CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="QqEEh008GfFn2pYfCW2FM7PqHb6ZFoJSEbQK0U66ZBqshad/nc8lNFOaqONmDgVO+n3dL4tPiSl+B3UUBTZoXw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Otitis media: Update on etiology and management" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1982" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Annals of Emergency Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Friedman, Allan D." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fleisher, Gary R." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Henretig, Fred" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Handler, Steven" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Campos, Joseph M." /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="181" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="183" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0196-0644" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Otitis media: Update on etiology and management" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Otitis media: Update on etiology and management" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Otitis media: Update on etiology and management" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/Handler" /> <meta name="description" content="Otitis media: Update on etiology and management" /> <title>(PDF) Otitis media: Update on etiology and management | Steven Handler - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '668dc9b1eac5251aedbeadf5495ba8efeff5c4ef'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732555730000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732555730000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":null,"author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Steven Handler"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-03-23","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"1982-01-01","headline":"Otitis media: Update on etiology and management","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Humans","Child","Female","Male","Bacteria","Infant","Clinical Sciences","Otitis Media","Microbial Sensitivity Tests","Haemophilus Infections Market"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Annals of Emergency Medicine","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "4d186c2bfaa156144d36cc2d80083060331da2351ae10a987390fd421e00c42b", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="LUEsiIE8i7r27yrPTd1Lt+/YRtU+6dYDocghpZiDBO3DZY9wUc+3f8KvFDMivsvKpk+GRCyw3XjOe15g0w8IqA==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="Nbz41Lqm6NJACBYgX6LVx/LVMzCootVOrTX2JGARgIPbmFssalXUF3RIKNwwwVW6u0Lzobr73jXChonhK52Mxg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-bf3d831cde46cd0e142f29f81a3fc4ce5ab45a404c10c12a480e83de68aff851.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 45622636; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23639533%2FOtitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23639533%2FOtitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":44049789,"identifier":"Attachment_44049789","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":23639533,"created_at":"2016-03-23T18:34:25.377-07:00","from_world_paper_id":150953516,"updated_at":"2024-11-16T10:03:50.247-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Thirty children with clinical evidence of otitis media underwent tympanocentesis. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the predominant organism recovered (63%). Three cases of Hemophilus influenzae, alone or in combination with S pneumoniae, were identified. Other organisms found were Staphylococcus albus, Neiserria species, Group A B-hemolytic Streptococcus, and anaerobes. In four patients (I3%) no organism was recovered. All isolates were ampicillin susceptible. No relationship was found between WBC, temperature, or age and the organism recovered. Tympanocentesis did not provide any information resulting in an alteration of therapy. Tympanocentesis may he indicated for relief of pain or for periodic surveillance of organism sensitivities, but is not justified in the emergency department for uncomplicated acute otitis media.","publication_date":"1982,,","publication_name":"Annals of Emergency Medicine","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"44049789"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Otitis media: Update on etiology and management","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [45622636]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":44049789,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Otitis media: Update on etiology and management”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44049789/mini_magick20190215-15348-aawnvs.png?1550228931" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Otitis media: Update on etiology and management</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45622636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Handler"><img alt="Profile image of Steven Handler" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Steven Handler</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1982, Annals of Emergency Medicine</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":44049789,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":44049789,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="44049789" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="17519657" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17519657/Identification_and_characterization_of_the_bacterial_etiology_of_clinically_problematic_acute_otitis_media_after_tympanocentesis_or_spontaneous_otorrhea_in_German_children">Identification and characterization of the bacterial etiology of clinically problematic acute otitis media after tympanocentesis or spontaneous otorrhea in German children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37287925" href="https://gsk.academia.edu/CinziaMarano">Cinzia Marano</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC infectious diseases, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is an important and common disease of childhood. Bacteria isolated from cases of clinically problematic AOM in German children were identified and characterized. In a prospective non-interventional study in German children between 3 months and less than 60 months of age with Ear, Nose and Throat Specialist -confirmed AOM, middle ear fluid was obtained by tympanocentesis (when clinically indicated) or by careful sampling of otorrhea through/at an existing perforation. In 100 children with severe AOM, Haemophilus influenzae was identified in 21% (18/21, 85.7% were non-typeable [NTHi]), Streptococcus pneumoniae in 10%, S. pyogenes in 13% and Moraxella catarrhalis in 1%. H. influenzae was the most frequently identified pathogen in children from 12 months of age. H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were equally prevalent in children aged 3-11 months, but S. pyogenes was most frequently isolated in this age group. NTHi AOM disease appeared prevalent in all ages. NTHi,...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Identification and characterization of the bacterial etiology of clinically problematic acute otitis media after tympanocentesis or spontaneous otorrhea in German children","attachmentId":42252026,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17519657/Identification_and_characterization_of_the_bacterial_etiology_of_clinically_problematic_acute_otitis_media_after_tympanocentesis_or_spontaneous_otorrhea_in_German_children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17519657/Identification_and_characterization_of_the_bacterial_etiology_of_clinically_problematic_acute_otitis_media_after_tympanocentesis_or_spontaneous_otorrhea_in_German_children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="15238147" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15238147/Association_of_Clinical_Signs_and_Symptoms_with_Bacterial_Findings_in_Acute_Otitis_Media">Association of Clinical Signs and Symptoms with Bacterial Findings in Acute Otitis Media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34309565" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoPalmu">Arto Palmu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Association of Clinical Signs and Symptoms with Bacterial Findings in Acute Otitis Media","attachmentId":43408931,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15238147/Association_of_Clinical_Signs_and_Symptoms_with_Bacterial_Findings_in_Acute_Otitis_Media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15238147/Association_of_Clinical_Signs_and_Symptoms_with_Bacterial_Findings_in_Acute_Otitis_Media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="68839185" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68839185/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_current_epidemiology_microbiology_clinical_manifestations_and_treatment">Acute otitis media in children: current epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32346115" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/EugeneLeibovitz">Eugene Leibovitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chang Gung Medical Journal, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute otitis media in children: current epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment","attachmentId":79170713,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68839185/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_current_epidemiology_microbiology_clinical_manifestations_and_treatment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68839185/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_current_epidemiology_microbiology_clinical_manifestations_and_treatment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="71401362" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71401362/Bacteriology_of_medically_refractory_acute_otitis_media_in_children_a_9_year_retrospective_study">Bacteriology of medically refractory acute otitis media in children: a 9-year retrospective study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="110545796" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnSueyShiao">An-Suey Shiao</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To identify the causative organisms for medically refractory acute otitis media (AOM) in children, and to recommend the appropriate antibiotics for these patients. Retrospective chart review. The medical records for 671 children (1258 ears) undergoing myringotomies between January 1993 and December 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. &quot;Medically refractory&quot; AOM is defined as AOM requiring emergency myringotomy because of toxicity persisting despite second-phase antibiotics. Of these, 18 children were enrolled in our study, with 25 of the ears affected by medically refractory AOM. Myringotomy was performed for pus drainage, bacterial culture and susceptibility studies in all cases. Clinical factors were analyzed to demonstrate possible relationships with microbiological findings. Bacteria were recovered in specimens taken from 12 ears. The positive culture rate was 48%. Bacteriological studies showed mostly growing gram-positive bacteria, such as coagulase negative staphyloc...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bacteriology of medically refractory acute otitis media in children: a 9-year retrospective study","attachmentId":80759784,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71401362/Bacteriology_of_medically_refractory_acute_otitis_media_in_children_a_9_year_retrospective_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71401362/Bacteriology_of_medically_refractory_acute_otitis_media_in_children_a_9_year_retrospective_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="95321243" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95321243/Acute_otitis_media_in_infants_younger_than_three_months_not_vaccinated_against_Streptococcus_pneumoniae">Acute otitis media in infants younger than three months not vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65530725" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaSommerfleck">Patricia Sommerfleck</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute otitis media in infants younger than three months not vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae","attachmentId":97535136,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95321243/Acute_otitis_media_in_infants_younger_than_three_months_not_vaccinated_against_Streptococcus_pneumoniae","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95321243/Acute_otitis_media_in_infants_younger_than_three_months_not_vaccinated_against_Streptococcus_pneumoniae"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="25450483" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25450483/Microbiology_of_acute_otitis_media_and_therapeutic_consequences">Microbiology of acute otitis media and therapeutic consequences</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32529483" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GunnarKahlmeter">Gunnar Kahlmeter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Microbiology of acute otitis media and therapeutic consequences","attachmentId":45768268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25450483/Microbiology_of_acute_otitis_media_and_therapeutic_consequences","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25450483/Microbiology_of_acute_otitis_media_and_therapeutic_consequences"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="62925795" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62925795/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_of_Ismailia_city_a_bacteriological_study_">Acute otitis media in children of Ismailia city ( a bacteriological study)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56444662" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmiraGamal11">Amira Gamal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute otitis media in children of Ismailia city ( a bacteriological study)","attachmentId":75531947,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62925795/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_of_Ismailia_city_a_bacteriological_study_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62925795/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_of_Ismailia_city_a_bacteriological_study_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="10913924" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10913924/Acute_otitis_media_in_children">Acute otitis media in children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26476856" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdnanMajeed2">Adnan Majeed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMJ, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute otitis media in children","attachmentId":47030256,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10913924/Acute_otitis_media_in_children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10913924/Acute_otitis_media_in_children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="90192620" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90192620/Can_acute_otitis_media_caused_by_Haemophilus_influenzae_be_distinguished_from_that_caused_by_Streptococcus_pneumoniae">Can acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae be distinguished from that caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32404399" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/RobertSatran">Robert Satran</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Previous limited data suggest that acute otitis media (AOM) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can present as a more severe disease than that caused by Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis, as expressed by both tympanic membrane and systemic findings. To evaluate the severity of disease and impact of various pathogens, age, disease history and previous antibiotic therapy in children with AOM by using a comprehensive clinical/otologic score. The study group consisted of 372 children ages 3 to 36 months with AOM seen at the pediatric emergency room during 1996 through 2001. All patients had tympanocentesis and middle ear fluid culture performed at enrollment. Clinical status was determined by a clinical/otologic score evaluating severity (0 = absent to 3 = severe) of tympanic membrane findings (redness and bulging) and patient&#39;s fever, irritability and ear tugging. Maximal severity score was 15. There were 138 (37%) H. influenzae, 76 (21%) S. pneumoniae, 64 (17%) mixed ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Can acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae be distinguished from that caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?","attachmentId":93822650,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90192620/Can_acute_otitis_media_caused_by_Haemophilus_influenzae_be_distinguished_from_that_caused_by_Streptococcus_pneumoniae","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90192620/Can_acute_otitis_media_caused_by_Haemophilus_influenzae_be_distinguished_from_that_caused_by_Streptococcus_pneumoniae"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="31241247" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31241247/Spontaneously_draining_acute_otitis_media_in_children_An_observational_study_of_clinical_findings_microbiology_and_clinical_course">Spontaneously draining acute otitis media in children: An observational study of clinical findings, microbiology and clinical course</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59678200" href="https://lu.academia.edu/IngvarEliasson">Ingvar Eliasson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spontaneously draining acute otitis media in children: An observational study of clinical findings, microbiology and clinical course","attachmentId":51648884,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31241247/Spontaneously_draining_acute_otitis_media_in_children_An_observational_study_of_clinical_findings_microbiology_and_clinical_course","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31241247/Spontaneously_draining_acute_otitis_media_in_children_An_observational_study_of_clinical_findings_microbiology_and_clinical_course"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44049789,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44049789,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_44049789" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="94053964" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94053964/Otitis_media_in_children_acute_">Otitis media in children (acute)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44690367" href="https://independent.academia.edu/tonyroberts18">tony roberts</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical evidence, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis media in children (acute)","attachmentId":96620902,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94053964/Otitis_media_in_children_acute_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94053964/Otitis_media_in_children_acute_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="16764995" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16764995/The_Dynamics_of_Bacteria_in_the_Middle_Ear_During_the_Course_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_With_Tympanostomy_Tube_Otorrhea">The Dynamics of Bacteria in the Middle Ear During the Course of Acute Otitis Media With Tympanostomy Tube Otorrhea</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36192065" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TerhoHeikkinen">Terho Heikkinen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Dynamics of Bacteria in the Middle Ear During the Course of Acute Otitis Media With Tympanostomy Tube Otorrhea","attachmentId":39170871,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16764995/The_Dynamics_of_Bacteria_in_the_Middle_Ear_During_the_Course_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_With_Tympanostomy_Tube_Otorrhea","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16764995/The_Dynamics_of_Bacteria_in_the_Middle_Ear_During_the_Course_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_With_Tympanostomy_Tube_Otorrhea"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="67578071" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67578071/Identification_of_Alloiococcus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_Children_With_Otitis_Media_With_Effusion">Identification of Alloiococcus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in Children With Otitis Media With Effusion</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19858732" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hamedgoodarzi">hamed goodarzi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Identification of Alloiococcus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in Children With Otitis Media With Effusion","attachmentId":78343484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67578071/Identification_of_Alloiococcus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_Children_With_Otitis_Media_With_Effusion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67578071/Identification_of_Alloiococcus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_Children_With_Otitis_Media_With_Effusion"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="35851467" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35851467/Etiology_and_Antibiotic_Sensitivity_for_Otitis_Media_in_a_Central_Pediatric_Teaching_Hospital_Etiology_and_Antibiotic_Sensitivity_for_Otitis_Media_in_a_Central_Pediatric_Teaching_Hospital">Etiology and Antibiotic Sensitivity for Otitis Media in a Central Pediatric Teaching Hospital Etiology and Antibiotic Sensitivity for Otitis Media in a Central Pediatric Teaching Hospital</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="75926428" href="https://uobaghdad.academia.edu/HudaSAlRawazq">Huda S Al-Rawazq</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Iraqi Medical Association, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Etiology and Antibiotic Sensitivity for Otitis Media in a Central Pediatric Teaching Hospital Etiology and Antibiotic Sensitivity for Otitis Media in a Central Pediatric Teaching Hospital","attachmentId":55729655,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35851467/Etiology_and_Antibiotic_Sensitivity_for_Otitis_Media_in_a_Central_Pediatric_Teaching_Hospital_Etiology_and_Antibiotic_Sensitivity_for_Otitis_Media_in_a_Central_Pediatric_Teaching_Hospital","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35851467/Etiology_and_Antibiotic_Sensitivity_for_Otitis_Media_in_a_Central_Pediatric_Teaching_Hospital_Etiology_and_Antibiotic_Sensitivity_for_Otitis_Media_in_a_Central_Pediatric_Teaching_Hospital"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="889153" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/889153/Frequency_of_Alloicoccus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_">Frequency of Alloicoccus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in …</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45029" href="https://tums.academia.edu/babaksaedi">Babak Saedi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="524053" href="https://tums.academia.edu/ERazmpa">Ebrahim Razmpa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Auris Nasus Larynx, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Frequency of Alloicoccus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in …","attachmentId":51179989,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/889153/Frequency_of_Alloicoccus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/889153/Frequency_of_Alloicoccus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="50240980" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50240980/Acute_otitis_media_To_follow_up_or_treat">Acute otitis media: To follow-up or treat?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53839864" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SlobodankaLemajicKomazec">Slobodanka Lemajic-Komazec</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute otitis media: To follow-up or treat?","attachmentId":68300644,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50240980/Acute_otitis_media_To_follow_up_or_treat","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50240980/Acute_otitis_media_To_follow_up_or_treat"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="22518972" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22518972/Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_Update">Management of Acute Otitis Media: Update</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44037538" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SydneNewberry">Sydne Newberry</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evidence report/technology assessment</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Management of Acute Otitis Media: Update","attachmentId":43136218,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22518972/Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_Update","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22518972/Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_Update"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="117996976" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117996976/Intratemporal_Complications_From_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children_17_Cases_in_two_Years">Intratemporal Complications From Acute Otitis Media in Children: 17 Cases in two Years</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65530725" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaSommerfleck">Patricia Sommerfleck</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Acta Otorrinolaringologica (english Edition), 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Intratemporal Complications From Acute Otitis Media in Children: 17 Cases in two Years","attachmentId":113724891,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117996976/Intratemporal_Complications_From_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children_17_Cases_in_two_Years","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117996976/Intratemporal_Complications_From_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children_17_Cases_in_two_Years"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="12600738" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12600738/Nasopharyngeal_pathogens_in_children_with_acute_otitis_media_in_a_low_antibiotic_use_country">Nasopharyngeal pathogens in children with acute otitis media in a low-antibiotic use country</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31544193" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HelleKonradsen">Helle Konradsen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nasopharyngeal pathogens in children with acute otitis media in a low-antibiotic use country","attachmentId":46057277,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12600738/Nasopharyngeal_pathogens_in_children_with_acute_otitis_media_in_a_low_antibiotic_use_country","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12600738/Nasopharyngeal_pathogens_in_children_with_acute_otitis_media_in_a_low_antibiotic_use_country"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="22518948" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22518948/Diagnosis_Microbial_Epidemiology_and_Antibiotic_Treatment_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children">Diagnosis, Microbial Epidemiology, and Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in Children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44037538" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SydneNewberry">Sydne Newberry</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">JAMA, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Diagnosis, Microbial Epidemiology, and Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in Children","attachmentId":43136216,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22518948/Diagnosis_Microbial_Epidemiology_and_Antibiotic_Treatment_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22518948/Diagnosis_Microbial_Epidemiology_and_Antibiotic_Treatment_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="92956307" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92956307/The_Diagnosis_and_Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media">The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33210163" href="https://bu.academia.edu/LarryCulpepper">Larry Culpepper</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pediatrics, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media","attachmentId":95827952,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92956307/The_Diagnosis_and_Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92956307/The_Diagnosis_and_Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="11747612" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11747612/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Review_Article">Otitis Media in Children: Review Article</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2094182" href="https://independent.academia.edu/scientificresearchpublishing">Scientific Research Publishing</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis Media in Children: Review Article","attachmentId":37176222,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11747612/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Review_Article","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11747612/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Review_Article"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="28383183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28383183/Frequency_of_Alloicoccus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_Iranian_patients">Frequency of Alloicoccus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in Iranian patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45029" href="https://tums.academia.edu/babaksaedi">Babak Saedi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53213336" href="https://yasujmedicalsciences.academia.edu/seyedsajjadkhoramrooz">seyed sajjad khoramrooz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Auris Nasus Larynx, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Frequency of Alloicoccus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in Iranian patients","attachmentId":48718857,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28383183/Frequency_of_Alloicoccus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_Iranian_patients","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28383183/Frequency_of_Alloicoccus_otitidis_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_Moraxella_catarrhalis_and_Haemophilus_influenzae_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_Iranian_patients"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="121940715" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121940715/Etiology_Diagnosis_Complications_and_Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children">Etiology, Diagnosis, Complications, and Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="296399377" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Abdullahjamal58">Abdullah jamal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cureus</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Etiology, Diagnosis, Complications, and Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children","attachmentId":116705268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121940715/Etiology_Diagnosis_Complications_and_Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121940715/Etiology_Diagnosis_Complications_and_Management_of_Acute_Otitis_Media_in_Children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="107801065" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107801065/Epidemiological_and_microbiological_characteristics_of_culture_proven_acute_otitis_media_in_Taiwanese_children">Epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of culture-proven acute otitis media in Taiwanese children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32610300" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KuoshengLee">Kuo-sheng Lee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of culture-proven acute otitis media in Taiwanese children","attachmentId":106364027,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107801065/Epidemiological_and_microbiological_characteristics_of_culture_proven_acute_otitis_media_in_Taiwanese_children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107801065/Epidemiological_and_microbiological_characteristics_of_culture_proven_acute_otitis_media_in_Taiwanese_children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="19584210" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19584210/Severity_of_pneumococcal_versus_non_pneumococcal_acute_otitis_media_in_children">Severity of pneumococcal versus non-pneumococcal acute otitis media in children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32700344" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/SharonTamir">Sharon Tamir</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Severity of pneumococcal versus non-pneumococcal acute otitis media in children","attachmentId":40711572,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19584210/Severity_of_pneumococcal_versus_non_pneumococcal_acute_otitis_media_in_children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19584210/Severity_of_pneumococcal_versus_non_pneumococcal_acute_otitis_media_in_children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="16653554" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16653554/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_A_study_of_nasopharyngeal_carriage_of_potential_pathogens_and_therapeutic_efficacy_of_cefixime_and_amoxicillin_clavulanate">Acute otitis media in children: A study of nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens and therapeutic efficacy of cefixime and amoxicillin-clavulanate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36011643" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristianDubreuil">Christian Dubreuil</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36416505" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PB%C3%A9gu%C3%A9">P. Bégué</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Infection, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute otitis media in children: A study of nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens and therapeutic efficacy of cefixime and amoxicillin-clavulanate","attachmentId":42421110,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16653554/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_A_study_of_nasopharyngeal_carriage_of_potential_pathogens_and_therapeutic_efficacy_of_cefixime_and_amoxicillin_clavulanate","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16653554/Acute_otitis_media_in_children_A_study_of_nasopharyngeal_carriage_of_potential_pathogens_and_therapeutic_efficacy_of_cefixime_and_amoxicillin_clavulanate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="86676693" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86676693/Acute_Otitis_Media_Caused_by_Streptococcus_pyogenes_in_Children">Acute Otitis Media Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in Children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32346115" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/EugeneLeibovitz">Eugene Leibovitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute Otitis Media Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in Children","attachmentId":91073933,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86676693/Acute_Otitis_Media_Caused_by_Streptococcus_pyogenes_in_Children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86676693/Acute_Otitis_Media_Caused_by_Streptococcus_pyogenes_in_Children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="24602363" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24602363/Bacteriological_Study_of_Chronic_Suppurative_Otitis_Media">Bacteriological Study of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34283102" href="https://kfu.academia.edu/IbrahimKAlJabr">Ibrahim K. AlJabr</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bacteriological Study of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media","attachmentId":44931991,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24602363/Bacteriological_Study_of_Chronic_Suppurative_Otitis_Media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24602363/Bacteriological_Study_of_Chronic_Suppurative_Otitis_Media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="28383181" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28383181/Frequency_of_i_Alloicoccus_otitidis_i_i_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_i_i_Moraxella_catarrhalis_i_and_i_Haemophilus_influenzae_i_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_Iranian_patients">Frequency of< i> Alloicoccus otitidis</i>,< i> Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>,< i> Moraxella catarrhalis</i> and< i> Haemophilus influenzae</i> in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in Iranian patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45029" href="https://tums.academia.edu/babaksaedi">Babak Saedi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="524053" href="https://tums.academia.edu/ERazmpa">Ebrahim Razmpa</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53213336" href="https://yasujmedicalsciences.academia.edu/seyedsajjadkhoramrooz">seyed sajjad khoramrooz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Auris Nasus Larynx, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Frequency of\u003c i\u003e Alloicoccus otitidis\u003c/i\u003e,\u003c i\u003e Streptococcus pneumoniae\u003c/i\u003e,\u003c i\u003e Moraxella catarrhalis\u003c/i\u003e and\u003c i\u003e Haemophilus influenzae\u003c/i\u003e in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in Iranian patients","attachmentId":48818707,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28383181/Frequency_of_i_Alloicoccus_otitidis_i_i_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_i_i_Moraxella_catarrhalis_i_and_i_Haemophilus_influenzae_i_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_Iranian_patients","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28383181/Frequency_of_i_Alloicoccus_otitidis_i_i_Streptococcus_pneumoniae_i_i_Moraxella_catarrhalis_i_and_i_Haemophilus_influenzae_i_in_children_with_otitis_media_with_effusion_OME_in_Iranian_patients"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="108980697" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108980697/Microbiology_of_chronic_suppurative_otitis_media_in_children">Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media in children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41734121" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ManojMahato1">Manoj Mahato</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1986</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media in children","attachmentId":107231235,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108980697/Microbiology_of_chronic_suppurative_otitis_media_in_children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108980697/Microbiology_of_chronic_suppurative_otitis_media_in_children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="69517700" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69517700/Acute_otitis_media_in_infants_less_than_three_months_of_age_Clinical_presentation_etiology_and_concomitant_diseases">Acute otitis media in infants less than three months of age: Clinical presentation, etiology and concomitant diseases</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="212149151" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArielKoren1">Ariel Koren</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of …, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute otitis media in infants less than three months of age: Clinical presentation, etiology and concomitant diseases","attachmentId":79583688,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69517700/Acute_otitis_media_in_infants_less_than_three_months_of_age_Clinical_presentation_etiology_and_concomitant_diseases","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69517700/Acute_otitis_media_in_infants_less_than_three_months_of_age_Clinical_presentation_etiology_and_concomitant_diseases"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="64568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans">Humans</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="64933" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="98925" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female">Female</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="111545" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Male">Male</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="113903" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria">Bacteria</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="134346" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant">Infant</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="244814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="509607" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Otitis_Media">Otitis Media</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="561014" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Sensitivity_Tests">Microbial Sensitivity Tests</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1533489" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haemophilus_Infections_Market">Haemophilus Infections Market</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>