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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Christian Councils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Byzantine period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ruins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ruins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>City walls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_city_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_city_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inner city structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_city_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_the_Dormition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_the_Dormition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Church of the Dormition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_the_Dormition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_kilns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_kilns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ottoman kilns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_kilns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagia_Sophia_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagia_Sophia_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hagia Sophia church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagia_Sophia_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underwater_basilica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater_basilica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Underwater basilica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater_basilica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herakles_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herakles_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Herakles relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herakles_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_of_Nicaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_of_Nicaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See of Nicaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_of_Nicaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicaea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նիկիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիկիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Нікея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Никея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeja" title="Nikeja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikeja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia" title="Nikaia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikaia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia" title="Nikaia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikaia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Νίκαια (Βιθυνία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νίκαια (Βιθυνία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizea" title="Nizea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nizea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیقیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیقیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9e" title="Nicée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nise%C3%A4" title="Niseä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Niseä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84" title="니카이아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니카이아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նիկիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikea" title="Nikea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ნიკეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Никея – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia" title="Nikaia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikaia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Никеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikea" title="Nikea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نيقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia" title="Nikaia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikaia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2" title="ニカイア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニカイア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikea" title="Nikea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikea" title="Nikea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niceea" title="Niceea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niceea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Никея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicea" title="Nicea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nicea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Никеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia_(Bithynia)" title="Nikaia (Bithynia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikaia (Bithynia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="நைசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia" title="Nikaia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikaia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Нікея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نیقیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicaea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82)" title="尼西亞 (古代城市) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼西亞 (古代城市)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nicaea&params=40_25.74_N_29_43.17_E_region:TR_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°25.74′N</span> <span class="longitude">29°43.17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.42900°N 29.71950°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.42900; 29.71950</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek city of Asia Minor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nicaea (disambiguation)">Nicaea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nicaea</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Νίκαια</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iznik_Roman_Theatre_1645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iznik_Roman_Theatre_1645.jpg/275px-Iznik_Roman_Theatre_1645.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iznik_Roman_Theatre_1645.jpg/413px-Iznik_Roman_Theatre_1645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iznik_Roman_Theatre_1645.jpg/550px-Iznik_Roman_Theatre_1645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaea%27s_Byzantine_fortifications,_Iznik,_Turkey_(38459580376).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaea%27s_Byzantine_fortifications%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838459580376%29.jpg/136px-Nicaea%27s_Byzantine_fortifications%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838459580376%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaea%27s_Byzantine_fortifications%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838459580376%29.jpg/204px-Nicaea%27s_Byzantine_fortifications%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838459580376%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaea%27s_Byzantine_fortifications%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838459580376%29.jpg/272px-Nicaea%27s_Byzantine_fortifications%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838459580376%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2111" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8275.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8275.jpg/136px-Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8275.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8275.jpg/204px-Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8275.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8275.jpg/272px-Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8275.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayasofya_Iznik_903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ayasofya_Iznik_903.jpg/275px-Ayasofya_Iznik_903.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ayasofya_Iznik_903.jpg/413px-Ayasofya_Iznik_903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ayasofya_Iznik_903.jpg/550px-Ayasofya_Iznik_903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"> Ruins of the Roman Theatre<br /> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine-era</a> city wall • Lefke Gate<br /> Orhan Mosque (formerly <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_%C4%B0znik" title="Hagia Sophia, İznik">Hagia Sophia</a>) </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmara_Region_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicaea is located in Marmara"><img alt="Nicaea is located in Marmara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marmara_Region_location_map.svg/250px-Marmara_Region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marmara_Region_location_map.svg/375px-Marmara_Region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marmara_Region_location_map.svg/500px-Marmara_Region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="331" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.74%;left:72.841%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nicaea"><img alt="Nicaea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Marmara</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Marmara</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicaea is located in Turkey"><img alt="Nicaea is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.586%;left:22.038%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nicaea"><img alt="Nicaea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Nicaea (Turkey)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Turkey</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Nikaia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa Province</a>, Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nicaea&params=40_25.74_N_29_43.17_E_region:TR_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°25.74′N</span> <span class="longitude">29°43.17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.42900°N 29.71950°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.42900; 29.71950</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">145 ha (360 acres)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 316</span><sup id="cite_ref-Haverfield_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haverfield-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 315<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Culture" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicaea</b> (also spelled <b>Nicæa</b> or <b>Nicea</b>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ny-<span style="font-size:90%">SEE</span>-ə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[niːˈkae̯.a]</a></span>), also known as <b>Nikaia</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Νίκαια">Νίκαια</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>:</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[nǐːkai̯a]</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a>:</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈnikεa]</a></span>), was an ancient Greek city in the north-western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Haverfield_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haverfield-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is primarily known as the site of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second</a> Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a> in the early history of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> (which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, until the recapture of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by the Byzantines in 1261. Nicaea was also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> from 1331 to 1335. </p><p>The ancient city is located within the modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> city of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a> (whose modern name derives from Nicaea's), and is situated in a fertile basin at the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ascanius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Ascanius">Lake Ascanius</a>, bounded by ranges of hills to the north and south. It is situated with its west wall rising from the lake itself, providing both protection from siege from that direction, as well as a source of supplies which would be difficult to cut off. The lake is large enough that it could not be blockaded from the land easily, and the city was large enough to make any attempt to reach the harbour from shore-based siege weapons very difficult. </p><p>The ancient city is surrounded on all sides by 5 kilometres (3 mi) of walls about 10 metres (33 ft) high. These are in turn surrounded by a double ditch on the land portions, and also included over 100 towers in various locations. Large gates on the three landbound sides of the walls provided the only entrance to the city. Today, the walls have been pierced in many places for roads, but much of the early work survives; as a result, it is a tourist destination. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Gate,_Iznik,_Turkey_(37659560615).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg/250px-Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg/375px-Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg/500px-Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption>The Constantinople Gate</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lefke_Kapisi_Iznik_932a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lefke_Kapisi_Iznik_932a.jpg/250px-Lefke_Kapisi_Iznik_932a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lefke_Kapisi_Iznik_932a.jpg/375px-Lefke_Kapisi_Iznik_932a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lefke_Kapisi_Iznik_932a.jpg/500px-Lefke_Kapisi_Iznik_932a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>The Lefke Gate, part of Nicaea's city walls</figcaption></figure> <p>The place is said to have been colonized by <a href="/wiki/Bottiaeans" title="Bottiaeans">Bottiaeans</a>, and to have originally borne the name of <b>Ancore</b> (Ἀγκόρη) or <b>Helicore</b> (Ἑλικόρη), or by soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s army who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(Locris)" title="Nicaea (Locris)">Nicaea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Locris" title="Locris">Locris</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>. The later version, however, was not widespread, even in Antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_2_2._Foundation,_other_names]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_2_2._Foundation,_other_names]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the truth, the first Greek colony on the site was probably destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysians</a>, and it fell to <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a>, one of Alexander's successors (<i><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></i>) to refound the city ca. 315 BC as <b>Antigoneia</b> (Ἀντιγονεία) after himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigonus is also known to have established Bottiaean soldiers in the vicinity, lending credence to the tradition about the city's founding by Bottiaeans. Following Antigonus' defeat and death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ipsus" title="Battle of Ipsus">Battle of Ipsus</a> in 301 BC, the city was captured by <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, who renamed it <b>Nicaea</b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Νίκαια">Νίκαια</a></span></span>, also <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as <b>Nikaia</b> or <b>Nicæa</b>; see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Greek_place_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional Greek place names">List of traditional Greek place names</a>), in tribute to his wife <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_of_Macedon" title="Nicaea of Macedon">Nicaea</a>, who had recently died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_2_2._Foundation,_other_names]_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_2_2._Foundation,_other_names]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometime before 280 BC, the city came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">local dynasty</a> of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>. This marks the beginning of its rise to prominence as a seat of the royal court, as well as of its rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>. The two cities' dispute over which one was the pre-eminent city (signified by the appellation <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a></i>) of Bithynia continued for centuries, and the 38th oration of <a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a> was expressly composed to settle the dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGRG_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> mentioned that Menecrates (Μενεκράτης) wrote about the history of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, Nicaea supposedly took its name from <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a>, a nymph whom the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> got drunk and raped; he later named the city after her.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iznik_Theatre_1644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iznik_Theatre_1644.jpg/250px-Iznik_Theatre_1644.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iznik_Theatre_1644.jpg/375px-Iznik_Theatre_1644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iznik_Theatre_1644.jpg/500px-Iznik_Theatre_1644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The theatre, restored by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Along with the rest of Bithynia, Nicaea came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 72 BC. The city remained one of the most important urban centres of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> throughout the Roman period, and continued its old competition with Nicomedia over pre-eminence and the location of the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_et_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bithynia et Pontus">Bithynia et Pontus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (XII.565 ff.) described the city as built in the typical <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> fashion with great regularity, in the form of a square, measuring 16 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (unit of length)">stadia</a> in circumference, i.e. approx. 700 m × 700 m (2,297 ft × 2,297 ft) or 0.7 km × 0.7 km (0.43 mi × 0.43 mi) covering an area of some 50 ha (124 acres) or 0.5 km<sup>2</sup> (0.2 sq mi); it had four gates, and all its streets intersected one another at right angles in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Hippodamian_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodamian plan">Hippodamian plan</a>, so that from a monument in the centre all the four gates could be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-DGRG_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_5_5._Culture_-_architecture]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_5_5._Culture_-_architecture]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This monument stood in the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a>, which was destroyed by fire but was restored with increased magnificence by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>, when he was governor there in the early 2nd century AD. In his writings Pliny makes frequent mention of Nicaea and its public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-DGRG_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> visited the city in 123 AD after it had been severely damaged by an earthquake and began to rebuild it. The new city was enclosed by a polygonal wall of some 5 kilometres in length. Reconstruction was not completed until the 3rd century, and the new set of walls failed to save Nicaea from being sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> in 258 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_5_5._Culture_-_architecture]_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_5_5._Culture_-_architecture]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numerous coins of Nicaea which still exist attest the interest taken in the city by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman emperors">Roman emperors</a>, as well as its attachment to the rulers; many of them commemorate great festivals celebrated there in honor of gods and emperors, as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Olympic_festivals" title="Ancient Greek Olympic festivals">Olympia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isthmia_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmia (ancient city)">Isthmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severia</a>, Philadelphia, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-DGRG_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Councils">Christian Councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian Councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Roman Empire">Christianity</a> became a legal religion of the Roman Empire in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> (also known as Constantine the Great) by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">patronized</a> Christianity and supported it by granting privileges, and became the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman Emperor</a> to adopt Christianity, but he did not get <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> until <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Illness_and_death" title="Constantine the Great">just before he died</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine laid the groundwork for the majority of the population to become Christians, predominantly, the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">empire's formal religion</a> in 380. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Sýmbolon tês Nikaías</i></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Symbolum Nicaenum</i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Symbol of Nicaea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) which declared <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Roman_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman god">God</a>, and became the foundation of church doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted at the first Roman Ecumenical Christian council in this city in 325.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This council also condemned <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was later adopted by many <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">barbarian kingdoms</a>, and led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">destruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> for the century to come. </p><p>After shifting the council for four centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Ecumenical Council was held</a> in Nicaea again in 787. This council was called by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Empress Irene</a>, who later became the first female emperor, and attended by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Hadrian I</a>. It addressed the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">iconoclastic controversy</a> and recognized the veneration of Christian images of Jesus and the saints as legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council also forbade the secular appointment of <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, thus solidifying the independent authority of the church against that of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Byzantine period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 4th century, Nicaea was a large and prosperous city, and a major military and administrative centre. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> convened the <a href="/wiki/First_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ecumenical Council">First Ecumenical Council</a> there, and the city gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DGRG_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city remained important in the 4th century, seeing the proclamation of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> (364) and the failed rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> (365). During the same period, the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Nicaea">See of Nicaea</a> became independent of Nicomedia and was raised to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishopric</a>. However, the city was hit by two major earthquakes in 363 and 368, and coupled with competition from the newly established capital of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, it began to decline thereafter. Many of its grand civic buildings began to fall into ruin, and had to be restored in the 6th century by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, among them the aqueduct built by Hadrian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Be%C5%9Fta%C5%9F_Obelisk,_an_obelisk-like_funeral_monument_of_Gaius_Cassius_Philieus_located_outside_Nicaea,_1st_century_AD,_Iznik,_Turkey_(38605773032).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Be%C5%9Fta%C5%9F_Obelisk%2C_an_obelisk-like_funeral_monument_of_Gaius_Cassius_Philieus_located_outside_Nicaea%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838605773032%29.jpg/200px-The_Be%C5%9Fta%C5%9F_Obelisk%2C_an_obelisk-like_funeral_monument_of_Gaius_Cassius_Philieus_located_outside_Nicaea%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838605773032%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Be%C5%9Fta%C5%9F_Obelisk%2C_an_obelisk-like_funeral_monument_of_Gaius_Cassius_Philieus_located_outside_Nicaea%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838605773032%29.jpg/300px-The_Be%C5%9Fta%C5%9F_Obelisk%2C_an_obelisk-like_funeral_monument_of_Gaius_Cassius_Philieus_located_outside_Nicaea%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838605773032%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Be%C5%9Fta%C5%9F_Obelisk%2C_an_obelisk-like_funeral_monument_of_Gaius_Cassius_Philieus_located_outside_Nicaea%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838605773032%29.jpg/400px-The_Be%C5%9Fta%C5%9F_Obelisk%2C_an_obelisk-like_funeral_monument_of_Gaius_Cassius_Philieus_located_outside_Nicaea%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2838605773032%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="3139" /></a><figcaption>The Beştaş Obelisk, an obelisk-like funeral monument of Gaius Cassius Philieus located outside Nicaea, 1st century AD, Iznik, Turkey .</figcaption></figure> <p>The city disappears from sources thereafter and is mentioned again in the early 8th century: in 715, the deposed emperor <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasios II">Anastasios II</a> fled there, and the city successfully resisted attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab Siege of Constantinople">716</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(727)" title="Siege of Nicaea (727)">727</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was again damaged by the <a href="/wiki/740_Constantinople_earthquake" title="740 Constantinople earthquake">740 Constantinople earthquake</a>, served as the base of the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> in 741/2, and served as the meeting-place of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Ecumenical Council">Second Ecumenical Council</a>, which condemned <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>, in 787 (the council probably met in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Sophia, Iznik">Hagia Sophia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463–1464_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463–1464-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicaea became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Opsician_Theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsician Theme">Opsician Theme</a> in the 8th century and remained a center of administration and trade. A <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> community is attested in the city in the 10th century. Due to its proximity to Constantinople, the city was contested in the rebellions of the 10th and 11th centuries as a base from which to threaten the capital. It was in the wake of such a rebellion, that of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Melissenos" title="Nikephoros Melissenos">Nikephoros Melissenos</a>, that it fell into the hands of Melissenos' Turkish allies in 1081.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> made Nicaea the capital of their <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">possessions</a> in Asia Minor until 1097, when it returned to Byzantine control with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea" title="Siege of Nicaea">one month siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 12th century saw a period of relative stability and prosperity at Nicaea. The <a href="/wiki/Komnenos_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian</a> emperors Alexios, John and Manuel campaigned extensively to strengthen the Byzantine presence in Asia Minor. Alexios seems to have repaired the aqueduct after the reconquest<sup id="cite_ref-Aqueduct_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aqueduct-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and major fortifications were constructed across the region, especially by John and Manuel, which helped to protect the city and its fertile hinterland. There were also several military bases and colonies in the area, for example the one at <a href="/wiki/Rhyndakos" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyndakos">Rhyndakos</a> in Bithynia, where the emperor John spent a year training his troops in preparation for campaigns in southern Asia Minor. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople">fall</a> of Constantinople to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, Nicaea escaped <a href="/wiki/Latin_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin occupation">Latin occupation</a> and maintained an autonomous stance. From 1206 on, it became the base of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore Laskaris</a>, who in 1208 was crowned emperor there and founded the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, exiled from Constantinople, also took up residence in the city until the <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Constantinople">recapture of Constantinople</a> in 1261. Although Nicaea was soon abandoned as the primary residence of the Nicene emperors, who favoured <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Ionia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaion (Ionia)">Nymphaion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a>, the period was a lively one in the city's history, with "frequent synods, embassies, and imperial weddings and funerals", while the influx of scholars from other parts of the Eastern Roman world made it a centre of learning as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261, the city once again declined in importance. The neglect of the Asian frontier by <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> provoked a major uprising in 1262, and in 1265, panic broke out when rumours circulated of an imminent <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> visited the city in 1290 and took care to restore its defences, but Byzantium proved unable to halt the rise of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman emirate">Ottoman emirate</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John Kantakouzenos</a> were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelekanon" title="Battle of Pelekanon">Pelekanon</a> on 11 June 1329, the Byzantine government could no longer defend Nicaea. Nicaea finally surrendered to the Ottomans after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–31)">long siege</a> 2 March 1331.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a></div> <p>In 1331, <a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–31)">captured the city</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> and for a short period the town became the capital of the expanding Ottoman emirate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby198919–20_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby198919–20-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of its public buildings were destroyed, and the materials were used by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> in erecting their mosques and other edifices. The large church of Hagia Sophia in the centre of the town was converted into a mosque and became known as the Orhan Mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A madrasa and baths were built nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1334 Orhan built a mosque and an <i><a href="/wiki/Imaret" title="Imaret">imaret</a></i> (soup kitchen) just outside the Yenişehir gate (Yenişehir Kapısı) on the south side of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby198920_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby198920-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, the town lost a great degree of its importance, but later became a major centre with the creation of a local <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faïence</a> pottery industry in the 17th century. Thereafter, it slowly faded away as it lost population. In 1779, the Italian archaeologist Domenico Sestini wrote that it was nothing but an abandoned town with no life, no noise and no movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby198920_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby198920-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESestini1789[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYfsOAAAAQAAJpgPA219_219–220]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESestini1789[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYfsOAAAAQAAJpgPA219_219–220]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruins">Ruins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ruins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_walls">City walls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: City walls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8274.jpg/220px-Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8274.jpg/330px-Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8274.jpg/440px-Iznik_Wall_at_Lefke_Gate_8274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>İznik Walls at the Lefke Gate</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient walls, with their towers and gates, are relatively well preserved. Their circumference is 3,100 m (10,171 ft), being at the base from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) in thickness, and from 10 to 13 m (33 to 43 ft) in height; they contain four large and two small gates. In most places they are formed of alternate courses of Roman tiles and large square stones, joined by a cement of great thickness. In some places columns and other architectural fragments from the ruins of more ancient edifices have been inserted. As with those of Constantinople, the walls seem to have been built in the 4th century. Some of the towers have <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek language">Greek</a> inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Comp._pp._10_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comp._pp._10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_city_structures">Inner city structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inner city structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ruins of mosques, baths, and houses, dispersed among the gardens and apartment buildings that now occupy a great part of the space within the Roman and Byzantine fortifications, show that the Ottoman-era town center, though now less considerable, was once a place of importance; but it never was as large as the Byzantine city. It seems to have been almost entirely constructed of the remains of the Byzantine-era Nicaea, the walls of the ruined mosques and baths being full of the fragments of ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine temples and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Comp._pp._10_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comp._pp._10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northwestern parts of the town, two moles extend into the lake and form a harbour; but the lake in this part has much retreated, and left a marshy plain. Outside the walls are the remnants of an ancient aqueduct.<sup id="cite_ref-Comp._pp._10_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comp._pp._10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_the_Dormition">Church of the Dormition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Church of the Dormition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Dormition_in_Nicaea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Church_of_the_Dormition_in_Nicaea.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Dormition_in_Nicaea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Church_of_the_Dormition_in_Nicaea.jpg/330px-Church_of_the_Dormition_in_Nicaea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Church_of_the_Dormition_in_Nicaea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Church of the Dormition in Nicaea.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Church of the Dormition, the principal Greek Orthodox church in Nicaea, was one of the most architecturally important Byzantine churches in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. A domed church with a cross-shaped nave and elongated apse, and dating from the perhaps as early as the end of the 6th century, its bema was decorated with very fine mosaics that had been restored in the 9th century. The Church of the Dormition was destroyed by the Turks in 1922; only the lower portions of some of its walls survive today.<sup id="cite_ref-Mango90_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mango90-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_kilns">Ottoman kilns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ottoman kilns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iznik_Kilns_excavations_8296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iznik_Kilns_excavations_8296.jpg/250px-Iznik_Kilns_excavations_8296.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iznik_Kilns_excavations_8296.jpg/375px-Iznik_Kilns_excavations_8296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iznik_Kilns_excavations_8296.jpg/500px-Iznik_Kilns_excavations_8296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Iznik kilns excavations</figcaption></figure> <p>Excavations are underway in the Ottoman kilns where the historic Nicean tiles were made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagia_Sophia_church">Hagia Sophia church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hagia Sophia church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Iznik.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hagia_Sophia_Iznik.JPG/250px-Hagia_Sophia_Iznik.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hagia_Sophia_Iznik.JPG/375px-Hagia_Sophia_Iznik.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hagia_Sophia_Iznik.JPG/500px-Hagia_Sophia_Iznik.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_%C4%B0znik" title="Hagia Sophia, İznik">Hagia Sophia</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_%C4%B0znik" title="Hagia Sophia, İznik">Hagia Sophia</a> church of Nicaea is undergoing restoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwater_basilica">Underwater basilica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Underwater basilica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the shallow waters on the margin of Lake Iznik, at a site still located on firm ground on the lakeshore in Byzantine times, the ruins of a 4th-century basilica were found. It might well be the site of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herakles_relief">Herakles relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Herakles relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eight kilometers from the city there is an ancient, human-size, <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> relief engraved on a rock.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_of_Nicaea">See of Nicaea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See of Nicaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/See_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Nicaea">See of Nicaea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Nicaea" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nicaea">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nicaea</a></div> <p>The bishopric of Nicaea remains as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has left the seat vacant since the death of its last <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">titular bishop</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a titular <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> see of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. The incumbent 2001–2010 was the former <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Archbishop of Karelia and All Finland</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/John_Rinne" title="John Rinne">Johannes (Rinne)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (BC ca.190 - ca.120), Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (AD ca.150 – ca.235), Roman historian.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus of Nicaea</a> (ca.240 – ca.300), Greek mathematician and astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Pachymeres" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgius Pachymeres">Georgius Pachymeres</a> (1242 – ca.1310), Byzantine historian.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIntagliataBarkerChristopher2020" class="citation book cs1">Intagliata, Emmanuele; Barker, Simon J.; 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdzdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>City Walls in Late Antiquity: An empire-wide perspective</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789253672" title="Special:BookSources/9781789253672"><bdi>9781789253672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Walls+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+An+empire-wide+perspective&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781789253672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdzdDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascualPapakonstantinou2013" class="citation book cs1">Pascual, José; Papakonstantinou, Maria-Foteini, eds. 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BRILL. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004256750" title="Special:BookSources/9789004256750"><bdi>9789004256750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topography+and+History+of+Ancient+Epicnemidian+Locris&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004256750&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWFTAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamoux2008" class="citation book cs1">Chamoux, François (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kr4YGTA2AC&pg=PA178"><i>Hellenistic Civilization</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470752050" title="Special:BookSources/9780470752050"><bdi>9780470752050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780470752050&rft.aulast=Chamoux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1kr4YGTA2AC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haverfield-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haverfield_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haverfield_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverfield2020" class="citation book cs1">Haverfield, Francis J. 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BoD – Books on Demand. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783752307689" title="Special:BookSources/9783752307689"><bdi>9783752307689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Town-Planing&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783752307689&rft.aulast=Haverfield&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8nxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumper2007" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael (2007). Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079195" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079195"><bdi>9781576079195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781576079195&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApril2018" class="citation book cs1">April, Wilfred (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2iQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Culture and Identity</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789230406" title="Special:BookSources/9781789230406"><bdi>9781789230406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Identity&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781789230406&rft.aulast=April&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2iQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman-Norton2018" class="citation book cs1">Coleman-Norton, Paul R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FL7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126"><i>Roman State & Christian Church Volume 1: A Collection of Legal Documents to A.D. 535</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781725255647" title="Special:BookSources/9781725255647"><bdi>9781725255647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+State+%26+Christian+Church+Volume+1%3A+A+Collection+of+Legal+Documents+to+A.D.+535&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781725255647&rft.aulast=Coleman-Norton&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FL7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicaea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nicaea">"Nicaea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Nicaea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fnicaea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AgostiniAnsonPownall2020" class="citation book cs1">D'Agostini, Monica; Anson, Edward M.; Pownall, Frances, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc0HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT158"><i>Alexander's Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors</i></a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789254990" title="Special:BookSources/9781789254990"><bdi>9781789254990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Veterans+and+the+Early+Wars+of+the+Successors&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781789254990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCc0HEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoisman2012" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzPlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Alexander's Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292735965" title="Special:BookSources/9780292735965"><bdi>9780292735965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Veterans+and+the+Early+Wars+of+the+Successors&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780292735965&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzPlDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_2_2._Foundation,_other_names]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_2_2._Foundation,_other_names]_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_2_2._Foundation,_other_names]_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStefanidou2003">Stefanidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=8503&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_2">2. Foundation, other names</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_3_3._History]_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStefanidou2003">Stefanidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=8503&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_3">3. History</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DGRG-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DGRG_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRG_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRG_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRG_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRG_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>DGRG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Dnicaea-geo">Nicaea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg001.perseus-grc1:26">Plutarch, Life of Theseus, 26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca02nonnuoft/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater">16.244–280</a>; <a href="/wiki/Memnon_of_Heraclea" title="Memnon of Heraclea">Memnon of Heraclea</a>, <i>History of Heraclea</i> book 15, as epitomized by <a href="/wiki/Photius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius I of Constantinople">Photius of Constantinople</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Myriobiblon</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_06bibliotheca.htm">223.28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_5_5._Culture_-_architecture]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_5_5._Culture_-_architecture]_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanidou2003[httpasiaminorehwgrformsfLemmaBodyExtendedaspxlemmaid8503boithimata_Statekefalaia_Statechapter_5_5._Culture_-_architecture]_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStefanidou2003">Stefanidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=8503&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_5">5. Culture - architecture</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmatinger2018" class="citation book cs1">Ermatinger, James W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onlUDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA31"><i>The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CILO. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440838095" title="Special:BookSources/9781440838095"><bdi>9781440838095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=ABC-CILO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781440838095&rft.aulast=Ermatinger&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonlUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dam2011" class="citation book cs1">Van Dam, Raymond (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JS468l8Rnu0C&pg=PA20"><i>Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139499729" title="Special:BookSources/9781139499729"><bdi>9781139499729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Constantine+at+the+Milvian+Bridge&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139499729&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJS468l8Rnu0C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlin2015" class="citation book cs1">Orlin, Eric, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXH4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions</i></a>. Routledge. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134625529" title="Special:BookSources/9781134625529"><bdi>9781134625529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Mediterranean+Religions&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781134625529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXH4CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, J. David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.gospelstudies.org.uk/pdf/ashland_theological_journal/39-1_019.pdf">"Nicea and its Aftermath: A Historical Survey of the First Ecumenical Council and the Ensuing Conflicts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ashland Theological Journal</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ashland+Theological+Journal&rft.atitle=Nicea+and+its+Aftermath%3A+A+Historical+Survey+of+the+First+Ecumenical+Council+and+the+Ensuing+Conflicts&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.gospelstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fashland_theological_journal%2F39-1_019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2016" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Daniel N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRXOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42"><i>Blind Faith: How Christianity Abandoned God: Part One: the Trinity Doctrine</i></a>. BookCountry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463007645" title="Special:BookSources/9781463007645"><bdi>9781463007645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blind+Faith%3A+How+Christianity+Abandoned+God%3A+Part+One%3A+the+Trinity+Doctrine&rft.pub=BookCountry&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781463007645&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPRXOCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation book cs1">Evans, G. R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gLF-F4jsljQC&pg=PA99"><i>The Roots of the Reformation: Tradition, Emergence and Rupture</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830839476" title="Special:BookSources/9780830839476"><bdi>9780830839476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+the+Reformation%3A+Tradition%2C+Emergence+and+Rupture&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780830839476&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgLF-F4jsljQC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrianArivia2009" class="citation book cs1">Adrian, Donny Gahral; Arivia, Gadis, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udYfoEqlbKQC&pg=PA115"><i>Relations Between Religions and Cultures in Southeast Asia</i></a>. CRVP. pp. 115–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565182509" title="Special:BookSources/9781565182509"><bdi>9781565182509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relations+Between+Religions+and+Cultures+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=115-6&rft.pub=CRVP&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781565182509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudYfoEqlbKQC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2019" class="citation book cs1">House, H. Wayne, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw9YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT604"><i>The Evangelical Dictionary of World Religions</i></a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493415908" title="Special:BookSources/9781493415908"><bdi>9781493415908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evangelical+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781493415908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSw9YDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss1991">Foss 1991</a>, p. 1463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463–1464-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911463–1464_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss1991">Foss 1991</a>, pp. 1463–1464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss19911464_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss1991">Foss 1991</a>, p. 1464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aqueduct-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aqueduct_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjellounde_SigoyerDessalesGarambois2018" class="citation journal cs1">Benjelloun, Yacine; de Sigoyer, Julia; Dessales, Hélène; Garambois, Stéphane; Şahin, Mustafa (1 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02958450v2/file/Benjelloun_et_al_2018_HAL2.pdf">"Construction history of the aqueduct of Nicaea (Iznik, NW Turkey) and its on-fault deformation viewed from archaeological and geophysical investigations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>21</b>: 389–400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JArSR..21..389B">2018JArSR..21..389B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.010">10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133680295">133680295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Construction+history+of+the+aqueduct+of+Nicaea+%28Iznik%2C+NW+Turkey%29+and+its+on-fault+deformation+viewed+from+archaeological+and+geophysical+investigations&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=389-400&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133680295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JArSR..21..389B&rft.aulast=Benjelloun&rft.aufirst=Yacine&rft.au=de+Sigoyer%2C+Julia&rft.au=Dessales%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Garambois%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=%C5%9Eahin%2C+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02958450v2%2Ffile%2FBenjelloun_et_al_2018_HAL2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald M. Nicol, <i>The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453</i>, second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), pp. 169f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby198919–20-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby198919–20_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaby1989">Raby 1989</a>, p. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsivikis2007" class="citation cs2">Tsivikis, Nikolaos (23 March 2007), "Nicaea, Church of Hagia Sophia", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=8506"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor</i></a>, Foundation of the Hellenic World<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicaea%2C+Church+of+Hagia+Sophia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hellenic+World%2C+Asia+Minor&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.aulast=Tsivikis&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiaminor.ehw.gr%2Fforms%2FfLemmaBodyExtended.aspx%3FlemmaID%3D8506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/sites/2035"><i>St. Sophia Museum</i></a>, ArchNet<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Sophia+Museum&rft.pub=ArchNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F2035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby198920-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby198920_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby198920_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaby1989">Raby 1989</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESestini1789[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYfsOAAAAQAAJpgPA219_219–220]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESestini1789[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYfsOAAAAQAAJpgPA219_219–220]_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSestini1789">Sestini 1789</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219">219–220</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comp._pp._10-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comp._pp._10_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comp._pp._10_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comp._pp._10_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comp. <a href="/wiki/William_Martin_Leake" title="William Martin Leake">William Martin Leake</a>, <i>Asia Minor</i>, pp. 10, foll.; Von Prokesch-Osten, <i>Erinnerungen</i>, iii. pp. 321,foll.; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Richard Pococke</a>, <i>Journey in Asia Minor</i>, iii. pp. 181, foll.; Walpole,'Turkey'[', ii. p. 146; Eckhel, <i>Doctr. Num.</i> i. pp. 423, foll.; Rasche, <i>Lexic. Rei Num.</i> iii. l. pp. 1374, foll.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mango90-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mango90_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Mango, "Byzantine Architecture", p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/church-site-christianitys-most-important-13257544.amp">Church that was 'site of some of Christianity's most important events' discovered under lake in Turkey</a>. By Elaine McCahill for <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">The Mirror</a>, 16 Sep 2018. Accessed 3 Sep 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/2-000-year-old-hercules-relief-damaged-156765">2,000-year-old Hercules relief damaged</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2n41.html">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec-patr.org/hierarchs/show.php?lang=gr&id=4">"Biography of Metropolitan Johannes (Rinne) of Nicea"</a> (in Greek). Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Metropolitan+Johannes+%28Rinne%29+of+Nicea&rft.pub=Ecumenical+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ec-patr.org%2Fhierarchs%2Fshow.php%3Flang%3Dgr%26id%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Clerke" title="Agnes Mary Clerke">Clerke, Agnes Mary</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hipparchus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hipparchus">"Hipparchus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hipparchus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=516&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Clerke&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dio Cassius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dio_Cassius">"Dio Cassius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 278–279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dio+Cassius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=278-279&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pachymeres, Georgius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pachymeres,_Georgius">"Pachymeres, Georgius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pachymeres%2C+Georgius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=433&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foss, Clive (1991). "Nicaea". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. London and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1463–1464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicaea&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=1463-1464&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaby1989" class="citation book cs1">Raby, Julian (1989). "İznik, 'Une village au milieu des jardins'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Petsopoulos, Yanni (ed.). <i>Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey</i>. London: Alexandra Press. pp. 19–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-054-6"><bdi>978-1-85669-054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%B0znik%2C+%27Une+village+au+milieu+des+jardins%27&rft.btitle=Iznik%3A+The+Pottery+of+Ottoman+Turkey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19-22&rft.pub=Alexandra+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-054-6&rft.aulast=Raby&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSestini1789" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sestini, Domenico (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfsOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Voyage dans la Grèce asiatique, à la péninsule de Cyzique, à Brusse et à Nicée: avec des détails sur l'histoire naturelle de ces contrées</i></a> (in French). London and Paris: Leroy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+dans+la+Gr%C3%A8ce+asiatique%2C+%C3%A0+la+p%C3%A9ninsule+de+Cyzique%2C+%C3%A0+Brusse+et+%C3%A0+Nic%C3%A9e%3A+avec+des+d%C3%A9tails+sur+l%27histoire+naturelle+de+ces+contr%C3%A9es&rft.place=London+and+Paris&rft.pub=Leroy&rft.date=1789&rft.aulast=Sestini&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfsOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanidou2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stefanidou, Vera (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8503">"Nicaea (Antiquity)"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor</i>. Foundation of the Hellenic World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicaea+%28Antiquity%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hellenic+World%2C+Asia+Minor&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Stefanidou&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehw.gr%2Fl.aspx%3Fid%3D8503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1854–1857" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1854–1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Dnicaea-geo">"Nicaea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</a></i>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicaea&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1854%2F1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0064%253Aentry%253Dnicaea-geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicaea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nicaea">Nicaea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nicaea" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Nicaea">Nicaea</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0243.html">Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Nicæa"</a></li> <li>T. Bekker-Nielsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301120432/http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books/black-sea-studies-7"><i>Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia: The Small World of Dion Chrysostomos</i></a> Aarhus, 2008.</li> <li>Çetinkaya, Halûk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://actual-art.org/files/sb/09/Cetinkaya.pdf">Four Newly Discovered Churches in Bithynia</a>. <i>Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 9.</i> Ed: A. V. Zakharova, S. V. Maltseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova. Lomonosov Moscow State University/St. Petersburg, NP-Print, 2019, pp. 244–252. ISSN 2312-2129.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Alexandria_in_the_Caucasus" title="Alexandria in the Caucasus">Alexandria in the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Indus" title="Alexandria on the Indus">Alexandria on the Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea Paralos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Laodicea in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Paeonia)" title="Antigonia (Paeonia)">Antigonia (Paeonia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandropolis_Maedica" title="Alexandropolis Maedica">Alexandropolis Maedica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075415-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82075688">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961918w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961918w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534113405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511268">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&oldid=1253300734">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&oldid=1253300734</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicaea" title="Category:Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_4th_century_BC" title="Category:Populated places established in the 4th 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