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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seseo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Seseo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seseo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_of_plosive_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_of_plosive_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pronunciation of plosive consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_of_plosive_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palatalization_and_affrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalization_and_affrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Palatalization and affrication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalization_and_affrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retraction_of_/x/_to_[h]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retraction_of_/x/_to_[h]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Retraction of /x/ to [h] </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retraction_of_/x/_to_[h]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_of_non-open_vowels_and_bilabial_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_of_non-open_vowels_and_bilabial_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Merger of non-open vowels and bilabial consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_of_non-open_vowels_and_bilabial_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_debuccalization_of_/s/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_debuccalization_of_/s/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 No debuccalization of /s/ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_debuccalization_of_/s/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glottal_stop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottal_stop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Glottal stop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottal_stop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-[ɾ]–[l]_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#[ɾ]–[l]_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 [ɾ]–[l] shift </div> </a> <ul id="toc-[ɾ]–[l]_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_tl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_tl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Treatment of tl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_tl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Morphology and syntax </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology_and_syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology and syntax subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession_and_derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession_and_derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Possession and derivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession_and_derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Negation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Latin_American_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Latin_American_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 From Latin American Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Latin_American_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Peninsular_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Peninsular_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 From Peninsular Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Peninsular_Spanish-sublist" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of Spanish spoken and native to the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Spanish as used in the Philippines. For a more general overview of the language, see <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language in the Philippines</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipino</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people_of_Filipino_ancestry" title="Spanish people of Filipino ancestry">Spanish people of Filipino ancestry</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Philippine Spanish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">español filipino castellano filipino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[espaˈɲol filiˈpino]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[kasteˈʎano filiˈpino]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Native: 4,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-resiste-1">[1]</a> Proficient: 400,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-endangered-2">[2]</a> Total: 1 million (2014)<a href="#cite_note-revive-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Philippine Spanish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language">Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-bhw">51-AAA-bhw</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>es-PH</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#DDDDDD; border-bottom:1px solid #fefefe;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/175px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/263px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/350px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1504" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.4em;line-height:1.3em;">A manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a>, 13th century</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_Spanish" title="Stress in Spanish">stress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">Names</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Influences on the Spanish language">Influences</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_determiners" title="Spanish determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nouns" title="Spanish nouns">Nouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_Spanish" title="Grammatical gender in Spanish">gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_pronouns" title="Spanish pronouns">Pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_personal_pronouns" title="Spanish personal pronouns">personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_object_pronouns" title="Spanish object pronouns">object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_adjectives" title="Spanish adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_prepositions" title="Spanish prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_verbs" title="Spanish verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conjugation" title="Spanish conjugation">conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irregular_verbs" title="Spanish irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Spanish">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">Dialectology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">Seseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">Yeísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">Voseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%ADsmo" title="Leísmo">Leísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADsmo" title="Loísmo">Loísmo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano or Chabacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero or Palenque</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Spanish as a second or foreign language">Teaching</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">RAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Template:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Philippine Spanish (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: español filipino or castellano filipino)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008236-4">[4]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">variety</a> of standard <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, used primarily by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipinos</a>. Spanish as spoken in the Philippines contains a number of features that distinguishes it from other varieties of Spanish, combining features from both <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> varieties of the language. Philippine Spanish also employs vocabulary unique to the dialect, reflecting influence from the native <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a> as well as broader sociolinguistic trends in Spanish, and is considered to be more linguistically conservative and uniform than Spanish spoken elsewhere. Officially regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language">Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language</a> (AFLE), up to a million people in the Philippines are claimed to be either proficient in or have knowledge of Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-revive-3">[3]</a> with around 4,000 people claiming Spanish as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-resiste-1">[1]</a> although estimates vary widely. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_number_of_speakers">Distribution and number of speakers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution and number of speakers">edit</a>]</div> Philippine Spanish speakers may be found nationwide, mostly in urban areas but with the largest concentration of speakers in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. Smaller communities are found particularly in regions where the economy is dominated by large agricultural <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>-producing regions of <a href="/wiki/Negros" title="Negros">Negros</a>, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumaguete" title="Dumaguete">Dumaguete</a>, and in the fruit-producing regions of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39-5">[5]</a> Other centers where Spanish-speaking populations can be found include the cities of <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008230-6">[6]</a> Most native Philippine Spanish speakers are part of the country's <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39-5">[5]</a> Estimates as to the number of Spanish speakers in the Philippines vary widely, with estimates ranging from the thousands to the millions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés_Barrenechea2013209-7">[7]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> (IC) estimated that there were around one million Spanish speakers in the Philippines, regardless of level of proficiency,<a href="#cite_note-revive-3">[3]</a> while in 2023 Maria Luisa Young, professor of Spanish and head of the Department of Modern Languages at the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>, estimated without confidence that around 500,000 people in the Philippines either speak or at least know Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-horacervantes-8">[8]</a> A 2023 report by the IC, meanwhile, estimated that there are around 465,000 Spanish speakers in the Philippines, though only counting Spanish citizens in the Philippines as having a native-level command of the language,<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> including speakers of the various dialects of <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole</a>, as limited-competence speakers,<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> and excluding Filipinos who studied Spanish in universities before 1986.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutiérrez_Rivilla202330-11">[11]</a> When counting native speakers, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> reported in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020 Philippine census</a> that only 167 households nationwide spoke Spanish at home,<a href="#cite_note-psa-15">[13]</a> and a 2020 estimate estimated that this group numbered around 4,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-resiste-1">[1]</a> but the actual number of native Philippine Spanish speakers living today may be impossible to determine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadillo_Matos2023167-16">[14]</a> Accurately counting Spanish speakers in the Philippines is complicated by the Philippine government not keeping updated official statistics, with the last supposedly reliable statistics on the number of speakers dating back to 2008. That estimate placed the number of native Spanish speakers at around 6,000, with an additional two million Filipinos who speak Spanish either as a second or third language and another 1.2 million Chavacano speakers, and that number possibly being larger due to increasing interest in learning Spanish among Filipinos for professional reasons.<a href="#cite_note-ultimos-17">[15]</a> In addition to reported estimates of speakers, it is believed that there is an undetermined but significant number of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Speaker_types#Semi-speakers" title="Speaker types">semi-speakers</a>, Filipinos whose knowledge of Spanish is below that of native speakers but is considered to be superior to that of foreign students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_and_future">Status and future</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status and future">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language in the Philippines</a></div> Compared to other Spanish varieties, Philippine Spanish is among the least studied, and many contemporary studies that claim to talk about the dialect were, in fact, either dealing with Spanish loanwords in the native <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a> or, more erroneously, to the various Chavacano dialects to which it was often mistakenly confused for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b37–38-18">[16]</a> Philippine Spanish has been described as being <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>,<a href="#cite_note-endangered-2">[2]</a> or even totally <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">dead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández2022430-19">[17]</a> with most speakers also being fluent in English and the Philippine languages, and the language having few native speakers under the age of 50, with many of its speakers also having learned other Spanish dialects and are living outside the Philippines either in Spain or in other Spanish-speaking countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández2022430-19">[17]</a> In part due to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonization of the Philippines</a>, where English was imposed as the language of government and education, and the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>-based national language (which later became <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattinaro2023114-20">[18]</a> use of Spanish declined, particularly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when English was entrenched as the language of <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">social prestige</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008230–231-21">[19]</a> Spanish-speaking Filipinos mostly use the language at home, with use of the language in public being limited by a lack of speakers and hostility from non-Spanish-speaking Filipinos toward the language,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39-5">[5]</a> although many Filipinos who previously studied Spanish while it was still mandatory are capable of sustaining a conversation that reasonably approximates the language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski2012307-22">[20]</a> This, however, contrasts with recent trends concerning Spanish in the Philippines more broadly, on the one hand due to changing attitudes toward the language among non-Spanish-speaking Filipinos,<a href="#cite_note-prospects-23">[21]</a> and on the other due to the growing prestige of the language worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Jiménez2012-24">[22]</a> Interest in the language started growing in the 1990s, only a few years after the language lost its official status,<a href="#cite_note-lifeanddeath-25">[23]</a> and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system,<a href="#cite_note-spfl-26">[24]</a> with over 7,000 students studying the language in the 2021–2022 school year alone.<a href="#cite_note-estudiar-27">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">local business process outsourcing industry</a> has also contributed to the growing popularity of Spanish as Spanish speakers have a larger earnings potential than English speakers in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-payoff-28">[26]</a> A new generation of Spanish speakers has since emerged as a result,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés_Barrenechea2013209–210-29">[27]</a> most of whom are <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second-language</a> speakers,<a href="#cite_note-lifeanddeath-25">[23]</a> and with some using the language to show <a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">national pride</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattinaro2023124-30">[28]</a> though there exists within this group a smaller number of first-language Spanish speakers who are learning the language at home from their second-language parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés_Barrenechea2013209–210-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">Samples of contemporary Philippine Spanish speakers</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkMXwNRGJn0">Anna Balcells</a>, founder of the Kalipay Negrense Foundation (2022)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ExSEPSxFT0">Guillermo Gómez Rivera</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language">Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language</a> (2022)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAPLOEwFAnU">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, 14th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a> (2011)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33v14OLblkQ">Fernando Zialcita</a>, professor of anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a> (2024)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a></div> Philippine Spanish phonology has been described as conservative and refined, reflecting the socioeconomic status of its speakers, and exhibiting features largely present in the standard dialects of <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a> as spoken in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski198678-31">[29]</a> with little influence from dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a> nor from languages like <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> despite significant immigration to the Philippines from those areas of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski198676–77-32">[30]</a> Nevertheless, a number of phonological traits still distinguish Philippine Spanish from Spanish spoken elsewhere as a result of earlier contact with <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American Spanish</a> varieties, contact with the Philippine languages and the development of Chavacano,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b45–46-33">[31]</a> though unlike with <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, Philippine Spanish phonology is generally uniform, with very little (if any) dialectical variation in terms of pronunciation between speakers of Spanish from different regions of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinction_between_y_and_ll">Distinction between y and ll</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distinction between y and ll">edit</a>]</div> As in some dialects in northern Spain and some bilingual zones (Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru) of Latin America,<a href="#cite_note-ll-34">[32]</a> Philippine Spanish has a phonological distinction between the sounds represented by ll (/ʎ/) and y (/ʝ/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b41-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200894-36">[34]</a> For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calle#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:calle">calle</a> ('street') is pronounced /ˈkaʎe/ (Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kalye#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:kalye">kalye</a>) as opposed to the pronunciation /ˈkaʝe/ found in most other present-day Spanish varieties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992130-37">[35]</a> The phoneme /ʎ/ may be realized closer to [lj] in the pronunciation of some younger Philippine Spanish speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b41-35">[33]</a> Sometimes /ʎ/ is depalatalized to [l] in word-initial positions: for example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lluvia#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:lluvia">lluvia</a> ('rain'), normally pronounced /ˈʎubia/, is pronounced [ˈlubja].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200895-38">[36]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">yeísmo</a>, which merges the two, is today considered extremely rare and idiosyncratic in Philippine Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b41-35">[33]</a> it has been suggested that a more yeísta pronunciation was previously standard owing to the influence of both Andalusian and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> speakers in the 16th and 17th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986a47-39">[37]</a> as suggested by words such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caballo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:caballo">caballo</a> ('horse'), pronounced /kaˈbajo/ in many Philippine languages and spelled as such accordingly (e.g. Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kabayo#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:kabayo">kabayo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo20031064-40">[38]</a> Speakers only shifted to a contrasting pronunciation, which was characteristic of the aristocratic Castilian pronunciation of the time, toward the end of the 19th century in the final years of Spanish colonization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986a47-39">[37]</a> Newer generations of Spanish speakers have begun adopting phonological features closer to standard Peninsular Spanish, including yeísmo, as a result of being educated in that dialect,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés_Barrenechea2013219-41">[39]</a> although the majority of those studying Spanish in the Philippines as a foreign language nonetheless continue to contrast both sounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008420-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seseo">Seseo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seseo">edit</a>]</div> Like Latin American Spanish, Philippine Spanish originally practiced <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives#Seseo" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">seseo</a>, where /θ/ is normally not distinguished from /s/. This is particularly evidenced by borrowings into the Philippine languages where, for example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:circo">circo</a> ('circus'), pronounced /ˈθiɾko/ in Peninsular Spanish, became Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sirko#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:sirko">sirko</a> (pronounced /ˈsiɾko/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo20031064-40">[38]</a> Although seseo remains the dominant pronunciation today,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis199313-43">[41]</a> in a similar way to the introduction of a contrast between y and ll at the end of the 19th century, some native speakers have begun practicing <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives#Distinction" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">distinción</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986a46-44">[42]</a> where /θ/ is distinguished from /s/, but do not always do so consistently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-45">[43]</a> Newer generations of Spanish speakers have begun adopting distinción as a result of being educated in Peninsular Spanish, alongside a contemporary adoption of yeísmo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés_Barrenechea2013219-41">[39]</a> Among those studying Spanish in the Philippines as a foreign language, most practice distinción although a large group of students nonetheless practice seseo, and among those who do practice distinción, most do so inconsistently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008418-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_of_plosive_consonants">Pronunciation of plosive consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronunciation of plosive consonants">edit</a>]</div> The consonants /b/, /d/ and /g/ are uniformly pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> (hard) consonants in Philippine Spanish, contrasting with other Spanish dialects where these are usually softened to either <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-45">[43]</a> While the softened pronunciations are also heard, this varies between speakers and even between individual phonemes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200886-47">[45]</a> Of particular note is the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalic</a> /d/, where it can even overlap with and is occasionally pronounced as [ɾ] as is the case in the Philippine languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200886-47">[45]</a> This trait has also carried over to Chavacano and has influenced how the Philippine languages have treated Spanish loans as in the case, for example, of Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pared#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:pared">pared</a> ('wall') becoming Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pader#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:pader">pader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-45">[43]</a> Intervocalic /d/ is also frequently <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a>, particularly with words ending in the suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ado#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ado">-ado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatalization_and_affrication">Palatalization and affrication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palatalization and affrication">edit</a>]</div> Before <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a> (/i/ and /u/), /d/ and /t/ are often <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> by Philippine Spanish speakers, becoming /dʲ/ and /tʲ/ respectively. Occasionally these would be <a href="/wiki/Affricate#Affrication" title="Affricate">affricated</a> instead, becoming [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>] respectively as in the case of Spanish loans to the Philippine languages. For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dios#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Dios">Dios</a> ('God'), normally pronounced /ˈdios/, would be pronounced [ˈd͡ʒos] (Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Diyos#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:Diyos">Diyos</a>), or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tiangue#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tiangue">tiangue</a> ('open-air market'), normally pronounced /ˈtjanɡe/, would be pronounced [ˈt͡ʃaŋɡe] (Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tiyangge#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:tiyangge">tiyangge</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200887-48">[46]</a> In a similar manner, speakers also occasionally palatalize /s/ to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] when placed before a close vowel. For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/negocio#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:negocio">negocio</a> ('business'), normally pronounced /neˈɡosjo/, would be pronounced [neˈɡoʃo] (Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/negosyo#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:negosyo">negosyo</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992187-49">[47]</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ciudad#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ciudad">ciudad</a> ('city'), normally pronounced /sjuˈdad/, would be pronounced [ʃuˈdad] (Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/siyudad#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:siyudad">siyudad</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200890-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retraction_of_/x/_to_[h]">Retraction of /x/ to [h]</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retraction of /x/ to [h]">edit</a>]</div> The velar jota sound (/x/) is present in Philippine Spanish, similar to standard Peninsular Spanish, though this is mostly retracted to glottal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>], which also occurs in Andalusian, Caribbean, Canarian, Central American, and Colombian Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b42-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_of_non-open_vowels_and_bilabial_consonants">Merger of non-open vowels and bilabial consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Merger of non-open vowels and bilabial consonants">edit</a>]</div> Often interchanged in Philippine Spanish are the non-open vowels /e/ and /i/, /o/ and /u/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200882-52">[50]</a> and the bilabial consonants /p/ and /f/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200890-50">[48]</a> following a similar tendency in the Philippine languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992187-49">[47]</a> For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Filipinas#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Filipinas">Filipinas</a> ('Philippines') would be pronounced [piliˈpinas] (Tagalog <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pilipinas#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pilipinas">Pilipinas</a>), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ten%C3%ADa#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tenía">tenía</a> ('I had') would be pronounced [tiˈnia], and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comen#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:comen">comen</a> ('they eat') would be pronounced [ˈkumen].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992186-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_debuccalization_of_/s/">No debuccalization of /s/</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: No debuccalization of /s/">edit</a>]</div> Unlike many Peninsular and Latin American dialects, syllable-final /s/ is not <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties#Debuccalization_of_coda_/s/" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">debuccalized</a>, and is always pronounced as an alveolar sibilant ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]) rather than as a glottal fricative ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-41-54">[52]</a> For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mosca#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:mosca">las moscas</a> ('flies', as in <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">the insect</a>) is always pronounced [las ˈmoskas].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200891-55">[53]</a> The retention of s is reflective of the influence of northern Peninsular Spanish dialects, although it is considered an unusual development in Philippine Spanish given the large number of Andalusian Spanish speakers among the last wave of Spanish migrants to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-45">[43]</a> In contrast, Chavacano speakers do practice syllable-final s-dropping, most notably among older speakers of the Zamboagueño dialect spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b41-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glottal_stop">Glottal stop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glottal stop">edit</a>]</div> As a result of contact with the Philippine languages, the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> [ʔ] regularly manifests in the speech of most (if not all) Philippine Spanish speakers, and is normally found in word-initial positions where the pronunciation begins with a vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b42–43-56">[54]</a> For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alma#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:alma">alma</a> ('spirit') would be pronounced [ˈʔalma].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200883-57">[55]</a> This is also present when the word is preceded by a pause, which in other Spanish dialects would be subject to consonantal linking (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a> in French). For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hombre#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:hombre">el hombre</a> ('the man') would be pronounced as [elˈʔombɾe] in Philippine Spanish but [eˈlombɾe] in other Spanish dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b42–43-56">[54]</a> The glottal stop also appears in some vowel sequences, serving to clearly delineate syllables from one another. For example, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ma%C3%ADz#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:maíz">maíz</a> ('corn') would be pronounced [maˈʔis], and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ba%C3%BAl#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:baúl">baúl</a> ('trunk', as in <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(luggage)" title="Trunk (luggage)">the luggage</a>) would be pronounced [baˈʔul].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200883-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="[ɾ]–[l]_shift">[ɾ]–[l] shift</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: [ɾ]–[l] shift">edit</a>]</div> Philippine Spanish clearly distinguishes between the use of [ɾ] and [l], similar to standard Peninsular Spanish. However, earlier speakers may have interchanged both sounds, with /l/ becoming [ɾ] and /ɾ/ becoming [l] as in Caribbean and southern Peninsular Spanish dialects, and which was retained in the various Chavacano dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b42-51">[49]</a> Despite this distinction certain words in the Philippine Spanish lexicon nevertheless reflect this earlier tendency to interchange both sounds, such as balasar, a variant of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barajar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:barajar">barajar</a> ('to shuffle') which the dialect had preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992191-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_tl">Treatment of tl</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Treatment of tl">edit</a>]</div> Similar to Latin American, Canarian and certain Peninsular Spanish dialects,<a href="#cite_note-tl-59">[57]</a> Philippine Spanish pronounces the letter sequence tl in the same syllable. For example, the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atlas#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:atlas">atlas</a> is pronounced [ˈa.tlas], not [ˈað.las] as in standard Peninsular Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200888-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_syntax">Morphology and syntax</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morphology and syntax">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/220px--Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="273" data-mwtitle="Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_(1929).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_(1929).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm/Emilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEmilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEmilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEmilio_Aguinaldo_Speech_in_Spanish_%281929%29.webm&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A recording of <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a>, delivering a speech in Spanish</figcaption></figure> Philippine Spanish has been described as having no particularly unique morphological features,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992188-61">[59]</a> although deviations from standard Spanish morphology and syntax have been reported as a result of Spanish's position as a minority language in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008231-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Alongside <a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean Spanish</a>, Philippine Spanish is one of only two Spanish dialects outside of Spain to use the second-person plural pronoun <a href="/wiki/Spanish_personal_pronouns#Use_of_vosotros" title="Spanish personal pronouns">vosotros</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b43-63">[61]</a> although ustedes, standard in Latin America, has been reported as also being common in written texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_de_Alba201134-64">[62]</a> The second-person familiar pronoun tú is also freely used, even in situations where the polite pronoun usted <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction_in_the_world%27s_languages#Spanish" title="T–V distinction in the world's languages">would be used instead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b43-63">[61]</a> and while the various Chavacano dialects developed the use of <a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a>, this development is absent in Philippine Spanish, which exclusively uses tú.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008117-65">[63]</a> Unlike other overseas Spanish dialects, Philippine Spanish is said to employ <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%ADsmo" title="Leísmo">leísmo</a>, where the pronoun le is used when referring to third-person masculine direct objects instead of lo as is the case elsewhere,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b43-63">[61]</a> although others have said this only represents a minority of speakers and that Philippine Spanish speakers mostly use lo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992188-61">[59]</a> However, for indirect objects, the use of le is predominant, with a minority of speakers using la (<a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADsmo" title="Loísmo">laísmo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992188-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession_and_derivation">Possession and derivation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Possession and derivation">edit</a>]</div> Indicating <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a> in Philippine Spanish is frequently expressed not through possessive adjectives, but rather by combining the object with the construction de ('of') and the possessor. For example, instead of nuestros parientes ('our relatives') as in standard Spanish, Philippine Spanish speakers would often say los parientes de nosotros (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the relatives of us').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992189-66">[64]</a> This also happens with the third-person possessive pronoun su, which parallels Latin American usage with speakers alternating between, for example, Este perro es suyo (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'This dog is theirs') and Este perro es de él (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'This dog is of him').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008116-67">[65]</a> A similar phenomenon also defines the naming of certain flora, with fruit trees sometimes being called the tree of that fruit. For example, while Spanish has an actual word for an orange tree, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/naranjo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:naranjo">naranjo</a>, Philippine Spanish speakers would sometimes say árbol de naranja instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008114-68">[66]</a> In expressing <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivation</a>, the most commonly-used <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> for creating <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutives</a> in Philippine Spanish is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ito#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ito">-ito</a>, although <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-illo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-illo">-illo</a> is also encountered but less commonly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008112-69">[67]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Augmentative" title="Augmentative">augmentatives</a>, the most commonly-used suffix is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ón">-ón</a>, followed by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-azo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-azo">-azo</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ote#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ote">-ote</a> in order of frequency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008113-70">[68]</a> Meanwhile, for forming <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a>, the most common suffix is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ada#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ada">-ada</a>, followed by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-aje#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-aje">-aje</a> when referring to people. For plants and produce, the most common suffix is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-al#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-al">-al</a>, followed by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ero#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ero">-ero</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ar">-ar</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> formed by combining the name of the plant or produce, either with or without the standard suffixes depending on the plant or produce being discussed, with plantación (de) ('plantation [of]'), campo (de) ('field [of]') or sementera (de) ('land sown with') are also commonly employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008114-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Negation">edit</a>]</div> In certain cases, Philippine Spanish expresses <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation#Negation" title="Affirmation and negation">negation</a> in a manner broadly similar to other Spanish varieties. For example, the determiner <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%A1s#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:más">más</a> ('more' or 'else') is used to amplify <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nunca#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:nunca">nunca</a> ('never'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nadie#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:nadie">nadie</a> ('no one'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nada#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:nada">nada</a> ('nothing') and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ninguno#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ninguno">ninguno</a> ('nobody') and is normally found in a postnominal (after the word) position, but occasionally this is reversed by Philippine Spanish speakers with más appearing in the prenominal (before the word) position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008124-71">[69]</a> Other cases exhibit deviations from standard Spanish usage. The negative adverbial phrase no más ("no more"), for example, is used in one of three ways in Philippine Spanish:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008124–125-72">[70]</a> <ul><li>To express exactness (Lo tiene al lado mismo no más; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'He/she has it exactly right next to him/her').</li> <li>As an emphatic suffix (Estaba bromeando no más; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'I was only joking'). This use of no más is also found in Latin American Spanish, and is equivalent to the use of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:solo">solo</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solamente#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:solamente">solamente</a> in standard Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-nomás-73">[71]</a></li> <li>To express finiteness (No hay más carruajes; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'There aren't carriages any more'). This use of no más may have come about as a result of English influence, and is equivalent to the use of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ya_no#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ya no">ya no</a> in other Spanish varieties.</li></ul> Adverbial no is also regularly paired with other adverbs to express negation, even if the pairing would be considered redundant in standard Spanish. For example, Philippine Spanish speakers often pair adverbial no with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tan#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tan">tan</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tanto#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tanto">tanto</a> (or even <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tantito#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tantito">tantito</a>), both implying extent, as a substitute for no muy ('not very') and no mucho ('not much') respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125-74">[72]</a> In a similar manner, Philippine Spanish speakers also often substitute <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tampoco#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tampoco">tampoco</a> ('neither') with también no (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'also no'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125–126-75">[73]</a> which has been formally proscribed in standard Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-tambien-76">[74]</a> and even tampoco itself is paired with no to create the redundant <a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">double negative</a> tampoco no (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'neither no'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125–126-75">[73]</a> which in standard Spanish is likewise normally considered incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-tampoco-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selection_of_Philippine_literature_in_Spanish_(September_2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Selection_of_Philippine_literature_in_Spanish_%28September_2024%29.jpg/250px-Selection_of_Philippine_literature_in_Spanish_%28September_2024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Selection_of_Philippine_literature_in_Spanish_%28September_2024%29.jpg/375px-Selection_of_Philippine_literature_in_Spanish_%28September_2024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Selection_of_Philippine_literature_in_Spanish_%28September_2024%29.jpg/500px-Selection_of_Philippine_literature_in_Spanish_%28September_2024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Selected books from the corpus of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Philippine literature in Spanish</a>, both historical and contemporary</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Austronesian_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Austronesian origin">List of Spanish words of Austronesian origin</a></div> Over the centuries Philippine Spanish has developed a corpus of filipinismos (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Philippinisms'), vocabulary and expressions that are unique to the dialect, of which some have even entered Spanish more broadly and others which have influenced the native languages of the Philippines. Philippinisms in Philippine Spanish are usually derived from a number of sources: words borrowed into Spanish from the Philippine or other foreign languages, Spanish words that have since fallen out of use in Spain or in Spanish more broadly, and Spanish expressions made by Philippine Spanish speakers or are otherwise unique to the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828–29-78">[76]</a> Since the mid-20th century, the Philippine Spanish lexicon has also been significantly influenced by English, similar to the situation with Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008231-62">[60]</a> Although there are efforts in documenting filipinismos, and people studying Spanish as a foreign language today still learn and use Philippine Spanish vocabulary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008426-79">[77]</a> many of them are in danger of disappearing due to the "foreignization" of Spanish language education in the Philippines (as Peninsular instead of Philippine Spanish is taught in schools), alongside poor documentation practices which lead to, among others, some expressions not being documented and some whose origin is obscured, and a lack of a stronger effort to compile a comprehensive dictionary of these expressions, or at least to include them in the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Diccionario de la lengua española">Diccionario de la lengua española</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828–29-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Latin_American_Spanish">From Latin American Spanish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: From Latin American Spanish">edit</a>]</div> Philippine Spanish incorporates a number of words and expressions from Latin American Spanish varieties, most notably from Mexican Spanish but also including influences from other dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski2012308-80">[78]</a> Words like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metate#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:metate">metate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199737-81">[79]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tiangue#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tiangue">tiangue</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chongo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chongo">chongo</a> reflect this influence, as well as the use of certain <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski2012308-80">[78]</a> Latin American influence in Philippine Spanish is also reflected in the use of Americanisms like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/man%C3%AD#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:maní">maní</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hincar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:hincar">hincarse</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/Kneeling" title="Kneeling">kneeling</a>, instead of the Peninsular Spanish equivalents <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cacahuete#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cacahuete">cacahuete</a> (or even the Mexican variant <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cacahuate#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cacahuate">cacahuate</a>) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arrodillar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:arrodillar">arrodillarse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski2012308-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Peninsular_Spanish">From Peninsular Spanish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: From Peninsular Spanish">edit</a>]</div> Much of the basic vocabulary of Philippine Spanish is also derived from Peninsular Spanish. For example, Philippine Spanish uses <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patata#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:patata">patata</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, the same as in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008277-82">[80]</a> Some words do take on a different meaning in Philippine Spanish: for example, while speakers use the Latin American <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camar%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:camarón">camarón</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Camaron_rebosado" title="Camaron rebosado">camarón rebozado</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008207-83">[81]</a> the Peninsular equivalent <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gamba#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:gamba">gamba</a> is also used but with a slightly more specialized meaning (in this case, a shrimp smaller than a camarón).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008241-84">[82]</a> In certain cases some words are used by speakers in a more-or-less equal proportion, such as with the Peninsular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melocot%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:melocotón">melocotón</a> and the Latin American <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/durazno#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:durazno">durazno</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008261-85">[83]</a> In others, the Peninsular equivalent isn't used at all: for example, to describe an <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartment</a> the Latin American terms <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apartamento#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:apartamento">apartamento</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/departamento#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:departamento">departamento</a> are used exclusively as opposed to the Peninsular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piso#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:piso">piso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008183-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_English">From English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: From English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></div> Anglicisms in Philippine Spanish can be classified into three types: those that are present in standard Spanish, those that are also found in Spanish as spoken in the United States, and a much smaller number of words that were borrowed into the language but still carry their original spelling and meaning from English. These include words like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/planta#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:planta">planta</a> for 'plant' (instead of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/f%C3%A1brica#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:fábrica">fábrica</a>), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sugesti%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:sugestión">sugestión</a> for 'suggestion' (instead of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sugerencia#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:sugerencia">sugerencia</a>) and the direct importation of English words like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avocado#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jeepney#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:jeepney">jeepney</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overol#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:overol">overol</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Overalls" title="Overalls">overalls</a>').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008136-87">[85]</a> Because most Spanish-speaking Filipinos are also fluent in English,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39-5">[5]</a> English pronunciation also affects how Philippine Spanish speakers pronounce certain words. Some speakers, for example, would pronounce <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Europa#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Europa">Europa</a> ('Europe') as [juˈɾopa], as in English, instead of /euˈɾopa/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008137-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unique_words_and_expressions">Unique words and expressions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unique words and expressions">edit</a>]</div> Many words and expressions used by Spanish speakers in the Philippines are unique to Philippine Spanish, though a number of these have since entered the Diccionario de la lengua española and other publications of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> (RAE). Some of the first filipinismos incorporated by the RAE into its publications include words like <a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">caracoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">parao</a>, which entered the broader lexicon in the late 18th and early 19th century, and the number of filipinismos has ostensibly grown over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz19978-89">[87]</a> Unique words and expressions in Philippine Spanish can be broadly placed into four categories: <ul><li>Words and expressions borrowed into Philippine Spanish, or even Spanish more broadly, as a result of contact with the Philippine languages (such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bolo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bolo">bolo</a>, which was borrowed from the Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199723-90">[88]</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baguio#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:baguio">baguio</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Ponga2000397-91">[89]</a> However, the extent of borrowing has varied: borrowing from the Philippine languages, or even from other languages like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, into Philippine Spanish has been described as either being mainly limited to flora and fauna, contrasting with the significant influence played by Philippine languages in the development of Chavacano,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b44-92">[90]</a> or as being more varied but with loans largely being limited to sociocultural domains like food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores_SiggRamírez_Luengo2019304–305-93">[91]</a></li> <li>Words and expressions that have fallen out of use in other Spanish dialects, but were retained in Philippine Spanish (such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aparador#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:aparador">aparador</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">wardrobe</a>, whereas other Spanish dialects would use <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/armario#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:armario">armario</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199717–18-94">[92]</a> the use of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeroplano#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:aeroplano">aeroplano</a> instead of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avi%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:avión">avión</a> to describe an <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008176-95">[93]</a> or the use of the dated phrase ¿Cuál es su gracia? [<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'What is your grace?'] to ask for someone's name,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis199310-96">[94]</a> which has since died out in other countries)<a href="#cite_note-gracia-97">[95]</a></li> <li>Words and expressions that have undergone a <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">semantic change</a> in Philippine Spanish (such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lenguaje#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:lenguaje">lenguaje</a> to refer to a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b45-98">[96]</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morisqueta#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:morisqueta">morisqueta</a> to refer to cooked <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis199310-96">[94]</a></li> <li>Words and expressions in Philippine Spanish that were developed in the Philippines by Spanish speakers and have no (or other) equivalents in other Spanish dialects (such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abrazador#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:abrazador">abrazador</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Bolster" title="Bolster">bolster pillow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199713-99">[97]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abogadillo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:abogadillo">abogadillo</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Paralegal" title="Paralegal">paralegal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008174-100">[98]</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/c%C3%B3digo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:código">código</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Cheat_sheet" title="Cheat sheet">cheat sheet</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992192-101">[99]</a></li></ul> Many filipinismos that are commonly used in the Philippines, such as <a href="/wiki/Pandesal" title="Pandesal">pan de sal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">cundimán</a>, by both Spanish and non-Spanish speakers alike have yet to be recognized by the RAE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828-102">[100]</a> and calls have been made for their inclusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008170-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialects and varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Philippine literature in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language">Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The Instituto Cervantes uses the term grupo de dominio nativo ('native fluency group'), counting monolingual Spanish speakers and bilingual speakers living in Spanish-speaking countries, but not monolingual speakers of other languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutiérrez_Rivilla202326-9">[9]</a> In the case of the Philippines, the report notes that the number of speakers belonging to this group (4,471)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutiérrez_Rivilla202328-10">[10]</a> is merely informative, and that this number is not included in the total number of speakers to avoid counting speakers twice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutiérrez_Rivilla202330-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The Instituto Cervantes uses the term grupo de competencia limitada ('limited competency group'), counting second- and third-generation Spanish speakers in bilingual communities, speakers of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> varieties, and foreigners living in Spanish-speaking countries whose native language is not Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutiérrez_Rivilla202326-9">[9]</a> In the case of the Philippines, Chavacano speakers are considered to have a limited competence in Spanish, a status also accorded to speakers of <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutiérrez_Rivilla202330–31-13">[12]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-resiste-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resiste_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resiste_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resiste_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Armas2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez Armas, Sara (May 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolt.com/ideas/espanol-resiste-en-filipinas_24_102.html">"El español resiste en Filipinas"</a> [Spanish resists in the Philippines]. COOLT (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052823/https://www.coolt.com/ideas/espanol-resiste-en-filipinas_24_102.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=COOLT&rft.atitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+resiste+en+Filipinas&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Armas&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolt.com%2Fideas%2Fespanol-resiste-en-filipinas_24_102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endangered-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endangered_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endangered_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojarro2020" class="citation news cs1">Mojarro, Jorge (October 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015152055/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874/">"Spanish is an endangered Filipino language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874/">the original</a> on October 15, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Spanish+is+an+endangered+Filipino+language&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.aulast=Mojarro&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2020%2F10%2F06%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fspanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language%2F776874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-revive-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-revive_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-revive_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-revive_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeneses2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meneses, Rosa (April 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2014/04/03/533cb3e622601d76748b4586.html">"El castellano revive en Manila"</a> [Castilian is being revived in Manila]. <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407172602/https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2014/04/03/533cb3e622601d76748b4586.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=El+castellano+revive+en+Manila&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.aulast=Meneses&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcultura%2F2014%2F04%2F03%2F533cb3e622601d76748b4586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008236-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008236_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b39_5-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1986b">Lipski 1986b</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008230-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008230_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkrüger2008">Steinkrüger 2008</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés_Barrenechea2013209-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés_Barrenechea2013209_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrés_Barrenechea2013">Andrés Barrenechea 2013</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-horacervantes-8"><a href="#cite_ref-horacervantes_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGárate2023" class="citation episode cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gárate, Antonio (host) (February 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/la-hora-cervantes/09-02-2023/6806093/">"La hora Cervantes - 09/02/23"</a>. La hora Cervantes. Episode 170 (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/RTVE" title="RTVE">RTVE</a>. <a href="/wiki/24_Horas_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)">24 Horas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410105550/https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/la-hora-cervantes/09-02-2023/6806093/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2023. 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March 7, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407172602/https://psa.gov.ph/content/tagalog-most-widely-spoken-language-home-2020-census-population-and-housing">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tagalog+is+the+Most+Widely+Spoken+Language+at+Home+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Ftagalog-most-widely-spoken-language-home-2020-census-population-and-housing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadillo_Matos2023167-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadillo_Matos2023167_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadillo_Matos2023">Badillo Matos 2023</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-ultimos-17"><a href="#cite_ref-ultimos_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbad_Liñán2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abad Liñán, José Manuel (May 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2016/04/12/actualidad/1460464651_728256.html">"Los últimos del español"</a> [The last ones of Spanish]. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406112358/https://elpais.com/cultura/2016/04/12/actualidad/1460464651_728256.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/26/opinion/columns/the-life-and-death-of-the-spanish-language-in-the-philippines/1841246">the original</a> on April 25, 2022. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-41-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b40-41_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1986b">Lipski 1986b</a>, p. 40-41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200891-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200891_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b42–43-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b42–43_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b42–43_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1986b">Lipski 1986b</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200883-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200883_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200883_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992191-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992191_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilis1992">Quilis 1992</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-tl-59"><a href="#cite_ref-tl_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/espanol-al-dia/division-silabica-y-ortografica-de-palabras-con-tl">"División silábica y ortográfica de palabras con "tl""</a> [Syllabic and ortographical division of words with "tl"] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>. Retrieved August 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divisi%C3%B3n+sil%C3%A1bica+y+ortogr%C3%A1fica+de+palabras+con+%22tl%22&rft.pub=Royal+Spanish+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fespanol-al-dia%2Fdivision-silabica-y-ortografica-de-palabras-con-tl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200888-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo200888_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992188-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992188_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992188_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992188_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilis1992">Quilis 1992</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008231-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008231_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkrüger2008231_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkrüger2008">Steinkrüger 2008</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b43-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b43_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b43_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b43_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1986b">Lipski 1986b</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_de_Alba201134-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_de_Alba201134_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoreno_de_Alba2011">Moreno de Alba 2011</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008117-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008117_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992189-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992189_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilis1992">Quilis 1992</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008116-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008116_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008114-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008114_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008114_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008112-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008112_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008113-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008113_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008124-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008124_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008124–125-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008124–125_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-nomás-73"><a href="#cite_ref-nomás_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/gram%C3%A1tica/sintaxis/adverbios-de-foco-v-adverbios-de-exclusi%C3%B3n-particularizaci%C3%B3n-y-aproximaci%C3%B3n">"40.9 Adverbios de foco (V). Adverbios de exclusión, particularización y aproximación"</a> [40.9 Focus adverbs (V). Adverbs used for exclusion, particularization and approximation]. Nueva gramática de la lengua española (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>. Retrieved August 22, 2024. <q>El adverbio no más (o nomás) es característico del español americano. Se usa con el sentido de solamente [...] pero también con un valor expletivo o puramente fático...</q> [The adverb no más (or nomás) is characteristic of [Latin] American Spanish. It is used with the meaning of solamente [...] but also with a value that is expletive or purely emphatic...]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nueva+gram%C3%A1tica+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.atitle=40.9+Adverbios+de+foco+%28V%29.+Adverbios+de+exclusi%C3%B3n%2C+particularizaci%C3%B3n+y+aproximaci%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fgram%25C3%25A1tica%2Fsintaxis%2Fadverbios-de-foco-v-adverbios-de-exclusi%25C3%25B3n-particularizaci%25C3%25B3n-y-aproximaci%25C3%25B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125–126-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125–126_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008125–126_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-tambien-76"><a href="#cite_ref-tambien_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Spanish_Academy2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> [@RAEinforma] (June 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/RAEinforma/status/1273124772516376581">"#RAEconsultas Lo correcto en el español estándar es «tampoco»: «Él no me escuchó; tú tampoco». La secuencia «también no» es válida en ejemplos como el siguiente: «Así que, parapetándose otra vez tras su periódico, fingió también no verlo» (Clara Obligado)"</a> [#RAEconsultas The correct way in standard Spanish is "tampoco": "Él no me escuchó; tú tampoco" ("He didn't listen to me; neither did you"). The sequence "también no" is valid in examples like the following: "Así que, parapetándose otra vez tras su periódico, fingió también no verlo" ("So, again taking cover behind their newspaper, they pretended not to see them too") (<a href="/wiki/Clara_Obligado" title="Clara Obligado">Clara Obligado</a>).] (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23RAEconsultas+Lo+correcto+en+el+espa%C3%B1ol+est%C3%A1ndar+es+%C2%ABtampoco%C2%BB%3A+%C2%AB%C3%89l+no+me+escuch%C3%B3%3B+t%C3%BA+tampoco%C2%BB.+La+secuencia+%C2%ABtambi%C3%A9n+no%C2%BB+es+v%C3%A1lida+en+ejemplos+como+el+siguiente%3A+%C2%ABAs%C3%AD+que%2C+parapet%C3%A1ndose+otra+vez+tras+su+peri%C3%B3dico%2C+fingi%C3%B3+tambi%C3%A9n+no+verlo%C2%BB+%28Clara+Obligado%29.&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.au=Royal+Spanish+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FRAEinforma%2Fstatus%2F1273124772516376581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tampoco-77"><a href="#cite_ref-tampoco_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/dpd/tampoco">"tampoco"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_panhisp%C3%A1nico_de_dudas" title="Diccionario panhispánico de dudas">Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520113714/https://www.rae.es/dpd/tampoco">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diccionario+panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+dudas&rft.atitle=tampoco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fdpd%2Ftampoco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828–29-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828–29_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828–29_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonoso_Jiménez2018">Donoso Jiménez 2018</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008426-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008426_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski2012308-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski2012308_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski2012308_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski2012308_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski2012">Lipski 2012</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199737-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199737_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz1997">Quilis, Casado-Fresnillo & Quilis-Sanz 1997</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008277-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008277_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008207-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008207_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008241-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008241_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008261-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008261_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008183-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008183_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008136-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008136_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008137-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008137_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz19978-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz19978_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz1997">Quilis, Casado-Fresnillo & Quilis-Sanz 1997</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199723-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199723_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz1997">Quilis, Casado-Fresnillo & Quilis-Sanz 1997</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Ponga2000397-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Ponga2000397_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodríguez-Ponga2000">Rodríguez-Ponga 2000</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b44-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b44_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1986b">Lipski 1986b</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores_SiggRamírez_Luengo2019304–305-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores_SiggRamírez_Luengo2019304–305_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlores_SiggRamírez_Luengo2019">Flores Sigg & Ramírez Luengo 2019</a>, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199717–18-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199717–18_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz1997">Quilis, Casado-Fresnillo & Quilis-Sanz 1997</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008176-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008176_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis199310-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis199310_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis199310_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilis1993">Quilis 1993</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-gracia-97"><a href="#cite_ref-gracia_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamallo2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramallo, Nené (February 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.losandes.com.ar/opinion/cual-es-su-gracia/">"¿Cuál es su gracia?"</a> [What is your grace ("name")?]. <a href="/wiki/Los_Andes_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Los Andes (Argentine newspaper)">Los Andes</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151854/https://www.losandes.com.ar/opinion/cual-es-su-gracia/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Andes&rft.atitle=%C2%BFCu%C3%A1l+es+su+gracia%3F&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft.aulast=Ramallo&rft.aufirst=Nen%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.losandes.com.ar%2Fopinion%2Fcual-es-su-gracia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipski1986b45-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipski1986b45_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1986b">Lipski 1986b</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199713-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz199713_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz1997">Quilis, Casado-Fresnillo & Quilis-Sanz 1997</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008174-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008174_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992192-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilis1992192_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilis1992">Quilis 1992</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoso_Jiménez201828_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonoso_Jiménez2018">Donoso Jiménez 2018</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008170-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008170_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008">Quilis & Casado-Fresnillo 2008</a>, p. 170. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrés_Barrenechea2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrés Barrenechea, Clarissa (Winter 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf">"La enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera en Filipinas. Estudio de caso de la Universidad Ateneo de Manila"</a> [The Teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language in the Philippines: Case Study of the Ateneo de Manila University] (PDF). Revista Filipina (in Spanish). 1 (2): 172–395. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1496-4538">1496-4538</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410005950/https://revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2023. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mundoalfal.org/sites/default/files/revista/02_cuaderno_004.pdf">"Sobre la eliminación del pronombre vosotros en el español americano"</a> [On the Elimination of the Personal Pronoun Vosotros in the Spanish Language in the Americas] (PDF). Cuadernos de la ALFAL (in Spanish) (2). Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina: 25–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2218-0761">2218-0761</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412211906/https://mundoalfal.org/sites/default/files/revista/02_cuaderno_004.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+la+ALFAL&rft.atitle=Sobre+la+eliminaci%C3%B3n+del+pronombre+vosotros+en+el+espa%C3%B1ol+americano&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-39&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=2218-0761&rft.aulast=Moreno+de+Alba&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmundoalfal.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frevista%2F02_cuaderno_004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattinaro2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pattinaro, Claudia (December 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turia.uv.es/index.php/normas/article/view/27693">"El español en Filipinas hoy: temas y rasgos lingüísticos en los grupos de Facebook"</a> [Spanish in the Philippines Today: Themes and Linguistic Features in Facebook Groups]. Normas (in Spanish). 13 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">University of Valencia</a>: 112–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7203%2FNormas.v13i1.27693">10.7203/Normas.v13i1.27693</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2174-7245">2174-7245</a>. Retrieved November 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Normas&rft.atitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Filipinas+hoy%3A+temas+y+rasgos+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos+en+los+grupos+de+Facebook&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-127&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7203%2FNormas.v13i1.27693&rft.issn=2174-7245&rft.aulast=Pattinaro&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturia.uv.es%2Findex.php%2Fnormas%2Farticle%2Fview%2F27693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilis1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quilis, Antonio (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larramendi.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1024605">La lengua española en cuatro mundos</a> [The Spanish Language in Four Worlds] (in Spanish). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Mapfre" title="Mapfre">Editorial MAPFRE</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7100-522-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-7100-522-0"><bdi>84-7100-522-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414002600/https://www.larramendi.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1024605">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023 – via the Biblioteca Virtual de Polígrafos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+en+cuatro+mundos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Editorial+MAPFRE&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=84-7100-522-0&rft.aulast=Quilis&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larramendi.es%2Fes%2Fcatalogo_imagenes%2Fgrupo.do%3Fpath%3D1024605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilis1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quilis, Antonio (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.march.es/bibliotecas/publicaciones/visor/fjm-pub/518/8/">"La lengua española en Filipinas y en Guinea Ecuatorial"</a> [The Spanish Language in the Philippines and in Equatorial Guinea]. Boletín Informativo de la Fundación Juan March (in Spanish) (Ensayo: La lengua española, hoy [Essay: The Spanish Language, Today], VIII). <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3n_Juan_March" title="Fundación Juan March">Fundación Juan March</a>: 3–16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-4148">0210-4148</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412211856/https://www2.march.es/bibliotecas/publicaciones/visor/fjm-pub/518/8/">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Informativo+de+la+Fundaci%C3%B3n+Juan+March&rft.atitle=La+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+en+Filipinas+y+en+Guinea+Ecuatorial&rft.issue=%27%27Ensayo%3A+La+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola%2C+hoy%27%27+%5B%27%27Essay%3A+The+Spanish+Language%2C+Today%27%27%5D%2C+VIII&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0210-4148&rft.aulast=Quilis&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.march.es%2Fbibliotecas%2Fpublicaciones%2Fvisor%2Ffjm-pub%2F518%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quilis, Antonio; Casado-Fresnillo, Celia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110146943.1.8.1060/html">"Historia externa del español en Asia"</a> [External history of Spanish in Asia]. In Ernst, Gerhard; Gleßgen, Martin-Dietrich; Schmitt, Christian; Schweickard, Wolfgang (eds.). Romanische Sprachgeschichte: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Geschichte der romanischen Sprachen / Histoire linguistique de la Romania: Manuel international d'histoire linguistique de la Romania [Romance Language History: International Handbook of the Linguistic History of the Romance Languages] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 1060–1069. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110146943">10.1515/9783110146943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014694-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014694-3"><bdi>978-3-11-014694-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historia+externa+del+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Asia&rft.btitle=Romanische+Sprachgeschichte%3A+Ein+internationales+Handbuch+zur+Geschichte+der+romanischen+Sprachen+%2F+Histoire+linguistique+de+la+Romania%3A+Manuel+international+d%27histoire+linguistique+de+la+Romania&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=1060-1069&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110146943&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014694-3&rft.aulast=Quilis&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Casado-Fresnillo%2C+Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110146943.1.8.1060%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilisCasado-Fresnillo2008" class="citation book cs1">Quilis, Antonio; Casado-Fresnillo, Celia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq_Lr-47DVUC&pg=FC">La lengua española en Filipinas: historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos</a> [The Spanish Language in the Philippines: History, Current Situation, Chavacano, Anthology of Texts]. Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-08635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-08635-0"><bdi>978-84-00-08635-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430165926/https://books.google.com/books?id=xq_Lr-47DVUC&pg=FC">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+en+Filipinas%3A+historia%2C+situaci%C3%B3n+actual%2C+el+chabacano%2C+antolog%C3%ADa+de+textos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Spanish+National+Research+Council&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-00-08635-0&rft.aulast=Quilis&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Casado-Fresnillo%2C+Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq_Lr-47DVUC%26pg%3DFC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilisCasado-FresnilloQuilis-Sanz1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quilis, Antonio; Casado-Fresnillo, Celia; Quilis-Sanz, María José (January–April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Quilis_Casado_Fresnedilla_Quilis_Sanz_7_55_Reducido.pdf">"Los filipinismos y otras palabras de Filipinas contenidas en el "Diccionario" de la Academia"</a> [Filipinisms and Other Words from the Philippines Contained in the "Dictionary" of the Royal Spanish Academy] (PDF). Boletín de la Real Academia Española (in Spanish). 57 (270). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>: 7–55. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-4822">0210-4822</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213152231/https://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Quilis_Casado_Fresnedilla_Quilis_Sanz_7_55_Reducido.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.atitle=Los+filipinismos+y+otras+palabras+de+Filipinas+contenidas+en+el+%22Diccionario%22+de+la+Academia&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=270&rft.pages=7-55&rft.date=1997-01%2F1997-04&rft.issn=0210-4822&rft.aulast=Quilis&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Casado-Fresnillo%2C+Celia&rft.au=Quilis-Sanz%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FQuilis_Casado_Fresnedilla_Quilis_Sanz_7_55_Reducido.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-Ponga2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Rodr%C3%ADguez-Ponga" title="Rafael Rodríguez-Ponga">Rodríguez-Ponga, Rafael</a> (September–December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps2.rae.es/BRAE_DB_PDF/TOMO_LXXX/CCLXXXI/Rodriguez_Ponga_397_414.pdf">"Baguio, filipinismo en español"</a> [Baguio, a Filipinism in Spanish] (PDF). Boletín de la Real Academia Española (in Spanish). 80 (281). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>: 397–414. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-4822">0210-4822</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410005949/https://apps2.rae.es/BRAE_DB_PDF/TOMO_LXXX/CCLXXXI/Rodriguez_Ponga_397_414.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.atitle=Baguio%2C+filipinismo+en+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=281&rft.pages=397-414&rft.date=2000-09%2F2000-12&rft.issn=0210-4822&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Ponga&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps2.rae.es%2FBRAE_DB_PDF%2FTOMO_LXXX%2FCCLXXXI%2FRodriguez_Ponga_397_414.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Jiménez2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez Jiménez, David (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistacronopio.com/sociedad-cronopio-107/">"Permanencia y proyección del español en Filipinas en el siglo XXI"</a> [Permanence and Projection of Spanish in the Philippines in the 21st Century]. Revista Cronopio (in Spanish) (34). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2248-5406">2248-5406</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530082500/https://revistacronopio.com/sociedad-cronopio-107/">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Cronopio&rft.atitle=Permanencia+y+proyecci%C3%B3n+del+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Filipinas+en+el+siglo+XXI&rft.issue=34&rft.date=2012-10&rft.issn=2248-5406&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistacronopio.com%2Fsociedad-cronopio-107%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinkrüger2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinkrüger, Patrick O. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110207231.2.203/html">"Hispanisation processes in the Philippines"</a>. In Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Salas Palomo, Rosa (eds.). Hispanisation: The Impact of Spanish on the Lexicon and Grammar of the Indigenous Languages of Austronesia and the Americas. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 203–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110207231">10.1515/9783110207231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019793-8"><bdi>978-3-11-019793-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-761X">0933-761X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414175054/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110207231.2.203/html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispanisation+processes+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Hispanisation%3A+The+Impact+of+Spanish+on+the+Lexicon+and+Grammar+of+the+Indigenous+Languages+of+Austronesia+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=203-236&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0933-761X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110207231&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019793-8&rft.aulast=Steinkr%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=Patrick+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110207231.2.203%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Spanish&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philippine_Spanish" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (40 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2429" data-mwtitle="En-Philippine_Spanish-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-Philippine_Spanish-article.ogg/En-Philippine_Spanish-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-Philippine_Spanish-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Philippine_Spanish-article.ogg" title="File:En-Philippine Spanish-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 21 August 2024 (2024-08-21), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/iecibe/07_alvarez-piner.htm">El español en Filipinas. Un idioma de Estado</a>" ("Spanish in the Philippines: A State Language"), a history of Spanish in the Philippines by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galeondemanila.org/index.php/es/documental">El Idioma Español en Filipinas</a> (The Spanish Language in the Philippines), a documentary produced by the Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila featuring several Spanish-speaking Filipinos (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415115328/https://labfon.flog.uned.es/es/laboratorio/antonioquilis/legado/filipinas">Laboratorio de Fonética Antonio Quilis – La lengua española en Filipinas</a>, a series of recordings made by Antonio Quilis and Celia Casado-Fresnillo documenting the speech of Philippine Spanish and Chavacano speakers (in Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages (by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template talk:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Americas (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a> <ul><li>Chiloé Archipelago</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a> <ul><li>Central Argentina</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a> <ul><li>Central western Argentina</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a> <ul><li>Coastal Ecuador</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a> <ul><li>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a> <ul><li>Zulia State</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a> <ul><li>Paisa Region</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a> <ul><li>Colombia-Ecuador border</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a> <ul><li>Coastal Peru</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a> <ul><li>Coastal Argentina</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe (<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a> (Galicia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a> (Extremadura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a> (creole)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> (creole)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a> (mixed language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> (Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a> <ul><li>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a> <ul><li>Central America</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozal_Spanish" title="Bozal Spanish">Bozal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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