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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscular_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscular_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Muscular system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscular_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adductor_muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adductor_muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Adductor muscles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adductor_muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locomotion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobility_and_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility_and_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mobility and behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility_and_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifecycle_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifecycle_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lifecycle and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifecycle_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mutualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Taxonomy and phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy and phylogeny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxonomic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Taxonomic structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_subfamilies_and_genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_subfamilies_and_genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>List of subfamilies and genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_subfamilies_and_genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seafood_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seafood_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Seafood industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seafood_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seafood industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seafood_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wild_fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Wild fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pearls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pearls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism_of_the_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism_of_the_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Symbolism of the shell</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism_of_the_shell-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolism of the shell subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism_of_the_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shell_of_Saint_James" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell_of_Saint_James"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Shell of Saint James</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell_of_Saint_James-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_Fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_Fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Fossil Fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_Fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Badge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertility_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Fertility symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Other interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Contemporary art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scalloped_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scalloped_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Scalloped shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scalloped_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scallop</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مشاقيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشاقيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pect%C3%ADnids" title="Pectínids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pectínids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammmuscheln" title="Kammmuscheln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kammmuscheln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_bits%CA%BCa%CA%BC_doolghas%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Chʼosh bitsʼaʼ doolghasígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh bitsʼaʼ doolghasígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شانه‌گونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شانه‌گونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pect%C3%ADnidos" title="Pectínidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pectínidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simping" title="Simping – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Денджызон сæрвасæнтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Денджызон сæрвасæнтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalop" title="Skalop – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Skalop" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ukut%C4%97s" title="Šukutės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šukutės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8" title="سكالوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سكالوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekapis" title="Kekapis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kekapis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E7%A7%91" title="イタヤガイ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタヤガイ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przegrzebkowate" title="Przegrzebkowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przegrzebkowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Морские гребешки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морские гребешки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Морски чешљеви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Морски чешљеви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampasimpukat" title="Kampasimpukat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kampasimpukat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" title="Pectinidae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pectinidae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Гребінцеві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гребінцеві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipay" title="Tipay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tipay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pectinidae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1311395" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For verb senses, see <a href="/wiki/Scalloping_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Scalloping (disambiguation)">Scalloping</a>. For potato scallops, see <a href="/wiki/Potato_cake" title="Potato cake">Potato cake</a>. For scalloped potatoes, see <a href="/wiki/Gratin#Potatoes_gratiné" title="Gratin">Gratin § Potatoes gratiné</a>. For the cut of meat, see <a href="/wiki/Escalope" title="Escalope">Escalope</a>. For the scallop shell moth, see <a href="/wiki/Rheumaptera_undulata" title="Rheumaptera undulata">Rheumaptera undulata</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">Scallion</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Scallop<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>-present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:136.4px; width:83.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:136.4px; width:83.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:137.4px; width:81.6px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Argopecten_irradians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Argopecten_irradians.jpg/220px-Argopecten_irradians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Argopecten_irradians.jpg/330px-Argopecten_irradians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Argopecten_irradians.jpg/440px-Argopecten_irradians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="389" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Argopecten irradians</a></i>, the Atlantic bay scallop </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pectinidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pectinida" title="Pectinida">Pectinida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pectinoidea" title="Pectinoidea">Pectinoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pectinidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a>, 1810</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Pectenidae </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Scallop</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> that encompasses various species of <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Pectinidae</b>, the scallops. However, the common name "scallop" is also sometimes applied to species in other closely related families within the superfamily <a href="/wiki/Pectinoidea" title="Pectinoidea">Pectinoidea</a>, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Thorny_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorny oyster">thorny oysters</a>. </p><p>Scallops are a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan</a> family of bivalves found in all of the world's oceans, although never in fresh water. They are one of the very few groups of bivalves to be primarily "free-living", with many species capable of rapidly swimming short distances and even migrating some distance across the ocean floor. A small minority of scallop species live cemented to rocky <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrates</a> as adults, while others attach themselves to stationary or rooted objects such as seagrass at some point in their lives by means of a filament they secrete called a <a href="/wiki/Byssal_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Byssal thread">byssal thread</a>. The majority of species, however, live recumbent on sandy substrates, and when they sense the presence of a predator such as a <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, they may attempt to escape by swimming swiftly but erratically through the water using jet propulsion created by repeatedly clapping their shells together. Scallops have a well-developed nervous system, and unlike most other bivalves all scallops have a ring of numerous <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple eye">simple eyes</a> situated around the edge of their <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantles</a>. </p><p>Many species of scallops are highly prized as a food source, and some are farmed as <a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. The word "scallop" is also applied to the meat of these bivalves, the <a href="/wiki/Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)" title="Adductor muscles (bivalve)">adductor muscle</a>, that is sold as <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>. The brightly coloured, symmetric, fan-shaped shells of scallops with their radiating and often fluted <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)" title="Sculpture (mollusc)">ornamentation</a> are valued by shell collectors, and have been used since ancient times as motifs in art, architecture, and design. </p><p>Owing to their widespread distribution, scallop shells are a common sight on beaches and are often brightly coloured, making them a popular object to collect among <a href="/wiki/Beachcombing" title="Beachcombing">beachcombers</a> and vacationers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonRobinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkNYJdHyNRgsCpgPA65_65]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonRobinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkNYJdHyNRgsCpgPA65_65]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shells also have a significant place in popular culture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scallops inhabit all the oceans of the world, with the largest number of species living in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> region. Most species live in relatively shallow waters from the low tide line to 100 m, while others prefer much deeper water. Although some species only live in very narrow environments, most are opportunistic and can live under a wide variety of conditions. Scallops can be found living within, upon, or under either rocks, coral, rubble, <a href="/wiki/Sea_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea grass">sea grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, sand, or mud. Most scallops begin their lives as <a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">byssally</a> attached juveniles, an ability that some retain throughout their lives while others grow into free-living adults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA207_207]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA207_207]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little variation occurs in the internal arrangement of organs and systems within the scallop family, and what follows can be taken to apply to the anatomy of any given scallop species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA124_124]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA124_124]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientation">Orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_Diagram2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Scallop_Diagram2.svg/400px-Scallop_Diagram2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Scallop_Diagram2.svg/600px-Scallop_Diagram2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Scallop_Diagram2.svg/800px-Scallop_Diagram2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical diagram of an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bay_scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic bay scallop">Atlantic bay scallop</a> with the left (i.e., upper) valve removed; anterior is to the left, posterior to the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The shell of a scallop consists of two sides or <a href="/wiki/Valve_(mollusc)" title="Valve (mollusc)">valves</a>, a left valve and a right one, divided by a <a href="/wiki/Plane_of_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane of symmetry">plane of symmetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilsomRigby2009[httpsbooksgooglecombookside8Xr6pXKdcECpgPA62_62]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilsomRigby2009[httpsbooksgooglecombookside8Xr6pXKdcECpgPA62_62]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species of scallops rest on their right valve, and consequently, this valve is often deeper and more rounded than the left (i.e., upper) valve, which in many species is actually concave. With the hinge of the two valves oriented towards the top, one side corresponds to the animal's morphological <i>anterior</i> or front, the other is the <i>posterior</i> or rear, the hinge is the <i>dorsal</i> or back/top region, and the bottom corresponds to the <i>ventral</i> or (as it were) underside/belly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as many scallop shells are more or less bilaterally symmetrical ("equivalved"), as well as symmetrical front/back ("equilateral"), determining which way a given animal is "facing" requires detailed information about its valves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valves">Valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buried_inequivalved_scallop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Buried_inequivalved_scallop.svg/220px-Buried_inequivalved_scallop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Buried_inequivalved_scallop.svg/330px-Buried_inequivalved_scallop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Buried_inequivalved_scallop.svg/440px-Buried_inequivalved_scallop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a scallop with two differently sized valves shown positioned in ocean floor sediment: the right valve (shown at the bottom) much deeper than the left, allowing the scallop to appear less visible to predators</figcaption></figure> <p>The model scallop shell consists of two similarly shaped valves with a straight hinge line along the top, devoid of teeth, and producing a pair of flat wings or "ears" (sometimes called "auricles", though this is also the term for two chambers in its heart) on either side of its midpoint, a feature which is unique to and apparent in all adult scallops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA59_59]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA59_59]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ears may be of similar size and shape, or the anterior ear may be somewhat larger (the posterior ear is never larger than the anterior one, an important feature for distinguishing which valve is which). As is the case in almost all bivalves, a series of lines and/or growth rings originates at the center of the hinge, at a spot called the "<a href="/wiki/Beak_(bivalve)" title="Beak (bivalve)">beak</a>" surrounded by a generally raised area called the "<a href="/wiki/Umbo_(bivalve)" title="Umbo (bivalve)">umbo</a>". These growth rings increase in size downwards until they reach the curved ventral edge of the shell. The shells of most scallops are streamlined to facilitate ease of movement during swimming at some point in their lifecycles, while also providing protection from predators. Scallops with ridged valves have the advantage of the architectural strength provided by these ridges called "ribs", although the ribs are somewhat costly in weight and mass. A unique feature of the scallop family is the presence, at some point during the animal's lifecycle, of a distinctive and taxonomically important shell feature, a comb-like structure called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctenolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ctenolium (page does not exist)">ctenolium</a> located on the anterior edge of the <i>right</i> valve next to the valve's byssal notch. Though many scallops lose this feature as they become free-swimming adults, all scallops have a ctenolium at some point during their lives, and no other bivalve has an analogous shell feature. The ctenolium is found in modern scallops only; both putative ancestors of modern scallops, the <a href="/wiki/Entoliidae" title="Entoliidae">entoliids</a> and the Aviculopectinidae, did not possess it.<sup id="cite_ref-Hautmann_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hautmann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscular_system">Muscular system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Muscular system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opened_scallop_shell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Opened_scallop_shell.jpg/250px-Opened_scallop_shell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Opened_scallop_shell.jpg/330px-Opened_scallop_shell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Opened_scallop_shell.jpg/500px-Opened_scallop_shell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>A live opened scallop showing the internal anatomy: The pale orange circular part is the adductor muscle; the darker orange curved part is the "coral", a culinary term for the ovary or <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the true oysters (family <a href="/wiki/Ostreidae" title="Ostreidae">Ostreidae</a>), scallops have a single central adductor muscle, thus, the inside of their shells has a characteristic central scar, marking the point of attachment for this muscle. The <a href="/wiki/Adductor_muscle_(Bivalvia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adductor muscle (Bivalvia)">adductor muscle</a> of scallops is larger and more developed than those of <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, because scallops are active swimmers; some species of scallops are known to move <i>en masse</i> from one area to another. In scallops, the shell shape tends to be highly regular, and is commonly used as an <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypal</a> form of a <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">seashell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adductor_muscles">Adductor muscles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adductor muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fast_and_slow_adductor_muscles_of_the_Yesso_scallop,_Patinopecten_yessoensis.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fast_and_slow_adductor_muscles_of_the_Yesso_scallop%2C_Patinopecten_yessoensis.webp/310px-Fast_and_slow_adductor_muscles_of_the_Yesso_scallop%2C_Patinopecten_yessoensis.webp.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fast_and_slow_adductor_muscles_of_the_Yesso_scallop%2C_Patinopecten_yessoensis.webp/465px-Fast_and_slow_adductor_muscles_of_the_Yesso_scallop%2C_Patinopecten_yessoensis.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fast_and_slow_adductor_muscles_of_the_Yesso_scallop%2C_Patinopecten_yessoensis.webp/472px-Fast_and_slow_adductor_muscles_of_the_Yesso_scallop%2C_Patinopecten_yessoensis.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Adductor muscles of a scallop. a: photo in a live scallop. b: after removal of organs and tissues.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scallops possess fast (<a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue" title="Striated muscle tissue">striated</a>) and slow (<a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth</a>) <a href="/wiki/Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)" title="Adductor muscles (bivalve)">adductor muscles</a>, which have different structures and contractile properties. These muscles lie closely apposed to one another but are divided by a connective tissue sheet. The striated adductor muscle contracts very quickly for swimming, whereas the smooth catch adductor muscle lacks striations, and contracts for long periods, keeping shells closed with little expenditure of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scallops are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>, and eat <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>. Unlike many other bivalves, they lack <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">siphons</a>. Water moves over a filtering structure, where food particles become trapped in mucus. Next, the <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> on the structure move the food toward the mouth. Then, the food is digested in the digestive gland, an organ sometimes misleadingly referred to as the "liver, " which envelops part of the oesophagus, intestine, and entire stomach. Waste is passed on through the intestine (the terminus of which, like that of many mollusks, enters and leaves the animal's heart) and exits via the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.20">: p.20 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg/500px-Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg/960px-Scallop_Neurological_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption>Neural map of a <a href="/wiki/Giant_scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant scallop">giant scallop</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like all bivalves, scallops lack actual brains. Instead, their nervous system is controlled by three paired <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglia</a> located at various points throughout their anatomy, the cerebral or cerebropleural ganglia, the pedal ganglia, and the visceral or parietovisceral ganglia. All are yellowish. The visceral ganglia are by far the largest and most extensive of the three, and occur as an almost-fused mass near the center of the animal – proportionally, these are the largest and most intricate sets of ganglia of any modern bivalve. From this radiate all of the nerves which connect the visceral ganglia to the circumpallial nerve ring which loops around the mantle and connects to all of the scallop's tentacles and eyes. This nerve ring is so well developed that, in some species, it may be legitimately considered an additional ganglion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.46">: p.46 </span></sup> The visceral ganglia are also the origin of the branchial nerves which control the scallop's gills. The cerebral ganglia are the next-largest set of ganglia and lie distinct from each other a significant distance dorsal to the visceral ganglia. They are attached to the visceral ganglia by long cerebral-visceral connectives, and to each other via a cerebral commissure that extends in an arch dorsally around the esophagus. The cerebral ganglia control the scallop's mouth via the palp nerves and connect to <a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">statocysts</a> which help the animal sense its position in the surrounding environment. They are connected to the pedal ganglia by short cerebral-pedal connectives. The pedal ganglia, though not fused, are situated very close to each other near the midline. From the pedal ganglia, the scallop puts out pedal nerves which control the movement of, and sensation in, its small muscular foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 43–47">: pp. 43–47 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vision">Vision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_eyes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scallop_eyes2.jpg/310px-Scallop_eyes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scallop_eyes2.jpg/465px-Scallop_eyes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scallop_eyes2.jpg/620px-Scallop_eyes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argopecten_irradians_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Argopecten_irradians_eye.jpg/170px-Argopecten_irradians_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Argopecten_irradians_eye.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Closeups of the <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> blue eyes of the bay scallop, <i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Argopecten irradians</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Scallops have a large number (up to 200) of small (about 1 mm) eyes arranged along the edge of their mantles. These eyes represent a particular innovation among molluscs, relying on a concave, parabolic mirror of <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> crystals to focus and retro-reflect light instead of a lens as found in many other eye types.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, their eyes possess a double-layered retina, the outer retina responding most strongly to light and the inner to abrupt darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these eyes are unable to resolve shapes with high fidelity, the combined sensitivity of both retinas to light entering the eye and light retro-reflected from the mirror grants scallops exceptional contrast definition, as well as the ability to detect changing patterns of light and motion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scallops primarily rely on their eyes as an 'early-warning' threat detection system, scanning around them for movement and shadows which could potentially indicate predators. Additionally, some scallops alter their swimming or feeding behaviour based on the turbidity or clarity of the water, by detecting the movement of particulate matter in the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_swim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Scallop_swim.svg/330px-Scallop_swim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Scallop_swim.svg/500px-Scallop_swim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Scallop_swim.svg/960px-Scallop_swim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Overhead view of a scallop engaged in a zig-zag swimming motion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_jump.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scallop_jump.svg/330px-Scallop_jump.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scallop_jump.svg/500px-Scallop_jump.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scallop_jump.svg/960px-Scallop_jump.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Overhead view of a scallop engaged in a unidirectional jumping motion</figcaption></figure> <p>Scallops are mostly free-living and active, unlike the vast majority of bivalves, which are mostly slow-moving and infaunal. All scallops are thought to start out with a <a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">byssus</a>, which attaches them to some form of substrate such as <a href="/wiki/Zostera" title="Zostera">eelgrass</a> when they are very young. Most species lose the byssus as they grow larger. A very few species go on to cement themselves to a hard substrate (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_(bivalve)" title="Chlamys (bivalve)">Chlamys distorta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hinnites" title="Hinnites">Hinnites multirigosus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA689_689–690]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA689_689–690]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the majority of scallops are free-living and can swim with brief bursts of speed to escape predators (mostly <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>) by rapidly opening and closing their valves. Indeed, everything about their characteristic shell shape – its symmetry, narrowness, smooth and/ or grooved surface, small flexible hinge, powerful adductor muscle, and continuous and uniformly curved edge – facilitates such activity. They often do this in spurts of several seconds before closing the shell entirely and sinking back to the bottom of their environment. Scallops are able to move through the water column either forward/ventrally (termed swimming) by sucking water in through the space between their valves, an area called the gape, and ejecting it through small holes near the hinge line called exhalant apertures, or backward/dorsally (termed jumping) by ejecting the water out the same way it came in (i.e. ventrally). A jumping scallop usually lands on the sea floor between each contraction of its valves, whereas a swimming scallop stays in the water column for most or all of its contractions and travels a much greater distance (though seldom at a height of more than 1 m off the sea bed and seldom for a distance of greater than 5 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA689_689–690]_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA689_689–690]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both jumping and swimming movements are very energy-intensive, and most scallops cannot perform more than four or five in a row before becoming completely exhausted and requiring several hours of rest. Should a swimming scallop land on its left side, it is capable of flipping itself over to its right side via a similar shell-clapping movement called the righting reflex. So-called singing scallops are rumored to make an audible, soft popping sound as they flap their shells underwater (though whether or not this happens is open to some debate).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5lLUBwAAQBAJpgPA152_152]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5lLUBwAAQBAJpgPA152_152]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scallops can extend their foot from between their valves, and by contracting the muscles in their foot, they can burrow into sand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosling2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQIO4CAAAQBAJpgPA29_29]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosling2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQIO4CAAAQBAJpgPA29_29]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility_and_behavior">Mobility and behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mobility and behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purcell%E2%80%99s_swimming_scallop_with_reciprocal_motion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Purcell%E2%80%99s_swimming_scallop_with_reciprocal_motion.png/310px-Purcell%E2%80%99s_swimming_scallop_with_reciprocal_motion.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Purcell%E2%80%99s_swimming_scallop_with_reciprocal_motion.png/465px-Purcell%E2%80%99s_swimming_scallop_with_reciprocal_motion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Purcell%E2%80%99s_swimming_scallop_with_reciprocal_motion.png/620px-Purcell%E2%80%99s_swimming_scallop_with_reciprocal_motion.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A scallop swims by slowly opening its two halves, then quickly closing them. This is a successful swimming method because the <a href="/wiki/Inertial_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial force">inertial force</a> of the surrounding water dominates over the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous force</a>. As demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Scallop_theorem" title="Scallop theorem">scallop theorem</a>, in a low <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_number" title="Reynolds number">Reynolds number</a> environment, a scallop would only oscillate in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell1977_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell1977-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scallop_theorem" title="Scallop theorem">Scallop theorem</a></div> <p>Most species of the scallop family are free-living, active swimmers, propelling themselves through the water through the adductor muscles to open and close their shells. Swimming occurs through the clapping of valves for water intake. Closing the valves propels water with a strong force near the hinge via the velum, a curtain-like fold of the mantle that directs water expulsion around the hinge. Scallops swim in the direction of the valve opening unless the velum directs an abrupt change in course direction.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other species of scallops can be found on the ocean floor attached to objects by byssal threads. Byssal threads are strong, silky fibers extending from the muscular foot, used to attach to a firm support, such as a rock. Some can also be found on the ocean floor, moving with an extendable foot between their valves or burrowing themselves in the sand by extending and retracting their feet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scallops are highly sensitive to shadows, vibrations, water movement, and chemical stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All possess a series of 100 blue eyes, embedded on the edge of the mantle of their upper and lower valves that can distinguish between light and darkness. They serve as a vital defense mechanism for avoiding predators. Though rather weak, their series of eyes can detect surrounding movement and alert precaution in the presence of predators, most commonly sea stars, crabs, and snails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physiological fitness and exercise of scallops decrease with age due to the decline of cellular and especially mitochondrial function,<sup id="cite_ref-Philipp_2008_2492–2501_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philipp_2008_2492–2501-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus increasing the risk of capture and lowering rates of survival. Older individuals show lower mitochondrial volume density and aerobic capacity, as well as decreased anaerobic capacity construed from the amount of glycogen stored in muscle tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Philipp_2008_2492–2501_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philipp_2008_2492–2501-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental factors, such as changes in oxidative stress parameters, can inhibit the growth and development of scallops.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seasonal changes in temperature and food availability have been shown to affect muscle metabolic capabilities. The properties of mitochondria from the phasic adductor muscle of <i>Euvola ziczac</i> varied significantly during their annual reproductive cycle. Summer scallops in May have lower maximal oxidative capacities and substrate oxidation than any other time in the year. This phenomenon is due to lower protein levels in adductor muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifecycle_and_growth">Lifecycle and growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lifecycle and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_cycle_of_the_scallop_Mizuhopecten_yessoensis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Life_cycle_of_the_scallop_Mizuhopecten_yessoensis.png/500px-Life_cycle_of_the_scallop_Mizuhopecten_yessoensis.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Life_cycle_of_the_scallop_Mizuhopecten_yessoensis.png/960px-Life_cycle_of_the_scallop_Mizuhopecten_yessoensis.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4047" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center">Life cycle of the giant <a href="/wiki/Yesso_scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Yesso scallop">Yesso scallop</a> found north of Japan <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The scallop family is unusual in that some members of the family are <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a> (males and females are separate), while others are simultaneous hermaphrodites (both sexes in the same individual), and a few are <a href="/wiki/Protoandrous_hermaphrodites" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoandrous hermaphrodites">protoandrous hermaphrodites</a> (males when young then switching to female). Female scallops have red <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> and male scallops have white roe. Spermatozoa and ova are released freely into the water during mating season and fertilized ova sink to the bottom. After several weeks, the immature scallops hatch and the larvae, miniature transparent versions of the adults called "spat", drift in the plankton until settling to the bottom again (an event called spatfall) to grow, usually attaching by means of byssal threads. Some scallops, such as the Atlantic bay scallop <i>Argopecten irradians</i>, are short-lived, while others can live 20 years or more. Age can often be inferred from <a href="/wiki/Annulus_(zoology)" title="Annulus (zoology)">annuli</a>, the concentric rings of their shells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scallops are hermaphrodites (having female and male organs simultaneously), altering their sex throughout their lives, while others exist as dioecious species, having a definite sex. In this case, males are distinguished by roe-containing white testes and females with roe-containing orange ovaries. At the age of two, they usually become sexually active, but do not contribute significantly to egg production until four. The reproduction process occurs externally through spawning, in which eggs and sperm are released into the water. Spawning typically occurs in late summer and early autumn; spring spawning may also take place in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Bight" title="Mid-Atlantic Bight">Mid-Atlantic Bight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The females of scallops are highly fecund, capable of producing hundreds of millions of eggs per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_2004_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once an egg is fertilized, it is then planktonic, a collection of microorganisms that drift abundantly in fresh or salt water. Larvae stay in the water column for four to seven weeks before dissipating to the ocean floor, where they attach themselves to objects through byssus threads. Byssus is eventually lost with adulthood, transitioning almost all scallop species into free swimmers. Rapid growth occurs within the first several years, with an increase of 50–80 % in shell height and quadrupled size in meat weight, and reaches a commercial size at about four to five years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_2004_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lifespans of some scallops have been known to extend over 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scallops are known to be infected by <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microalga" class="mw-redirect" title="Microalga">microalgae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heterokont" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokont">heterokonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShumwayParsons2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShumwayParsons2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 71">: 71 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutualism">Mutualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mutualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scallops, including <i>Chlamys hastata</i>, frequently carry <a href="/wiki/Epibiont" title="Epibiont">epibionts</a> such as sponges and barnacles on their shells. The relationship of the sponge to the scallop is characterized as a form of mutualism, because the sponge provides protection by interfering with adhesion of predatory sea-star tube feet,<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_1987_233–249_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher_1987_233–249-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forester_1979_1–10_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forester_1979_1–10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> camouflages <i>Chlamys hastata</i> from predators,<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_1987_233–249_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher_1987_233–249-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or forms a physical barrier around byssal openings to prevent sea stars from inserting their digestive membranes.<sup id="cite_ref-Forester_1979_1–10_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forester_1979_1–10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sponge encrustation protects <i>C. hastata</i> from barnacle larvae settlement, serving as a protection from epibionts that increase susceptibility to predators. Thus, barnacle larvae settlement occurs more frequently on sponge-free shells than on sponge-encrusted shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, barnacle encrustation negatively influences swimming in <i>C. hastata</i>. Those swimming with barnacle encrustation require more energy and show a detectable difference in anaerobic energy expenditure than those without encrustation. In the absence of barnacle encrustation, individual scallops swim significantly longer, travel further, and attain greater elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_phylogeny">Taxonomy and phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family name Pectinidae, which is based on the name of the type genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_(bivalve)" title="Pecten (bivalve)">Pecten</a></i>, comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pecten" class="extiw" title="wikt:pecten">pecten</a></i> meaning <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">comb</a>, in reference to a comb-like structure of the shell which is situated next to the byssal notch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4CD72deHDwQCpgPA47_47]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4CD72deHDwQCpgPA47_47]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlamys_Pliocene_Cyprus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chlamys_Pliocene_Cyprus.jpg/220px-Chlamys_Pliocene_Cyprus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chlamys_Pliocene_Cyprus.jpg/330px-Chlamys_Pliocene_Cyprus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chlamys_Pliocene_Cyprus.jpg/440px-Chlamys_Pliocene_Cyprus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>Fossil scallop <i>Chlamys</i> with encrusters; Nicosia Formation (<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The fossil history of scallops is rich in species and specimens. The earliest known records of true scallops (those with a ctenolium) can be found from the <a href="/wiki/Triassic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Triassic period">Triassic period</a>, over 200 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hautmann_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hautmann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest species were divided into two groups, one with a nearly smooth exterior: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleuronectis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleuronectis (page does not exist)">Pleuronectis</a></i> von Schlotheim, 1820, while the other had radial ribs or riblets and auricles: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praechlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praechlamys (page does not exist)">Praechlamys</a></i> Allasinaz, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil records also indicate that the abundance of species within the Pectinidae has varied greatly over time; Pectinidae was the most diverse bivalve family in the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesozoic era">Mesozoic era</a>, but the group almost disappeared completely by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous period">Cretaceous period</a>. The survivors <a href="/wiki/Speciate" class="mw-redirect" title="Speciate">speciated</a> rapidly during the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary period</a>. Nearly 7,000 species and subspecies names have been introduced for both fossil and recent Pectinidae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperTaylorCrameGeological_Society_of_London2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQpkfKzsOOfUCpgPA254_254]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperTaylorCrameGeological_Society_of_London2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQpkfKzsOOfUCpgPA254_254]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> is based on molecular phylogeny using mitochondrial (12S, 16S) and nuclear (18S, 28S, and H3) gene markers by Yaron Malkowsky and Annette Klussmann-Kolb in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pteriomorphia" title="Pteriomorphia">Pteriomorphia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">(c. 247 mya) <b><a href="/wiki/Pectinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectinidae">Pectinidae</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palliolinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palliolinae (page does not exist)">Palliolinae</a> (in part) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectinidae_-_Palliolum_excisum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pectinidae_-_Palliolum_excisum.JPG/70px-Pectinidae_-_Palliolum_excisum.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pectinidae_-_Palliolum_excisum.JPG/105px-Pectinidae_-_Palliolum_excisum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pectinidae_-_Palliolum_excisum.JPG/140px-Pectinidae_-_Palliolum_excisum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1177" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palliolinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palliolinae (page does not exist)">Palliolinae</a> (in part) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camptonectinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camptonectinae (page does not exist)">Camptonectinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydinae (page does not exist)">Chlamydinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlamys_islandica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlamys_islandica.jpg/60px-Chlamys_islandica.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlamys_islandica.jpg/120px-Chlamys_islandica.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="2897" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(70 mya) <i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_(bivalve)" title="Pecten (bivalve)">Pecten</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecten_ochlockoneensis_SR_02-227_A_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pecten_ochlockoneensis_SR_02-227_A_02.jpg/60px-Pecten_ochlockoneensis_SR_02-227_A_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pecten_ochlockoneensis_SR_02-227_A_02.jpg/120px-Pecten_ochlockoneensis_SR_02-227_A_02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="1177" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Flexopecten" title="Flexopecten">Flexopecten</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectinidae_-_Flexopecten_hyalinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pectinidae_-_Flexopecten_hyalinus.jpg/60px-Pectinidae_-_Flexopecten_hyalinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pectinidae_-_Flexopecten_hyalinus.jpg/120px-Pectinidae_-_Flexopecten_hyalinus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="787" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(247 mya) <i><a href="/wiki/Aequipecten" title="Aequipecten">Aequipecten</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aequipecten_opercularis_gelb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aequipecten_opercularis_gelb.jpg/60px-Aequipecten_opercularis_gelb.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aequipecten_opercularis_gelb.jpg/90px-Aequipecten_opercularis_gelb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aequipecten_opercularis_gelb.jpg/120px-Aequipecten_opercularis_gelb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Limidae" title="Limidae">Limidae</a> (file shells) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limidae_-_Lima_lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Limidae_-_Lima_lima.jpg/60px-Limidae_-_Lima_lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Limidae_-_Lima_lima.jpg/120px-Limidae_-_Lima_lima.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other <a href="/wiki/Pteriomorphia" title="Pteriomorphia">Pteriomorphia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crassostrea_gigas_p1040848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crassostrea_gigas_p1040848.jpg/70px-Crassostrea_gigas_p1040848.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crassostrea_gigas_p1040848.jpg/105px-Crassostrea_gigas_p1040848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crassostrea_gigas_p1040848.jpg/140px-Crassostrea_gigas_p1040848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="1508" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxonomic_structure">Taxonomic structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taxonomic structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scallops are the family Pectinidae, marine bivalve molluscs within the superfamily <a href="/wiki/Pectinoidea" title="Pectinoidea">Pectinoidea</a>. Other families within this same superfamily share a somewhat similar overall shell shape, and some species within some of the related families are also commonly referred to as "scallops" (for example, <a href="/wiki/Propeamussiidae" title="Propeamussiidae">Propeamussiidae</a>, the glass scallops). </p><p>The family Pectinidae is the most diversified of the pectinoideans in present-day oceans. It is one of the largest marine bivalve families and contains over 300 extant species in 60 genera. Its origin dates back to the Middle Triassic Period, approximately 240 million years ago;<sup id="cite_ref-Hautmann_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hautmann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in terms of diversity, it has been a thriving family to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evolution from its origin has resulted in a successful and diverse group: pectinids are present in the world's seas, found in environments ranging from the intertidal zone to the hadal depths. The Pectinidae play an extremely important role in many benthic communities and exhibit a wide range of shell shapes, sizes, sculptures, and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raines and Poppe<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed nearly 900 species names of scallops, but most of these are considered either questionable or invalid. Raines and Poppe mentioned over 50 genera, around 250 species, and <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>. Although species are generally well-circumscribed, their attribution to <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamilies</a> and genera is sometimes equivocal, and information about <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> and relationships of the species are minimal, not the least because most work has been based only on adult <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This family's earliest and most comprehensive taxonomic treatments were based on macroscopic morphological characters of the adult shells and represent broadly divergent classification schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShumwayParsons2016_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShumwayParsons2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some level of taxonomic stability was achieved when Waller's studies in 1986, 1991, and 1993 concluded evolutionary relationships between pectinid taxa based on hypothesized morphological synapomorphies, which previous classification systems of Pectinidae failed to do. He created three Pectinidae subfamilies: Camptonectinidae, Chlamydinae and Pectininae.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaller19911–73_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller19911–73-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The framework of its phylogeny shows that repeated life habit states derive from evolutionary convergence and parallelism.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have determined the family Pectinidae is monophyletic, developing from a single common ancestor. The direct ancestors of Pectinidae were scallop-like bivalves of the family Entoliidae.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entoliids had auricles and a byssal notch only at youth, but they did not have a ctenolium, a comb-like arrangement along the margins of the byssal notch in Pectinidae. The ctenolium is the defining feature of the modern family Pectinidae and is a characteristic that has evolved within the lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2008 paper, Puslednik et al. identified considerable convergence of shell morphology in a subset species of gliding Pectinidae, which suggests iterative morphological evolution may be more prevalent in the family than previously believed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been a number of efforts to address phylogenetic studies. Only three have assessed more than ten species<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matsumoto_477–488_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsumoto_477–488-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only one has included multiple outgroups.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsumoto_477–488_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsumoto_477–488-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all previous molecular analyses of the Pectinidae have only utilized mitochondrial data. Phylogenies based only on mitochondrial sequence data do not always provide an accurate estimation on the species tree. Complicated factors can arise due to the presence of genetic polymorphisms in ancestral species and resultant lineage sorting.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In molecular phylogenies of the Bivalvia, both the Spondylidae and the Propeamussiidae have been resolved as sister to the Pectinidae.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsumoto_477–488_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsumoto_477–488-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_subfamilies_and_genera">List of subfamilies and genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of subfamilies and genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semipallium_fulvicostatum_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Semipallium_fulvicostatum_001.jpg/250px-Semipallium_fulvicostatum_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Semipallium_fulvicostatum_001.jpg/330px-Semipallium_fulvicostatum_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Semipallium_fulvicostatum_001.jpg/500px-Semipallium_fulvicostatum_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bractechlamys_vexillum" title="Bractechlamys vexillum">Bractechlamys vexillum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.321025_-_Pecten_tigris_Lamarck,_1819_-_Pectinidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.321025_-_Pecten_tigris_Lamarck%2C_1819_-_Pectinidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg/250px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.321025_-_Pecten_tigris_Lamarck%2C_1819_-_Pectinidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.321025_-_Pecten_tigris_Lamarck%2C_1819_-_Pectinidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg/330px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.321025_-_Pecten_tigris_Lamarck%2C_1819_-_Pectinidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.321025_-_Pecten_tigris_Lamarck%2C_1819_-_Pectinidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg/500px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.321025_-_Pecten_tigris_Lamarck%2C_1819_-_Pectinidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption><i>Pecten tigris Lamarck, 1819</i>, museum specimens</figcaption></figure> <p>The following are recognised in the family Pectinidae: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Subfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camptonectinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camptonectinae (page does not exist)">Camptonectinae</a> <small>Habe, 1977</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabe1977_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabe1977-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camptonectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camptonectes (page does not exist)">Camptonectes</a></i> <small>Agassiz, 1864</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclopecten (page does not exist)">Ciclopecten</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Seguenza" title="Giuseppe Seguenza">Seguenza</a>, 1877</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delectopecten" title="Delectopecten">Delectopecten</a></i> <small>Stewart, 1920</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyalopecten" title="Hyalopecten">Hyalopecten</a></i> <small>A. E. Verrill, 1897</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudohinnites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudohinnites (page does not exist)">Pseudohinnites</a></i> <small>Dijkstra, 1989</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinepecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinepecten (page does not exist)">Sinepecten </a></i> <small>Schein, 2006</small></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palliolinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palliolinae (page does not exist)">Palliolinae</a> <small>Korbkov in Eberzin, 1960</small> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adamussiini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adamussiini (page does not exist)">Adamussiini</a> <small>Habe, 1977</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adamussium" title="Adamussium">Adamussium</a></i> <small>Thiele, 1934</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarctipecten (page does not exist)">Antarctipecten</a></i> <small>Beu & Taviani, 2013</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duplipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duplipecten (page does not exist)">Duplipecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lentipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lentipecten (page does not exist)">Lentipecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leoclunipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leoclunipecten (page does not exist)">Leoclunipecten</a></i> <small>Beu & Taviani, 2013</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthipecten (page does not exist)">Ruthipecten</a></i> <small>Beu & Taviani, 2013</small> †</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburneopectinini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eburneopectinini (page does not exist)">Eburneopectinini</a> <small>T. R. Waller, 2006</small> † <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburneopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eburneopecten (page does not exist)">Eburneopecten</a></i> <small>Conrad, 1865</small> †</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopeplini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesopeplini (page does not exist)">Mesopeplini</a> <small>T. R. Waller, 2006</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaparachlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaparachlamys (page does not exist)">Kaparachlamys</a></i> <small>Boreham, 1965</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopeplum" title="Mesopeplum">Mesopeplum</a></i> <small>Iredale, 1929</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phialopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phialopecten (page does not exist)">Phialopecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sectipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sectipecten (page does not exist)">Sectipecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Towaipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Towaipecten (page does not exist)">Towaipecten</a></i> <small>Beu, 1995</small> †</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palliolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palliolini (page does not exist)">Palliolini</a> <small>Waller, 1993</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnekampia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnekampia (page does not exist)">Karnekampia</a></i> <small>H. P. Wagner, 1988</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lissochlamys" title="Lissochlamys">Lissochlamys</a></i> <small>Sacco, 1897</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palliolum" title="Palliolum">Palliolum</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Allery_de_Maria_Monterosato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommaso Allery de Maria Monterosato (page does not exist)">Monterosato</a>, 1884</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten" title="Placopecten">Placopecten</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Addison_Emery_Verrill" title="Addison Emery Verrill">Verrill</a>, 1897</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudamussium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudamussium (page does not exist)">Pseudamussium</a></i> <small>Mörch, 1853</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serripectinini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serripectinini (page does not exist)">Serripectinini</a> <small>T. R. Waller, 2006</small> † <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janupecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janupecten (page does not exist)">Janupecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serripecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serripecten (page does not exist)">Serripecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectininae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pectininae (page does not exist)">Pectininae</a> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aequipectinini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aequipectinini (page does not exist)">Aequipectinini</a> <small>F. Nordsieck, 1969</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aequipecten" title="Aequipecten">Aequipecten</a></i> <small>P. Fischer, 1886</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten" title="Argopecten">Argopecten</a></i> <small>Monterosato, 1889</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptopecten" title="Cryptopecten">Cryptopecten</a></i> <small>Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flexopecten" title="Flexopecten">Flexopecten</a></i> <small>Sacco, 1897</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haumea_(bivalve)" title="Haumea (bivalve)">Haumea</a></i> <small>Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptopecten" title="Leptopecten">Leptopecten</a></i> <small>Verrill, 1897</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volachlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volachlamys (page does not exist)">Volachlamys</a></i> <small>Iredale, 1939</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amusiini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amusiini (page does not exist)">Amusiini</a> <small>Ridewood, 1903</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amusium" title="Amusium">Amusium</a></i> <small>Röding, 1798</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentamussium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentamussium (page does not exist)">Dentamussium</a></i> <small>Dijkstra, 1990</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euvola" title="Euvola">Euvola</a></i> <small>Dall, 1898</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leopecten" title="Leopecten">Leopecten</a></i> <small>Masuda, 1971</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ylistrum" title="Ylistrum">Ylistrum</a></i> <small>Mynhardt & Alejandrino, 2014</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrochlamydini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrochlamydini (page does not exist)">Austrochlamydini</a> <small>Jonkers, 2003</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrochlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrochlamys (page does not exist)">Austrochlamys</a></i> <small>Jonkers, 2003</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decatopectinini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decatopectinini (page does not exist)">Decatopectinini</a> Waller, 1986 <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anguipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anguipecten (page does not exist)">Anguipecten</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/W._H._Dall" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Dall">Dall</a>, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antillipecten" title="Antillipecten">Antillipecten</a></i> <small>T. R. Waller, 2011</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bractechlamys" title="Bractechlamys">Bractechlamys</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1939</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decatopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decatopecten (page does not exist)">Decatopecten</a></i> <small>Rüppell in G. B. Sowerby II, 1839</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Excellichlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excellichlamys (page does not exist)">Excellichlamys</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1939</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorichlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glorichlamys (page does not exist)">Glorichlamys</a></i> <small>Dijkstra, 1991</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloripallium" title="Gloripallium">Gloripallium</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1939</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juxtamusium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juxtamusium (page does not exist)">Juxtamusium</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1939</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyropecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyropecten (page does not exist)">Lyropecten</a></i> <small>Conrad, 1862</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirapecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirapecten (page does not exist)">Mirapecten</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/W._H._Dall" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Dall">Dall</a>, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodipecten" title="Nodipecten">Nodipecten</a></i> <small>Dall, 1898</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectinini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pectinini (page does not exist)">Pectinini</a> <small>Wilkes, 1810</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annachlamys" title="Annachlamys">Annachlamys</a></i> <small>Iredale, 1939</small></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fascipecten (page does not exist)">Fascipecten</a></i> <small> Freneix, Karache & Salvat 1971</small></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gigantopecten" title="Gigantopecten">Gigantopecten</a></i> <small>Rovereto, 1899</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minnivola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minnivola (page does not exist)">Minnivola</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1939</small></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oopecten (page does not exist)">Oopecten</a></i> <small>Sacco, 1897</small></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppenheimopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oppenheimopecten (page does not exist)">Oppenheimopecten</a></i> <small>Teppner, 1922</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_(bivalve)" title="Pecten (bivalve)">Pecten</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Otto Friedrich Müller">Müller</a>, 1776</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serratovola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serratovola (page does not exist)">Serratovola</a></i> <small>Habe, 1951</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedinae (page does not exist)">Pedinae</a> <small>Bronn, 1862</small> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydini (page does not exist)">Chlamydini</a> <small>von Teppner, 1922</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrohinnites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrohinnites (page does not exist)">Austrohinnites</a></i> <small>Beu & Darragh, 2001</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azumapecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azumapecten (page does not exist)">Azumapecten</a></i> <small>Habe, 1977</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chesapecten" title="Chesapecten">Chesapecten</a></i> <small>Ward & Blackwelder, 1975</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_(bivalve)" title="Chlamys (bivalve)">Chlamys</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Peter_Friedrich_R%C3%B6ding" title="Peter Friedrich Röding">Röding</a>, 1798</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chokekenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chokekenia (page does not exist)">Chokekenia</a></i> <small>Santelli & del Río, 2018</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ckaraosippur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ckaraosippur (page does not exist)">Ckaraosippur</a></i> <small>Santelli & del Río, 2019</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complicachlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complicachlamys (page does not exist)">Complicachlamys</a></i> <small>Iredale, 1939</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coralichlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coralichlamys (page does not exist)">Coralichlamys</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1939</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietotenhosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietotenhosen (page does not exist)">Dietotenhosen</a></i> <small>Santelli & del Río, 2019</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equichlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equichlamys (page does not exist)">Equichlamys</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1929</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemipecten" title="Hemipecten">Hemipecten</a></i> <small>A. Adams & Reeve, 1849</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hinnites" title="Hinnites">Hinnites</a></i> <small>Deference, 1821</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevichlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laevichlamys (page does not exist)">Laevichlamys</a></i> <small>Waller, 1993</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manupecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manupecten (page does not exist)">Manupecten</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Allery_de_Maria_Monterosato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommaso Allery de Maria Monterosato (page does not exist)">Monterosato</a>, 1872</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moirechlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moirechlamys (page does not exist)">Moirechlamys</a></i> <small>Santelli & del Río, 2018</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notochlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notochlamys (page does not exist)">Notochlamys</a></i> <small>Cotton, 1930</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascahinnites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascahinnites (page does not exist)">Pascahinnites</a></i> <small>Dijkstra & Raines, 1999</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pixiechlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pixiechlamys (page does not exist)">Pixiechlamys</a></i> <small>Santelli & del Río, 2018</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praechlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praechlamys (page does not exist)">Praechlamys</a></i> <small>Allasinaz, 1972</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scaeochlamys" title="Scaeochlamys">Scaeochlamys</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Tom_Iredale" title="Tom Iredale">Iredale</a>, 1929</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semipallium" title="Semipallium">Semipallium</a></i> <small>Jousseaume in Lamy, 1928</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swiftopecten" title="Swiftopecten">Swiftopecten</a></i> <small>Hertlein, 1936</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talochlamys" title="Talochlamys">Talochlamys</a></i> <small>Iredale, 1929</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veprichlamys" title="Veprichlamys">Veprichlamys</a></i> <small>Iredale, 1929</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yabepecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yabepecten (page does not exist)">Yabepecten</a></i> <small>Masuda, 1963</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygochlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygochlamys (page does not exist)">Zygochlamys</a></i> <small>Ihering, 1907</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crassadomini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crassadomini (page does not exist)">Crassadomini</a> <small>Waller, 1993</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caribachlamys" title="Caribachlamys">Caribachlamys</a></i> <small>Waller, 1993</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crassadoma" title="Crassadoma">Crassadoma</a></i> <small>Bernard, 1986</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortipectinini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortipectinini (page does not exist)">Fortipectinini</a> <small>Masuda, 1963</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortipecten (page does not exist)">Fortipecten</a></i> <small>Yabe & Hatai, 1940</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotorapecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotorapecten (page does not exist)">Kotorapecten</a></i> <small>Masuda, 1962</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masudapecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masudapecten (page does not exist)">Masudapecten</a></i> <small>Akiyama, 1962</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuhopecten" title="Mizuhopecten">Mizuhopecten</a></i> <small>Masuda, 1963</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipponopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nipponopecten (page does not exist)">Nipponopecten</a></i> <small>Masuda, 1962</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patinopecten" title="Patinopecten">Patinopecten</a></i> <small>Dall, 1898</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimachlamydini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimachlamydini (page does not exist)">Mimachlamydini</a> <small>Waller, 1993</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimachlamys" title="Mimachlamys">Mimachlamys</a></i> <small>Iredale, 1929</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spathochlamys" title="Spathochlamys">Spathochlamys</a></i> <small>Waller, 1993</small></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Pedini" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedini">Pedini</a> <small>Bronn, 1862</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedum_(bivalve)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedum (bivalve)">Pedum</a></i> <small>Bruguière, 1792</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerchlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerchlamys (page does not exist)">Agerchlamys</a></i> <small>Damborenea, 1993</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athlopecten (page does not exist)">Athlopecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camptochlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camptochlamys (page does not exist)">Camptochlamys</a></i> <small>Arkell, 1930</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indopecten (page does not exist)">Indopecten</a></i> <small>Douglas, 1929</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorgechlamys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorgechlamys (page does not exist)">Jorgechlamys</a></i> <small>del Río, 2004</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamellipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamellipecten (page does not exist)">Lamellipecten</a></i> <small>Dijkstra & Maestrati, 2010</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindapecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindapecten (page does not exist)">Lindapecten</a></i> <small>Petuch, 1995</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtipecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixtipecten (page does not exist)">Mixtipecten</a></i> <small>Marwick, 1928</small> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudopecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudopecten (page does not exist)">Pseudopecten</a></i> <small>Bayle, 1878</small> †</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg/250px-Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Pearl nets used to grow spat to juveniles in <a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">scallop aquaculture</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seafood_industry">Seafood industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seafood industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallop aquaculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_fisheries">Wild fisheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Wild fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest wild scallop fishery is for the Atlantic sea scallop (<i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i>) found off the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Scallops are harvested using <a href="/wiki/Scallop_dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallop dredge">scallop dredges</a> or bottom trawls. Most of the rest of the world's production of scallops is from Japan (wild, enhanced, and aquaculture) and China (mostly cultured Atlantic bay scallops).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvhGdBAAAQBAJpgPA902_902]_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvhGdBAAAQBAJpgPA902_902]-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.661">: p.661 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Channel" title="D'Entrecasteaux Channel">D'Entrecasteaux Channel</a> in the south of Tasmania dredging was banned in 1969, and since then <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">divers</a> have caught them in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-SPUMS1991_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPUMS1991-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to use lighted pots to attract <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crab</a> led to the discovery that they were effective in attracting scallops.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scallop fishery in New Zealand declined from a catch of 1246 tonnes in 1975 to 41 tonnes in 1980, at which point the government ordered the fishery closed. <a href="/wiki/Spat_(molluscs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spat (molluscs)">Spat</a> seeding in the 1980s helped it recover, and catches in the 1990s were up to 684 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Bay" title="Tasman Bay">Tasman Bay</a> area was closed to commercial scallop harvesting from 2009 to 2011 due to a decline in the numbers. The commercial catch was down to 22 tonnes in 2015, and the fishery was closed again. The main causes for the decline seem to be fishing, climate effects, disease, pollutants, and sediment runoff from farming and forestry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Forest_and_Bird_Protection_Society_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand">Forest and Bird</a> list scallops as the "Worst Choice" in their Best Fish Guide for sustainable seafood species.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, over the last 100 years, the populations of bay scallops have greatly diminished due to several factors but probably mostly due to a reduction in seagrasses (to which bay scallop spat attach) caused by increased coastal development and concomitant nutrient runoff. Another possible factor is the reduction of sharks from overfishing. A variety of sharks used to feed on <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a>, which are the main predator of bay scallops. With the shark population reduced – this <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a> in some places almost eliminated – the rays have been free to feed on scallops to greatly decrease their numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiaTYBAAAQBAJpgPA333_333]_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiaTYBAAAQBAJpgPA333_333]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the Atlantic sea scallop (<i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i>) is at historically high levels of abundance after recovery from overfishing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranataFlickMartin2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-gPaFouCFikCpgPT96_96]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranataFlickMartin2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-gPaFouCFikCpgPT96_96]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scallop_dishes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scallop dishes">Scallop dishes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Thomas_Keller%27s_Caramelized_Scallops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Making_Thomas_Keller%27s_Caramelized_Scallops.jpg/220px-Making_Thomas_Keller%27s_Caramelized_Scallops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Making_Thomas_Keller%27s_Caramelized_Scallops.jpg/330px-Making_Thomas_Keller%27s_Caramelized_Scallops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Making_Thomas_Keller%27s_Caramelized_Scallops.jpg/440px-Making_Thomas_Keller%27s_Caramelized_Scallops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Scallops caramelizing in clarified butter in a very hot pan</figcaption></figure> <p>Scallops are characterized by offering two flavors and textures in one shell: the meat, called "scallop", which is firm and white, and the roe, called "coral", which is soft and often brightly coloured reddish-orange. Sometimes, markets sell scallops already prepared in the shell, with only the meat remaining. Outside the U.S., the scallop is often sold whole. They are available both with and without coral in the UK and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA1355_1355]_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA1355_1355]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scallops without any additives are called "dry-packed", while scallops that are treated with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tripolyphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium tripolyphosphate">sodium tripolyphosphate</a> (STPP) are called "wet-packed". STPP causes the scallops to absorb moisture prior to the freezing process, thereby increasing their weight. The freezing process takes about two days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolnickPeterson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6YGBAwAAQBAJpgPA47_47]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolnickPeterson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6YGBAwAAQBAJpgPA47_47]-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>, scallops are often quickly cooked in a hot buttered pan, sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">calvados</a> and served with creamed leeks, or prepared in a white wine sauce. In <a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician cuisine</a>, scallops are baked with breadcrumbs, ham, and onions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scallops are sometimes breaded, deep-fried, and served with <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a> in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (either on their own or as part of a <a href="/wiki/Seafood_basket" title="Seafood basket">fisherman's platter</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cahners_1977_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cahners_1977-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/New_England_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England cuisine">New England</a>, some seafood restaurants offer scallop rolls, consisting of breaded scallops on a grilled, split-top <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_bun" title="Hot dog bun">hot dog bun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>, scallops may be served in soup or prepared as <i><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a sushi bar, <i>hotategai</i> (帆立貝, 海扇) is the traditional scallop on rice and, while <i>kaibashira</i> (貝柱) is more loosely used to include other shellfish species with round-shaped flesh (the adductor muscle), such as <i><a href="/wiki/Atrina_pectinata" title="Atrina pectinata">Atrina pectinata</a></i> (帶子). </p><p>Dried scallop is known in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Conpoy" title="Conpoy">conpoy</a></i> (乾瑤柱, 乾貝, 干貝).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Smoked_scallop" title="Smoked scallop">Smoked scallops</a> are sometimes served as <a href="/wiki/Appetizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Appetizer">appetizers</a> or used as an ingredient in the preparation of various dishes and appetizers.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scallops have lent their name to the culinary term "scalloped", which originally referred to seafood creamed and served hot in the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombauerBecker1964369_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERombauerBecker1964369-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it means a creamed casserole dish such as <a href="/wiki/Scalloped_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalloped potatoes">scalloped potatoes</a>, which contains no seafood at all. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="float:left;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_scallops.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adductor muscle meat of giant scallop"><img alt="Adductor muscle meat of giant scallop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Large_scallops.jpg/169px-Large_scallops.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Large_scallops.jpg/253px-Large_scallops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Large_scallops.jpg/337px-Large_scallops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adductor muscle meat of <a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">giant scallop</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upclosedriedscallop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dried scallops, also known as conpoy"><img alt="Dried scallops, also known as conpoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Upclosedriedscallop.jpg/300px-Upclosedriedscallop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Upclosedriedscallop.jpg/451px-Upclosedriedscallop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Upclosedriedscallop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dried scallops, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Conpoy" title="Conpoy">conpoy</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fried_scallops_on_stick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fried scallops on a stick served with rice"><img alt="Fried scallops on a stick served with rice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fried_scallops_on_stick.jpg/300px-Fried_scallops_on_stick.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fried_scallops_on_stick.jpg/451px-Fried_scallops_on_stick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fried_scallops_on_stick.jpg/600px-Fried_scallops_on_stick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fried scallops on a stick served with rice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallops_(45640549224).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pan seared scallops"><img alt="Pan seared scallops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Scallops_%2845640549224%29.jpg/338px-Scallops_%2845640549224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Scallops_%2845640549224%29.jpg/507px-Scallops_%2845640549224%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Scallops_%2845640549224%29.jpg/675px-Scallops_%2845640549224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5838" data-file-height="3892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pan seared scallops</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pearls">Pearls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pearls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_pearl2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Scallop_pearl2.jpg/220px-Scallop_pearl2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Scallop_pearl2.jpg/330px-Scallop_pearl2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Scallop_pearl2.jpg/440px-Scallop_pearl2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>A scallop pearl</figcaption></figure> <p>Scallops do occasionally produce <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, though scallop pearls do not have the buildup of translucent layers or "nacre" which give desirability to the pearls of the <a href="/wiki/Feather_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather oyster">feather oysters</a>, and usually lack both <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a>. They can be dull, small, and of varying colour, but exceptions occur that are appreciated for their aesthetic qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatlins200156_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlins200156-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism_of_the_shell">Symbolism of the shell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Symbolism of the shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Carlo_Crivelli_064.jpg/110px-Carlo_Crivelli_064.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Carlo_Crivelli_064.jpg/165px-Carlo_Crivelli_064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Carlo_Crivelli_064.jpg/220px-Carlo_Crivelli_064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="3353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">Saint James</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a>, c. 1480</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell_of_Saint_James">Shell of Saint James</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shell of Saint James"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago#Scallop_symbol" title="Camino de Santiago">Camino de Santiago § Scallop symbol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/250px-Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/330px-Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/500px-Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Shield with symbol of St. James the Great, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The scallop shell is the traditional emblem of <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">St James the Great</a> and is popular with pilgrims travelling the Way of St James (<a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Camino de Santiago</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-StJ_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StJ-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval Christians would collect a scallop shell while at Compostela as evidence of having made the journey. The association of Saint James with the scallop can most likely be traced to the legend that the apostle once rescued a knight covered in scallops.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative version of the legend holds that while St. James' remains were being transported to Galicia (Spain) from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. As the ship approached land, the wedding of the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Lupa" title="Queen Lupa">Queen Lupa</a> was taking place on shore.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahrami_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahrami-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young groom was on horseback, and, upon seeing the ship's approach, his horse got spooked, and horse and rider plunged into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkie1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9xJGrnvuNW4CpgPA70_70–71]_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkie1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9xJGrnvuNW4CpgPA70_70–71]-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through miraculous intervention, the horse and rider emerged from the water alive, covered in seashells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkie196571_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkie196571-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, in French, the mollusc itself – as well as a popular preparation of it in cream sauce – is called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">coquille St. Jacques</i></span>. In German they are <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jakobsmuscheln</i></span> – literally "James's shellfish". Curiously the <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean</a> name <i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecten jacobeus">Pecten jacobeus</a></i> is given to the Mediterranean scallop, while the scallop endemic to Galicia is called <i>Pecten maximus</i> due to its bigger size.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies2013_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scallop shell is represented in the decoration of churches named after St. James, such as in <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Sydney" title="St James' Church, Sydney">St James' Church, Sydney</a>, where it appears in a number of places, including in the mosaics on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._James_Church196322_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._James_Church196322-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When referring to St James, a scallop shell valve is displayed with its convex outer surface showing. In contrast, when the shell refers to the goddess Venus (see below), it is displayed with its concave interior surface showing.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies2013_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_Fuel">Fossil Fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fossil Fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a> company, one of the world's biggest companies, is represented by a scallop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Badge">Badge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Badge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Bad_Mingolfsheim_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/DEU_Bad_Mingolfsheim_COA.svg/170px-DEU_Bad_Mingolfsheim_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/DEU_Bad_Mingolfsheim_COA.svg/255px-DEU_Bad_Mingolfsheim_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/DEU_Bad_Mingolfsheim_COA.svg/340px-DEU_Bad_Mingolfsheim_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>A scallop shell in a German <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The scallop shell symbol found its way into <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> as a badge of those who had been on the pilgrimage to Compostela, although later, it became a symbol of pilgrimage in general. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana</a>'s family, the <a href="/wiki/Spencer_family" title="Spencer family">Spencer family</a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> includes a scallop, as well as both of Diana's sons <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">Prince William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry</a>'s personal coats of arms; also Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>'s personal coat of arms includes a scallop; another example is the surname <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_(surname)" title="Wilmot (surname)">Wilmot</a> and also <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>'s (which as a result the scallop shell is used as an emblem of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>). However, charges in heraldry do not always have an unvarying symbolic meaning, and there are cases of arms in which no family member went on a pilgrimage, and the occurrence of the scallop is simply a pun on the name of the <a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">armiger</a> (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Coeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Coeur">Jacques Coeur</a>), or for other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStixStixAbbott1968[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears&#32;(January_2017)">pages&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStixStixAbbott1968[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears&#32;(January_2017)">pages&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, the State of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in the US chose the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bay_scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic bay scallop">bay scallop</a> (<i>Argopecten irradians</i>) as its <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_shells" title="List of U.S. state shells">state shell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility_symbol">Fertility symbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fertility symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg/170px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg/255px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg/340px-Aphrodite_Anadyomene_Louvre_CA2288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Anadyomene" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphrodite Anadyomene">Aphrodite Anadyomene</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Amisos" class="mw-redirect" title="Amisos">Amisos</a>, 1st century BC – 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout antiquity, scallops and other <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">hinged shells</a> have symbolized the feminine principle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalisbury200111_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalisbury200111-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outwardly, the shell can symbolize the protective and nurturing principle, and inwardly, the "life-force slumbering within the Earth",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontana199488,_103_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontana199488,_103-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vagina_and_vulva_in_art" title="Vagina and vulva in art">an emblem of the vulva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1994230_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1994230-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many paintings of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, the Roman goddess of love and fertility, included a scallop shell in the painting to identify her. This is evident in <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli's</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classically</a> inspired 15th century painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_(Botticelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)">The Birth of Venus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Botticelli_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botticelli-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One legend of the <a href="/wiki/Way_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of St. James">Way of St. James</a> holds that the route was seen as a fertility pilgrimage, undertaken when a young couple desired to bear offspring. The scallop shell is believed to have originally been carried by pagans as a symbol of fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauding2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSImTll3uupICdq22WayofStJames22fertilitypilgrimagescalloppgPA169_169]_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauding2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSImTll3uupICdq22WayofStJames22fertilitypilgrimagescalloppgPA169_169]-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interpretations">Other interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternatively, the scallop resembles the setting sun, which was the focus of the pre-Christian Celtic rituals of the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To wit, the pre-Christian roots of the <i>Way of St. James</i> was a Celtic death journey westwards towards the setting sun, terminating at the <i>End of the World</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Finisterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterra">Finisterra</a></i>) on the "Coast of Death" (<a href="/wiki/Costa_da_Morte" title="Costa da Morte">Costa da Morte</a>) and the "Sea of Darkness" (i.e., the Abyss of Death, the <i>Mare Tenebrosum</i>, Latin for the Atlantic Ocean, itself named after the <i>Dying Civilization</i> of Atlantis).<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_progess_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas_progess-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This page just references 'legends' without further citation. (April 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_art">Contemporary art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Contemporary art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scallop,_Maggi_Hambling,_Aldeburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Scallop%2C_Maggi_Hambling%2C_Aldeburgh.jpg/220px-The_Scallop%2C_Maggi_Hambling%2C_Aldeburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Scallop%2C_Maggi_Hambling%2C_Aldeburgh.jpg/330px-The_Scallop%2C_Maggi_Hambling%2C_Aldeburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Scallop%2C_Maggi_Hambling%2C_Aldeburgh.jpg/440px-The_Scallop%2C_Maggi_Hambling%2C_Aldeburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Large sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Maggi_Hambling" title="Maggi Hambling">Maggi Hambling</a> titled <i>The Scallop</i> erected in 2003 on the beach at <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh" title="Aldeburgh">Aldeburgh</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>The beach at <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh" title="Aldeburgh">Aldeburgh</a>, Suffolk, England, features <a href="/wiki/Maggi_Hambling" title="Maggi Hambling">Maggi Hambling</a>'s steel sculpture, <i>The Scallop</i>, erected in 2003 as a memorial to the composer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, who had a long association with the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunfordLee2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCk0wTuoqTpkCpgPT486_486]_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunfordLee2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCk0wTuoqTpkCpgPT486_486]-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scalloped_shape">Scalloped shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Scalloped shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basket_(England),_1813%E2%80%9340_(CH_18349945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Basket_%28England%29%2C_1813%E2%80%9340_%28CH_18349945%29.jpg/250px-Basket_%28England%29%2C_1813%E2%80%9340_%28CH_18349945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Basket_%28England%29%2C_1813%E2%80%9340_%28CH_18349945%29.jpg/330px-Basket_%28England%29%2C_1813%E2%80%9340_%28CH_18349945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Basket_%28England%29%2C_1813%E2%80%9340_%28CH_18349945%29.jpg/500px-Basket_%28England%29%2C_1813%E2%80%9340_%28CH_18349945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Scalloped edges of a porcelain basket</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "scalloped" is used to designate a decorative pattern, resembling the wavy scallop surface, that is used at the edges of furniture, fabrics, and other items.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/40px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/60px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/120px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also occasionally written <b>scollop</b> and once spelled <b>scalap</b>, <b>-opp</b>, <b>scalop</b>, <b>skalop</b>, <b>scalepp</b>, <b>-oppe</b>, <b>scalloppe</b>, <b>skallap</b>, <b>-op</b>, <b>scallope</b>, <b>scallap</b>, <b>s(c)kollop</b>, and <b>scollup</b>, <b>-op</b> as well as <b>escallop</b>, <b>escalop</b>, and <b>escollop</b>, though <i>scallop</i> appears to have become the dominant way of spelling the word in English.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raines, B. K. & Poppe, G. T. (2006): <i>The Family Pectinidae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainesPoppeGroh2006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainesPoppeGroh2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, D.W. (1890) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVMwGk1g3awC">Scallop</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language</a></i> p.5371, <a href="/wiki/Century_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Century Company">Century Company</a>, and (2009) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford English Dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, Second Edition, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonRobinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkNYJdHyNRgsCpgPA65_65]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonRobinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkNYJdHyNRgsCpgPA65_65]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonRobinson2000">Robinson & Robinson 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNYJdHyNRgsC&pg=PA65">65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA207_207]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA207_207]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShumwayParsons2011">Shumway & Parsons 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSu_GLwLQmEC&pg=PA207">207</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA124_124]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA124_124]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShumwayParsons2011">Shumway & Parsons 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSu_GLwLQmEC&pg=PA124">124</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilsomRigby2009[httpsbooksgooglecombookside8Xr6pXKdcECpgPA62_62]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilsomRigby2009[httpsbooksgooglecombookside8Xr6pXKdcECpgPA62_62]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilsomRigby2009">Milsom & Rigby 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8Xr6pXKdcEC&pg=PA62">62</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyrwMAQAAIAAJpgPA5_5–6]_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrew1906">Drew 1906</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrwMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5">5–6</a>.</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Orkney+part+of+%27scallop+discos%27+fishing+trial&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-61710988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold2018" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Naomi (July–August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/what-we-do-in-the-shallows/">"What we do in the shallows"</a>. <i>New Zealand Geographic</i>. <b>152</b>: <span class="nowrap">56–</span>73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Geographic&rft.atitle=What+we+do+in+the+shallows&rft.volume=152&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2018-07%2F2018-08&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzgeo.com%2Fstories%2Fwhat-we-do-in-the-shallows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/what-we-do/publications/-best-fish-guide-/scallops">"Scallops"</a>. <i>Forest and Bird</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forest+and+Bird&rft.atitle=Scallops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestandbird.org.nz%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fpublications%2F-best-fish-guide-%2Fscallops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiaTYBAAAQBAJpgPA333_333]-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiaTYBAAAQBAJpgPA333_333]_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2011">Pinet 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaTYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333">333</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranataFlickMartin2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-gPaFouCFikCpgPT96_96]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranataFlickMartin2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-gPaFouCFikCpgPT96_96]_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranataFlickMartin2012">Granata, Flick & Martin 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gPaFouCFikC&pg=PT96">96</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA1355_1355]-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumwayParsons2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrSu_GLwLQmECpgPA1355_1355]_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShumwayParsons2011">Shumway & Parsons 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSu_GLwLQmEC&pg=PA1355">1355</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolnickPeterson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6YGBAwAAQBAJpgPA47_47]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolnickPeterson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6YGBAwAAQBAJpgPA47_47]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRolnickPeterson2014">Rolnick & Peterson 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YGBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">47</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cahners_1977-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cahners_1977_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvbiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Seafood+basket%22+scallop&dq=%22Seafood+basket%22"><i>Volume Feeding Institutions</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sante+Magazine&rft.atitle=My+Fried+Seafood+Love+Affair+and+Some+Wines+to+Pair&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft.aulast=Orlando&rft.aufirst=Ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantemagazine.com%2Feating-the-neighborhood-july-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroder2012" class="citation web cs1">Broder, Andy (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609002023/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bella/2012/06/andytalk_appetizers-recipes-beyond_lox_-_smoked_s.php">"AndyTalk: Beyond Lox – Smoked Seafood Hold the Bagels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_New_Times" title="Phoenix New Times">Phoenix New Times</a></i>. 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Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472410832" title="Special:BookSources/9781472410832"><bdi>9781472410832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+Habitual%3A+Observations+on+the+Pilgrim%27s+Shell&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Pilgrimage%2C+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781472410832&rft.aulast=Pullan&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSyFb0N_i8YC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahrami-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bahrami_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahrami2009" class="citation book cs1">Bahrami, Beebe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6F_cqGOAr4C&q=Queen+Lupa"><i>The Spiritual Traveler: Spain : a Guide to Sacred Sites and Pilgrim Routes</i></a>. 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"The Nautilus, the Halycon, and Selenaia: Callimachus's <i>Epigram</i> 5 Pf.= 14 G.-P". <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity_(journal)" title="Classical Antiquity (journal)">Classical Antiquity</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">194–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25010972">10.2307/25010972</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010972">25010972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Nautilus%2C+the+Halycon%2C+and+Selenaia%3A+Callimachus%27s+Epigram+5+Pf.%3D+14+G.-P&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25010972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25010972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gutzwiller&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1994230-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1994230_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1994">Johnson 1994</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botticelli-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Botticelli_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artble.com/artists/sandro_botticelli/paintings/birth_of_venus">"Birth of Venus"</a>. <i>artble.com</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artble.com&rft.atitle=Birth+of+Venus&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artble.com%2Fartists%2Fsandro_botticelli%2Fpaintings%2Fbirth_of_venus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlavin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Slavin, S (2003). "Walking as Spiritual Practice: The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela". <i><a href="/wiki/Body_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Body and Society">Body and Society</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1357034X030093001">10.1177/1357034X030093001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144403461">144403461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Body+and+Society&rft.atitle=Walking+as+Spiritual+Practice%3A+The+Pilgrimage+to+Santiago+de+Compostela&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1357034X030093001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144403461%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Slavin&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauding2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSImTll3uupICdq22WayofStJames22fertilitypilgrimagescalloppgPA169_169]-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauding2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSImTll3uupICdq22WayofStJames22fertilitypilgrimagescalloppgPA169_169]_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGauding2009">Gauding 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SImTll3uupIC&dq=%22Way+of+St.+James%22+fertility+pilgrimage+scallop&pg=PA169">169</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas_progess-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomas_progess_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Isabella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323234123/http://www.europe.org.uk/index/-/id/289/">"Pilgrim's Progress"</a>. <i>Europe in the UK</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe.org.uk/index/-/id/289/">the original</a> on 23 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europe+in+the+UK&rft.atitle=Pilgrim%27s+Progress&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe.org.uk%2Findex%2F-%2Fid%2F289%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunfordLee2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCk0wTuoqTpkCpgPT486_486]-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunfordLee2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCk0wTuoqTpkCpgPT486_486]_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunfordLee2012">Dunford & Lee 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck0wTuoqTpkC&pg=PT486">486</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals1930" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi-17Q3ZQhsC&pg=PA52"><i>Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports</i></a>. The Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. 1930<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+of+Customs+and+Patent+Appeals+Reports&rft.pub=The+Court+of+Customs+and+Patent+Appeals&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi-17Q3ZQhsC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDore2013" class="citation book cs1">Dore, Ian (29 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lLUBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152"><i>The New Fresh Seafood Buyer's Guide: A manual for distributors, restaurants and retailers</i></a>. Boston, MA: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-5990-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-5990-7"><bdi>978-1-4757-5990-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fresh+Seafood+Buyer%27s+Guide%3A+A+manual+for+distributors%2C+restaurants+and+retailers&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-5990-7&rft.aulast=Dore&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lLUBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrew1906" class="citation cs2">Drew, Gilman Arthur (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrwMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Habits Anatomy, and Embryology of the Giant Scallop: (Pecten Tenuicostatus, Mighels)</i></a>, Orono, Maine, pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habits+Anatomy%2C+and+Embryology+of+the+Giant+Scallop%3A+%28Pecten+Tenuicostatus%2C+Mighels%29&rft.place=Orono%2C+Maine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Gilman+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrwMAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunfordLee2012" class="citation book cs1">Dunford, Martin; Lee, Phil (13 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck0wTuoqTpkC&pg=PT486"><i>The Rough Guide to Norfolk & Suffolk</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-9037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-9037-8"><bdi>978-1-4053-9037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Norfolk+%26+Suffolk&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-9037-8&rft.aulast=Dunford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Lee%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCk0wTuoqTpkC%26pg%3DPT486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFontana1994" class="citation book cs1">Fontana, David (1994). <i>The secret language of symbols: a visual key to symbols and their meanings</i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Books" title="Chronicle Books">Chronicle Books</a>. pp. 88, 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-0462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-0462-2"><bdi>978-0-8118-0462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secret+language+of+symbols%3A+a+visual+key+to+symbols+and+their+meanings&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=88%2C+103&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-0462-2&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGauding2009" class="citation book cs1">Gauding, Madonna (2009). <i>The Signs and Symbols Bible: The Definitive Guide to Mysterious Markings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Publishing Company">Sterling Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SImTll3uupIC&pg=PA169">169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-7004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-7004-3"><bdi>978-1-4027-7004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Signs+and+Symbols+Bible%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Mysterious+Markings&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-7004-3&rft.aulast=Gauding&rft.aufirst=Madonna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGosling2015" class="citation book cs1">Gosling, Elizabeth (27 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QIO4CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Marine Bivalve Molluscs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-04522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-04522-9"><bdi>978-1-119-04522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Bivalve+Molluscs&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.isbn=978-1-119-04522-9&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQIO4CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGranataFlickMartin2012" class="citation book cs1">Granata, Linda Ankenman; Flick, George J. Jr.; Martin, Roy E. (8 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gPaFouCFikC&pg=PT96"><i>The Seafood Industry: Species, Products, Processing, and Safety</i></a>. 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Rochester, Vt: Inner Traditions/<a href="/wiki/Bear_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear & Company">Bear & Company</a>. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-523-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-523-4"><bdi>978-0-89281-523-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+of+the+beasts%3A+the+Goddess+and+her+sacred+animals&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vt&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions%2FBear+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-523-4&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Buffie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatlins2001" class="citation book cs1">Matlins, Antoinette, L. 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New York, NY: Gemstone. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943763-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943763-35-4"><bdi>978-0-943763-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearl+Book%3A+The+Definitive+Buying+Guide%3A+how+to+Select%2C+Buy%2C+Care+for+%26+Enjoy+Pearls&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Gemstone&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-943763-35-4&rft.aulast=Matlins&rft.aufirst=Antoinette%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilsomRigby2009" class="citation book cs1">Milsom, Clare; <a href="/wiki/Sue_Rigby" title="Sue Rigby">Rigby, Sue</a> (1 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8Xr6pXKdcEC&pg=PA62"><i>Fossils at a Glance</i></a>. Chichester: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1123-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-1123-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossils+at+a+Glance&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1123-5&rft.aulast=Milsom&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8Xr6pXKdcEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinet2011" class="citation book cs1">Pinet, Paul R. 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Can squid fly?: answers to a host of fascinating questions about the sea and sea life</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Adlard_Coles_Nautical" title="Adlard Coles Nautical">Thomas Reed publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CD72deHDwQC&pg=PA47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5130-3"><bdi>978-1-4081-5130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Squid+Fly%3F+Can+squid+fly%3F%3A+answers+to+a+host+of+fascinating+questions+about+the+sea+and+sea+life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Thomas+Reed+publications%2C+Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-5130-3&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolnickPeterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Rolnick, Glenn; Peterson, Chris (4 November 2014). <i>Carmine's celebrates: classic Italian recipes for everyday feasts</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YGBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-3723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-3723-2"><bdi>978-1-4668-3723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carmine%27s+celebrates%3A+classic+Italian+recipes+for+everyday+feasts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-3723-2&rft.aulast=Rolnick&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRainesPoppeGroh2006" class="citation book cs1">Raines, Bret K.; Poppe, Guido T.; Groh, Klaus (2006). <i>A conchological iconography</i>. 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Old Squan Village Publishing. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9647267-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9647267-8-9"><bdi>978-0-9647267-8-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Shelling%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Finding+Shells+and+Other+Beach+Collectibles+at+Shelling+Locations+from+Florida+to+Maine&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Old+Squan+Village+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9647267-8-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNYJdHyNRgsC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRombauerBecker1964" class="citation book cs1">Rombauer, Irma S.; Becker, Marion Rombauer (1964) [1931]. <i>The Joy of Cooking</i>. Indianapolis, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a>. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25665-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25665-1"><bdi>978-0-452-25665-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joy+of+Cooking&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-452-25665-1&rft.aulast=Rombauer&rft.aufirst=Irma+S.&rft.au=Becker%2C+Marion+Rombauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_E._Salisbury" title="Joyce E. Salisbury">Salisbury, Joyce E.</a> (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-092-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-092-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+in+the+ancient+world&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-092-5&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Joyce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShumwayParsons2011" class="citation book cs1">Shumway, Sandra E.; Parsons, G. Jay, eds. (22 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSu_GLwLQmEC&pg=PA689"><i>Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture</i></a> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam Boston: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">689–</span>690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-048077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-048077-0"><bdi>978-0-08-048077-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scallops%3A+Biology%2C+Ecology+and+Aquaculture&rft.place=Amsterdam+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E689-%3C%2Fspan%3E690&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.isbn=978-0-08-048077-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrSu_GLwLQmEC%26pg%3DPA689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._James_Church1963" class="citation book cs1">St. James' Church (Sydney, N.S.W.) (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12401661"><i>A Short story of historic St. James', Sydney</i></a> (2nd ed.). The Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+story+of+historic+St.+James%27%2C+Sydney&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Church&rft.date=1963&rft.au=St.+James%27+Church+%28Sydney%2C+N.S.W.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F12401661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarkie1965" class="citation book cs1">Starkie, Walter (1965) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xJGrnvuNW4C&pg=PA71"><i>The Road to Santiago</i></a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Santiago&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Starkie&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xJGrnvuNW4C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStixStixAbbott1968" class="citation book cs1">Stix, Hugh; Stix, Marguerite; Abbott, Robert Tucker (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shellfivehundred0000stix"><i>The Shell: Five Hundred Million Years of Inspired Design</i></a></span> (First ed.). New York NY: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams, Inc.">Harry N. Abrams, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810904750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810904750"><bdi>978-0810904750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shell%3A+Five+Hundred+Million+Years+of+Inspired+Design&rft.place=New+York+NY&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0810904750&rft.aulast=Stix&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Stix%2C+Marguerite&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Robert+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshellfivehundred0000stix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaller1991" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Thomas R. (1991). "Evolutionary relationships among commercial scallops (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae)". In S. E. Shumway (ed.). <i>Scallops: Biology, ecology and aquaculture</i>. New York: Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+relationships+among+commercial+scallops+%28Mollusca%3A+Bivalvia%3A+Pectinidae%29&rft.btitle=Scallops%3A+Biology%2C+ecology+and+aquaculture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillardOwens1997" class="citation book cs1">Willard, Barbara; Owens, Mary B. (1 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZoIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Augustine Came to Kent</i></a>. Warsaw, N.D.; San Francisco: Bethlehem Books, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883937-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883937-21-8"><bdi>978-1-883937-21-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine+Came+to+Kent&rft.place=Warsaw%2C+N.D.%3B+San+Francisco&rft.pub=Bethlehem+Books%2C+Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1997-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-883937-21-8&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Owens%2C+Mary+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZoIAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/scallop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/scallop">scallop</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pectinidae">Pectinidae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Scallop" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Scallop"> Scallop</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmr-pics.nl/Pectinidae%20%28Europe%29/album/index.html">Mollusca - Bivalvia - Pectinidae</a> at <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_Rotterdam" title="Natural History Museum Rotterdam">Natural History Museum Rotterdam</a> – photos of Pectinidae shells</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Common periwinkle">Periwinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">Whelk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buccinum_undatum" title="Buccinum undatum">Buccinum undatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bullacta_exarata" title="Bullacta exarata">Bullacta exarata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kelletia kelletii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei" title="Kelletia lischkei">Kelletia lischkei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snails-Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Snails-Italy.jpg/250px-Snails-Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Snails-Italy.jpg/330px-Snails-Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land and freshwater gastropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_aperta" class="mw-redirect" title="Helix aperta">Helix aperta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cepaea_nemoralis" title="Cepaea nemoralis">Cepaea nemoralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otala_lactea" title="Otala lactea">Otala lactea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escargot" class="mw-redirect" title="Escargot">Escargot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-swimming marine <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_scallop" title="Queen scallop">Queen scallop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Argopecten irradians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infaunal bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">Atlantic surf clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">Soft-shell clam</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mercenaria_mercenaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaria mercenaria">Mercenaria mercenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi" title="Austrovenus stutchburyi">Austrovenus stutchburyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli" title="Saxidomus nuttalli">Saxidomus nuttalli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arctica_islandica" title="Arctica islandica">Arctica islandica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spisula_solidissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisula solidissima">Spisula solidissima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies_ventricosa" title="Paphies ventricosa">Paphies ventricosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">Paphies australis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">Tuatua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti" title="Ruditapes largillierti">Ruditapes largillierti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell" title="Grooved carpet shell">Grooved carpet shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessile bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">Pearl oyster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Pinctada maxima</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">Freshwater pearl mussel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">Heliciculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam_digging" title="Clam digging">Clam digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallop dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugeye_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugeye (boat)">Oyster boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Pearl_farming" title="Pearl">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl diving">Pearl diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ama_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama divers">Ama divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">List of fishing topics by subject</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/250px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_mollusks135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edible_molluscs" title="Template talk:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_mollusks135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible mollusks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_jackknife_clam" title="Atlantic jackknife clam">Atlantic jackknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">Atlantic surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell" title="Grooved carpet shell">Grooved carpet shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_clam" title="Hard clam">Hard clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse clam">Horse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mactra_stultorum" title="Mactra stultorum">Mactra stultorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mya_truncata" title="Mya truncata">Blunt gaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica_islandica" title="Arctica islandica">Ocean quahog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_razor_clam" title="Pacific razor clam">Pacific razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti" title="Ruditapes largillierti">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli" title="Saxidomus nuttalli">California butterclam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senilia_senilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Senilia senilis">Senilia senilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth clam">Smooth clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">Soft-shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassula_aequilatera" title="Crassula aequilatera">Triangle shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">Tuatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venerupis_philippinarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerupis philippinarum">Japanese littleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razor_shell" title="Razor shell">Razor clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pod_razor" title="Pod razor">Pod razor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensis" title="Ensis">Ensis</a></i> (razor genus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies" title="Paphies">Paphies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cockle" title="Common cockle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegillarca_granosa" title="Tegillarca granosa">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebidonax_deltoides" title="Plebidonax deltoides">Goolwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi" title="Austrovenus stutchburyi">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_cockle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney cockle">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinocardium" title="Dinocardium">Giant Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_mussel" title="Mediterranean mussel">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_canaliculus" title="Perna canaliculus">New Zealand green-lipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mussel" title="California mussel">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_perna" title="Perna perna">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_viridis" title="Perna viridis">Asian/Philippine green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophaga_lithophaga" title="Lithophaga lithophaga"> Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilidae" title="Mytilidae">Mytilidae</a> (mussel family)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_lurida" title="Ostrea lurida">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_angasi" title="Ostrea angasi">Southern mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_edulis" title="Ostrea edulis">Colchester native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_oyster" title="Portuguese oyster">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windowpane_oyster" title="Windowpane oyster">Windowpane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_oyster" title="Rock oyster">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney rock oyster">Sydney rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiostrea_chilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiostrea chilensis"><i>Ostra chilena</i>/Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillardeau_oysters" title="Gillardeau oysters">Gillardeau oysters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crassostrea" title="Crassostrea">Crassostrea</a></i> ("true oyster" genus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scallops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Atlantic bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Great/king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_novaezelandiae" title="Pecten novaezelandiae">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_purpuratus" title="Argopecten purpuratus">Peruvian calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuhopecten_yessoensis" title="Mizuhopecten yessoensis">Yesso</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_sorenseni" title="Haliotis sorenseni">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rufescens" title="Haliotis rufescens">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_fulgens" title="Haliotis fulgens">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">Blacklip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_laevigata" title="Haliotis laevigata">Greenlip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ormer" title="Green ormer">Green ormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">Pāua</a> (group of four species)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_midae" title="Haliotis midae">South African abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concholepas_concholepas" title="Concholepas concholepas">Chilean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">Conches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobatus_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobatus gigas">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo_pipus" title="Lentigo pipus">Elegant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium">Dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">Limpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_exarata" title="Cellana exarata">Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_talcosa" title="Cellana talcosa">Turtle/talc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_sandwicensis" title="Cellana sandwicensis">Yellow-foot opihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ulyssiponensis" title="Patella ulyssiponensis">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_vulgata" title="Patella vulgata">Common European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_caerulea" title="Patella caerulea">Rayed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ferruginea" title="Patella ferruginea">Ribbed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_rustica" title="Patella rustica">Rustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Littorinidae" title="Littorinidae">Periwinkles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrolittorina_antipodum" title="Austrolittorina antipodum">Banded</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Littorina_sitkana" title="Littorina sitkana">Littorina sitkana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">Whelks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busycotypus_canaliculatus" title="Busycotypus canaliculatus">Channeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccinum_undatum" title="Buccinum undatum">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kellet's</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei" title="Kelletia lischkei">Kelletia lischkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobbed_whelk" title="Knobbed whelk">Knobbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulguropsis_spirata" title="Fulguropsis spirata">Pear whelk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinistrofulgur_perversum" title="Sinistrofulgur perversum">Lightning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">Other snails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibola_crenata" title="Amphibola crenata">Mud-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullacta_exarata" title="Bullacta exarata">Korean mud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorus_giganteus" title="Chorus giganteus">Chorus giganteus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo_melo" title="Melo melo">Bailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_lucorum" title="Helix lucorum">Helix lucorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">Freshwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_snail" title="Apple snail">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritidae" title="Neritidae">Nerites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkfish">Inkfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepiella_inermis" title="Sepiella inermis">Spineless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiadarium_kochi" title="Sepiadarium kochi">Bottletail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_octopus" title="Common octopus">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistoctopus_macropus" title="Callistoctopus macropus">Atlantic white-spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_cyanea" title="Octopus cyanea">Big blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_dofleini" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus dofleini">Pacific giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_megalocyathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus megalocyathus">Southern red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">Mimic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphioctopus_fangsiao" title="Amphioctopus fangsiao">Amphioctopus fangsiao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nototodarus_sloanii" title="Nototodarus sloanii">New Zealand arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_flying_squid" title="Japanese flying squid">Japanese flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_squid" title="Humboldt squid">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_flying_squid" title="Neon flying squid">Neon flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiton_magnificus" title="Chiton magnificus">Chiton magnificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_echinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthopleura echinata">Acanthopleura echinata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_granulata" title="Acanthopleura granulata">Acanthopleura granulata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">Land snail farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia#Anatomy" title="Bivalvia">Bivalve anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_meat" title="Ostrich meat">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seafood418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seafood" title="Template:Seafood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seafood" title="Template talk:Seafood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish#Catfish_as_food" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#As_food">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi_bake" title="Sushi bake">Sushi bake</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish_swallowing" title="Goldfish swallowing">Goldfish swallowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_bar" title="Raw bar">Raw bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_restaurant" title="Seafood restaurant">Seafood restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">Category: Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry713" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Badge">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background: white; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)<sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8b004b; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c67000; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare metals<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDA8A5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare colours<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:sienna; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC7722; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:HotPink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Realistic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/20px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/40px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pectinidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1311395" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1311395">Q1311395</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pectinidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pectinidae">Pectinidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pectinidae/">Pectinidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pectinidae">Pectinidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=560">560</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NKCR">7NKCR</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46467677">46467677</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3472">3472</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/54525">54525</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115891">115891</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=79611">79611</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021055127">NHMSYS0021055127</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6566">6566</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/42784b27-53e8-48b0-be98-68d093d5f39d">42784b27-53e8-48b0-be98-68d093d5f39d</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=975312">975312</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=61660">61660</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E0706F03-1237-FFBA-FF54-FC25FCB1FAEA">E0706F03-1237-FFBA-FF54-FC25FCB1FAEA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=213">213</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scallop&oldid=1277982673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scallop&oldid=1277982673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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