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<li id="toc-Philippine_English_in_the_services_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_English_in_the_services_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Philippine English in the services sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_English_in_the_services_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Positioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monetary_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Monetary units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monetary_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spelling and style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spelling_and_style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spelling and style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spelling_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Date_and_time_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_time_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Date and time notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_and_time_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Keyboard layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Emphasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إنجليزية فلبينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجليزية فلبينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingles_kan_Filipinas" title="Ingles kan Filipinas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ingles kan Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinsk_engelsk" title="Filippinsk engelsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filippinsk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino-Englisch" title="Filipino-Englisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Filipino-Englisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_filipino" title="Inglés filipino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés filipino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina_anglo" title="Filipina anglo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filipina anglo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی فیلیپینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی فیلیپینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglais_philippin" title="Anglais philippin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglais philippin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="필리핀 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinska_jend%C5%BAel%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Filipinska jendźelšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Filipinska jendźelšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingles_a_Filipino" title="Ingles a Filipino – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ingles a Filipino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Filipina" title="Bahasa Inggris Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_Filipina" title="Bahasa Inggeris Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Inggeris Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="フィリピン英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピン英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinsk_engelsk" title="Filippinsk engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filippinsk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_filipino" title="Inglês filipino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês filipino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philippine English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinienenglanti" title="Filippiinienenglanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinienenglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh_Philippines" title="Tiếng Anh Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="菲律賓英語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律賓英語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of English spoken in the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Philippine English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 200,000 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> speakers: 52 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian English">Asian English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asian English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Philippine English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/phil1246">phil1246</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-PH<sup id="cite_ref-Philippines_-_Code_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippines_-_Code-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Dr._Villaverde_on_Conflicts_of_Interest_in_Medicine_and_Dr._Dans_on_Evidence-Based_Medicine_in_INCLEN.flac/Dr._Villaverde_on_Conflicts_of_Interest_in_Medicine_and_Dr._Dans_on_Evidence-Based_Medicine_in_INCLEN.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Dr._Villaverde_on_Conflicts_of_Interest_in_Medicine_and_Dr._Dans_on_Evidence-Based_Medicine_in_INCLEN.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADr._Villaverde_on_Conflicts_of_Interest_in_Medicine_and_Dr._Dans_on_Evidence-Based_Medicine_in_INCLEN.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Sound file of a man and woman speaking with Philippine English accents.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Philippine English</b> (similar and related to <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, including those used by the media and the vast majority of educated <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> and English learners in the Philippines from adjacent Asian countries. <a href="/wiki/English-language_learner" title="English-language learner">English is taught</a> in schools as one of the two <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines#National_and_official_languages" title="Languages of the Philippines">official languages</a> of the country, the other being <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, a standardized form of <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. Due to the influx of Philippine English teachers overseas, Philippine English is also becoming the prevalent variety of English being learned in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> as taught by Filipino teachers in various Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the highly multilingual and bilingual nature of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>-infused English) and <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a> (English infused with any of the <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a>) is prevalent across domains from casual settings to formal situations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bautista1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bautista1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bautista2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bautista2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filipinos were first introduced to English when the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invaded and occupied Manila and Cavite in 1762</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Still, this occupation had no lasting effect on English in the country. A national variety called Philippine English evolved as a result of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonization</a> and was arguably one of the fastest to develop in the postcolonial world. Its origins as an English language spoken by a large segment of the Philippine population can be traced to the American introduction of <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, taught in the English medium of instruction. This was marked by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a> in 1901, immediately during re-colonization after the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> in the late 19th century up to early 1900. After a tumultuous period of colonial transition, Filipino leaders and elites, and the American colonial government alike began discussing the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines#National_and_official_languages" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine national language</a>. The retained high ethnolinguistic diversity of the new colony was due to a low penetration of Spanish under Spain's rule. Spanish was limited to a <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">landed elites</a> and gentry. By the end of Spanish colonization and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> in 1903, only 10% of the colonial population could speak Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-gonzalez1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonzalez1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-llamzon1968_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llamzon1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lingering effects of Spanish amongst the general population nevertheless had notable effects on the lexical development of many <a href="/wiki/Languages_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>, and even Philippine English, in the form of Hispanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> was selected as the basis for a national language in 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has since remained so. It was re-labelled as <i>Pilipino</i> in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></i> in 1987. With the successful establishment of American-style public education with English as a consequential medium, more than 20% of the Philippine population was reported to be able to understand and speak English just before the turn of the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-llamzon1968_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llamzon1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meteoric growth was sustained post-World War II, much further through Philippine mass media (e.g., newsprint, radio, television), where English also became the dominant language,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDayag2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayag2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the ratification into the current Philippine Constitution in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987</a>, both Filipino and English were declared co-official languages, while removing Spanish as an official language. In 2020, the Philippines was ranked 27th worldwide (among 100 countries ranked) in the <a href="/wiki/EF_English_Proficiency_Index" title="EF English Proficiency Index">EF English Proficiency Index</a>. In the same report, it was ranked 2nd in Asia next only to <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today Philippine English, as formally called based on the World Englishes framework of linguist <a href="/wiki/Braj_Kachru" title="Braj Kachru">Braj Kachru</a>, is a recognized variety of English with its distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical features (with considerable variations across socioeconomic groups and level of education being predictors of English proficiency in the Philippines). As the English language became highly embedded in Philippine society, it was only a matter of time before the language was indigenized to the point that it became differentiated from English varieties found in the United States, United Kingdom, or elsewhere. This, along with the formal introduction of the World Englishes (WE) framework to English language scholars in the Philippines, opened the floodgates to research on this new emerging English, which has since been branded as such as Philippine English.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_English_in_the_services_sector">Philippine English in the services sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philippine English in the services sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Call_center_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Call center industry in the Philippines">Call center industry in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The abundant supply of English speakers and competitive labor costs enabled the Philippines to become a choice destination for foreign companies wishing to establish <a href="/wiki/Call_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call center">call centers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English proficiency sustains a major call center industry and in 2005, <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">America Online</a> had 1,000 people in what used to be the US Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> in Angeles City answering ninety percent of their global e-mail inquiries. <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a> does its global ATM programming in the country, and <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> has over 400 employees in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, a central Manila neighborhood, doing back office work for their Asian operations including finance, accounting, human resources and payments processing. </p><p>An influx of foreign students, principally from <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, has also led to growth in the number of <a href="/wiki/English_language_learning_and_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="English language learning and teaching">English language learning</a> centers,<sup id="cite_ref-korea_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korea-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cebu" title="Metro Cebu">Metro Cebu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro_Bacolod" title="Metro Bacolod">Metro Bacolod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metro_Bacolod_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metro_Bacolod-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positioning">Positioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Positioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_W._Schneider" title="Edgar W. Schneider">Edgar W. Schneider</a> defined a <a href="/wiki/Schneider%27s_dynamic_model" title="Schneider's dynamic model">Dynamic Model</a> of the evolution of Postcolonial Englishes, positioning Philippine English in Phase 3, <i>Nativization</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Ariane Macalinga Borlongan argued in a research article that that Philippine English had met the parameters set for repositioning into Phase 4, <i>Endonormative stabilization</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philippine laws and court decisions, with extremely rare exceptions, are written solely in English. English is also used in <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, religious affairs, print and broadcast media, and business. Most well-educated Filipinos are bilingual and speak English as one of their languages. For highly technical subjects such as nursing, medicine, computing and mathematics, English is the preferred medium for textbooks and communication. Very few would prefer highly technical books in either Filipino or the regional language.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-espinosa_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espinosa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movies and TV shows in English are usually not dubbed in most cable channels<sup id="cite_ref-bloom_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except a few such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalized_Movie_Channel" title="Tagalized Movie Channel">Tagalized Movie Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because English is part of the <a href="/wiki/Curricula" class="mw-redirect" title="Curricula">curricula</a> from <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, many Filipinos write and speak in fluent Philippine English, although there might be differences in <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">schools in the Philippines</a>, however, are staffed by teachers who are speakers of Philippine English and hence notable differences from the American English from which it was derived are observable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philippine English traditionally follows <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> spelling and grammar while it shares some similarity to <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>. Philippine English follows the latter when it comes to punctuation as well as date notations. For example, a comma almost never <a href="/wiki/Serial_comma" title="Serial comma">precedes the final item</a> in an enumeration (much like the <i><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></i> and other style guides in English-language journalism generally).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The claim that Philippine English doesn't use serial comma needs a reliable source; some Philippine news articles use serial comma, see talk page. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Dates are often read with a cardinal instead of an ordinal number. (Example: January 1 is pronounced as "January one" instead of "January first" or "the first of January".)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautology_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautology (grammar)">Tautologies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(linguistics)" title="Redundancy (linguistics)">redundancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">pleonasm</a> are common despite the emphasis on avoiding them, stressing brevity and simplicity in making sentences; they are common to many speakers, especially among the older generations. The possible explanation is that the English language teachers who came to the Philippines were taught old-fashioned grammar, thus they spread that style to the students they served. <ul><li>Examples are "At this point in time" and ".. will be the one ..." (or "... will be the one who will ...") instead of "now" and "... will ..." respectively - e.g., "I will be the one who will go ...", rather than "I will go ...".<sup id="cite_ref-inquirer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inquirer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Collective nouns are generally singular in construction, e.g., <i>my family is doing well</i> as opposed to <i>my family are doing well</i> or <i>the group was walking</i> as opposed to <i>the group were walking</i> following <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.</li> <li>The past tense and past participles of the verbs <i>learn</i>, <i>spell</i> and <i>smell</i> are often regular (<i>learned</i>, <i>spelled</i>, <i>smelled</i>) in Philippine English. These are also the case in American English.</li> <li><i>River</i> follows the name of the river in question following American English, e.g., <i>Pasig River</i>, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e.g., <i>River Thames</i>.</li> <li>Abbreviations such as <i>Mr</i> and <i>Mrs</i> are spelled with a final period (cf. <i>Mr., Mrs.</i>) following American spelling.</li> <li>While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, e.g., <i>She resigned Thursday</i>, they are usually retained in Philippine English: <i>She resigned on Thursday</i>. However, those prepositions are usually omitted in journalistic writing.</li> <li>The institutional nouns <i>hospital</i> and <i>university</i> sometimes do not take the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>, e.g. <i>He's in hospital</i> and <i>She's at university</i>, while sometimes they do, e.g. <i>He's in the hospital</i> and <i>She's at the university</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ranges of dates use <i>to</i>, e.g., <i>Monday to Friday</i>, rather than <i>Monday through Friday</i>. This is shared with British English and is in contrast to American English.</li> <li>When speaking or writing out numbers, <i>and</i> is not inserted before the tens, i.e., <i>five hundred sixty-nine</i> rather than <i>five hundred and sixty-nine</i>. This is in contrast to British English. Additionally, the insertion of <i>and</i> is also common in American English.</li> <li>The preposition <i>to</i> in <i>write to</i> (e.g. <i>I'll write to you [something]</i>) is always retained, as opposed to American usage where it may be dropped.</li> <li>When referring to time, Filipinos refer to 12:30 as <i>half past twelve</i> or, alternatively, <i>twelve thirty</i> and do not use the British <i>half twelve</i>. Similarly, <i>(a) quarter to twelve</i> is used for 11:45 rather than <i>(a) quarter of twelve</i>, which is found in American English.</li> <li>To <i>take a shower</i> or <i>take a bath</i> are the most common usages in Philippine English, following American English, whereas British English uses <i>have a shower</i> and <i>have a bath</i>. However, <i>bathe</i> is as often as similar to American or British usage, but not widespread.</li> <li>Directional suffix <i>-ward(s)</i> generally found in British English is the primary usage in Philippine English, therefore <i>towards</i>, <i>afterwards</i> and <i>upwards</i> over the American <i>toward</i>, <i>afterward</i> and <i>upward</i>. However, <i>forward</i> is more prevalent than the chiefly British <i>forwards</i>. Philippine English speakers drop the -s when using <a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">phrasal verbs</a> such as <i>look forward to</i>.</li> <li>When reading <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> numerals that are usually two or three digits, each numeral is read like a whole number rather than by each digit, e.g. (0).99 is <i>(zero) point ninety-nine</i>, instead of <i>(zero) point nine nine</i> or, especially in schools, <i>ninety-nine hundredths</i> in both British and American English. Additionally, four-digit decimals are also treated similar to how Americans read four-digit numbers with non-zero tens and ones as pairs of two-digit numbers without saying "hundred" and inserting "oh"; 3.1416 is thus "three point fourteen sixteen" and not "three point one four one six" as pronounced.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The word <i>course</i> in the Philippines generally means the entire program of study, which may extend over several years and be made up of any number of <i>modules</i>, hence it is also practically synonymous to a degree program. This usage is due to indirect influence from Spanish <i>curso</i> and its borrowed forms in Philippine languages. The usage is shared with British English.</li> <li>In the Philippines, a student <i>studies</i> or <i>majors in</i> a subject (although a student's <i>major</i>, <i>concentration</i> or, less commonly, <i>emphasis</i> is also used in Philippine colleges or universities to refer to the major subject of study). <i>To major in</i> something refers to the student's principal course of study; <i>to study</i> may refer to any class being taken.</li> <li>Grade levels in the Philippines are named <i>grade one</i> and <i>grade two</i> as opposed to <i>first grade</i> and <i>second grade</i> like in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>.</li> <li>Graduating classes in the Philippines are called <i>batches</i>. Thus, A student in the same <i>batch</i> is called a <i>batchmate</i>.</li> <li>In the Philippines, a group of students in a regularly scheduled meeting in a classroom with a teacher in a certain school year or semester or school quarter year is called a <i>section</i>. The teacher in charge of a specific <i>section</i> in a grade level where the students for each class in a certain school year or semester does not typically change per class in a system where each subject is taught by different teachers is called a <i>class adviser</i> or simply, an <i>adviser</i>.</li> <li>A school where primary and secondary students study together is called an <i>integrated school</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church">Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The name of a Catholic cardinal is almost always in the pattern "[first name] Cardinal [last name]",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, Juan Cardinal de la Cruz, similar to the syntax in German and Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike "Cardinal [first name] [last name]" in non-Philippine English.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Catholic priests, both diocesan and those of a religious order, are titled "Reverend Father", abbreviated as "Rev. Fr." before their first and then last names, in contrast to practice in some other English-speaking nations. By contrast, "Reverend" or "Rev." before a personal name is only for deacons, for example, "Reverend Juan de la Cruz", unlike their counterparts in the United States. "The Rev." alone before priests' names is usually found in articles sourced from non-Philippine media, like the Associated Press (AP), in Philippine newspapers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monetary_units">Monetary units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monetary units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Philippine English speakers would often say <i>two hundred fifty or two fifty</i> over the British and alternatively American <i>two hundred and fifty</i>. In British and sometimes American English, the "and" comes after the hundreds (one thousand, two hundred and thirty dollars). Philippine English does not observe this.</li> <li>Philippine English speakers would often say <i>one hundred fifty</i> instead of the American <i>a hundred (and) fifty</i>.</li> <li>In Philippine English, particularly in television or radio advertisements, integers can be pronounced individually in the expression of amounts. For example, <i>on sale for ₱399</i> might be expressed <i>on sale for three nine nine</i>, though the full <i>three hundred <b>and</b> ninety-nine pesos</i> is also common. Philippine English follows the American English <i>on sale for three ninety-nine</i>, which is understood as ₱399; In the past this may have been understood as ₱3.99, however due to inflation, ₱3.99 is no longer a common price for goods.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For lists of terms and meanings specifically used in Philippine English, see <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English_vocabulary" title="Philippine English vocabulary">Philippine English vocabulary</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling_and_style">Spelling and style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spelling and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philippine spelling usually follows <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American</a> spellings, following the <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">reforms</a> promulgated in <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">1828 Dictionary</a>. </p> <ul><li>Words which in British English (except in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_spelling" title="Oxford spelling">Oxford spelling</a>) end with <b>ise</b>, such as <i>real<b>ise</b></i>, <i>recogn<b>ise</b></i> and <i>organ<b>ise</b></i> are spelt with <b>ize</b> following American English: <i>real<b>ize</b></i>, <i>recogn<b>ize</b></i> and <i>organ<b>ize</b></i> (<i>exerc<b>ise</b></i>, however, is universal in all varieties).</li> <li>Words which in British English are spelled with <i>-ae-/-oe-</i> such as <i><b>oe</b>strogen</i> and <i>medi<b>ae</b>val</i> are spelled with <b>e</b> alone as in American English as <i><b>e</b>strogen</i> and <i>medi<b>e</b>val</i>. Exceptions are <i><b>ae</b>sthetic</i>, <i>am<b>oe</b>ba</i> and <i>arch<b>ae</b>ology</i> which follow common usage in American English, but can be spelled with just an <i>e</i>.</li> <li>French-derived words which in British English end with <b>our</b>, such as <i>col<b>our</b></i>, <i>hon<b>our</b></i> and <i>lab<b>our</b></i>, are spelled with <b>or</b> following American English: <i>col<b>or</b></i>, <i>hon<b>or</b></i> and <i>lab<b>or</b></i>. British <b>-our</b> spellings are sometimes used as an affectation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>French-derived words which in British English end with <b>re</b>, such as <i>fib<b>re</b></i>, <i>cent<b>re</b></i> and <i>met<b>re</b></i> are usually spelled with <b>er</b> as in American English as <i>fib<b>er</b></i>, <i>cent<b>er</b></i> and <i>met<b>er</b></i>. The word <i>theater</i> (American spelling) is also often spelled <i>theatre</i> (British spelling), with no preference in spelling. The British spelling <i>centre</i> is also used, but it is rarely used and not accepted in many settings such as schools.</li> <li>Words which in British English end with <b>yse</b>, such as <i>anal<b>yse</b></i>, <i>paral<b>yse</b></i> and <i>catal<b>yse</b></i> are spelled with <b>yze</b> following American English as <i>anal<b>yze</b></i>, <i>paral<b>yze</b></i> and <i>catal<b>yze</b></i>.</li> <li>There is no preference for words spelled with <i><b>-log</b></i> in American English or <i><b>-logue</b></i> in British English in Philippine English. Some words are usually spelled with <b>-log</b>, like <i>cata<b>log</b></i> and <i>ana<b>log</b></i>, while others are typically spelled with <b>-logue</b>, like <i>mono<b>logue</b></i> or <i>dia<b>logue</b></i>.</li> <li>A double-consonant <i><b>l</b></i> (primarily used in British and Commonwealth English) is usually retained in Philippine English when adding suffixes to words ending in <i><b>l</b></i> where the consonant is unstressed, contrary to common American practice. Therefore, Philippine English favors <i>cance<b>ll</b>ed</i> and <i>trave<b>ll</b>ing</i> over the American <i>cance<b>l</b>ed</i> and <i>trave<b>l</b>ing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Where British English uses a single-consonant <b>l</b> in the words <i>ski<b>l</b>ful</i>, <i>wi<b>l</b>ful</i>, <i>enro<b>l</b></i>, <i>disti<b>l</b></i>, <i>enthra<b>l</b></i>, <i>fulfi<b>l</b></i> and <i>insta<b>l</b>ment</i>, Philippine English typically uses a double consonant following American English: <i>ski<b>ll</b>ful</i>, <i>wi<b>ll</b>ful</i>, <i>enro<b>ll</b></i>, <i>disti<b>ll</b></i>, <i>enthra<b>ll</b></i>, <i>fulfi<b>ll</b></i> and <i>insta<b>ll</b>ment</i>.</li> <li>The Commonwealth English <i>defen<b>ce</b></i> and <i>offen<b>ce</b></i> are spelled <i>defen<b>se</b></i> and <i>offen<b>se</b></i> following American English.</li> <li>Philippine English uses <i>pract<b>ice</b></i> and <i>lic<b>ense</b></i> for both nouns and verbs, following American English, rather than <i>licen<b>ce</b></i> for the second noun and <i>pract<b>ise</b></i> for the first verb as in Commonwealth English.</li> <li>Philippine English prefers spellings with silent <i>e</i> in some words such as <i>acknowled<b>ge</b>ment</i>, <i>jud<b>ge</b>ment</i> and <i>lo<b>ve</b>able</i>, as opposed to <i>acknowled<b>g</b>ment</i>, <i>jud<b>g</b>ment</i> and <i>lo<b>v</b>able</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In all other cases, Philippine English prefers the American English spelling where it differs from current British spelling, as in <i>pro<b>gram</b></i> (in all contexts) for British English <i>pro<b>gramme</b></i>, and <i>gue<b>rr</b>illa</i> for British English <i>gue<b>r</b>illa</i>. However, <i>pro<b>gramme</b></i> is often used in the sense of a leaflet listing information about a play, game or other activity for distinguishment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> are mostly spelled without the hyphen and the first A is replaced with an apostrophe as <b>Eid'l Adha</b> and <b>Eid'l Fitr</b> respectively as opposed to the rest of the world. <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The abbreviations <i>natl</i> and <i>govt</i> are often written with an apostrophe before the last letter (as <i><b>nat'l</b></i> and <i><b>gov't</b></i>) in Philippine English.</li> <li>The elements <i>alumin<b>iu</b>m</i> and <i>c<b>ae</b>sium</i> are spelled as <i>alumin<b>um</b></i> and <i>c<b>e</b>sium</i> following American English.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_and_time_notation">Date and time notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Date and time notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MM/DD/YYYY and DD/MM/YYYY <a href="/wiki/Calendar_date" title="Calendar date">date format</a> are used in the Philippines for date notation and the <a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a> for time notation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_layout">Keyboard layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Keyboard layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/British_and_American_keyboards" title="British and American keyboards">two major English language keyboard layouts</a>, the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout. Keyboards and keyboard software for the Philippine market universally use the US keyboard layout. Common special characters such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a> (used in proper nouns and Spanish loanwords) or the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign" title="Philippine peso sign">Philippine peso sign</a> (₱, used in prices), however, are not indicated on Philippine keyboards; these are usually entered through dead keys, keyboard shortcuts or character input aids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philippine English is a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic accent</a> mainly due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, which are the first language of most of its speakers. Another influence is the rhotic characteristic of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, which became the longstanding standard in the archipelago since Americans introduced the language in public education.<sup id="cite_ref-Tayao1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayao1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Llamzon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Llamzon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BautistaGonzalez_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BautistaGonzalez-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is contrary to the majority of <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a> varieties spoken in neighboring countries such as <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a>. The only exception to this rule is the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Marlboro" class="extiw" title="wikt:Marlboro">Marlboro</a></i>, which is frequently read as <i>Malboro</i>. Therefore, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> phonemes are pronounced in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETayao2008b_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETayao2008b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some children of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">Overseas Filipinos</a> who are educated in Commonwealth countries (such as Australia, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom) may speak in a non-rhotic accent unless taught otherwise. Native and well-educated speakers (also called acrolectal speakers<sup id="cite_ref-Tayao1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayao1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) may also feature <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">flapping</a> and vowel sounds resembling the <a href="/wiki/California_vowel_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="California vowel shift">California vowel shift</a> due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood movies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Call_center_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Call center industry in the Philippines">call center</a> culture mostly pegged towards the American market.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For non-native speakers, Philippine English phonological features are heavily dependent on the speaker's mother tongue, although foreign languages such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> also influenced many Filipinos on the way of pronouncing English words. This is why approximations are very common, along with <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperforeignism" title="Hyperforeignism">hyperforeignisms</a>. The most distinguishable feature of Philippine English is a lack of fricative consonants, including <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, and often <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>. Another feature is a general absence of the schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>; it is instead pronounced by its respective equivalent full vowel, although the r-colored variant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span> has been increasingly popular in recent years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">non-native pronunciations of English</a></div> <p>The following consonant changes apply for many non-native speakers of the dialect:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETayao2008b_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETayao2008b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The rhotic consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> may vary between a trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>, a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> and an approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span>. The English approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span> is pronounced by many speakers in the final letters of the word or before consonants, while the standard dialect prefers to pronounce the approximant in all positions of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>.</li> <li>The fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> are approximated into the stop consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>, respectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">Th-stopping</a>: The dental fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> become the stop consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, respectively. This can be also observed from speakers of <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> dialects and a number of American English speakers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#Yod-coalescence" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">Yod-coalescence</a>: Like most Commonwealth English variants outside Canada and sometimes in Irish English, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dj/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tj/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sj/</span> clusters become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> respectively. This makes the words <i>dew</i>, <i>tune</i> and <i>pharmaceutical</i> are pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdʒuː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtʃuːn]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pärmɐˈʃuːtikäl]</span>, respectively. Yod-coalescence also occurs in some other words where other English variants either resist it or do not call for it, e.g. <i>Calcium</i> and <i>celsius</i> are respectively <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkälʃʊm]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɛlʃʊs]</span>. Because of these, the use of yod-coalescence is another case of approximation for <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> consonants which <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> lack in general in words such as <i>twelve</i> and <i>top</i> and the influence of the phonology of the mother tongues of many speaks of it.</li> <li>Yod-retention is usually practiced selectively, similar to the historical <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">mid-Atlantic accent</a> in the U.S., Irish or British and Commonwealth English, and to a lesser extent, some speakers of English in Canada, in certain words such as <i>n<b>ew</b>(s)</i> but not <i>st<b>u</b>dent</i>. For that reason, the <i>man<b>eu</b>ver</i> is mainly pronounced also with a yod, somewhat in a hyperforeign manner, whereas all other accents drop it intrinsically. However, yod-dropping is often common due to influence of modern General American. The yod as retained in many words is sometimes coalesced.More at "<a href="/wiki/Yod-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-coalescence">Yod-coalescence</a>" above.</li> <li>The fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> may be <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">devoiced</a> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> in words such as <i>mea<b>s</b>ure</i>.</li> <li>Alternatively, it can be <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant#Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricated</a> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> in words such as <i>bei<b>g</b>e</i>.</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> phoneme is devoiced into an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>. This also includes intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and the <span class="nowrap">⟨ss⟩</span> in examples such as <i>dissolve</i>, <i>possess</i> and their derivatives, <i>brassiere</i>, <i>dessert</i>, <i>dissolution</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>(an)</i>, <i>possession</i> and <i>scissors</i>, which are usually pronounced as a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> in most other accents of English. However, <i><a href="/wiki/Aussie" class="mw-redirect" title="Aussie">Aussie</a></i> is usually pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> as in the United States.</li> <li>Older speakers tend to add an <i>i</i> or <i>e</i> sound before the syllable-initial clusters <i>sl-</i>, <i>sm-</i>, <i>sn-</i>, <i>sp-</i> and <i>st-</i> due to Spanish influence, so the words <i>star</i> and <i>lipstick</i> sounds like <i>(i/e)star</i> and <i>lip(i/e)stick</i> respectively.</li> <li>Like most non-native speakers of English elsewhere, the "<a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants#Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">dark <i>l</i></a>" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span>) is merged into the usual "<a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants#Alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">light</a>" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> equivalent.</li> <li>The compound <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span> is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">palatal lateral approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> in between vowels (e.g. <i>gori<b>ll</b>a</i>), especially to those who were exposed to Spanish orthography. This is negligible among younger well-educated speakers.</li> <li>The letter "z" is usually pronounced (and sometimes spelled) as a "zey" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> like in <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a>. However, in standard Philippine English, it is pronounced and spelled as the American "zee" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zi]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowels in Philippine English are pronounced according to the letter representing each, so that <span class="nowrap">⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩</span> are generally pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>i,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>u]</span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Llamzon_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Llamzon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETayao2008b_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETayao2008b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>—although a phonological feature across numerous <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, or the <i>Abagatan</i> (Southern) dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>—is absent as a separate phoneme.<sup id="cite_ref-BautistaGonzalez_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BautistaGonzalez-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tayao3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayao3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The following are the various approximations of the schwa: <ul><li>Words that end in <i>-le</i> that succeeds a consonant (such as <i>Google</i> and <i>castle</i>) are generally pronounced with an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛl]</span>, except for words that end <i>-ple</i>, <i>-fle</i> or <i>-ble</i> (<i>apple</i>, <i>waffle</i> and <i>humble</i>), which are pronounced with an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ol]</span>.</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> in words such as <i>knowl<b>e</b>dge</i> or <i>coll<b>e</b>ge</i>, it is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ̯]</span>, making it rhyme with <i>age</i>, <i>cage</i>, <i>rage</i>, <i>page</i>, and <i>beige</i>.</li> <li>The rhotic vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ər/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɜːr/</span> may be pronounced as an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛr]</span> (command<i>er</i>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ir]</span> (c<i>ir</i>cle) or an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[or]</span> (doct<i>or</i>), usually by non-native speakers outside urban areas or the elderly.</li></ul></li> <li>The <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> pronunciations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʌ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ/</span> are pronounced as central vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span>. In the standard dialect, the open front vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> may be pronounced as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span>. <ul><li>For the above reason, words subject to the <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap–bath split</a>, e.g. <i>basket(ball)</i>, <i>bath</i>, <i>example</i>, <i>laugh</i>, <i>master</i> and <i>sample</i> can be pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> but often not for e.g. <i>answer(able)</i>, <i>can't</i>, <i>chance</i> and <i>France</i>. Also, the <i>mary–marry–merry</i> merger is partial; <i>Harry</i> and <i>hairy</i> are distinct but sometimes not <i>carry</i> and <i>Kerry</i>.</li> <li>The first <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> in some words such as <i>patronage</i>, <i>patriot(ic/ism)</i>, <i>(ex/re)patriate(d/s)</i> and <i>(ex/re)patriation</i> usually have the sound of either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>, like in British/non-Canadian Commonwealth or Irish English, or sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span>, rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ]</span> in the United States and Canada. Moreover, the <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> in the unstressed <i>-ative</i> suffix is reduced to either the schwa or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, becoming <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ətɪv]</span> as in Britain and Ireland, for words stressed on the second syllable such as <i>administrative</i>, <i>investigative</i>, <i>qualitative</i>, sometimes <i>innovative</i>, and usually <i>legislative</i>. This does not apply to <i>negative</i>, <i>alternstive</i> or <i>initiative</i>. <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> as the unstressed <i>a-</i> prefix, called <a href="/wiki/Alpha_privative" title="Alpha privative">alpha privative</a>, is also the schwa or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> before stems that begin with consonants, e.g. <i>apolitical</i>, <i>asymmetric</i> or <i>asymmetry</i>, <i>asymptomatic</i>, <i>atypical</i>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> phoneme may be merged or replaced by the longer <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> for some speakers. The words <i>peel</i> and <i>pill</i> might sound the same.</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> may be enunciated as an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> (<i>c<b>o</b>lor</i> or even <i>tom<b>o</b>rrow</i>, <i>s<b>o</b>rry</i>, <i>s<b>o</b>rrow</i>, etc. like in Canada) or an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span> (<i>n<b>o</b>t</i>).</li> <li>The <i>u</i> sound from the digraph <i>qu</i> may be dropped before <i>e</i> and <i>i</i> in some words such as <i>tranquilize(r)</i> and <i>colloquial</i> likely due to Spanish influence.</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> in namely <i>couple</i> and <i>double</i> may also be enunciated as an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> or, rarely, as an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>.</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> in namely <i>culture</i> and <i>ultimate</i> is sometimes enunciated as an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>, partly similar to accents in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>) without the <i>foot–strut</i> split.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis">Emphasis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emphasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Distinct non-native emphasis or stress is common. For example, the words <i>ceremony</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></i> are emphasized on the second syllable (as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<i>sɛREmoni</i>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<i>A<span class="wrap"> </span>RAbik</i>]</span> respectively) as another result of indirect Spanish influence. Additionally, words ending in -ary such as <i>beneficiary</i>, <i>complementary</i>, <i>elementary</i>, <i>judiciary</i> and <i>supplementary</i> are treated as paroxytones or stressed on the /a/, rather than as proparoxytones or the preceding syllable, a hyperforeignism from the Spanish-derived <i>-aria</i>/<i>-arya</i> and <i>-ario</i>/<i>-aryo</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Filipinos often have distinct non-native English pronunciation, and many fall under different <i>lectal</i> variations (i.e. basilectal, mesolectal, acrolectal).<sup id="cite_ref-Tayao1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tayao1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) feature certain unique phonemes such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>, which are also present in English. However, Filipinos' first languages (such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) have generally different phonological repertoires (if not more simplified compared to English), and this leads to mis- or distinct pronunciations particularly among basilectal and to some extent mesolectal speakers. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word/phrase</th> <th>Philippine English Pronunciation</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ambush</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈambʊʃ]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈambʊs]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Article</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈartɪkɛl]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈartɪkol]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[astɐtɪn]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Awkward</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɔk.ward]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Awry</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈari]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ball</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔl]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Banana</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ba'na.na]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Busy</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪsɪ]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cicada</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɪˈkɑː.da]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compilation</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˌkɒm.paɪˈleɪ.ʃɒn]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Corn</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔrn]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coupon</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈk(j)uː.pɒn]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyril<br />Cyrille</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[saɪril]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Disco</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɪsko]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dynamite</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daɪnɐmaɪt]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elephant</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[el.e.(f/p)ant]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eunice</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊˈnis]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Effect</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ(f/p)ek]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(f/p)ɐmili]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(f/p)amili]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(f/p)ebˈwari]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(f/p)ebˈrari]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filipino</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(f/p)iliˈpino]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Find</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(f/p)ajnd]</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(f/p)ɐjnd]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flour</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[flɔr]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fun</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(f/p)ɐn]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(f/p)an]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grill<br />Grille</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[grɪl]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><br />Grease</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[grɪs]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guidon</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡiˈdon]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamburger</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhɐmburɡɛr]</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhɐmburdzʲɛr]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawk</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɔk]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>High-tech</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhajtɛk]</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhajtɛts]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horse<br />Hoarse</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɔrs]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakpia" title="Bakpia">Hopia</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɔp.ja]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hubcap</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhabkab]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪˈrɑn]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪˈrɑk]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Janice</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒaˈnis]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒanˈwari]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jeepney</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒipnɪ]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japanese</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒɐpanɪs]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kill<br />Keel</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪl]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Litchi<br />Lychee</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlaɪ.tʃi]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loquacious</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lə(ʊ)ˈkweɪ.ʃus]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loan</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lon]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lover</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlɐbɛr]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Margarine</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɐrɡɐˈrin]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missile</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɪ.saɪl]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oˈ(f/p)isʲɐl]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oˈ(f/p)iʃɐl]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ombudsman</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[omˈbudsman]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olympic</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[olɪmpɪk]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oliver</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[olɪ(b/v)er]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prosperity</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['prɒs.pe.ri.ti]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poop</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʊp]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rachel<br />Rachelle</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈreiʃel]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrejʃɛl]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Real<br />Reel</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rɪl]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ranch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rantʃ]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savory<br />Savoury</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sa.(b/v)ɔ.rɪ]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seattle</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsʲatɛl]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsʲatel]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃatɛl]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃatel]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shako</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲaˈko]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃaˈko]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shampoo</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲampʊ]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃampʊ]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Special</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(i/ɛ)ˈspeɪ̯ʃal]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈspeɪ̯ʃal]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stephen, Stephen-</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(i/ɛ)ˈstifɛn]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(i/ɛ)ˈstipɛn]</span></td> <td>Also applies to <i>Stephens</i> and <i>Stephenson</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stage</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[steɪdʒ]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(i/ɛ)ˈsteɪdʒ]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sustain</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['sus.teɪn]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Truck</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[trɐk]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twenty</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtweɪ̯nti]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Underwear</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[andɛrwer]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Varnish</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(b/v)arniʃ]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(b/v)arnis]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vehicle</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(b/v)ɛhikɛl]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(b/v)ɛhikol]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Very</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(b/v)ɛri]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(b/v)ejri]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Victor</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(b/v)ikˈtor]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vinyl</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['(b/v)inil]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virus</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['<span class="wrap"> </span>(b/v)aɪrus]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['(b/v)ɐɪrus]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>War</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɐr]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wafer</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɛɪ(f/p)er]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Whole</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hul]</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zone</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɔn]</span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English as a second or foreign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_written_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal written English">Formal written English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dialects of the English language">List of dialects of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Philippine_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words of Philippine origin">List of English words of Philippine origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accents of English speakers">Regional accents of English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Special English">Special English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">Philippine literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">List of loanwords in Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B1o_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Coño English">Coño English</a>, English-Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> based on English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>, Tagalog-English codeswitching based on Tagalog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a>, Hokkien-Tagalog-English contact language in the Philippines</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some words such as <i>cancelled</i>, the -ll- spelling is also acceptable in American English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title of one of <i><a href="/wiki/Eat_Bulaga!" title="Eat Bulaga!">Eat Bulaga!</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> segments is officially spelled "Bawal Judgmental" with the American spelling <i>jud<b>g</b>mental</i>; however, many netizens spell it using British <i>jud<b>ge</b>mental</i> (therefore, "Bawal Judgemental").</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ph/status">Philippines</a> in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. 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Colorado State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Code-switching+in+Filipino+newspapers%3A+Expansion+of+language%2C+culture+and+identity&rft.inst=Colorado+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Erwin-Billones&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmountainscholar.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10217%2F65335%2FErwinBillones_colostate_0053N_11020.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayag2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dayag, Danilo (2002). "Code-switching in Philippine print ads: A syntactic-pragmatic description". <i>Philippine Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 34–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Code-switching+in+Philippine+print+ads%3A+A+syntactic-pragmatic+description&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-52&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dayag&rft.aufirst=Danilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardo2005" class="citation book cs1">Bernardo, Andrew (2005). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+First&rft.atitle=EF+English+Proficiency+Index&rft.date=2021-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ef.com%2Fassetscdn%2FWIBIwq6RdJvcD9bc8RMd%2Flegacy%2F__%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fcentralefcom%2Fepi%2Fdownloads%2Ffull-reports%2Fv10%2Fef-epi-2020-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachruKachruNelson2009" class="citation book cs1">Kachru, Braj; Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpeXINCnDbIC"><i>The Handbook of World Englishes : Volume 48 of Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpeXINCnDbIC&dq=%22philippine%20english%22&pg=PA240">240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8831-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8831-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-8831-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+World+Englishes+%3A+Volume+48+of+Blackwell+Handbooks+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8831-9&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Braj&rft.au=Kachru%2C+Yamuna&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpeXINCnDbIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Marc_Ramota2004" class="citation web cs1">Carl Marc Ramota (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bulatlat.com/news/5-7/5-7-graduates.html">"Economic Woes Drive Bright Graduates to Call Centers"</a>. Bulatlat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Woes+Drive+Bright+Graduates+to+Call+Centers&rft.pub=Bulatlat&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Carl+Marc+Ramota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulatlat.com%2Fnews%2F5-7%2F5-7-graduates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_G_Mendoza2010" class="citation web cs1">Diana G Mendoza (October 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217113606/http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/2010/10/01/philippines-call-centre-boom-breeds-new-culture-and-risky-behaviour/">"Philippines: Call Centre Boom Breeds New Culture – and Risky Behaviour"</a>. Global Geopolitics & Political Economy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/2010/10/01/philippines-call-centre-boom-breeds-new-culture-and-risky-behaviour/">the original</a> on February 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+Call+Centre+Boom+Breeds+New+Culture+%E2%80%93+and+Risky+Behaviour&rft.pub=Global+Geopolitics+%26+Political+Economy&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.au=Diana+G+Mendoza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalgeopolitics.net%2Fwordpress%2F2010%2F10%2F01%2Fphilippines-call-centre-boom-breeds-new-culture-and-risky-behaviour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_H._Conde2007" class="citation web cs1">Carlos H. Conde (August 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-english.1.7096773.html">"English getting lost in translation in Philippines"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=English+getting+lost+in+translation+in+Philippines&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft.au=Carlos+H.+Conde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F13iht-english.1.7096773.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-korea-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-korea_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_M._Hicap2009" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan M. Hicap (September 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/12/117_51729.html">"Koreans Flock to the Philippines to Learn English"</a>. <i>Korea Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Koreans+Flock+to+the+Philippines+to+Learn+English&rft.date=2009-09-13&rft.au=Jonathan+M.+Hicap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2010%2F12%2F117_51729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metro_Bacolod-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metro_Bacolod_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/05/03/korean-students-to-study-english-in-bacolod-schools/">"Korean students to study English in Bacolod schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a></i>. May 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Korean+students+to+study+English+in+Bacolod+schools&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mb.com.ph%2F2017%2F05%2F03%2Fkorean-students-to-study-english-in-bacolod-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Edgar W. (Edgar Werner) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/44768">"The Dynamics of New Englishes: From Identity Construction to Dialect Birth"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>79</b> (2). §4.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2003.0136">10.1353/lan.2003.0136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-0665">1535-0665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59498182">59498182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Dynamics+of+New+Englishes%3A+From+Identity+Construction+to+Dialect+Birth&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%C2%A74.3&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59498182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1535-0665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2003.0136&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Edgar+W.+%28Edgar+Werner%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F44768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorlongan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Borlongan, Ariane Macalinga (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4489419.pdf">"Relocating Philippine English in Schneider's dynamic model"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Englishes</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 232–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13488678.2016.1223067">10.1080/13488678.2016.1223067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4489419">4489419</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157750159">157750159</a> – via Jstor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Englishes&rft.atitle=Relocating+Philippine+English+in+Schneider%27s+dynamic+model&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=232-241&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157750159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4489419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13488678.2016.1223067&rft.aulast=Borlongan&rft.aufirst=Ariane+Macalinga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F4489419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Author David Crystal remarks that English is used in technical contexts for intelligibility, and <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a> are used in social contexts for identity, noting that similar situations exist in other countries (e.g., as with <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a>). See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2003" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC&pg=PA189"><i>English as a Global Language</i></a> (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53032-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53032-6"><bdi>0-521-53032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+as+a+Global+Language&rft.pages=189&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-53032-6&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6jPAKxTHRYC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-espinosa-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-espinosa_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspinosa1997" class="citation journal cs1">Espinosa, Doray (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229151419/http://jalt.org/global/26Phil.htm">"English in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Global Issues in Language Education</i> (26). Language Institute of Japan: 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jalt.org/global/26Phil.htm">the original</a> on December 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Issues+in+Language+Education&rft.atitle=English+in+the+Philippines&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Espinosa&rft.aufirst=Doray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjalt.org%2Fglobal%2F26Phil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloom_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowthornBloom2006" class="citation book cs1">Rowthorn, Chris; Bloom, Greg (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894"><i>Philippines</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet Country Guide (9th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-289-4"><bdi>978-1-74104-289-4</bdi></a>. <q>cinemas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.series=Lonely+Planet+Country+Guide&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-289-4&rft.aulast=Rowthorn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781741042894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/11/23/1394851/tagalized-movie-channel-sky">"Tagalized Movie Channel on SKY"</a>. <i>philstar.com</i>. The Philippine Star. November 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=philstar.com&rft.atitle=Tagalized+Movie+Channel+on+SKY&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fentertainment%2F2014%2F11%2F23%2F1394851%2Ftagalized-movie-channel-sky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Pefianco_Martin2008" class="citation news cs1">Isabel Pefianco Martin (April 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723155007/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080412-129893/Fearing-English-in-the-Philippines">"Fearing English in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080412-129893/Fearing-English-in-the-Philippines">the original</a> on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Fearing+English+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2008-04-12&rft.au=Isabel+Pefianco+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2Finquireropinion%2Fcolumns%2Fview%2F20080412-129893%2FFearing-English-in-the-Philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inquirer-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inquirer_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples: Citing <i>Cebu Daily News</i>, "So if they see policemen about to conduct a security survey, they should ask me first because I will be the one who will know about it. They will have to talk to me,", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906144047/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/metro/view/20080317-125231/Security-survey-for-Lapu-banks-suggested">"Security survey for Lapu banks suggested"</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 17, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/metro/view/20080317-125231/Security-survey-for-Lapu-banks-suggested">the original</a> on September 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Security+survey+for+Lapu+banks+suggested&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2Fcebudailynews%2Fmetro%2Fview%2F20080317-125231%2FSecurity-survey-for-Lapu-banks-suggested&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span>; "If I will be the one who will talk and explain, that will be self-serving,"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnselmo_Roque2007" class="citation news cs1">Anselmo Roque (January 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305032957/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=44274">"Ecija school faculty bares university exec's mess"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=44274">the original</a> on March 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Ecija+school+faculty+bares+university+exec%27s+mess&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft.au=Anselmo+Roque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2Finquirerheadlines%2Fregions%2Fview_article.php%3Farticle_id%3D44274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span>;"Whoever wins on the issue of secret balloting will be the one who will win the speakership,",<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Bordadora2007" class="citation news cs1">Norman Bordadora (July 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809021354/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=78073">"Arroyo can deliver SONA sans Speaker—Salonga"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=78073">the original</a> on August 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Arroyo+can+deliver+SONA+sans+Speaker%E2%80%94Salonga&rft.date=2007-07-22&rft.au=Norman+Bordadora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2Finquirerheadlines%2Fnation%2Fview_article.php%3Farticle_id%3D78073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506155859/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/1/Pope-Francis-promotes-Cardinal-Tagle-Cardinal-Bishop-.html">"Pope Francis promotes Cardinal Tagle to rank of Cardinal-Bishop"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. May 1, 2020. 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Cardinalem [last name] ([First name] Cardinal [last name])</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=Annuntio+vobis+gaudium+magnum+habemus+papam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Felezione%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religionstylebook.com/entries/cardinal">"cardinal"</a>. <i>Religion Stylebook</i>. December 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Stylebook&rft.atitle=cardinal&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligionstylebook.com%2Fentries%2Fcardinal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabrera2019" class="citation news cs1">Cabrera, Ferdinandh B. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/07/06/july-9-is-a-regular-holiday-in-observance-of-eidl-adha">the original</a> on April 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Information+Agency&rft.atitle=July+9+is+a+regular+holiday+in+observance+of+Eid%27l+Adha&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.aufirst=Gelaine+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpia.gov.ph%2Fnews%2F2022%2F07%2F06%2Fjuly-9-is-a-regular-holiday-in-observance-of-eidl-adha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tayao1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tayao1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tayao1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tayao1_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayao2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tayao, Ma. Lourdes (2004). "The evolving study of Philippine English phonology". <i>Asian Englishes</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 77–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.2004.00336.x">10.1111/j.1467-971X.2004.00336.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Englishes&rft.atitle=The+evolving+study+of+Philippine+English+phonology&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-90&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.2004.00336.x&rft.aulast=Tayao&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Lourdes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Llamzon-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Llamzon_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Llamzon_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlamzon1997" class="citation book cs1">Llamzon, T. A. (1997). "The phonology of Philippine English". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes (ed.). <i>English is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context</i>. The Macquarie Library Pty. Ltd. pp. 41–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+Philippine+English&rft.btitle=English+is+an+Asian+Language%3A+The+Philippine+Context&rft.pages=41-48&rft.pub=The+Macquarie+Library+Pty.+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Llamzon&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BautistaGonzalez-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BautistaGonzalez_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BautistaGonzalez_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaGonzalez2009" class="citation book cs1">Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Gonzalez, Andrew (2009). "Southeast Asian Englishes". In Kachru, Braj; Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil (eds.). <i>English is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 130–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asian+Englishes&rft.btitle=English+is+an+Asian+Language%3A+The+Philippine+Context&rft.pages=130-144&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Lourdes&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETayao2008b-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETayao2008b_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETayao2008b_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETayao2008b_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTayao2008b">Tayao (2008b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2015" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Don (February 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-philippines-economy-20150202-story.html">"The Philippines has become the call-center capital of the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+has+become+the+call-center+capital+of+the+world&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-philippines-economy-20150202-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tayao3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tayao3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayao2008a" class="citation book cs1">Tayao, Ma. Lourdes (2008a). "Philippine English: Phonology". In Mesthrie, R. (ed.). <i>Varieties of English 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia</i>. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 292–306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine+English%3A+Phonology&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+English+4%3A+Africa%2C+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=292-306&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tayao&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Lourdes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaBolton2008" class="citation book cs1">Bautista, Maria Lourdes S.; Bolton, Kingsley, eds. (2008). <i>Philippine English: linguistic and literary perspectives</i>. Hong Kong (China): Hong Kong university press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5790%2Fhongkong%2F9789622099470.001.0001">10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622099470" title="Special:BookSources/9789622099470"><bdi>9789622099470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+English%3A+linguistic+and+literary+perspectives&rft.place=Hong+Kong+%28China%29&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+university+press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5790%2Fhongkong%2F9789622099470.001.0001&rft.isbn=9789622099470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFDayag2008" class="citation">Dayag, Danilo. "English-language media in the Philippines". In <a href="#CITEREFBautistaBolton2008">Bautista & Bolton (2008)</a>, pp. 49–66.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTayao2008b" class="citation">Tayao, Maria Lourdes (2008b). "A lectal description of the phonological features of Philippine English". In <a href="#CITEREFBautistaBolton2008">Bautista & Bolton (2008)</a>, pp. 157–174.</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Acar, A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402091231/http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Sept_06_aa.php">Models, Norms and Goals for English as an International Language Pedagogy and Task Based Language Teaching and Learning."</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Asian_EFL_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Asian EFL Journal (page does not exist)">The Asian EFL Journal</a></i>, Volume 8. Issue 3, Article 9, (2006).</li> <li>Manarpaac, Danilo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyYkxBmiA7AC&pg=PA479"><i>"When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy</i></a>. In: Christian Mair. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyYkxBmiA7AC">The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies</a></i>. Rodopi; 2003 [cited February 18, 2011]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0876-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0876-2">978-90-420-0876-2</a>. p. 479–492.</li> <li>Lerner, Ted. <i>Hey, Joe, a slice of the city - an American in Manila</i>. Book of Dreams: Verlag, Germany. 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBresnahan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bresnahan, Mary I (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32466786">"English in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Journal of Communication</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 64–?. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1979.tb02948.x">10.1111/j.1460-2466.1979.tb02948.x</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=English+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=64-%3F&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1979.tb02948.x&rft.aulast=Bresnahan&rft.aufirst=Mary+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32466786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesho2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lesho, Marivic (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/philippine-english-metro-manila-acrolect/F041BD5DCF9DC4B66F822D30F784EF82">"Philippine English (Metro Manila acrolect)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a></i>. <b>48</b> (3): 357–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100317000548">10.1017/S0025100317000548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Philippine+English+%28Metro+Manila+acrolect%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-370&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100317000548&rft.aulast=Lesho&rft.aufirst=Marivic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association%2Farticle%2Fphilippine-english-metro-manila-acrolect%2FF041BD5DCF9DC4B66F822D30F784EF82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_English&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Philippine English, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Philippine_English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Philippine English"><i><b>Philippine English</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616101625/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf">The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines</a>, by Andrew Gonzalez, FSC, with sections on Philippine English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-PHILIPPINEENGLISH.html">Philippine English</a>, by Tom McArthur.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayblima.com/cebu-language-english.html">English proficiency in Cebu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHUHFKmM6oc">American or Philippine English? (video)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" 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