativity: Footprints of Indian Civilization, Volume 3 of Panorama of Indian Culture</i>. Dominant Publishers and Distributors. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8178880253" title="Special:BookSources/8178880253"><bdi>8178880253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Creativity%3A+Footprints+of+Indian+Civilization%2C+Volume+3+of+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Dominant+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=8178880253&rft.au=Rohan+Peter%2C+Utsav+Manihara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneviratne1994" class="citation book cs1">Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1994). "The Twilight of the Perumakan: South Indian Polity Restructured and Incorporated". In van Bakel, Martin; Hagesteijn, Renée; van de Velde, Piet (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXOc1WJVpoQC"><i>Pivot Politics: Changing Cultural Identities in Early State Formation Processes</i></a>. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-007-1"><bdi>978-90-5589-007-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Twilight+of+the+Perumakan%3A+South+Indian+Polity+Restructured+and+Incorporated&rft.btitle=Pivot+Politics%3A+Changing+Cultural+Identities+in+Early+State+Formation+Processes&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Het+Spinhuis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-5589-007-1&rft.aulast=Seneviratne&rft.aufirst=Sudharshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXOc1WJVpoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velir&oldid=1254158213">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velir&oldid=1254158213</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_history" title="Category:Tamil history">Tamil history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kerala" title="Category:History of Kerala">History of Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_history" title="Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history">Sri Lankan Tamil history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Lithuanian-language_sources_(lt)" title="Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)">CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Javanese-language_sources_(jv)" title="Category:CS1 Javanese-language sources (jv)">CS1 Javanese-language sources (jv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2019">Use dmy dates from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_August_2019" title="Category:Use Indian English from August 2019">Use Indian English from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 17:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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