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<div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Biomolekula" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Biomolekula" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Biomolekula" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Biomolekula" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Estruktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estruktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Estruktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estruktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Motak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Motak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inorganikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Inorganikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Organikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gluzidoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gluzidoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Gluzidoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gluzidoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monosakaridoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monosakaridoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Monosakaridoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monosakaridoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oligosakarido" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oligosakarido"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Oligosakarido</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oligosakarido-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polisakaridoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polisakaridoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3</span> <span><b>Polisakaridoak</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polisakaridoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipidoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipidoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Lipidoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipidoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lipido_saponifikagarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipido_saponifikagarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Lipido saponifikagarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipido_saponifikagarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipido_saponifikaezinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipido_saponifikaezinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Lipido saponifikaezinak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipido_saponifikaezinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proteinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Proteinak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aminoazidoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aminoazidoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Aminoazidoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aminoazidoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura_Primario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_Primario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.2</span> <span>Egitura Primario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_Primario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura_Sekundarioa[14]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_Sekundarioa[14]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.3</span> <span>Egitura Sekundarioa<sup><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_Sekundarioa[14]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura_Tertziarioa[15]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_Tertziarioa[15]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.4</span> <span>Egitura Tertziarioa<sup><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_Tertziarioa[15]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura_Kuaternarioa_[16]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_Kuaternarioa_[16]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.5</span> <span>Egitura Kuaternarioa <sup><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_Kuaternarioa_[16]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azido_nukleikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azido_nukleikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Azido nukleikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azido_nukleikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.1</span> <span>DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.2</span> <span>RNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomolekula_organikoan_jatorria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomolekula_organikoan_jatorria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biomolekula organikoan jatorria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomolekula_organikoan_jatorria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irakurketa_gehigarria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irakurketa_gehigarria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Irakurketa gehigarria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irakurketa_gehigarria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biomolekula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 64 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekule" title="Biomolekule – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biomolekule" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecula" title="Biomolecula – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biomolecula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جزيء حيوي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيء حيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomol%C3%A9cula" title="Biomolécula – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biomolécula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Биомолекула – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биомолекула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3" title="जीवकण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जीवकण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="জীবজ অণু – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবজ অণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekule" title="Biomolekule – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biomolekule" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomol%C3%A8cula" title="Biomolècula – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biomolècula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekula" title="Biomolekula – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biomolekula" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Биомолекула – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биомолекула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekyle" title="Biomolekyle – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biomolekyle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturstoff" title="Naturstoff – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βιομόριο – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιομόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biomolecule" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekulo" title="Biomolekulo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biomolekulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomol%C3%A9cula" title="Biomolécula – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biomolécula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="زیست‌مولکول – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌مولکول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekyyli" title="Biomolekyyli – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biomolekyyli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomol%C3%A9cule" title="Biomolécule – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biomolécule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bith-mhoileciuil" title="Bith-mhoileciuil – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bith-mhoileciuil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomol%C3%A9cula" title="Biomolécula – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biomolécula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ביומולקולה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביומולקולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जैवाणु – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecola" title="Biomolecola – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biomolecola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="生体物質 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生体物質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96" title="ម៉ូលេគុលជីវភាព – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ូលេគុលជីវភាព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಜೈವಿಕ-ಅಣು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೈವಿಕ-ಅಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="생체분자 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생체분자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecula" title="Biomolecula – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biomolecula" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biumulecula" title="Biumulecula – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biumulecula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="ജൈവതന്മാത്ര – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവതന്മാത്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Биомолекул – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Биомолекул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecuul" title="Biomolecuul – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biomolecuul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekyl" title="Biomolekyl – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biomolekyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleku%C5%82a" title="Biomolekuła – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biomolekuła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomol%C3%A9cula" title="Biomolécula – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biomolécula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecul%C4%83" title="Biomoleculă – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biomoleculă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Биомолекулы – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биомолекулы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biomolecule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekula" title="Biomolekula – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biomolekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekula" title="Biomolekula – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biomolekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolikule" title="Biomolikule – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Biomolikule" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biomolekul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekyl" title="Biomolekyl – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biomolekyl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="உயிரிமூலக்கூறு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரிமூலக்கூறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="జీవ అణువులు – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవ అణువులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="โมเลกุลชีวภาพ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมเลกุลชีวภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyomolek%C3%BCl" title="Biyomolekül – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyomolekül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Біомолекули – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біомолекули" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتیاتی مرکبات – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتیاتی مرکبات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phân tử sinh học – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân tử sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物分子 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物分子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="ביאמאלעקול – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביאמאלעקול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物分子 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物分子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物分子 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物分子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q206229#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biomolekula" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Biomolekula&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p><b>Biomolekulak</b>, <a href="/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo">organismo</a> <a href="/wiki/Bizidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizidun">bizidunetan</a> aurkitzen diren osagai <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimikoak</a> dira, zeinak izaki bizidun guztien oinarrizko unitate moduan jokatzen dute. Funtzio biologikoak betetzeko ezinbestekoak dira; hala nola, sintesia, prozesuen erregulazioa eta beste molekulen garraioa. Hori dela eta, biomolekulen presentzia beharrezkoa da izaki bizidunetan, zeinak endogenoak<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, organismoak berak sor ditzakeenak, edo exogenoak, kanpotik eratorritakoak, izan daitezke. </p><p>Sarritan ez dira molekula ez biologikoetatik hainbeste aldentzen; izan ere, banaka isolatzean, molekula hauen lege fisiko-kimiko berdinak jarraitzen dituztela ikus daiteke. Unitate hauek konplexutasun maila desberdinetan antola daitezke <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelula</a> barruan, unitate bakarra izatetik, <a href="/wiki/Monomero" title="Monomero">monomeroak</a>, hauen elkarketaren ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula">makromolekulak</a> edota konplexu supramolekularrak lortuz<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526111031_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526111031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estruktura">Estruktura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estruktura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Estruktura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biomolekulen ezaugarri garrantzitsua hauen egiturazko antolaketa da; izan ere, horri esker bere funtzioak betetzeko gai dira. Horretarako, beharrezkoak dira organismoetan aurkitutako <a href="/wiki/Pisu_atomikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisu atomikoa">pisu atomiko</a> txikiko mokekulak, zeinetatik <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigenoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogenoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">nitrogenoa</a> eta batez ere <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">karbonoa</a> bereizten diren. Lau elementu hauek, zelula masaren %99a osatzen dute, sarritan ere <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">fosforo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">sufrearekin</a> batera. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bioelementu" title="Bioelementu">Bioelementuen</a> berezitasuna haien artean lotzeko gaitasunean oinarritzen da, lotura sendo bakunak, bikoitzak, hirukoitzak eta laukoitzak sortuz. Aipatutako elementuetatik karbonoa da biomolekulen funtsa, horri esker kate konbinazio desberdin ugari sor daitezke. Kate hauek biomolekulen eskeletuak dira, karbonoz osatutako egitura lineal, adarkatu edo ziklikoak eratuz. Gainera, karbono-eskeletuei  beste elementuen konbinazioak gehi dakizkieke, talde funtzional (<a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkoholak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zetona" title="Zetona">zetonak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amina" title="Amina">aminak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoak</a> etab.) deritzenak, funtzio espezifikoak burutzeko erabiltzen direnak. </p><p>Biomolekulen egitura espazialari erreparatzeko, beharrezkoa da haien egitura tridimentsionala aipatzea, bereziki karbonoen loturen ondorioz eratutakoak. Antolaketa espazial honek molekulen arteko interakzioak ahalbidetzen ditu, organismo barneko funtzio biologikoak gerta daitezen, adibidez, entzima-sustratu interakzioak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motak">Motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izaki bizidunetan aurki daitezken biomolekulak bi multzotan sailkatzen dira: <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_inorganiko" title="Konposatu inorganiko">inorganikoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_organiko" title="Konposatu organiko">organikoak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganikoak">Inorganikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Inorganikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Inorganikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egoera <a href="/wiki/Likido" title="Likido">likido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solido</a>, zein <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseosoan</a> aurki daitezkeen karbono eta hidrogenozko kateez osaturik ez dauden molekulak dira. Talde honetako molekulak <a href="/wiki/Gatz_mineralak" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gatz mineralak">gatz mineralak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">ura</a> eta gasak dira. </p> <ul><li>Gatz mineralak: Uretan disolbatuak edo prezipitatuak, bizitzarako beharrezkoak diren ekintzak burutzeko (nerbio bulkadak, muskuluen uzkurketa, etab.) erabiltzen dira. Kasu gehienetan uretan disolbatuta aurkitzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Ionizazio" title="Ionizazio">ionizazioaren</a> ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Anioi" title="Anioi">anioiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Katioi" title="Katioi">katioiak</a> sortuz.</li></ul> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Water_Molecule_Ball_and_Stick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Water_Molecule_Ball_and_Stick.png/220px-Water_Molecule_Ball_and_Stick.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Water_Molecule_Ball_and_Stick.png/330px-Water_Molecule_Ball_and_Stick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Water_Molecule_Ball_and_Stick.png/440px-Water_Molecule_Ball_and_Stick.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Ur molekula bat.</figcaption></figure>Ura: Bi hidrogeno <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomoz</a> eta oxigeno atomo batez osaturiko moleluka da, zelularen %70a betetzen duena. Bizitzarako funtsezkoa da; izan ere, bizia uretan sortu zen eta ematen diren <a href="/wiki/Erreakzio_kimiko" title="Erreakzio kimiko">erreakzio kimiko</a> gehienak inguru urtsuan gertatzen dira. Urak hainbat propietate ditu beste molekuletatik bereizten dituena. Hauek oxigeno eta hidrogenoen interakzioak direla eta ematen dira. Oxigenoaren <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">elektronegatibotasunak</a> karga partzialak sortzea eragiten du, urari molekulen arteko lotura ahul bereizgarriak (<a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_lotura" title="Hidrogeno lotura">hidrogeno zubiak</a>) sortzeko gaitasuna emanez. Uraren ezaugarri bereizgarri gehienak lotura intermolekular hauen ondorioz beregantatutakoak dira; esaterako,  bero ahalmen espezifikoa, atxikipen gaitasuna, disolbatzaile unibertsala izatea, molekulen garraioa…</li></ul> <ul><li>Gasak: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8c2c304a17b2fe1e4a79afb22d531d90f9c5ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3ed885c7553085f5d3a2bb0a63616656248699d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}"></span>-ak dira zeluletako erreakzioetan aurkitzen ditugun gas aipagarrienak. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8c2c304a17b2fe1e4a79afb22d531d90f9c5ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"></span>-a adibidez, zelularen arnasketarako ezinbestekoa da.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organikoak">Organikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Organikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Organikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbono eta hidrogeno kateez osatuta dauden molekulak dira. Kate hauei beste elementu batzuk gehi dakizkie; hala nola, nitrogenoa, fosforoa eta sufrea, oxigenoarekin lotzen direnak egitura konplexuagoak eratuz. 4 talde desberdinetan bana daitezke: <a href="/wiki/Karbono_hidrato" title="Karbono hidrato">gluzidoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido">lipidoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azido_nukleiko" title="Azido nukleiko">azido nukleikoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">proteinak.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gluzidoak">Gluzidoak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gluzidoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gluzidoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talde honetako molekulak dira lurreko biomolekulik ugarienak<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, giza dietaren oinarrizko elementuak direnak. Gluzidoak, karbohidratoak edo azukreak ere deituak, karbono, oxigeno eta hidrogenoz bereziki osaturik daude; hala ere, nitrogeno, fosforo edo sufrearekin batera ere aurki daitezke. Bere konplexutasunaren arabera 3 taldetan sailkatzen dira: <a href="/wiki/Monosakarido" title="Monosakarido">monosakarido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligosakarido" title="Oligosakarido">oligosakarido</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Polisakarido" title="Polisakarido">polisakaridoak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Monosakaridoak">Monosakaridoak</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Monosakaridoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Monosakaridoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egitura solido kristalino koloregabeak, uretan disolbatzen direnak eta zapore gozoa daukaten molekula txikiak. Karbohidratoen oinarrizko unitateak dira, hauek 3 eta 7 arteko karbonoz osaturik daude, alkohol talde eta <a href="/wiki/Karbonilo" title="Karbonilo">karbonilo</a> talde bati lotuta daudenak. Karbonilo taldearen posizioaren arabera bi taldeetan sailkatzen dira: talde funtzionala muturretan kotatuta dagoenenan (<a href="/wiki/Aldehido" title="Aldehido">aldehido</a>), aldosa izanik, eta bestelako karbonoetan kokatuta dagoenean (zetona), zetosa izanik. Bitartean, talde karboniloari lotuta ez dauden karbonoak alkohol taldeei lotzen zaizkie.  Honi esker, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_asimetriko" title="Karbono asimetriko">karbono kiral</a> izeneko egitura desberdinak eratzen dituzte, molekularen konformazioan eragina izango dutenak, propietate bereziak emanez. Karbono kiral hauek sortutako konformazio desberdinei <a href="/wiki/Estereoisomeria" title="Estereoisomeria">estereoisomeria</a> deritze, eta D edo L izan daiteke. </p><p>Azukreek bost karbono edo gehiagoz osatuta daudenean konformazio berri bat har dezakete, hau lotura hemiazetal eta hemizetalei esker gertatzen da; horrela, zentro kiral berri bat sortuz, karbono anomerikoa deitzen dena. Karbono hauek α edo β konformazioa dute, beste monomeroekin lotzerakoan eragin desberdina sortzen dutenak. </p><p>Monosakaridoen hainbat adibide daude, nabarmenena glukosa izanik, horretaz gain, kantitate txikiagoan, <a href="/wiki/Galaktosa" title="Galaktosa">glalaktosa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fruktosa" title="Fruktosa">fruktosa</a> ditugu, beste hainbat monomeroekin batera. Hauek, beste osagaiekin batera, egitura bereziak sor ditzakete: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desoxiazukreak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desoxiazukreak (sortu gabe)">desoxiazukreak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aminoazukre" title="Aminoazukre">aminoazukreak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polialkohol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polialkohol (sortu gabe)">polialkoholak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azukre_azidoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azukre azidoa (sortu gabe)">azukre azidoak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_fosforiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ester fosforiko (sortu gabe)">ester fosforikoak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oligosakarido">Oligosakarido</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oligosakarido»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Oligosakarido"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Saccharose2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/220px-Saccharose2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/330px-Saccharose2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/440px-Saccharose2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Sakarosa disakaridoa, lotura o-glukosidikoaren bitartez lotuta dagoena.</figcaption></figure> <p>Monosakaridoen antzeko propietateak dituzten monomero gutxi batzuez (2-10) osaturiko kateak dira, hauen artean disakaridoak ohikoenak izanik. Azukre hauen arteko loturak O-glikosidikoa du izena, eta ziklo bateko karbono anomerikoaren eta beste ziklo baten edozein karbono kondentsaziozko lotura batekin kobalenteki lotzean sortzen da. Lotura honen ondoren bi oligosakarido mota ikusten dira, ahalmen erreduzitzailea daukatenak (karbono anomeriko bat aske dutenak) eta ahalmen erreduzitzailerik gabekoak (lotura bi karbono anomerikoen artean egindakoa). Honen adibide ohikoenak <a href="/wiki/Sakarosa" title="Sakarosa">sakarosa</a> (ez erreduzitzailea), <a href="/wiki/Maltosa" title="Maltosa">maltosa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Laktosa" title="Laktosa">laktosa</a> (erreduzitzaileak) dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Polisakaridoak"><b>Polisakaridoak</b></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Polisakaridoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Polisakaridoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamar monomero baino gehiagoz osatuta daudelarik, naturan ohikoenak diren karbohidratoak dira. Hauek luzeraren, unitateen lotura mota eta adarkadura mailaren arabera desberdintzen dira. Bi taldetan bereiz daitezke: <a href="/wiki/Homopolisakarido" title="Homopolisakarido">homopolisakaridoak</a>, monomero berdinen osatutakoak, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heteropolisakarido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heteropolisakarido (sortu gabe)">heteropolisakaridoak</a>, monomero desberdinez osatutakoak. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Patates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Patates.jpg/220px-Patates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Patates.jpg/330px-Patates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Patates.jpg/440px-Patates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption>Almidoiadun elikagaia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Homopolisakaridoak funtzioaren arabera bereiztu ahal dira. Alde batetik, erreserba funtzioa daukaten polisakaridoak: <a href="/wiki/Almidoi" title="Almidoi">almidoia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Glukogeno" title="Glukogeno">glukogenoa</a>. Bestalde, egiturazko funtzioa dutenak: <a href="/wiki/Kitina" title="Kitina">kitina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">zelulosa</a>. </p><p>Heteropolisakaridoak beste bi taldetan sailkatzen dira, adarkatuak eta linealak. Linealen artean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikosaminaglikano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikosaminaglikano (sortu gabe)">glikosaminaglikanoak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteoglikano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteoglikano (sortu gabe)">proteoglikanoak</a> daude; adarkatuen artean, <a href="/wiki/Lipopolisakarido" title="Lipopolisakarido">lipopolisakaridoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikano" title="Peptidoglikano">peptidoglikanoak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azido_teikoiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azido teikoiko (sortu gabe)">azido teikoikoak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikokonjukatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikokonjukatu (sortu gabe)">glikokonjukatuak</a> daude. Polisakarido hauen funtzioak anitzak dira, baina bereziki zelulen kanpoko euskarria izatera bideratzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lipidoak">Lipidoak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lipidoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Lipidoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbono, hidrogeno eta oxigenoz bereziki konposatutako, talde anitzetan sailkatzen diren biomolekulak dira. Hauen ezaugarri bereizgarriena uretan disolbaezinak direla da; izan ere, molekula anfipatioak dira, buru polarra eta isats apolarra dituztenak, azken honek uretan ez disolbatzea eragiten du. Propietate honi esker lipidoak mintzen osagai nagusiak dira. Molekulen arteko erakarpenek, eremu urtsutik babesteko, isats apolarrek loturak eratzea eragiten dute, buru polarrak kanpoalderantz bideratuz. Honen ondorioz, bizitzarako beharrezkoak diren mizelak (mintz bakuna) eta liposomak (mintz bikoitza) sor daitezke. Beste funtzioei erreparatuz, lipidoak hainbat modutan joka dezakete zeregin anitzak betetzeko, hala nola: erregai energetikoa, hormona, argizaria, pigmentua, bigarren mezularia, elektroi garraiatzailea, emultsionatzailea etab. </p><p>Nahiz eta molekula oso heterogeneoak izan, lipidoak bi taldeetan bana daitezke; alde batetik, saponifikagarriak, eta bestetik, saponifikaezinak. Lipido saponifikagarriak saponifikazio prozesua jasan dezaketen lipidoak dira, prozesu honetan lipidoetako ester loturak eremu basikoan hidrolizatzen dira xaboia eratuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lipido_saponifikagarriak">Lipido saponifikagarriak</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lipido saponifikagarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Lipido saponifikagarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talde honetako oinarrizko elementuak <a href="/wiki/Gantz-azido" title="Gantz-azido">gantz azidoak</a> dira. Hauek, kate hidrokarbonatuz osatuta daude, muturrean <a href="/wiki/Karboxilo" title="Karboxilo">karboxiloa</a> talde bat izanik. Kateak binaka doazen karbonoz osatuta daude, 12-24 karbono arteko egituretan antolatuz. Kate hauen berezitasuna haien karbonoen arteko lotura kopurua da. Lotura bakunek egitura zurrunagoak osatzen dituzte, lotura bikoitz eta hirukoitzek egitura jariakorragoak eratzen dituzten bitartean. Lotura bakunez osatutako gantz azidoei <a href="/wiki/Gantz-azido_ase" title="Gantz-azido ase">ase</a> deritze eta lotura bat baino gehiagokoei <a href="/wiki/Gantz-azido_asegabe" title="Gantz-azido asegabe">asegabe</a>. Talde honen barruan hiru lipido mota dira esanguratsuenak: <a href="/wiki/Triglizerido" title="Triglizerido">triglizeridoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipido" title="Fosfolipido">fosfolipidoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Esfingolipido" title="Esfingolipido">esfingolipidoak</a>. </p> <ul><li>Triglizeridoak: Hiru gantz azidoz eta alkohol batez  konposatutako biomolekulak dira.  Kasu honetan, glizerolaren hidroxilo taldeek gantz azidoekin erreakzionatzen dute, triester lotura kobalente bat eratuz. Triglizeridoak bakunak zein mistoak izan daitezke, hiru gantz azidoak berdinak direnean bakunak eta gantz azido desberdinez osatutakoak mistoak izanik. Triglizeridoen funtzio nagusia erreserba moduan metatzea da eta hainbat elikagaietan aurki daitezke.</li></ul> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Amphiphilie_eines_Phospholipids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amphiphilie_eines_Phospholipids.png/220px-Amphiphilie_eines_Phospholipids.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amphiphilie_eines_Phospholipids.png/330px-Amphiphilie_eines_Phospholipids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amphiphilie_eines_Phospholipids.png/440px-Amphiphilie_eines_Phospholipids.png 2x" data-file-width="6699" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Fosfolipido baten egitura orokorra.</figcaption></figure>Fosfolipidoak: Fosfoglizerido era deituak, mintzaren oinarrizko osagaiak dira. Kasu honetan triglizeridoen antzera glizerol alkohol bat dute; hala ere, bi gantz azidoz bakarrik konposatuta daude, <a href="/wiki/Glizerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glizerol">glizerolaren</a> lehenengo bi karbonoei lotuta daudenak. Glizerolaren hirugarren karbonoari fosfato talde bat eta <a href="/wiki/Aminoalkohol" title="Aminoalkohol">aminoalkohol</a> bat lotzen zaizkio, fosfolipidoaren buru polarra osatuko dutenak. Buruak desberdinak izan daitezke molekularen funtzioaren arabera (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Fosfatidilkolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfatidilkolina">fofsfatidilkolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfatidilserina" title="Fosfatidilserina">fosfatidilserina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fosfatidiletanolamina" title="Fosfatidiletanolamina">fosfatidietanolamina</a>). Karga desberdina ere hartzen dute, zelularen <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-aren araberakoa.</li></ul> <ul><li>Esfingolipidoak: Fosfolipidoak bezala, esfingolipidoak mintzaren osagai garrantzitsuak dira, bereziki nerbio sistemako zeluletan. Kasu honetan, ez dago glizerolik eta isats apolarra gantz azido eta esfingosina batez osaturik dago, zeramida bat sortuz. Bestalde, bi motatako buru polarrak aurki daitezke, fosfato talde eta aminoazido bati lotuta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfoesfingolipido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfoesfingolipido (sortu gabe)">fosfoesfingolipidoak</a>, eta azukre talde bati lotuta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukoesfingolipido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukoesfingolipido (sortu gabe)">glukoesfingolipidoak</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:South_Shetland-2016-Deception_Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap_penguin_(Pygoscelis_antarctica)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/South_Shetland-2016-Deception_Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap_penguin_%28Pygoscelis_antarctica%29_04.jpg/82px-South_Shetland-2016-Deception_Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap_penguin_%28Pygoscelis_antarctica%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/South_Shetland-2016-Deception_Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap_penguin_%28Pygoscelis_antarctica%29_04.jpg/124px-South_Shetland-2016-Deception_Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap_penguin_%28Pygoscelis_antarctica%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/South_Shetland-2016-Deception_Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap_penguin_%28Pygoscelis_antarctica%29_04.jpg/165px-South_Shetland-2016-Deception_Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap_penguin_%28Pygoscelis_antarctica%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Pinguino papozuria, argizaridun larruazala duen animalia.</figcaption></figure>Argizariak: Maiz animalien larruazalean aurkitzen diren lipidoak dira. Hauek gantz azido batez eta alkohol kate luze batez osaturik daude eta hainbat funtziotarako erabiltzen dira. Alde batetik, itsas animalietan erregai metabolikoaren metakin forma nagusia dira; eta bestetik, zenbait izaki bizidunen azalera estaltzen dute. Beraz, hainbat propietate atxikitxen zaizkie; esaterako, lubrikazioa, urarekiko iragazgaitasuna, babesa eta ur-lurrunketaren ekiditzea.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lipido_saponifikaezinak">Lipido saponifikaezinak</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lipido saponifikaezinak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Lipido saponifikaezinak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kasu honetan, lipido saponifikagarriekin ez bezala, ezinezkoa da xaboia lortzea haien hidrolisiarekin. </p> <ul><li>Isoprenoideoak: <a href="/wiki/Terpeno" title="Terpeno">Terpenoak</a> era deituak, isoprenoaren deribatuak dira. Talde honetan hainbat lipido mota sartzen dira, aipagarrienak A, E, D eta K <a href="/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina">bitaminak</a> izanik. Bitamina hauek ezinbestekoak dira izakien biziraupenerako, esaterako, garapena, metabolismoa, kaltzioaren xurgapena eta funtzio estrukturala<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Cholesterol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholesterol.svg/220px-Cholesterol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholesterol.svg/330px-Cholesterol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholesterol.svg/440px-Cholesterol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Kolesterol molekula.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Esterol" title="Esterol">Esterolak</a>: Lau zikloz osatutako egiturak, mintzean zehar sarritan aurkitutako lipidoak dira. Hauek sei karbonozko hiru zikloz eta bost karbonozko ziklo batez osaturik daude, egitura zurruna eta laua eratuz. Mota honetako lipidorik aipagarriena <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterola</a> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>da, zelula barnean hainbat funtzio dituena, hormonen, azido biliarraren eta bitamina D-ren sintesia<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, adibidez.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proteinak">Proteinak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Proteinak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Proteinak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izaki bizidunetan aurkitzen diren makromolekula ugarienak, zelula guztietan ager daitezkeen karbonoz, hidrogenoz, oxigenoz, nitrogenoz eta sufrez osatutako molekulak dira. Hauek, aminoazido izeneko molekula ezberdinen sekuentziaz osaturik daude<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526111031_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526111031-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta milaka konbinazio desberdin sor ditzakete. Sekuentzia hauek izaki guztien material genetikoan kodifikatuta daude eta hainbat funtzio betetzeko informazioa daukate. Proteinen funtzioen artean honako hauek dira bereizgarrienak: garraioa, funtzio entzimatikoa, defentsa, egitura, mugimendua eta erreserba<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Proteinek hainbat propietate bereizgarri dituzte bere egiturarekin estuki lotuta daudenak. Alde batetik, bere jatorrizko konformazioa edo konformazio absolutua dago, horri esker proteina bakoitzak bere egitura eta konposizio zehatza du, eta bakarrik egoera honetan funtzional izan daitezke<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bestetik, konformazio honen galera gerta daiteke, <a href="/wiki/Desnaturalizazio_(biokimika)" title="Desnaturalizazio (biokimika)">desnaturalizazioa</a> deritzona, pH eta tenperatura aldaketa edo erradiazioaren ondorioz gertatzen dena. Proteinen egitura lau zatitan banatzen da, aminoazido sekuentziatik hasita, makromolekula konplexuak lortu arte. </p><p>Azkenik, laborategian oso erabilgarria den propietate berezi bat daukate, ahalmen indargetzaile deritzona. Honi esker, ingurune bateko pH egoera zehatzean manten daiteke. Ahalmen hau proteina bakoitzean pH balio zehatz baterako izaten da, proteina kateei lotutako taldeen araberakoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Aminoazidoak">Aminoazidoak</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aminoazidoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Aminoazidoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinak osatzen dituzten oinarrizko unitateak dira. Nahiz eta 500 <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">aminoazido</a> desberdin inguru  existitu, horietatik bakarrik 20 aurkitzen dira proteinetan. 20 aminoazido hauetatik, gizakia bakarrik 11 sintetizatzeko gai da, ez esentzialak deritzenak<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, gainerakoak dietaren bidez bereganatzera beharturik dago, aminoazido hauei esentzial deritze<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aminoazido proteikoak 5 talde desberdinetan sailkatzen dira: aminoazido <a href="/wiki/Polartasun_(kimika)" title="Polartasun (kimika)">polarrak</a>, apolarrak, aromatikoak, positiboki kargatuak eta negatiboki kargatuak. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:AminoAcidball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/220px-AminoAcidball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/330px-AminoAcidball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/440px-AminoAcidball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Aminoazido baten egitura orokorra. Ezkerraldean amino taldea, eskuinaldean karboxilo taldea eta beheko partean R edo alboko katea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Molekularen egiturari erreparatuz lau zatitan banatzen da: alfa karbonoa (glizinan izan ezik, simetrikoa dena), amino taldea, karboxilo taldea eta alboko katea (aminoazido desberdinen arabera aldakorra). </p><p>Albo kate hauei esker, aminoazidoak hainbat taldetan sailkatzeko beharra dago, hala ere, aminoazido guztiak jarraitzen dituzten propietateak ere badaude. Alde batetik, haien izaera anfoteroa, amino taldearen karga positiboa eta karboxiloaren karga negatiboaren ondorioz sortutakoa. Bestetik, estereoisomeria gaitasuna, L edo D moduan sailkatzea ahalbidetzen duena; dena den, normalean L moduan aurkitzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Egitura_Primario">Egitura Primario</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura Primario»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura Primario"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izaki bakoitzaren material genetikoaren arabera kodetutako aminoazidoen sekuentzia zehatza da. Proteinaren konformazio absolutuaren arabera, luzera eta konbinazio desberdinak izaten dituzte. Aminoazido hauek, lotura polipeptidikoz elkarri lotuta egoten dira, kate barneko birak murrizten dituztenak. </p><p>Egitura hau proteinen antolaketa sinpleena da; hala ere, guztiz garrantzitsua da hurrengo egiturak lortu ahal izateko. Izan ere, aminoazido sekuentzia zehatzen elkarekintza-erreakzioek gainerako egiturak baldintzatzen dituzte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Egitura_Sekundarioa[14]"><span id="Egitura_Sekundarioa.5B14.5D"></span>Egitura Sekundarioa<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura Sekundarioa[14]»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura Sekundarioa[14]"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Alpha_Helix_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alpha_Helix_Ribbon.svg/90px-Alpha_Helix_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alpha_Helix_Ribbon.svg/135px-Alpha_Helix_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alpha_Helix_Ribbon.svg/180px-Alpha_Helix_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>α-helizea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Egitura primarioan sortutako katean hidrogeno loturak eratzen hasten dira, kateari bi egitura forma desberdin emanez. Alde batetik, α-helize deituriko egitura kiribildua sortzen da, normalean eskuinalderantz biratzen dena. Kasu honetan, hidrogeno loturak helizearen barruan eratzen dira, kate intrakatenarioak sortuz; aldiz, aminoazidoen alboko kateak kanpoalderantz mugitzen dira. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Beta-Faltblatt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Beta-Faltblatt.svg/180px-Beta-Faltblatt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Beta-Faltblatt.svg/270px-Beta-Faltblatt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Beta-Faltblatt.svg/360px-Beta-Faltblatt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>β-orria</figcaption></figure> <p>Bestetik, β-orriak katea zig-zag moduan mugitu ondoren sortzen dira, orrien antzeko egiturak eratuz. Kateak elkarrekiko paraleloak edo antiparaleloak izan daitezke, orriaren egonkortasunean eragina edukiko duena. </p><p>Kasu honetan, hidrogeno loturek kateen arteko loturak sortzen dituzte eta aminoazidoen alboko kateak orriaren goiko eta beheko ataletan txandakatzen dira. </p><p>Bi egitura hauek batera aurkitzen dira egitura sekundarioan, kasu batzuetan elkartuz eta konformazio bereziak sortuz, esaterako: β – α – β eta Rossmann egiturak. Egitura desberdinak haien artean lotzeko lau aminoazidoz (maiz Asn, Gly eta Pro) konposatutako β-birak edo β-ukondoak erabiltzen dira. Hauek 180 graduko birak ematen dituzte, lehen eta laugarren aminoazidoak hidrogeno lotura baten bidez lotuta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Egitura_Tertziarioa[15]"><span id="Egitura_Tertziarioa.5B15.5D"></span>Egitura Tertziarioa<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura Tertziarioa[15]»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura Tertziarioa[15]"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteina batzuen azkenengo egitura maila da, hainbat lotura eta elkarrekintzen ondorioz sortutako egitua konplexuak dira. Kasu honetan, aurreko egituretan kanpoalderantz kokatutako albo kateek elkarri eragiten (erakarri edo alderatu) hasiko dira, aminoazidoen kateak egitura zehatz bat hartzen duen arte. Maila honetan sortutako loturak honako hauek izan daitezke: indar elektrostatikoak, disulfuro zubiak, indar <a href="/wiki/Hidrofobia" title="Hidrofobia">hidrofobikoak</a> eta hidrogeno loturak. Horrela, bi motatako proteinak sortzen dira: proteina globularrak eta zuntz proteinak. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hemoglobin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg/173px-Hemoglobin.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg/260px-Hemoglobin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg/346px-Hemoglobin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Hemoglobina tetrameroa.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Egitura_Kuaternarioa_[16]"><span id="Egitura_Kuaternarioa_.5B16.5D"></span>Egitura Kuaternarioa <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura Kuaternarioa [16]»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura Kuaternarioa [16]"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Azken egitura honetan, egitura tertziarioko polipeptidoak elkarrekin batzen dira, proteinetan egitura bereziak sortuz. Bi kate, berdin zein desberdin, lotzerakoan <a href="/wiki/Dimero" title="Dimero">dimeroak</a> eta lau kate batzerakoan <a href="/wiki/Tetramero" title="Tetramero">tetrameroak</a> eratuz. Hauek ere globularrak eta zuntz formakoak izan daitezke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azido_nukleikoa">Azido nukleikoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Azido nukleikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Azido nukleikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izaki guztien informazio genetikoa gorde dezaketen<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, karbonoz, hidrogenoz, nitrogenoz, oxigenoz eta fosfatoz osaturiko makromolekulak dira. Hauetan, bi talde nagusi aurkitzen dira, bere konposizio eta funtzioen arabera bereizten direnak: <a href="/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko">ADN</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Azido_erribonukleiko" title="Azido erribonukleiko">RNA</a>. </p><p>Konposizioari dagokionez, azido nukleikoen unitateak <a href="/wiki/Nukleotido" title="Nukleotido">nukleotidoak</a> dira. Hauek hiru osagaiz eginda daude: <a href="/wiki/Pentosa" title="Pentosa">pentosa</a> bat eta hari lotutako base nitrogenatu eta fosfato talde bat. Pentosa azukreak bigarren karbonoaren taldearen arabera bi modutan aurki daiteke: alkohol bati lotuta, <a href="/wiki/Erribosa" title="Erribosa">erribosa</a> moduan, eta alkoholik gabe, <a href="/wiki/Desoxirribosa" title="Desoxirribosa">desoxierribosa</a> moduan. </p><p>Fosfato taldeei dagokienez, hauetako gehienez hiru aurkitzen dira azido nukleikoetan; hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Azido_nukleiko" title="Azido nukleiko">azido nukleiko</a> mota guztiek ez dute fosfato kantitate bera, batzuek bakarrik bat (mono aurrizkiarekin adierazten direnak), bi (di aurrizkiarekin) edo hiru (tri aurrizkiarekin) izan ditzakete. </p><p>Azkenik, base nitrogenatuak. Hauek, konposatu hidrofobiko aromatiko heteroziklikoak dira, bi taldetan banatzen direnak: purikoak eta pririmidinikoak. Purikoen artean, <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adenina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">guanina</a> aurkitzen dira eta primidinikoetan, <a href="/wiki/Timina" title="Timina">timina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zitosina" title="Zitosina">zitosina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Urazilo" title="Urazilo">uraziloa</a>. </p><p>Hiru osagai hauek konbinazio desberdinak sor dezakete,  basea eta pentosa lotzean nukleosido izeneko egitura lortuz eta nukleosidoari talde fosfatoa gehitzean nukleotidoak eratuz. Horrela, nukleotido aske desberdin edo azido nukleiko kateen monomeroak sortzen dituzte. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:ATP_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ATP_structure.svg/220px-ATP_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ATP_structure.svg/330px-ATP_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ATP_structure.svg/440px-ATP_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>ATP molekula.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hauetako ohikoenak DNA eta RNA dira; hala ere, DNA eta RNA-z gain garrantzizko funtzioak betetzen dituzten beste monomero ere badaude; esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfato" title="Adenosina trifosfato">adenosin trifosfatoa</a> (ATP), erribosa batez, hiru fosfatoz eta adenina base batez osaturiko molekula, energia gordailu gisa erabiltzen dena. Batzuetan ere entzimen kofaktore moduan erabiltzen dira, hala nola: A koentzima, flabina adenina dinukleotido, flabina mononukleotidoa eta nikotinamida adenina dinukleotido fosfatoa<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NADH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NADH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NADH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d22402d520cd6a6d2e41f32c9fead5b9dbf30210" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.005ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NADH}}}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {FADH2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>FADH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {FADH2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb21f7d9e5eac11b5b68583700c473fd28262571" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.834ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {FADH2}}}"></span> bezalako molekulak metabolismorako eta zelularen funtzionamendurako beharrezkoak diren erredox erreakzioetan parte hartzen dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="DNA">DNA</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «DNA»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: DNA"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ardatz beraren inguruan kiribilduta dauden bi harizpi helikoidalez sortutako molekula da. Harizpiak haien arteko osagarriak eta antiparaleloak dira, bira destrogiroa emanez helize itxura lortzen dutenak. DNAk kondentsazio maila desberdinetan aurkitu ahal da, pairatzen ari den prozesuaren arabera. Transkribapen edo erreplikazio prozesuetan kondentsazio maila txikian aurkitzen da; aldiz, zelula zatiketan kondentsazio maila handian egoten da. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:DNA_simple2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_simple2.svg/220px-DNA_simple2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_simple2.svg/330px-DNA_simple2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_simple2.svg/440px-DNA_simple2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>DNA-ren helize bikoitza.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oinarrizko egiturari erreparatuz, fosfato talde batez, desoxirribosa batez eta lau base desberdineko nukleotidoz (adenina, timina, zitosina eta guanina) konposatuta dago. Hauek haien artean, fosfodiester edo lotura nukleotidikoaren bitartez lotzen dira, pentosaren hirugarren karbonoa beste nukleotido baten fosfatoarekin kondentsaziozko <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">lotura kobalentea</a> eratuz. </p><p>Behin nukleotidoz osatutako bi harizpiak lortuta, haien artean osagarriki lotzen dira,  adeninak eta timinak bi hidrogeno lotura sortuz eta guaninak eta zitosinak hiru hidrogeno lotura eratuz. </p><p>DNAk konplexutasun maila handiagoko egiturak sor ditzake honen paketazioan laguntzen duten proteinekin batera. Proteina hauek, positiboki kargatuta dauden histonak dira (H1, H2A, H2B, H3 eta H4). Hauetatik H2A, H2B, H3 eta H4 histona mota bakoitzetik bi unitate hartuz eta haien artean elkartuz, oktameroa sortzen da. Oktameroen inguruan DNA katea birak ematen ditu, nukleosoma izeneko egiturak eratuz.  Nukleosoma hauei H1 histonak elkartuko zaizkie, kromatosoma izeneko egitura berriak sortuz. Kromatosoma desberdinez osatutako DNA katea errosario egitura hartzera pasatzen da. Honen ondoren kateak kondentsazio maila handiagora igarotzen da <a href="/wiki/Solenoide" title="Solenoide">solenoidea</a> eratuz. Solenoidea kondentsatzen jarraitzen du, begizta, erroseta, kiribila eta azkenik kromatidak eratuz. </p><p>Amaieran <a href="/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma">kromosoma</a> izeneko egitura lortzen da, bi kromatida ahizpaz osaturik dagoena. Kromosomak bi eratan aurki daitezke, era ez kondentsatuan, kromosoma interfasikoa deiturikoa eta kondentsatua, kromosoma mitotikoa deitua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="RNA">RNA</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «RNA»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: RNA"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erribosa batez, talde fosfato batez eta lau base desberdinez (adenina, urazilo, zitosina eta guanina) osaturiko nukleotidoz konposatutako kate laburrak dira. DNArekin bezala lotura nukleotidikoa erabiltzen dute nukleotidoak haien artean lotzeko, baina kasu honetan kate bakarreko azido nukleikoa osatzen dute. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:RNA-Nucleobases.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RNA-Nucleobases.svg/154px-RNA-Nucleobases.svg.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RNA-Nucleobases.svg/232px-RNA-Nucleobases.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RNA-Nucleobases.svg/309px-RNA-Nucleobases.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>RNA katea izan ahal dituen nukleotido guztiekin.</figcaption></figure> <p>RNA mota desberdinak existitzen dira, eta bere funtzioa DNAn kodetutako informazioa proteinak sintetizatzeko erabiltzean datza. Hasteko, RNA mezularia (<a href="/wiki/RNA_mezulari" title="RNA mezulari">mRNA</a>) dago, DNAn aurkitzen den gene baten kopia osagarria da, RNA erribosomikoarekin batzen dena. RNA erribosomikoa (rRNA) hainbat proteinekin batera erribosomen azpiunitateak sortzen dituzte. Azkenik, RNA garraiatzailea (<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>) rRNA eta mRNA batu ondoren RNA mezularian kodetutako sekuentziaren arabera aminoazido osagarriak eramaten ditu, proteina berriak sortuz. Hauekin batera ere mikroRNA<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dago, proteinen sintesian eraginik ez duena, baina transkribatutako gene bat isilarazteko ahalmena duena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biomolekula_organikoan_jatorria">Biomolekula organikoan jatorria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biomolekula organikoan jatorria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Biomolekula organikoan jatorria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molekula biologikoak molekula ez biologikoen lege fisiko kimiko berberak jarraitzen dituzte; izan ere, biak jatorri beretik eratorriak dira, edo horrela pentsatzen da. </p><p>Oraindik, zientziak ezin izan du zehaztu molekula biologikoen sorrera; hala ere, hainbat teoria plazaratu egin dira jatorri probableena aurkitzeko. </p><p>1922an, Aleksandr I. Oparin biokimikariak Lurraren lehen bizitzaren sorrera azaltzeko teoria berri bat aurkeztu egin zuen. Teoria honen arabera, aintzinako <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a>, gaur egunekoarekin alderatuz, oso desberdina zen. Garai hartako atmosfera, gaur egungoa ez bezala, <a href="/wiki/Amonio" title="Amonio">amonioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metanoz</a> eta urez osaturik zegoen, ingurune erreduzitzailea izanik oxigenoaren gabezia zela eta. Egoera honetan, tximistetako energia elektrikoak edo sumendietako bero-energiak inguruneko gasen erreakzioak bultzatu egin zituzten, konposatu organiko bakunak sortuz. </p><p>Konposatu hauek propietate fisiko-kimikoen konbinazio egokienaren bila elkartzen hasi ziren  lehendabiziko funtzioak (energia-transformazioa eta auto-erreplikazio ahalmena) betetzeko, egitura konplexuagoak sortuz. Egiturek milioika urteetann zehar eboluzionatu egin zuten, lehen mintza eta katalizatzaileak sortzera iritsiz, horien elkarketak zelula primitiboaren sorrera ekarriko lukeena. Teoria hau urte askotan zehar garatu eta frogatutakoa izan da; hala ere, ezin izan da %100ean baieztatu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1057725699"><i>Nanobiosensors for biomolecular targeting. </i></a> 2019 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-813901-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-813901-1">978-0-12-813901-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1057725699">1057725699</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-27)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526111031-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526111031_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20230526111031_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShen2020-12">Shen, Gangxu.  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(2007-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1525001616327204">«MicroRNAs in Disease and Potential Therapeutic Applications»</a> <i>Molecular Therapy</i> 15 (12): 2070–2079.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.mt.6300311">10.1038/sj.mt.6300311</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irakurketa_gehigarria">Irakurketa gehigarria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Irakurketa gehigarria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Irakurketa gehigarria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lehninger, Albert L.. (L.G. 2008). <i>Biokimikaren oinarriak.</i> (2. ed. argitaraldia) Universidad del País Vasco <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9860-083-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9860-083-4">978-84-9860-083-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> 932567592. <small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-27)</small>.</li> <li>Stryer, Lubert. (2013). <i>Bioquímica con aplicaciones clínicas.</i> (7a ed. argitaraldia) Reverté <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-291-7602-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-291-7602-5">978-84-291-7602-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> 841015668. <small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-27)</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomolekula&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span 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