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<span>NCBI Bookshelf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCBI_Bookshelf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool_(BLAST)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool_(BLAST)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool_(BLAST)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Entrez</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Protein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pubchem_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pubchem_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pubchem database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pubchem_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Лъэпкъэгъу центр биотехнологиэ информациэкӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лъэпкъэгъу центр биотехнологиэ информациэкӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المركز الوطني لمعلومات التقانة الحيوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المركز الوطني لمعلومات التقانة الحيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centru_Nacional_pa_la_Informaci%C3%B3n_Bioteunol%C3%B3xica" title="Centru Nacional pa la Información Bioteunolóxica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Centru Nacional pa la Información Bioteunolóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Biotexnoloji_M%C9%99lumat_M%C9%99rk%C9%99zi" title="Milli Biotexnoloji Məlumat Mərkəzi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milli Biotexnoloji Məlumat Mərkəzi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Нацыянальны цэнтр біятэхналагічнай інфармацыі ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальны цэнтр біятэхналагічнай інфармацыі ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Нацыянальны цэнтар біятэхналягічнай інфармацыі ЗША – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянальны цэнтар біятэхналягічнай інфармацыі ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Национален център за биотехнологична информация на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национален център за биотехнологична информация на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_centar_za_biotehnolo%C5%A1ke_informacije" title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiklik_Biotehnoloogia_Infokeskus" title="Riiklik Biotehnoloogia Infokeskus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riiklik Biotehnoloogia Infokeskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Nacional_para_la_Informaci%C3%B3n_Biotecnol%C3%B3gica" title="Centro Nacional para la Información Biotecnológica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centro Nacional para la Información Biotecnológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مرکز ملی اطلاعات زیست‌فناوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکز ملی اطلاعات زیست‌فناوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Къаман биотехнологе хоаман юкъарче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Къаман биотехнологе хоаман юкъарче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="미국 국립생물공학정보센터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 국립생물공학정보센터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ-ի կենսատեխնոլոգիական ինֆորմացիայի ազգային կենտրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ-ի կենսատեխնոլոգիական ինֆորմացիայի ազգային կենտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_centar_za_biotehnolo%C5%A1ke_informacije" title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Nasional_Informasi_Bioteknologi" title="Pusat Nasional Informasi Bioteknologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pusat Nasional Informasi Bioteknologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99" title="המרכז הלאומי למידע ביוטכנולוגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרכז הלאומי למידע ביוטכנולוגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბიოტექნოლოგიური ინფორმაციის ეროვნული ცენტრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოტექნოლოგიური ინფორმაციის ეროვნული ცენტრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnol%C3%B3giai_Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3k_Nemzeti_K%C3%B6zpontja" title="Biotechnológiai Információk Nemzeti Központja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biotechnológiai Információk Nemzeti Központja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Национален центар за биотехнолошки информации – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Национален центар за биотехнолошки информации" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="നാഷണൽ സെന്റർ ഫോർ ബയോടെക്‌നോളജി ഇൻഫർമേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാഷണൽ സെന്റർ ഫോർ ബയോടെക്‌നോളജി ഇൻഫർമേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المركز الوطنى الامريكانى لمعلومات التكنولوجيا الحيويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المركز الوطنى الامريكانى لمعلومات التكنولوجيا الحيويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Maklumat_Bioteknologi_Kebangsaan" title="Pusat Maklumat Bioteknologi Kebangsaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pusat Maklumat Bioteknologi Kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="アメリカ国立生物工学情報センター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ国立生物工学情報センター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਾਇਓਟੈਕਨਾਲੌਜੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਲਈ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਸੈਂਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਇਓਟੈਕਨਾਲੌਜੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਲਈ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਸੈਂਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Национальный центр биотехнологической информации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальный центр биотехнологической информации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_center_za_biotehnolo%C5%A1ke_informacije" title="Nacionalni center za biotehnološke informacije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nacionalni center za biotehnološke informacije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_centar_za_biotehnolo%C5%A1ke_informacije" title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_centar_za_biotehnolo%C5%A1ke_informacije" title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammas_a%C9%A3elnaw_i_yisalan_n_teknudert" title="Ammas aɣelnaw i yisalan n teknudert – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ammas aɣelnaw i yisalan n teknudert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotehnologik_maglumatlar_milli_merkezi" title="Biotehnologik maglumatlar milli merkezi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biotehnologik maglumatlar milli merkezi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Національний центр біотехнологічної інформації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національний центр біотехнологічної інформації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_t%C3%A2m_Th%C3%B4ng_tin_C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_(Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3)" title="Trung tâm Thông tin Công nghệ sinh học Quốc gia (Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung tâm Thông tin Công nghệ sinh học Quốc gia (Hoa Kỳ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国国家生物技术信息中心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国国家生物技术信息中心" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82494#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&params=38.9959_N_77.0989_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°05′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.9959°N 77.0989°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.9959; -77.0989</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Database branch of the US National Library of Medicine</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NCBI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NCBI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NCBI (disambiguation)">NCBI (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Center for Biotechnology Information</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg/140px-US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg/210px-US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg/280px-US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">NCBI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">1988<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&params=38.9959_N_77.0989_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°05′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.9959°N 77.0989°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.9959; -77.0989</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Stephen Sherry <br />(since Sept 26, 2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Center for Biotechnology Information</b> (<b>NCBI</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Genome.NYT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genome.NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LipmanDirNCBI.NYT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LipmanDirNCBI.NYT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is part of the (NLM), a branch of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The NCBI is located in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by US Congressman <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>. </p><p>The NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a> and is an important resource for bioinformatics tools and services. Major databases include <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a> for DNA sequences and <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>, a bibliographic database for biomedical literature. Other databases include the <a href="/wiki/NCBI_Epigenomics" title="NCBI Epigenomics">NCBI Epigenomics</a> database. All these databases are available online through the <a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a> search engine. NCBI was directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Lipman" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lipman">David Lipman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LipmanDirNCBI.NYT_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LipmanDirNCBI.NYT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the original authors of the <a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a> sequence alignment program<sup id="cite_ref-SciWatch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciWatch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a widely respected figure in <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GenBank">GenBank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: GenBank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a></div> <p>NCBI had responsibility for making available the GenBank <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Biological_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological databases">sequence database</a> since 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GenBank coordinates with individual laboratories and other sequence databases, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a> (EMBL) and the <a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> (DDBJ).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1992, NCBI has grown to provide other databases in addition to GenBank. NCBI provides the Gene database, <a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man</a>, the Molecular Modeling Database (3D protein structures), <a href="/wiki/DbSNP" title="DbSNP">dbSNP</a> (a database of <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a>), the Reference Sequence Collection, a map of the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> browser, and coordinates with the National Cancer Institute to provide the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project. The NCBI assigns a unique identifier (taxonomy ID number) to each species of organism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NCBI has software tools that are available through internet browsers or by <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a> is a sequence similarity searching program. BLAST can do sequence comparisons against the GenBank DNA database in less than 15 seconds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NCBI_Bookshelf">NCBI Bookshelf</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: NCBI Bookshelf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NCBI Bookshelf<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a collection of freely accessible, downloadable, online versions of selected biomedical books. The Bookshelf covers a wide range of topics including <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>, disease states from a molecular and cellular point of view, research methods, and <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a>. Some of the books are online versions of previously published books, while others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Coffee_Break_(book)" title="Coffee Break (book)">Coffee Break</a></i>, are written and edited by NCBI staff. The Bookshelf is a complement to the <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">Entrez PubMed</a> repository of <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed publication</a> abstracts in that Bookshelf contents provide established perspectives on evolving areas of study and a context in which many disparate individual pieces of reported research can be organized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool_(BLAST)"><span id="Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool_.28BLAST.29"></span>Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a> is an algorithm used for calculating sequence similarity between biological sequences, such as nucleotide sequences of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_primary_structure" title="Protein primary structure">amino acid sequences</a> of proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BLAST is a powerful tool for finding sequences similar to the query sequence within the same organism or in different organisms. It searches the query sequence on NCBI databases and servers and posts the results back to the person's browser in the chosen format. Input sequences to the BLAST are mostly in FASTA or GenBank format while output could be delivered in a variety of formats such as HTML, XML formatting, and plain text. HTML is the default output format for NCBI's web-page. Results for NCBI-BLAST are presented in graphical format with all the hits found, a table with sequence identifiers for the hits having scoring related data, along with the alignments for the sequence of interest and the hits received with analogous BLAST scores for these.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entrez">Entrez</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entrez"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a> Global Query Cross-Database Search System is used at NCBI for all the major databases such as Nucleotide and Protein Sequences, Protein Structures, PubMed, Taxonomy, Complete Genomes, OMIM, and several others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entrez is both an indexing and retrieval system having data from various sources for biomedical research. NCBI distributed the first version of Entrez in 1991, composed of nucleotide sequences from <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> and <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a>, protein sequences from SWISS-PROT, translated GenBank, PIR, PRF, PDB, and associated abstracts and citations from PubMed. Entrez is specially designed to integrate the data from several different sources, databases, and formats into a uniform information model and retrieval system which can efficiently retrieve that relevant references, sequences, and structures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gene">Gene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gene has been implemented at NCBI to characterize and organize the information about genes. It serves as a major node in the nexus of the genomic map, expression, sequence, protein function, structure, and homology data. A unique GeneID is assigned to each gene record that can be followed through revision cycles. <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a> records for known or predicted genes are established here and are demarcated by map positions or nucleotide sequences. Gene has several advantages over its predecessor, LocusLink, including, better integration with other databases in NCBI, broader taxonomic scope, and enhanced options for query and retrieval provided by the Entrez system.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein">Protein</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protein database maintains the text record for individual protein sequences, derived from many different resources such as NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq) project, GenBank, PDB, and UniProtKB/SWISS-Prot. Protein records are present in different formats including FASTA and <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> and are linked to other NCBI resources. Protein provides the relevant data to the users such as genes, DNA/RNA sequences, biological pathways, expression and variation data, and literature. It also provides the predetermined sets of similar and identical proteins for each sequence as computed by the BLAST. The Structure database of NCBI contains 3D coordinate sets for experimentally-determined structures in PDB that are imported by NCBI. The Conserved Domain database (<a href="/wiki/Conserved_Domain_Database" title="Conserved Domain Database">CDD</a>) of protein contains sequence profiles that characterize highly conserved domains within protein sequences. It also has records from external resources like SMART and <a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>. There is another database of proteins known as Protein Clusters database, which contains sets of proteins sequences that are clustered according to the maximum alignments between the individual sequences as calculated by BLAST.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pubchem_database">Pubchem database</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pubchem database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> database of NCBI is a public resource for molecules and their activities against biological assays. PubChem is searchable and accessible by <a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a> information retrieval system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> (DDBJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> (EBI)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Genome.NYT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genome.NYT_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/genome-index.html">"The Human Genome Project"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York 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June 26, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Research+Institute+Posts+Gene+Data+on+Internet&rft.date=1997-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fcyber%2Fweek%2F062697gene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciWatch-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SciWatch_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007132448/http://www.sciencewatch.com/july-aug2000/sw_july-aug2000_page3.htm">"Sense from Sequences: Stephen F. Altschul on Bettering BLAST"</a>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencewatch.com/july-aug2000/sw_july-aug2000_page3.htm">the original</a> on October 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sense+from+Sequences%3A+Stephen+F.+Altschul+on+Bettering+BLAST&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencewatch.com%2Fjuly-aug2000%2Fsw_july-aug2000_page3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizrachi2007" class="citation book cs1">Mizrachi, Ilene (August 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21105/">"GenBank: The Nucleotide Sequence Database"</a>. <i>The NCBI Handbook</i>. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518162430/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21105/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GenBank%3A+The+Nucleotide+Sequence+Database&rft.btitle=The+NCBI+Handbook&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information+%28US%29&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft.aulast=Mizrachi&rft.aufirst=Ilene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21105%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy">"Home - Taxonomy"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216183136/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Home+-+Taxonomy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Ftaxonomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books">"Home - Books"</a>. 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"Basic local alignment search tool". <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i>. <b>215</b> (3): 403–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-2836%2805%2980360-2">10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80360-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2231712">2231712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14441902">14441902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Basic+local+alignment+search+tool&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-410&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14441902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2231712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-2836%2805%2980360-2&rft.au=Altschul+Stephen&rft.au=Gish+Warren&rft.au=Miller+Webb&rft.au=Myers+Eugene&rft.au=Lipman+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2013" class="citation book cs1">Madden, T. 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Nucleic Acids Research 41 (Database issue): D8–D20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostell J. (2002). The NCBI Handbook, 2nd edition, Chapter 15, The Entrez Search and Retrieval System</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donna_R._Maglott" title="Donna R. Maglott">Maglott D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_D._Pruitt" title="Kim D. Pruitt">Pruitt K.</a> & Tatusova T. (2005). The NCBI Handbook, 2nd edition, Chapter 19, Gene: A Directory of Genes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayers E. (2013). The NCBI Handbook, 2nd edition, NCBI Protein Resources</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang Y. & Bryant S H. (2014). The NCBI Handbook, 2nd edition, NCBI PubChem BioAssay Database</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioinformatics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioinformatics" title="Template:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioinformatics" title="Template talk:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioinformatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioinformatics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sequence databases: <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Nucleotide_Archive" title="European Nucleotide Archive">European Nucleotide Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_GeneBank" title="China National GeneBank">China National GeneBank</a></li> <li>Secondary databases: <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>, database of protein sequences grouping together <a href="/wiki/UniProt#UniProtKB.2FSwiss-Prot" title="UniProt">Swiss-Prot</a>, <a href="/wiki/UniProt#UniProtKB.2FTrEMBL" title="UniProt">TrEMBL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_Information_Resource" title="Protein Information Resource">Protein Information Resource</a></li> <li>Other databases: <a href="/wiki/BioNumbers" title="BioNumbers">BioNumbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">Protein Data Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>, <a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene Ontology</a></li> <li>Specialised genomic databases: <a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_Genome_Database" title="Saccharomyces Genome Database">Saccharomyces Genome Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlyBase" title="FlyBase">FlyBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/VectorBase" title="VectorBase">VectorBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat_Genome_Database" title="Rat Genome Database">Rat Genome Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHI-base" title="PHI-base">PHI-base</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Arabidopsis_Information_Resource" title="The Arabidopsis Information Resource">Arabidopsis Information Resource</a>, <a href="/wiki/GISAID" title="GISAID">GISAID</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zebrafish_Information_Network" title="Zebrafish Information Network">Zebrafish Information Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(sequence_analysis)" title="Bowtie (sequence analysis)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustal" title="Clustal">Clustal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMBOSS" title="EMBOSS">EMBOSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMMER" title="HMMER">HMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSCLE_(alignment_software)" title="MUSCLE (alignment software)">MUSCLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages" title="Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages">PANGOLIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAMtools" title="SAMtools">SAMtools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Oligonucleotide_Analysis_Package" title="Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package">SOAP suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TopHat_(bioinformatics)" title="TopHat (bioinformatics)">TopHat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Server: <a href="/wiki/ExPASy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExPASy">ExPASy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_(education_platform)" title="Rosalind (education platform)">Rosalind (education platform)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_Biology_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational Biology Department">Computational Biology Department</a> (CBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSBI" title="COSBI">Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology</a> (COSBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_Center_for_Life_Science" title="Database Center for Life Science">Database Center for Life Science</a> (DBCLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> (DDBJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> (EMBL-EBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a> (EMBL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron_Institute" title="Flatiron Institute">Flatiron Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Craig_Venter_Institute" title="J. Craig Venter Institute">J. Craig Venter Institute</a> (JCVI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Molecular_Cell_Biology_and_Genetics" title="Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics">Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics</a> (MPI-CBG)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">US National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Genetics" title="National Institute of Genetics">Japanese Institute of Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Bioinformatics_Centre" title="Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre">Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre</a> (NBIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Genome_Center" title="Philippine Genome Center">Philippine Genome Center</a> (PGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Research" title="Scripps Research">Scripps Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformatics" title="Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics</a> (SIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Sanger_Institute" title="Wellcome Sanger Institute">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_Institute" title="Whitehead Institute">Whitehead Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology" title="African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology">African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</a> (ASBCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Bioinformatics_Resource" title="Australia Bioinformatics Resource">Australia Bioinformatics Resource</a> (EMBL-AR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMBnet" title="EMBnet">European Molecular Biology network</a> (EMBnet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Nucleotide_Sequence_Database_Collaboration" title="International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration">International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration</a> (INSDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Biocuration" title="International Society for Biocuration">International Society for Biocuration</a> (ISB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology" title="International Society for Computational Biology">International Society for Computational Biology</a> (ISCB) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology_Student_Council" title="International Society for Computational Biology Student Council">Student Council</a> (ISCB-SC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Genomics_and_Integrative_Biology" title="Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology">Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology</a> (CSIR-IGIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_Bioinformatics" title="Japanese Society for Bioinformatics">Japanese Society for Bioinformatics</a> (JSBi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Computational_Biology_Conference" title="Basel Computational Biology Conference">Basel Computational Biology Conference‎</a> ([BC<sup>2</sup>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computational_Biology" title="European Conference on Computational Biology">European Conference on Computational Biology</a> (ECCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Systems_for_Molecular_Biology" title="Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology">Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology</a> (ISMB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Bioinformatics" title="International Conference on Bioinformatics">International Conference on Bioinformatics</a> (InCoB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computational_Intelligence_Methods_for_Bioinformatics_and_Biostatistics" title="International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics">International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics</a> (CIBB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCB_Africa_ASBCB_Conference_on_Bioinformatics" title="ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics">ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Symposium_on_Biocomputing" title="Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing">Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing</a> (PSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_in_Computational_Molecular_Biology" title="Research in Computational Molecular Biology">Research in Computational Molecular Biology</a> (RECOMB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRAM_(file_format)" title="CRAM (file format)">CRAM format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTA_format" title="FASTA format">FASTA format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTQ_format" title="FASTQ format">FASTQ format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXML_format" title="NeXML format">NeXML format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_file" title="Nexus file">Nexus format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileup_format" title="Pileup format">Pileup format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_(file_format)" title="SAM (file format)">SAM format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_format" title="Stockholm format">Stockholm format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Call_Format" title="Variant Call Format">VCF format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_feature_format" title="General feature format">GFF format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_transfer_format" title="Gene transfer format">GTF format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biobanks" title="List of biobanks">List of biobanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">List of biological databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_database" title="Sequence database">Sequence database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_alignment" title="Sequence alignment">Sequence alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406045429">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149881801">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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