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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Dirac</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 101 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="بول ديراك – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول ديراك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="পল ডিৰাক – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পল ডিৰাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Dirak" title="Pol Dirak – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pol Dirak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پل دیراک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل دیراک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="পল ডির‍্যাক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল ডির‍্যাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Поль Дзірак – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Поль Дзірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Поль Дырак – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Поль Дырак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пол Дирак – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Дирак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Adrien_Maurice_Dirac" title="Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Πολ Ντιράκ – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολ Ντιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADlo_Dirako" title="Paŭlo Dirako – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭlo Dirako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پل دیراک – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل دیراک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%94%94%EB%9E%99" title="폴 디랙 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 디랙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պոլ Դիրակ – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլ Դիրակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95" title="पॉल डिरॅक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉल डिरॅक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_A.M._Dirac" title="Paul A.M. Dirac – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul A.M. Dirac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="פול דיראק – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול דיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೌಲ್ ಡಿರಾಕ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೌಲ್ ಡಿರಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პოლ დირაკი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლ დირაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Поль Дирак – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поль Дирак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Поль Дирак – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Поль Дирак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Dirac" title="Paulus Dirac – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Dirac" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Diraks" title="Pols Diraks – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Diraks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пол Дирак – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пол Дирак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പോൾ ഡിറാക് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോൾ ഡിറാക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95" title="पॉल डिरॅक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॉल डिरॅक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პოლ დირაკი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლ დირაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="بول ديراك – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول ديراك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پل دیراک – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پل دیراک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Поль Дирак – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Поль Дирак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पल ए एम् डाइर्याक – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पल ए एम् डाइर्याक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ポール・ディラック – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・ディラック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80)" title="ਪੌਲ ਡੀਰੈਕ (ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੌਲ ਡੀਰੈਕ (ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پال ڈیراک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال ڈیراک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پاول ادرین ماورایس دیراک – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاول ادرین ماورایس دیراک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дирак, Поль – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дирак, Поль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Adrien_Maurice_Dirac" title="Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پۆل دیراک – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆل دیراک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пол Дирак – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пол Дирак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பால் டிராக் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் டிராக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Dirak" title="Pol Dirak – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pol Dirak" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="పాల్ డిరాక్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాల్ డిరాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="พอล ดิแรก – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอล ดิแรก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Dirac" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Поль Дірак – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поль Дірак" 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th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px; border-spacing: 2px; padding: 2px; width:25em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background:#e9e9e9;color:black;">Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Paul_Dirac,_1933.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Dirac"><img alt="Paul Dirac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Paul Dirac</figcaption></figure> <div style="">Paul Dirac</div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/8_augusti" title="8 augusti">8 augusti</a> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskaps%C3%A5ret_1902" title="Vetenskapsåret 1902">1902</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England<br /></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/20_oktober" title="20 oktober">20 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskaps%C3%A5ret_1984" title="Vetenskapsåret 1984">1984</a> (82 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee" title="Tallahassee">Tallahassee, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Bosatt i</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Medborgarskap</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Nationalitet</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Brittisk</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Forskningsområde</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik">Fysik</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Institutioner</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Doktorandhandledare</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Fowler [inte skriven än]">Ralph Fowler</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Nämnvärda studenter</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homi_J._Bhabha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homi J. Bhabha [inte skriven än]">Homi Bhabha</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Sciama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Sciama [inte skriven än]">Dennis Sciama</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behram_Kur%C5%9Funo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behram Kurşunoğlu [inte skriven än]">Behram Kurşunoğlu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Polkinghorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Polkinghorne [inte skriven än]">John Polkinghorne</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Känd för</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Diracekvationen" title="Diracekvationen">Diracekvationen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diracs_delta-funktion" title="Diracs delta-funktion">Diracs delta-funktion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac-statistik" title="Fermi–Dirac-statistik">Fermi–Dirac-statistik</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diracm%C3%A5tt" title="Diracmått">Diracmått</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bra-ket-notation" title="Bra-ket-notation">Bra-ket-notation</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diracs_hypotes_om_stora_tal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diracs hypotes om stora tal [inte skriven än]">Diracs hypotes om stora tal</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; width:9em;">Nämnvärda priser</th><td class="" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpriset i fysik</a> (1933) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a> (1952) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck-medaljen" title="Max Planck-medaljen">Max Planck-medaljen</a> (1952)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; style=" class=""><div style="float: left;">Han är styvfar till <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Andrew_Dirac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Andrew Dirac [inte skriven än]">Gabriel Andrew Dirac</a>.</div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac</b>, född <a href="/wiki/8_augusti" title="8 augusti">8 augusti</a> <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, död <a href="/wiki/20_oktober" title="20 oktober">20 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee" title="Tallahassee">Tallahassee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, var en <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">brittisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a>, delaktig i att grunda <a href="/wiki/Kvantmekanik" title="Kvantmekanik">kvantmekaniken</a>, och en av dess största teoretiker.<sup id="cite_ref-bfmrs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfmrs-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han tilldelades <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpriset i fysik</a> <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>, (tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>), för att 1928 ha förutsagt <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positronens</a> existens genom att omforma <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerekvationen" title="Schrödingerekvationen">Schrödingerekvationen</a> och anpassa den till den speciella <a href="/wiki/Relativitetsteori" title="Relativitetsteori">relativitetsteorin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genom detta arbete definierade han <a href="/wiki/Diracekvationen" title="Diracekvationen">Diracekvationen</a> som alltså är den relativistiska motsvarigheten till <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerekvationen" title="Schrödingerekvationen">Schrödingerekvationen</a>. Positronen påvisades experimentellt först 1932. </p><p>Dirac skapade även <a href="/wiki/Bra-ket-notation" title="Bra-ket-notation">bra-ket-notationen</a> för <a href="/wiki/Kvanttillst%C3%A5nd" title="Kvanttillstånd">kvanttillstånd</a> samt introducerade <a href="/wiki/Diracs_delta-funktion" title="Diracs delta-funktion">Diracs delta-funktion</a> och <a href="/wiki/Plancks_konstant" title="Plancks konstant">Diracs konstant</a>. Han tilldelades <a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a> 1952. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidiga_år"><span id="Tidiga_.C3.A5r"></span>Tidiga år</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tidiga år" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tidiga år"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul Dirac växte upp i stadsdelen Bishopston, Bristol. Hans far Charles Dirac var invandrare från <a href="/wiki/Monthey" title="Monthey">Monthey</a> i kantonen <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, Schweiz. Hans mor var ursprungligen från <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> och dotter till en sjöman. Paul hade en äldre bror, Félix, som begick självmord 1925, och en yngre syster, Béatrice. Hans tidiga familjeliv tycks ha varit olyckligt, på grund av faderns ovanligt stränga och auktoritära läggning. Paul utbildade sig först på <i>Bishop Road Primary School</i> och därefter på <i>Merchant Venturers Technical College</i> (senare <i>Cotham School</i>), där hans far var lärare i franska. Skolan var knuten till <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Bristol" title="Universitetet i Bristol">universitetet i Bristol</a>, som betonade <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapliga</a> ämnen och moderna språk. Detta var ett ovanligt arrangemang vid en tidpunkt, då gymnasieutbildning i Storbritannien fortfarande i hög grad ägnade sig åt <a href="/wiki/Klassisk" title="Klassisk">klassikerna</a>, men något som Dirac senare skulle uttrycka tacksamhet för.<sup id="cite_ref-bfmrs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfmrs-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dirac läste <a href="/wiki/Elektroteknik" title="Elektroteknik">elektroteknik</a> vid University of Bristol och slutförde sin examen 1921. Han beslöt då att hans sanna kallelse låg i matematiska vetenskaper, och efter en <a href="/wiki/Fil_kand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fil kand">fil kand</a> i <a href="/wiki/Till%C3%A4mpad_matematik" title="Tillämpad matematik">tillämpad matematik</a> vid Bristol 1923, fick han ett <a href="/wiki/Stipendium" title="Stipendium">stipendium</a> för att forska vid St John's College, <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Cambridge" title="Universitetet i Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. Där skulle han förbli under större delen av sin karriär. Vid Cambridge följde Dirac upp sitt nyvunna intresse för <a href="/wiki/Allm%C3%A4n_relativitetsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmän relativitetsteori">allmän relativitetsteori</a> och det nya området <a href="/wiki/Kvantfysik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantfysik">kvantfysik</a>, med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Fowler [inte skriven än]">Ralph Fowler</a> som handledare.<sup id="cite_ref-bfmrs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfmrs-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Akademisk_karriär"><span id="Akademisk_karri.C3.A4r"></span>Akademisk karriär</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Akademisk karriär" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Akademisk karriär"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dirac hade lagt märke till en analogi mellan Poisson-parenteser (<a href="/wiki/Operator" title="Operator">operatorn</a> i Hamiltonmekanik) i klassisk mekanik och de nyligen föreslagna <a href="/wiki/Kvantum" title="Kvantum">kvantiseringsreglerna</a> i <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>'s matrisformulering av kvantmekaniken. Denna iakttagelse gjorde att Dirac kunde ställa upp kvantiseringsreglerna på ett nytt och mer givande sätt - kanonisk kvantisering. För detta arbete, som publicerades 1926, fick han sin <a href="/wiki/Filosofie_doktor" title="Filosofie doktor">doktorsexamen</a> från Cambridge. </p><p>Med <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Paulis</a> arbete om icke-relativistiska <a href="/wiki/Spinn_(fysik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinn (fysik)">spinnsystem</a> som grund, föreslog han 1928 <a href="/wiki/Diracekvationen" title="Diracekvationen">Diracekvationen</a> som en <a href="/wiki/Speciella_relativitetsteorin" title="Speciella relativitetsteorin">relativistisk</a> rörelseekvation för <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronens</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gfunktion" title="Vågfunktion">vågfunktion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta arbete ledde Dirac att förutsäga <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positronens</a> existens, elektronens <a href="/wiki/Antipartikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipartikel">antipartikel</a>, som han tolkade i termer av vad som kom att kallas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirac-havet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirac-havet [inte skriven än]">Dirac-havet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positronen observerades av <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anderson" title="Carl Anderson">Carl Anderson</a> 1932. Diracekvationen bidrog också till att förklara ursprunget till kvant<a href="/wiki/Spinn_(fysik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinn (fysik)">spinnet</a> som ett relativistiskt fenomen. </p><p>Behovet av <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermioner</a>, d.v.s. materia som skapas och förstörs i <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermis</a> teori från 1934 om <a href="/wiki/Betas%C3%B6nderfall" title="Betasönderfall">betasönderfall</a> ledde dock till en omtolkning av Diracs ekvation som en "klassisk" fältekvation för varje punktlik <a href="/wiki/Elementarpartikel" title="Elementarpartikel">partikel</a> med spinn <a href="/wiki/Plancks_konstant" title="Plancks konstant">ħ</a>/2, själv omfattad av kvantiseringsvillkor med <a href="/wiki/Kommutativitet" title="Kommutativitet">antikommutatorer</a>. Sålunda omtolkad som en (kvant)fältekvation, d.v.s. beskrivande kvarkar och leptoner, alltså alla de elementära materiepartiklarna, är Diracekvationen härvid lika central för teoretisk fysik som <a href="/wiki/Maxwells_ekvationer" title="Maxwells ekvationer">Maxwells</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang-Mills_teori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang-Mills teori [inte skriven än]">Yang-Mills</a> och <a href="/wiki/Einsteins_f%C3%A4ltekvationer" title="Einsteins fältekvationer">Einsteins fältekvationer</a>. Dirac betraktas som grundaren av <a href="/wiki/Kvantelektrodynamik" title="Kvantelektrodynamik">kvantelektrodynamiken</a>, är den första att använda detta begrepp. Han presenterade också idén om vakuumpolarisering i början av 1930-talet. Detta arbete var avgörande för utvecklingen av kvantmekaniken bland nästa generations teoretiker, i synnerhet <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Shinichiro Tomonaga</a> och <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> i deras utformning av <a href="/wiki/Kvantelektrodynamik" title="Kvantelektrodynamik">kvantelektrodynamiken</a>. </p><p>Diracs ”The Principles of Quantum Mechanics”, publicerad 1930, är en milstolpe inom <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapshistoria" title="Vetenskapshistoria">vetenskapshistorien</a>. Den blev snabbt en av standardläroböckerna i ämnet och används än idag. I denna bok byggde Dirac samman tidigare arbeten av Werner Heisenberg på matrismekanik och Erwin Schrödinger inom vågmekanik till en enda matematisk <a href="/wiki/Formalism" title="Formalism">formalism</a>. I denna formalism beskrivs ett fysikaliskt systems möjliga tillstånd av vektorer i ett <a href="/wiki/Hilbertrum" title="Hilbertrum">Hilbertrum</a>. Mätbara storheter är kopplade till <a href="/wiki/Operator" title="Operator">operatorer</a> som verkar på vektorerna. Boken införde även <a href="/wiki/Diracs_delta-funktion" title="Diracs delta-funktion">Diracs delta-funktion</a>. Efter sin artikel 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tog han också med <a href="/wiki/Bra-ket-notation" title="Bra-ket-notation">bra-ket-notationen</a> i den tredje upplagan av sin bok<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och bidrog därigenom till dess allmänna användning än idag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syn_på_religioner"><span id="Syn_p.C3.A5_religioner"></span>Syn på religioner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Syn på religioner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Syn på religioner"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> erinrar sig ett vänligt samtal bland unga deltagare i 1927 års <i>Solvay-konferens</i> om Einsteins och <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Plancks</a> syn på <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, där förutom Heisenberg, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> och Dirac deltog. Diracs bidrag var en bitande och tydlig kritik av religionens politiska manipulation, vilket blev mycket uppskattat för sin klarsynthet av <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, när Heisenberg rapporterade det till denne senare. Bland annat anförde Dirac:<sup id="cite_ref-religion_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"Jag kan inte förstå varför vi ids diskutera religion. Om vi är ärliga - och det ska forskare vara - måste vi erkänna att religion är ett virrvarr av falska påståenden, utan grund i verkligheten. Själva idén om en Gud är en produkt av människans fantasi. Det är helt förståeligt varför primitiva människor, som var så mycket mer utsatta för den överväldigande naturens krafter än vi är idag, kan ha personifierat dessa krafter i fruktan och bävan. Men nu för tiden, när vi förstår så många naturliga processer, har vi inget behov av sådana lösningar. Jag kan inte för mitt liv se hur det på något sätt hjälper oss att postulera en <a href="/wiki/Allsm%C3%A4ktig" class="mw-redirect" title="Allsmäktig">allsmäktig</a> Gud. Vad jag däremot ser är att detta antagande leder till sådana improduktiva frågor som varför Gud tillåter så mycket elände och orättvisor, de rikas utsugning av de fattiga och alla andra fasor, som denne kanske hade kunnat förhindra. Om religion fortfarande lärs ut, så är det inte alls för att dess idéer fortfarande övertygar oss, utan helt enkelt eftersom några av oss vill hålla de lägre klasserna lugna. Tysta människor är mycket lättare att styra än högljudda och missnöjda sådana. De är också mycket lättare att utnyttja. Religion är ett slags <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, som får en nation att invagga sig i önskedrömmar och på så vis glömmer de oförrätter som håller på att begås mot folket. Därför denna nära allians mellan dessa två stora politiska krafterna, <a href="/wiki/Stat" title="Stat">staten</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kyrkan" title="Kyrkan">kyrkan</a>. Båda behöver en <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> att en vänlig Gud belönar, i <a href="/wiki/Himmelriket" title="Himmelriket">himlen</a> om än inte på jorden, alla dem som inte har rest sig mot orättvisorna, som har gjort sin plikt lugnt och utan klagan. Det är just därför som den hederliga försäkran att ”Gud” är en ren produkt av människans <a href="/wiki/Fantasi" title="Fantasi">fantasi</a>, är stämplad som den värsta av alla <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6dssynd" title="Dödssynd">dödssynder</a>."</dd></dl> <p>Heisenbergs uppfattning var <a href="/wiki/Tolerans" title="Tolerans">tolerant</a>. Pauli hade hållit sig tyst, efter några inledande anmärkningar, men när han slutligen blev tillfrågad om sin åsikt, sade han skämtsamt: "Ja, jag skulle nog säga att även vår vän Dirac har fått en religion och det första budet i denna religion är "Gud existerar inte och Paul Dirac är hans profet”." Alla brast i skratt, inklusive Dirac.<sup id="cite_ref-religion_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dirac har dock vid annat tillfälle medgivit att "det som många anser har skapat världen använde vacker matematik".<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2018-06)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utmärkelser"><span id="Utm.C3.A4rkelser"></span>Utmärkelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utmärkelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utmärkelser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroiden</a> <a href="/wiki/5997_Dirac" title="5997 Dirac">5997 Dirac</a> är uppkallad efter honom.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bibliografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Principles of Quantum Mechanics</i> (1930): Denna bok sammanfattar kvantmekanikens idéer och använder modern formalism som till stor del utvecklades av Dirac själv. Mot slutet av boken diskuterar han också den relativistiska teori för elektronen (Diracekvationen), som han likaså var pionjären till. Detta arbete refererar inte några andra då tillgängliga skrifter om kvantmekanik. Boken utkom i en andra upplaga 1935, en tredje upplaga 1947 och en fjärde omarbetad upplaga 1958. Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-19-852011-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-19-852011-5">ISBN 0-19-852011-5</a>.</li> <li><i>Lectures on Quantum Mechanics</i> (Föreläsningar om kvantmekanik) (1966) <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-486-41713-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-486-41713-4">ISBN 978-0-486-41713-4</a>. En stor del av boken handlar om kvantmekanik i krökt rumtid.</li> <li><i>Lectures on Quantum Field Theory</i> ( Föreläsningar om kvantfältteori) (1966): Denna bok innehåller grunden till kvantfältteori och använder Hamiltonformalism.</li> <li><i>General Theory of Relativity</i> (Allmänna relativitetsteorin) (1975) <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-691-01146-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-691-01146-2">ISBN 978-0-691-01146-2</a>. Detta 69-sidiga arbete sammanfattar Einsteins allmänna relativitetsteori.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_monopol" title="Magnetisk monopol">Magnetisk monopol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bfmrs-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-bfmrs_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfmrs_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfmrs_1-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalitzPeierls1986">Dalitz & Peierls 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/dirac/facts/">Nobelprize.org, Nobelpriset i fysik 1933</a>. Läst 2018-07-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFDirac1928">Dirac, P. A. M. (1 februari 1928). ”The Quantum Theory of the Electron”. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character</i> "117" (778): ss. 610–624. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1928.0023">10.1098/rspa.1928.0023</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Quantum+Theory+of+the+Electron&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A%2C+Containing+Papers+of+a+Mathematical+and+Physical+Character&rft.aulast=Dirac&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+M.&rft.au=Dirac%2C+P.+A.+M.&rft.date=1+februari+1928&rft.volume=%22117%22&rft.issue=778&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B610%E2%80%93624&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspa.1928.0023&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Dirac"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFDirac1933">Dirac, Paul A. M. (12 december 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/dirac/lecture/">”Theory of Electrons and Positrons”</a>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/dirac/lecture/">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/dirac/lecture/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 januari 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Electrons+and+Positrons&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Dirac&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.+M.&rft.au=Dirac%2C+Paul+A.+M.&rft.date=12+december+1933&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1933%2Fdirac%2Flecture%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Dirac"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFP._A._M._Dirac1939">P. A. M. Dirac (22 november 1939). ”A New Notation for Quantum Mechanics”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge Philosophical Society [inte skriven än]">Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</a></i> "35": s. 416.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+New+Notation+for+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCambridge+Philosophical+Society%7CProceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society%5D%5D&rft.aulast=P.+A.+M.+Dirac&rft.au=P.+A.+M.+Dirac&rft.date=22+november+1939&rft.volume=%2235%22&rft.pages=s.%26nbsp%3B416&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Dirac"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text">François Gieres, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9907069v2">Mathematical surprises and Dirac’s formalism in quantum mechanics</a>, Rep. Prog. Phys. <b>63</b>:1893 (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-religion_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFWerner_Heisenberg1972">Werner Heisenberg (1972). <i><span>Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations</span></i>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0061316229" title="Special:Bokkällor/0061316229">ISBN 0061316229</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+and+Beyond%3A+Encounters+and+Conversations&rft.aulast=Werner+Heisenberg&rft.au=Werner+Heisenberg&rft.date=1972&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.isbn=0061316229&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Dirac"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=5997">”Minor Planet Center 5997 Dirac”</a> (på engelska). Minor Planet Center<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=5997">https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=5997</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 augusti 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Minor+Planet+Center+5997+Dirac&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D5997&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Dirac"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFDalitzPeierls1986"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dalitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dalitz [inte skriven än]">Dalitz, R. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Peierls, R.</a> (1986). ”Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. 8 augusti 1902 – 20 oktober 1984”. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i> 32: sid. 137–185. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1986.0006">10.1098/rsbm.1986.0006</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Adrien+Maurice+Dirac.+8+augusti+1902+%E2%80%93+20+oktober+1984&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.aulast=Dalitz&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Dalitz%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Peierls%2C+R.&rft.date=1986&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B137%E2%80%93185&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frsbm.1986.0006&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Dirac"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann; <i>The Second Creation: makers of the revolution in twentieth century physics</i>, Macmillan Publishing (1986), New York, Rutgers University Press (reviderad 1996). Underhållande personality-based historik om <a href="/wiki/Partikelfysik" title="Partikelfysik">partikelfysik</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kvantmekanik" title="Kvantmekanik">kvantmekanik</a> under 1900-talet.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSchweber1994">Schweber, Silvan S. (1994). <i><span>QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga</span></i>. Princeton series in physics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/5139339">5139339</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-03327-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-03327-7">ISBN 0-691-03327-7</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=QED+and+the+men+who+made+it%3A+Dyson%2C+Feynman%2C+Schwinger%2C+and+Tomonaga&rft.aulast=Schweber&rft.aufirst=Silvan+S.&rft.au=Schweber%2C+Silvan+S.&rft.date=1994&rft.series=Princeton+series+in+physics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.isbn=0-691-03327-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Dirac"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Innehåller ett kapitel om Dirac som <a href="/wiki/Kvantelektrodynamik" title="Kvantelektrodynamik">kvantelektrodynamikens</a> grundare.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dirac.ch/PaulDirac.html">"Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac"</a>, släktforskningssajt, Gisela Dirac.</li> <li>Graham Farmelo; <i>The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac</i> <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>, London (2009), <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-571-22286-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-571-22286-5">ISBN 978-0-571-22286-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" class="extiw" title="commons:Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" class="extiw" title="commons:Paul Dirac">Bilder & media</a></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/dirac/biographical/">Nobelprize.org, Paul Dirac – biografi</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#FFE974;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysik" title="Mall:Nobelpristagare i fysik"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysik&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpristagare i fysik</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1901–1925</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (1901)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> (1902)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1903)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3:e_baron_Rayleigh" title="John Strutt, 3:e baron Rayleigh">Strutt</a> (1904)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a> (1905)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson">Thomson</a> (1906)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a> (1907)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a> (1908)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> (1909)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a> (1910)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> (1911)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> (1912)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a> (1913)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a> (1914)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bragg_(fysiker)" title="William Bragg (fysiker)">W. Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">L. Bragg</a> (1915)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1916.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> (1917)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> (1918)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> (1919)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> (1920)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (1921)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a> (1922)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" title="Robert A. Millikan">Millikan</a> (1923)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a> (1924)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hertz" title="Gustav Hertz">Hertz</a> (1925)</div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/90px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/120px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1926–1950</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a> (1926)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.T.R._Wilson" title="C.T.R. Wilson">Wilson</a> (1927)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Richardson</a> (1928)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a> (1929)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a> (1930)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1931.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> (1932)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dirac</a> (1933)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1934.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> (1935)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Hess" title="Victor F. Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_D._Anderson" title="Carl D. Anderson">Anderson</a> (1936)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a> (1937)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> (1938)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (1939)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1940–1942.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> (1943)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> (1944)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> (1945)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Percy_W._Bridgman" title="Percy W. Bridgman">Bridgman</a> (1946)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> (1947)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_M.S._Blackett" title="Patrick M.S. Blackett">Blackett</a> (1948)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> (1949)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a> (1950)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1951–1975</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> (1951)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" title="Edward M. Purcell">Purcell</a> (1952)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> (1953)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> (1954)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" title="Willis E. Lamb">Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> (1955)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Shockley" title="William B. Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Brattain" title="Walter H. Brattain">Brattain</a> (1956)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. Lee</a> (1957)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tjerenkov" title="Pavel Tjerenkov">Tjerenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_M._Frank" title="Ilja M. Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Jevgenjevitj_Tamm" title="Igor Jevgenjevitj Tamm">Tamm</a> (1958)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (1959)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a> (1960)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> (1961)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> (1962)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> (1963)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_G._Basov" title="Nikolaj G. Basov">Basov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_M._Prochorov" title="Aleksandr M. Prochorov">Prochorov</a> (1964)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> (1965)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> (1966)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> (1967)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a> (1968)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (1969)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> (1970)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> (1971)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> (1972)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Ivar Giæver">Giæver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> (1973)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> (1974)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_R._Mottelson" title="Ben R. Mottelson">Mottelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a> (1975)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1976–2000</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C.C._Ting" title="Samuel C.C. Ting">Ting</a> (1976)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_F._Mott" title="Nevill F. Mott">Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_H._van_Vleck" title="John H. van Vleck">van Vleck</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Penzias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1978)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> (1979)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a> (1980)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Schawlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a> (1981)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a> (1982)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fowler" title="William A. Fowler">Fowler</a> (1983)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a> (1984)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a> (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> (1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J._Georg_Bednorz" title="J. Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alexander Müller">Müller</a> (1987)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey" title="Norman F. Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_G._Dehmelt" title="Hans G. Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_I._Friedman" title="Jerome I. Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a> (1990)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a> (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Hulse" title="Russell A. Hulse">Hulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">J. Taylor</a> (1993)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bertram_N._Brockhouse" title="Bertram N. Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_G._Shull" title="Clifford G. Shull">Shull</a> (1994)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Perl" title="Martin L. Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_M._Lee" title="David M. Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Richardson" title="Robert C. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Phillips" title="William D. Phillips">Phillips</a> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_L._St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst L. Störmer">Störmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a> (1998)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Veltman</a> (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Zjores_Alfjorov" title="Zjores Alfjorov">Alfjorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby" title="Jack S. Kilby">Kilby</a> (2000)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">Från 2001</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> (2001)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> (2002)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexej_A._Abrikosov" title="Alexej A. Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_L._Ginzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitalij L. Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Leggett" title="Anthony J. Leggett">Legget</a> (2003)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_J._Gross" title="David J. Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._David_Politzer" title="H. David Politzer">Politzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> (2004)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a> (2005)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" title="George F. Smoot">Smoot</a> (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> (2007)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Masukawa</a> (2008)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_S._Boyle" title="Willard S. Boyle">Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> (2009)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> (2010)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> (2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> (2012) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> (2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> (2014)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a> (2015)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> (2016)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> (2017)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> (2018)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> (2019)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a> (2020)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> (2021)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> (2022)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> (2023)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a> (2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1951–2000"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1951%E2%80%932000&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljörer</a> 1951–2000</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Keilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Keilin [inte skriven än]">David Keilin</a> (1951)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E.T._Whittaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.T. Whittaker [inte skriven än]">E.T. Whittaker</a> (1954)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_M.S._Blackett" title="Patrick M.S. Blackett">Patrick M.S. Blackett</a> (1956)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biokemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biokemist)">Hans Adolf Krebs</a> (1961)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1962)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Fildes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Fildes [inte skriven än]">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(matematiker)" title="Sydney Chapman (matematiker)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Alan_L._Hodgkin" title="Alan L. Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1965)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Tadeus Reichstein</a> (1968)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Robertus_Todd" title="Alexander Robertus Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1970)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Pirie [inte skriven än]">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nevill_F._Mott" title="Nevill F. Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1972)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._V._D._Hodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. V. D. Hodge [inte skriven än]">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mitchell" title="Peter Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Rodney_R._Porter" title="Rodney R. Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a> (1983)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Subramanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1984)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin Hill [inte skriven än]">Robin Hill</a> (1987)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Atiyah" title="Michael Francis Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> (1993)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Charles_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Charles Frank [inte skriven än]">Frederick Charles Frank</a> (1994)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Fenner [inte skriven än]">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Cottrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Cottrell [inte skriven än]">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Huxley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Huxley [inte skriven än]">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_R._Battersby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan R. Battersby [inte skriven än]">Alan R. Battersby</a> (2000)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1731%E2%80%931750" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1731–1750">1731–1750</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1751–1800">1751–1800</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1801–1850">1801–1850</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1851–1900">1851–1900</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1901–1950">1901–1950</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1951–2000">1951–2000</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_2001%E2%80%932050" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 2001–2050">2001–idag</a></small></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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