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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Edict of Toleration by Galerius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_of_Toleration_by_Galerius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_statement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_statement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious statement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_statement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peace of the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edict of Milan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edik_van_Milaan" title="Edik van Milaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edik van Milaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanes_Bann" title="Milanes Bann – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Milanes Bann" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مرسوم ميلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرسوم ميلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edictu_de_Mil%C3%A1n" title="Edictu de Milán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edictu de Milán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_edikti" title="Milan edikti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milan edikti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Міланскі эдыкт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міланскі эдыкт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Мілянскі эдыкт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мілянскі эдыкт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Медиолански едикт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Медиолански едикт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicte_de_Mil%C3%A0" title="Edicte de Milà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edicte de Milà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edikt_mil%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Edikt milánský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edikt milánský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano-ediktet" title="Milano-ediktet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Milano-ediktet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail%C3%A4nder_Vereinbarung" title="Mailänder Vereinbarung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mailänder Vereinbarung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_edikt" title="Milano edikt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Milano edikt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Διάταγμα των Μεδιολάνων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάταγμα των Μεδιολάνων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicto_de_Mil%C3%A1n" title="Edicto de Milán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edicto de Milán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edikto_de_Milano" title="Edikto de Milano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edikto de Milano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milango_Ediktua" title="Milango Ediktua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Milango Ediktua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرمان میلان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمان میلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dit_de_Milan" title="Édit de Milan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édit de Milan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edikt_fan_Milaan" title="Edikt fan Milaan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edikt fan Milaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicto_de_Mil%C3%A1n" title="Edicto de Milán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edicto de Milán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8_%EC%B9%99%EB%A0%B9" title="밀라노 칙령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀라노 칙령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Միլանի հրովարտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միլանի հրովարտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanski_edikt" title="Milanski edikt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Milanski edikt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwu_nke_Milan" title="Iwu nke Milan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Iwu nke Milan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maklumat_Milan" title="Maklumat Milan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maklumat Milan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editto_di_Milano" title="Editto di Milano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Editto di Milano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="צו מילאנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צו מילאנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მილანის ედიქტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მილანის ედიქტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati_ya_Milano" title="Hati ya Milano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hati ya Milano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edictum_Mediolanense" title="Edictum Mediolanense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edictum Mediolanense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C4%81nas_edikts" title="Milānas edikts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Milānas edikts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_ediktas" title="Milano ediktas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Milano ediktas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editt_de_Milan" title="Editt de Milan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Editt de Milan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediolanumi_ediktum" title="Mediolanumi ediktum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mediolanumi ediktum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Милански едикт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Милански едикт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didin%27_i_Milano" title="Didin' i Milano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Didin' i Milano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="مرسوم ميلانو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرسوم ميلانو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekri_Milan" title="Dekri Milan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dekri Milan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_van_Milaan" title="Edict van Milaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edict van Milaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8E%E5%8B%85%E4%BB%A4" title="ミラノ勅令 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミラノ勅令" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanoediktet" title="Milanoediktet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Milanoediktet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edykt_mediola%C5%84ski" title="Edykt mediolański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edykt mediolański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dito_de_Mil%C3%A3o" title="Édito de Milão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Édito de Milão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edictul_de_la_Milano" title="Edictul de la Milano – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edictul de la Milano" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Миланский эдикт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миланский эдикт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edikti_i_Milanos" title="Edikti i Milanos – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edikti i Milanos" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edict of Milan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%A1nsky_edikt" title="Milánsky edikt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Milánsky edikt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanski_edikt" title="Milanski edikt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Milanski edikt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Милански едикт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Милански едикт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanski_edikt" title="Milanski edikt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Milanski edikt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanon_edikti" title="Milanon edikti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Milanon edikti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediktet_i_Milano" title="Ediktet i Milano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ediktet i Milano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautusan_sa_Milan" title="Kautusan sa Milan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kautusan sa Milan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="พระราชกฤษฎีกามิลาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระราชกฤษฎีกามิลาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Ferman%C4%B1" title="Milano Fermanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Milano Fermanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Міланський едикт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міланський едикт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرمان میلان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرمان میلان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edito_de_Mi%C5%82an" title="Edito de Miłan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Edito de Miłan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mando_ni_Milan" title="Mando ni Milan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mando ni Milan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%EF%BC%89" title="米兰敕令（君士坦丁） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米兰敕令（君士坦丁）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4_(%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81)" title="米兰敕令 (君士坦丁) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米兰敕令 (君士坦丁)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Milan_Decree" title="Milan Decree">Milan Decree</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749.jpg/220px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749.jpg/330px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749.jpg/440px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a>, Roman, 4th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Edict of Milan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Edictum Mediolanense</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων</span>, <i>Diatagma tōn Mediolanōn</i>) was the February, AD 313 agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Frend_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, who controlled the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, met in <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) and, among other things, agreed to change policies towards Christians<sup id="cite_ref-Frend_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">the edict of toleration</a> issued by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> two years earlier in <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a>. The Edict of Milan gave Christianity legal status and a reprieve from persecution but did not make it the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Constantine_Cambridge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constantine_Cambridge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which occurred in AD 380 with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ConstaBrit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConstaBrit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> received normative status.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehler65_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehler65-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The document is found in <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/De_mortibus_persecutorum" title="De mortibus persecutorum">De mortibus persecutorum</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)"><i>History of the Church</i></a> with marked divergences between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenski2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenski2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_EoM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_EoM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not there was a formal 'Edict of Milan'  is no longer really debated among scholars, who generally reject the story as it has come down in church history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frend_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The version found in Lactantius is not in the form of an edict.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_EoM_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_EoM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a letter from Licinius to the governors of the provinces in the Eastern Empire that he had just conquered by defeating <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus</a><sup id="cite_ref-NE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later that same year and issued in <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frend_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pietas</a>)</i> in maintaining <a href="/wiki/Pax_deorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax deorum">good relations with the gods</a>. The Romans were known for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">great number of deities</a> that they honored.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greeks on the Italian peninsula</a> introduced some religious practices such as the cult of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks, adapting <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek myths</a> and iconography for Latin literature and <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, most of Rome's religious institutions could be traced to its <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founders</a>; this archaic religion was the foundation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mos maiorum</a></i>, "the way of the ancestors" or simply "tradition", viewed as central to Roman identity. Through <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">interpretatio graeca</a></i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">interpretatio romana</a></i></span>, the religions of other peoples incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> co-existed within the Roman theological hierarchy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> insistence on their god being the only God and in believing all other gods were false gods could not be fitted into the system. Their scruples prevented them swearing loyalty oaths directed at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">emperor's divinity</a>. More particularly, the refusal of Christians to pay the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Jewish tax</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was perceived as a threat not just to the state cult but to the state itself. That led to <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">various forms of persecution</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (r. 249–251) issued edicts that imposed hard restrictions on Christians, a policy continued by his successor Valerian. With the accession of <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (r. 253–268), the Church enjoyed a period of nearly 40 years with no official sanctions against Christians, which <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> described as the <a href="/wiki/Little_peace_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Little peace of the Church">"little" peace of the Church</a>. In 311, <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> published an edict from <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> that officially ended the persecutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edict_of_Toleration_by_Galerius">Edict of Toleration by Galerius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Edict of Toleration by Galerius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperialpalaceMilan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ImperialpalaceMilan.jpg/220px-ImperialpalaceMilan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ImperialpalaceMilan.jpg/330px-ImperialpalaceMilan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ImperialpalaceMilan.jpg/440px-ImperialpalaceMilan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the Imperial palace of Mediolanum (Milan). The imperial palace (built in large part by <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, colleague of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>) was a large complex with several buildings, gardens, and courtyards, used for the Emperor's private and public activities, and for his court, family, and imperial bureaucracy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> in AD 235, rivals for the imperial throne had bid for support by either favouring or <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecuting Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">Edict of Toleration by Galerius</a> had been issued by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> from <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a> and was posted at <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> on 30 April 311. By its provisions, Christians who had "followed such a caprice and had fallen into such a folly that they would not obey the institutes of antiquity" were granted an indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual letters have never been retrieved. However, they are quoted at length in <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>'s <i>On the Deaths of the Persecutors</i> (<i>De mortibus persecutorum</i>), which gives the Latin text of both Galerius's edict of toleration as posted at Nicomedia on 30 April 311 and of Licinius's letter of toleration and restitution addressed to the governor of Bithynia and posted at Nicomedia on 13 June 313.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter states:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When we, Constantine Augustus and Licinius Augustus, met so happily at Milan, and considered together all that concerned the interest and security of the State, we decided ... to grant to Christians and to everybody the free power to follow the religion of their choice, in order that all that is divine in the heavens may be favorable and propitious towards all who are placed under our authority.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> of Caesarea translated both documents into Greek in his <i>History of the Church</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiastica</a></i>). His version of the letter of Licinius must derive from a copy posted in the province of <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> (probably at its capital, <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Caesarea</a>) in the late summer or early autumn of 313, but the origin of his copy of Galerius's edict of 311 is unknown since that does not seem to have been promulgated in Caesarea. In his description of the events in Milan in his <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Life of Constantine</a></i>, Eusebius eliminated the role of Licinius, whom he portrayed as the evil foil to his hero Constantine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Edict of Milan was in effect directed against <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a>, the Caesar in the East who styled himself as Augustus. Having received Emperor Galerius's instruction to repeal the persecution in 311, Maximinus had instructed his subordinates to desist, but he had not released Christians from prisons or virtual death sentences in the mines, as Constantine and Licinius had both done in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson297_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson297-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Galerius's death, Maximinus was no longer constrained and enthusiastically took up renewed persecutions in the eastern territories under his control, encouraging petitions against Christians. One of those petitions, addressed not only to Maximinus but also to Constantine and Licinius, is preserved in a stone inscription at Arycanda in Lycia, and is a "request that the Christians, who have long been disloyal and still persist in the same mischievous intent, should at last be put down and not be suffered by any absurd novelty to offend against the honour due to the gods."<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson297_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson297-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The edict is popularly thought to concern only Christianity and even to make it the official religion of the Empire (which did not occur until the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> in 380)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Indeed, the edict expressly grants religious liberty to Christians, who had been the object of special persecution, but also goes even further and grants liberty to all other religions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When you see that this has been granted to [Christians] by us, your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases; this regulation is made that we may not seem to detract from any dignity of any religion.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Edict of Milan", Lactantius, <i>On the Deaths of the Persecutors (De Mortibus Persecutorum)</i>, ch. 48. opera, ed. 0. F. Fritzsche, II, p 288 sq. (<i>Bibl Patr. Ecc. Lat.</i> XI).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Since Licinius composed the edict with the intent of publishing it in the east<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon his hoped-for victory over Maximinus, it expresses the religious policy accepted by Licinius, a pagan, rather than that of Constantine,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was already a Christian. Constantine's own policy went beyond merely tolerating Christianity. He tolerated paganism and other religions but actively promoted Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_statement">Religious statement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious statement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Edict of Milan is commonly presented as Constantine's first great act as a Christian emperor, it is disputed whether the Edict of Milan was an act of genuine faith. The document could be seen as Constantine's first step in creating an alliance with the Christian God, whom he considered the strongest deity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, he was concerned about social stability and the protection of the empire from the wrath of the Christian God: in this view, the edict could be a pragmatic political decision rather than a religious shift. However, the majority of historians believe that Constantine's adoption of Christianity was genuine, and that the Edict of Milan was merely the first official act of Constantine as a dedicated Christian. This view is supported by Constantine's ongoing favors on behalf of Christianity during the rest of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_of_the_Church">Peace of the Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peace of the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galerius's earlier edict did nothing to restore the confiscated property of Christians. That was left to the Edict of Milan. Instructions were given for Christians' meeting places and other properties to be returned and compensation to be paid by the state to the current owners:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception.</p></blockquote> <p>It directed the provincial magistrates to execute the order at once with all energy so that public order may be restored and the continuance of divine favour may "preserve and prosper our successes together with the good of the state." Constantine ordered for the restitution to be at the expense of the state. For Christians, the immunities and guaranties contained in the act had most important results. For the first time, it became possible to observe publicly the liturgy in its fullness and to attempt seriously and earnestly to mould the life of the empire according to Christian ideals and standards. The joy of the Christians at this change in their public status is expressed by Eusebius in his "Church History" (X, ii). </p><p>This period of Church history is also known as the <b>"Peace of the Church"</b>. Eusebius says that it stated that "it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever."<sup id="cite_ref-fordham_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict further demanded that individual Romans right any wrongs towards Christians: "...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception."<sup id="cite_ref-fordham_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhortation to right historic wrongs may also reflect the leaders' desires to avoid unfavourable consequences such as social unrest and further conquests. Koszarycz says that Constantine was superstitious and believed in the existence of the non-Christian gods enough that they did not want to offset the balance of good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was believed that the sooner that balance was restored by the Romans establishing a state of justice with the Christians, the sooner the state would become stable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term "Peace of the Church" has sometimes been applied in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> to the ending of persecution that followed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> between 1778 and 1926.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, it can refer to life after the <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a>, which lasted from 1871 to 1878. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edict_of_Milan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of God">Peace of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papacy_in_late_antiquity" title="Papacy in late antiquity">Papacy in late antiquity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Frend-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frend_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frend_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frend_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frend_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W._H._C._Frend" title="W. H. C. Frend">Frend, W. H. C.</a> (1965). <i>The Early Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constantine_Cambridge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constantine_Cambridge_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-christianity/constantine-and-the-peace-of-the-church/1D6492CD5ECB96174AAE1221F48DC56F">Quote</a>: "Christianity did not become the official religion of the empire under Constantine, as is often mistakenly claimed..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConstaBrit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConstaBrit_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-alliance-between-church-and-empire">"Christianity: The Alliance Between Church and Empire"</a>. Quote: "...Emperor Theodosius I (reigned 379–395), who made Catholic Christianity the official religion of the empire..." </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions</i>. Jnanada Prakashan. 2009. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7139-280-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7139-280-3">978-81-7139-280-3</a>. <q>In the most common sense, "mainstream" refers to Nicene Christianity, or rather the traditions which continue to claim adherence to the Nicene Creed.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehler65-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehler65_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhlerMorrall1967" class="citation book cs1">Ehler, Sidney Zdeneck; Morrall, John B. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WuMyEzani8C&pg=PA6"><i>Church and State Through the Centuries: A Collection of Historic Documents with Commentaries</i></a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 6-7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819601896" title="Special:BookSources/9780819601896"><bdi>9780819601896</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515193906/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WuMyEzani8C&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>This Edict is the first which definitely introduces Catholic orthodoxy as the established religion of the Roman world. [...] Acknowledgment of the true doctrine of the Trinity is made the test of State recognition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+Through+the+Centuries%3A+A+Collection+of+Historic+Documents+with+Commentaries&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780819601896&rft.aulast=Ehler&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Zdeneck&rft.au=Morrall%2C+John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WuMyEzani8C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+Milan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenski2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lenski2017_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenski2017" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel (2017). "The Significance of the Edict of Milan". In Siecienski, Edward (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31384654"><i>Constantine: Religious Faith and Imperial Policy</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Differences tabulated on pp. 39–40</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+Edict+of+Milan&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+Religious+Faith+and+Imperial+Policy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31384654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+Milan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC_EoM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_EoM_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_EoM_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross and Livingstone. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> 1974 art. "Milan, Edict of."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, D. <i>Constantine the Emperor</i> 2013 p. 148. He refers to the "Edict of Milan" as the so-called Edict of Milan in note 10 at the top of p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NE_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, J. <i>A New Eusebius</i> SPCK 1965, p. 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As David Potter states in his 2013 book <i>Constantine the Emperor</i>, "What is significant is that the document, once wrongly known as the Edict of Milan (there was never such a thing) and attributed to Constantine, is the product of a pagan emperor who had decided that Constantine's approach to the "Christian question" was correct. Although the 'Edict of Milan' is really a letter of Licinius to the governors of the eastern provinces, it still represents an important sea change in the direction of imperial policy." Potter p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors, see R.P.C. Hanson, "The Christian Attitude to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great" and Carlos A. Contreras, "Christian Views of Paganism" in <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i> II.23.1 (1980) 871–1022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians debate whether or not the Roman government distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christians and Jews</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>'s modification of the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a> in 96. From then on, practicing Jews but not Christians paid the tax. Dunn, James D.G., <i>Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4498-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4498-7">0-8028-4498-7</a>, pp. 33–34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, <i>The Romans: From Village to Empire</i>, Oxford University Press (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8">0-19-511875-8</a>, p. 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylen, Stephen M., <i>The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction</i>, Paulist Press (1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3610-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3610-4">0-8091-3610-4</a>, pp. 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frend, W.H.C. <i>The Early Church</i> SPCK 1965, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, J. <i>A New Eusebius</i> SPCK 1965, p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lactantius, <i>De mortibus persecutorum</i> 34.1–35.1, 48.1–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1962" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, William Lloyd (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychristianby00macd/page/n11/mode/2up"><i>Early Christian & Byzantine architecture</i></a>. New York: G. Braziller. p. 11 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+%26+Byzantine+architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=G.+Braziller&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=William+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlychristianby00macd%2Fpage%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+Milan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson297-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson297_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson297_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Inscription printed in Stevenson, J. <i>A New Eusebius</i> SPCK 1965, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">And similarly in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/ilrn_legacy/wawc1c01c/content/wciv1/readings/eusebius.html">Eusebius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOllero2018" class="citation web cs1">Ollero, Marisa (15 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://social.vcoins.com/twih/milan-edict-june-13-313/">"The Milan Edict"</a>. <i>Vcoin Community</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vcoin+Community&rft.atitle=The+Milan+Edict&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft.aulast=Ollero&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocial.vcoins.com%2Ftwih%2Fmilan-edict-june-13-313%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+Milan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marta_Sordi" title="Marta Sordi">Sordi, Marta</a>. <i>The Christians and the Roman Empire.</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maier, Paul L. <i>Eusebius: The Church History</i>. Grand Rapids: Kegel Publications, 1999. p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> 5.15–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fordham-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fordham_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fordham_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Paul Halsall, "Galerius and Constantine: Edicts of Toleration 311/313", Fordham University; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/edict-milan.asp">Fordham.edu</a>; Internet, accessed 13 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuri_Koszarycz" class="citation web cs1">Yuri Koszarycz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215120014/http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/eccles/constantine.html">"Constantinian Christianity"</a>. <i>The-orb.net</i>. The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/eccles/constantine.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The-orb.net&rft.atitle=Constantinian+Christianity&rft.au=Yuri+Koszarycz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-orb.net%2Ftextbooks%2Feccles%2Fconstantine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+Milan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Milan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/edict-milan.html">Galerius and Constantine's Edicts of Toleration 311 and 313</a>, from the <i>Medieval Sourcebook</i> (Lactantius's version of the Edict)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr/Constitutiones/ed_tolerat1.htm"><i>Edictum Mediolanense</i>, as in Lactantius, <i>De mortibus persecutorum</i>, from The Roman Law Library at the University of Grenoble</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/ilrn_legacy/wawc1c01c/content/wciv1/readings/eusebius.html">Imperial Decrees of Constantine</a> from Eusebius's <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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