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<div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分类</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分类-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分类子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>人称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-一、二人称和第三人称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一、二人称和第三人称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>一、二人称和第三人称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一、二人称和第三人称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关范畴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关范畴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>相关范畴</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-相关范畴-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关相关范畴子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-相关范畴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-数" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>数</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-回指" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#回指"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>回指</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-回指-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旁指" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旁指"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>旁指</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旁指-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-尊称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#尊称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>尊称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-尊称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人称代词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人称代词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>人称代词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人称代词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一致关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一致关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>一致关系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一致关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关条目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关条目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相关条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关条目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">人称</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。49种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoon_(taalkunde)" title="Persoon (taalkunde) – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Persoon (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_gramatical" title="Persona gramatical – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Persona gramatical" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Лице (граматика) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лице (граматика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gour_(yezhoniezh)" title="Gour (yezhoniezh) – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gour (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_(gram%C3%A0tica)" title="Persona (gramàtica) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Persona (gramàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoba_(mluvnice)" title="Osoba (mluvnice) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osoba (mluvnice)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сăпат (лингвистика) – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăпат (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_(Grammatik)" title="Person (Grammatik) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Person (Grammatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grammatical person" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika_persono" title="Gramatika persono – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gramatika persono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_gramatical" title="Persona gramatical – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Persona gramatical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isik_(keeleteadus)" title="Isik (keeleteadus) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isik (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertsona_gramatikal" title="Pertsona gramatikal – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pertsona gramatikal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5_(%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="شخص (دستور زبان) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شخص (دستور زبان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoona_(kielioppi)" title="Persoona (kielioppi) – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persoona (kielioppi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personne_(grammaire)" title="Personne (grammaire) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Personne (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoa_gramatical" title="Persoa gramatical – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Persoa gramatical" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="גוף (בלשנות) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוף (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8s%C3%B2n_(gram%C3%A8)" title="Pèsòn (gramè) – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pèsòn (gramè)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szem%C3%A9ly_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Személy (nyelvészet) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Személy (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%84_(%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Դեմք (քերականություն) – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեմք (քերականություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%B3na_(m%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Persóna (málfræði) – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Persóna (málfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_(linguistica)" title="Persona (linguistica) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Persona (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人称" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="პირი (გრამატიკა) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პირი (გრამატიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%9B_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Жақ (лингвистика) – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жақ (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%AD" title="인칭 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인칭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmuo_(gramatika)" title="Asmuo (gramatika) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asmuo (gramatika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darb%C4%ABbas_v%C4%81rda_persona" title="Darbības vārda persona – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Darbības vārda persona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoon_(taalkunde)" title="Persoon (taalkunde) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Persoon (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person" title="Person – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Person" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_(grammatikk)" title="Person (grammatikk) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Person (grammatikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_(gramatica)" title="Persona (gramatica) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Persona (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoba_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Osoba (językoznawstwo) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osoba (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessoa_gramatical" title="Pessoa gramatical – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pessoa gramatical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoan%C4%83_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Persoană (gramatică) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Persoană (gramatică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BE_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Лицо (лингвистика) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лицо (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱱ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grammatical person" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoba_(gramatick%C3%A1_kateg%C3%B3ria)" title="Osoba (gramatická kategória) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osoba (gramatická kategória)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovni%C4%8Dna_oseba" title="Slovnična oseba – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slovnična oseba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veta_gramatikore" title="Veta gramatikore – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veta gramatikore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_(grammatik)" title="Person (grammatik) – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Person (grammatik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C)" title="บุรุษ (ภาษาศาสตร์) – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บุรุษ (ภาษาศาสตร์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilgisel_ki%C5%9Fi" title="Dilbilgisel kişi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilgisel kişi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Особа (мовознавство) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Особа (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaxs_(tilshunoslik)" title="Shaxs (tilshunoslik) – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shaxs (tilshunoslik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djin_(croejhete)" title="Djin (croejhete) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djin (croejhete)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1" title="人稱 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人稱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q690940#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0.4em 0.8em; background:#ccf;">常见<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4" title="语法范畴">语法范畴</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em"> 形态句法范畴</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 120%; padding-top: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">人称</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7" title="及物性">及物性</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%BB%B7" title="配价">配价</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E5%85%83" title="论元">论元</a>）</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em"> 形态语义范畴</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 120%; padding-top: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81" title="时态">時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81" title="语态">態</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94" title="语气">语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="级 (语法)">级</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="极性 (语法)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Affirmation and negation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="极性 (语法)（页面不存在）">极性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" class="extiw" title="en:Affirmation and negation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Affirmation and negation</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%94%9F%E6%80%A7" title="有生性">有生性</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有标性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Markedness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%A0%87%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有标性（页面不存在）">有标性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markedness" class="extiw" title="en:Markedness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Markedness</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%80%A7" title="定指性">定指性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="證據性 (語言學)">言据性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%95%8C%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="有界性 (语法)">有界性</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="Template:語法範疇"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="Template talk:語法範疇"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:語法範疇"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>人称</b>是与<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a>中的行为动作相关的话语角色。“妈妈餵宝宝吃饭”和“我餵你吃饭”，意思可能相同，但前者是用有词汇意义的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名词</a>来表示与“餵”相关的人的具体身份，后者才是用功能性的形式来表示话语角色这一抽象概念。话语角色的确定取决于具体的交际事件，因此人称是句子进入交际的重要标志之一<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>人称范畴的表达可以通过独立的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="代詞">代词</a>或不独立的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%84%E7%BC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="附缀（页面不存在）">附缀</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="屈折形式（页面不存在）">屈折形式</a>等来表达。狭义的人称范畴就指动词的屈折变化所表示的诸类人称意义。一般来说，独立的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="人稱代詞">人称代词</a>比不独立的形式区分的意义更多。如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>中，人称代词区分<i>I/you/he/she/it/we/they</i>等，还有格的变化；在be动词里，就只区分<i>am/are/is</i>；在现在时单数的动词后，只有第三人称加<i>-s</i>，也不区分<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>。 </p><p>在某些特定情况下，如在表示与“性<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81" title="时态">时</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">体</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81" title="语态">态</a>”等形态语法范畴并列时，人称可以省称为“<b>身</b>”。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>分类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人称"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E7.A7.B0"></span>人称</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：人称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般来说，表示说话方的称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1" title="第一人稱">第一人称</a>，表示听话方的是<b>第二人称</b>，表示说话方和听话方之外的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第三人称">第三人称</a>。 </p><p>有些语言学家认为只存在两种人称：只有第一人称和第二人称是表示在场者的，而表示不在场者的第三人称严格来说不属人称范畴。但这种观点并未得到大多数语言学家的支持。 </p><p>有些语言学家认为存在“<b>第四人称</b>”。但在不同的研究者的笔下，“第四人称”一词的所指并不统一。相对常见的是用来表示和本指（proximate）相对的旁指（obviavite），有时也用于话语代词（logophoric）或反身代词。总的来说，大部分语言学家不认为存在可以和前三人称同属同一聚合的第四人称。 </p><p>根据目前的资料，世界上几乎所有的语言中都区分三类人称。安娜·谢维尔斯卡曾提到，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="馬都拉語">马都拉语</a>（属<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="南岛语系">南岛语系</a>）中，只有两个<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="人稱代詞">人称代词</a>，分别是表示第一人称<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">宾格</a>的<i>sengkop</i>和表示第一人称<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="所有格">所有格</a>的<i>tang</i>，指代二、三人称时则使用具有词汇意义的名词<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；在Barai语（属<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴布亚诸语言">巴布亚诸语言</a>）中，表示时和人称的动词后缀并不区分第二人称和第三人称（不管单数还是复数）<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但谢维尔斯卡没有提及马都拉语中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%BC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="词缀">词缀</a>是否能区分二、三人称、用于指代的名词是否有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%96" title="语法化">语法化</a>的趋势，Barai语的人称代词系统中是否也不分二、三人称，因此还不能认为这两种语言中只有两种人称<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="一、二人称和第三人称"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E3.80.81.E4.BA.8C.E4.BA.BA.E7.A7.B0.E5.92.8C.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E4.BA.BA.E7.A7.B0"></span>一、二人称和第三人称</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：一、二人称和第三人称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一、二人称和第三人称的对立也可以视为一种普遍的语言现象。因为一、二人称是现场指，与第三人称不同。一、二人称的词形、句法特征等往往类似，而与第三人称不同。如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>中，第一人称的<i>吾</i>、<i>我</i>、<i>卬</i>和第二人称的<i>汝</i>、<i>尔</i>、<i>若</i>都是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>声母，韵部也相近；而第三人称的其、之等声韵与之并无关系，且都是从一般的指示代词转化而来，都不能作为主语出现。很多语言中可能经历了一个只有第一、二人称形式的阶段，第三人称形式则较迟出现<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关范畴"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E8.8C.83.E7.95.B4"></span>相关范畴</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：相关范畴"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="数"><span id=".E6.95.B0"></span>数</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：数"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人称范畴往往和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数范畴</a>相关。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="約瑟夫·格林伯格">约瑟夫·格林伯格</a>认为，人称范畴存在数的区别是一种语言共性<sup id="cite_ref-G_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但也有后来的研究发现不存在人称的单复数区别的语言，如Mura Pirahã语（见于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E9%80%8A%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="亚马逊河">亚马逊河</a>流域）中，独立代词和动词附缀都不区别三身的单复数。上古汉语中，<i>我</i>、<i>吾</i>、<i>尔</i>、<i>汝</i>都可以兼表单数和复数<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但这类语言很少见。就绝大多数语言而言，弱化代词不区分数、独立代词有数的对立是最为常见的<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>人称的复数不是简单的和单数对应。第一人称复数可以有三种理解：说话人和听话人（1+2，最小包括式，minimal inclusive），说话人、听话人和第三方（1+2+3，强化包括式，augmented inclusive），说话人和第三方（1+3，排除式，exclusive）<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同样的，第二人称复数可以有两种理解，多个听话人（2+2），听话人和第三方（2+3）。第三人称复数只有一种理解（3+3）。约有1/2弱的语言可以区分第一人称的包括式（1+2（+3））和排除式（1+3）。如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="北方方言">北方方言</a>中的<i>我们</i>（排除式）和<i>咱们</i>（包括式）。但区别最小包括式（1+2）和强化包括式（1+2+3）、或区别两种第二人称复数的语言所占比例就较小。 </p><p>一些语言的数范畴还区分双数、三数、少量数等。在第一人称双数中，包括式-排除式的对立比在复数中更加明显，因此在这些语言中的人称系统中，往往也都区分第一人称的包括式和排除式。 </p><p>总体来看，数范畴在人称系统中的表现受人称等级序列影响，第一人称>第二人称>第三人称。单复数的对立在第一人称中最为常见，第三人称最少见；第一人称复数的内部区别（包括式-排除式）最多，第三人称最少。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="性"><span id=".E6.80.A7"></span>性</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人称范畴也常常和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性范畴</a>相关联。在第三人称中区分性范畴最为多见，如英文中第三人称有he（他）、she（她）、it（它）之分，而第一、二人称没有。这是因为第一、二人称的所指都是在场的，其性是不言自明的；而第三人称常常不在话语现场，可能需要区分性范畴来确定所指。格林伯格将之概括为如果性的对立出现在第一人称中，则一定也会出现在第三或第二人称中<sup id="cite_ref-G_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>人称系统中的数范畴对性范畴也有影响。一般来说，人称的性对立更多体现在单数上。格林伯格的概括是，如果代词的复数有任何性的区别，那么单数也会有某种区别<sup id="cite_ref-G_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但后来的研究表明，如果性的对立不是阴性-阳性（-中性），而是人类-非人类或有生性-无生性的话，这一共性存在较多的例外。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="回指"><span id=".E5.9B.9E.E6.8C.87"></span>回指</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：回指"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不作为直接指在话语中第一次提及的对象，而用来指上文刚提及的对象，称为回指。如汉语中，“小李在洗他的衣服”中的“他”，既可以指小李自己，也可以指别人，不区分回指，需根據上文下理才能判斷，而在一些语言中会区分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="旁指"><span id=".E6.97.81.E6.8C.87"></span>旁指</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：旁指"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>旁指主要存在于第三人称。在提到多个第三人称时，按照凸显程度，可以分出较凸显的本指（proximate）和较不凸显的旁指（obviative），有时还可以有更不凸显的旁另指。如汉语中，<i>他在打他</i>中不区分两个<i>他</i>的本指和旁指，而在一些语言中会区分。 </p><p>有的语言学家把旁指（obviative）列为“第四人称”。也有的语言学家认为本指和旁指虽然和人称范畴关系非常紧密，但仍属于另一类范畴。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%81%E6%8C%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旁指（页面不存在）">旁指</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="尊称"><span id=".E5.B0.8A.E7.A7.B0"></span>尊称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：尊称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人称代词"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E7.A7.B0.E4.BB.A3.E8.AF.8D"></span>人称代词</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：人称代词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="人稱代詞">人称代词</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="一致关系"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E8.87.B4.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>一致关系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：一致关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_correr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_correr.png/200px-Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_correr.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_correr.png/300px-Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_correr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_correr.png/400px-Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_correr.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>图中是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>中的动词"correr"（跑）的变位。<br />横行表示人称范畴，不同的颜色分别表示<span style="color:#ED1C24">第一人称</span>、<span style="color:#662D91">第二人称（非尊称）</span>和<span style="color:#10808C">第三人称（以及第二人称尊称）</span>。<br />竖行表示时范畴，日出表示过去时，日中表示现在时，月亮表示将来时。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AF%AD" title="屈折语">屈折语</a>中的屈折形式常常同时包含人称范畴和其他范畴。单独表人称范畴的屈折形式多出现在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E7%9D%80%E8%AF%AD" title="黏着语">黏着语</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%BC%8F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E8%AF%AD" title="多式综合语">复综语</a>中。如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9D%B0%E5%B8%83%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="奥杰布瓦语">奥杰布瓦语</a>的这个句子中： </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Maaba dash shkinwe wgii-bwaadaa wii-bi-yaanid myagi-nishnaaben waa-bi-nsigwaajin</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>其中文意思为：这个年轻人梦到外国人会来杀了他们。其中的wgii-bwaadaa，其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%82%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="深层形式（页面不存在）">深层形式</a>为o（第三人称）-gii（过去时）-bawaad（做梦）-am（第三人称有生性）-n（本指）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关条目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>相关条目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：相关条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="人稱代詞">人称代词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D" title="汉语人称代词">汉语人称代词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4" title="语法范畴">语法范畴</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <small><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">叶蜚声、徐通锵、王洪君、李娟（2010）：106页。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">安娜·谢维尔斯卡（2008）：2页。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">安娜·谢维尔斯卡（2008）：78页。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">英语的现在时单数动词后缀也只有第三人称有后缀<i>-s</i>，而不区分第一人称和第二人称。但在整个语言系统中看，不能认为英语中只有两种人称。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">但并不是不区别第三人称和一、二人称，只是没有特定形式。如古汉语中的第一、二人称代词不会混用于第三人称。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg（1978）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">上古汉语中没有专门标记复数的人称代词，但是“朕”、“余”、“卬”等都只能用于单数。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">安娜·谢维尔斯卡（2008）：79页。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在祭祀、宣誓等情况下，还可能出现第一人称复数表示多个说话人（1+1）的情况，但很少见。</span> </li> </ol></small> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">安娜·谢维尔斯卡. 人称范畴. 北京: 北京大学出版社. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787301146163" title="Special:网络书源/9787301146163"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787301146163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&rft.au=%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787301146163&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Greenberg, Joseph H. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&rft.au=%E5%8F%B6%E8%9C%9A%E5%A3%B0%E3%80%81%E5%BE%90%E9%80%9A%E9%94%B5%E8%91%97+%E7%8E%8B%E6%B4%AA%E5%90%9B%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E5%A8%9F%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2&rft.btitle=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787301163108&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyuyanxuegangyao0000yefe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">岑运强等编. 语言学基础理论. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787303034635" title="Special:网络书源/9787303034635"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787303034635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0&rft.au=%E5%B2%91%E8%BF%90%E5%BC%BA%E7%AD%89%E7%BC%96&rft.btitle=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787303034635&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=人称&oldid=78532103">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=人称&oldid=78532103</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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