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Ch (digraph) - Wikipedia

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<span>Use by language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_by_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use by language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_by_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balto-Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balto-Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Balto-Slavic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balto-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Czech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Polish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Slovak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Celtic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamorro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamorro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chamorro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamorro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Germanic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Dutch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Swedish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use in romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternate_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternate representations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ch (digraph)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(Digraph)" title="Ch (Digraph) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ch (Digraph)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84)" title="Ch (дыграф) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ch (дыграф)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(Digraph)" title="Ch (Digraph) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ch (Digraph)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="Ch (دونگاره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="Ch (دونگاره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(digramme)" title="Ch (digramme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ch (digramme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%8C%EC%9E%90)" title="CH (이중음자) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="CH (이중음자)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH" title="CH – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="CH" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(digr%C3%A1f)" title="Ch (digráf) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ch (digráf)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(bokstav)" title="Ch (bokstav) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ch (bokstav)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(harf)" title="Ch (harf) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ch (harf)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(dwuznak)" title="Ch (dwuznak) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ch (dwuznak)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(d%C3%ADgrafo)" title="Ch (dígrafo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ch (dígrafo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch" title="Ch – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84)" title="Ch (диграф) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ch (диграф)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ch (digraph)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(p%C3%ADsmeno)" title="Ch (písmeno) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ch (písmeno)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3)" title="Ch (ทวิอักษร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Ch (ทวิอักษร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84)" title="Ch (диграф) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ch (диграф)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D)" title="Ch (二合字母) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ch (二合字母)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q142237#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ch_(digraph)" rel="discussion" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin-script digraph</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ch_(digraph)" title="Special:EditPage/Ch (digraph)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Ch%22+digraph">"Ch"&#160;digraph</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Ch%22+digraph+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Ch%22+digraph&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Ch%22+digraph+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ch%22+digraph">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ch%22+digraph&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_digraph_C_H.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Latin_digraph_C_H.svg/220px-Latin_digraph_C_H.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Latin_digraph_C_H.svg/330px-Latin_digraph_C_H.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Latin_digraph_C_H.svg/440px-Latin_digraph_C_H.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Latin Ch digraph.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ch" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ch">ch</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Ch</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. It is treated as a letter of its own in the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Spanish language">Old Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Language">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latynka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Łacinka</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a>. Formerly <b>ch</b> was also considered a separate letter for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> purposes in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Modern Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> now the digraph <b>ch</b> in these languages continues to be used, but it is considered as a sequence of letters and sorted as such. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The digraph was first used in Latin since the 2nd century B.C. to transliterate the sound of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a> in words borrowed from that language. In classical times, Greeks pronounced this as an <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span>. In post-classical Greek (<a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern</a>) this sound developed into a <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>. Since neither sound was found in native Latin words (with some exceptions like <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:pulcher" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:pulcher">pulcher</a></i> 'beautiful', where the original sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> might have been influenced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>), in Late Latin the pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> occurred. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, a language that had no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> and represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> by <i>c</i>, <i>k</i>, or <i>qu</i>, <i>ch</i> began to be used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">voiceless palatal plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span>, which came from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> in some positions and later became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and then <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. Now the digraph <i>ch</i> is used for all the aforementioned sounds, as shown below. The Old French usage of <i>ch</i> was also a model of several other digraphs for palatals or postalveolars: <a href="/wiki/Lh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lh (digraph)">lh (digraph)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">nh (digraph)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh (digraph)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_by_language">Use by language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Use by language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_CH_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pronunciation_of_CH_in_Europe.png/220px-Pronunciation_of_CH_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pronunciation_of_CH_in_Europe.png/330px-Pronunciation_of_CH_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pronunciation_of_CH_in_Europe.png/440px-Pronunciation_of_CH_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>Pronunciation of written <i>ch</i> in European languages. Dark grey denotes the area where <i>ch</i> denotes more than one pronunciation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balto-Slavic_languages">Balto-Slavic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Balto-Slavic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a> that use the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet, <i>ch</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>. <i>Ch</i> is used in the Lithuanian language to represent the "soft h" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, in word choras [ˈxɔrɐs̪] "choir". This digraph is not considered a single letter in the Lithuanian alphabet. This digraph is used only in loanwords. "Ch" represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sorbian">Upper Sorbian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech">Czech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Czech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, the letter <i>ch</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> consisting of the sequence of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, however it is a single <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> (pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">&#91;x&#93;</a></span>) and represents a single entity in Czech <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> order, inserted between <i><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></i>. In capitalized form, <i>Ch</i> is used at the beginning of a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> (<i>Chechtal se.</i> "He giggled."), while <i>CH</i> or <i>Ch</i> can be used for standalone letter in lists etc. and only fully capitalized <i>CH</i> is used when the letter is a part of an abbreviation (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Beskydy_Protected_Landscape_Area" title="Beskydy Protected Landscape Area">CHKO Beskydy</a></i>) and in all-uppercase texts. </p><p>In the Czech alphabet, the digraph <i>Ch</i> is handled as a letter equal to other letters. In Czech dictionaries, indexes, and other alphabetical lists, it has its own section, following that of words (including names) beginning with <i>H</i> and preceding that of words that begin with <i>I</i>. Thus, the word <i>chemie</i> will not be found in the <i>C</i> section of a Czech dictionary, nor the name <i>Chalupa</i> in the <i>C</i> section of the phonebook. The alphabetical order <i>h</i> <i>ch</i> is observed also when the combination <i>ch</i> occurs in median or final position: <i>Praha</i> precedes <i>Prachatice</i>, <i>hod</i> precedes <i>hoch</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish">Polish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Polish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ch</i> had been used in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> language to represent the "unvoiced h" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> as it is pronounced in the Polish word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chleb#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chleb">chleb</a><sup><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/af\/Pl-chleb.ogg\/Pl-chleb.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;pronunciation&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Pl-chleb.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Pl-chleb.ogg/Pl-chleb.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-chleb.ogg" title="File:Pl-chleb.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></sup> "bread", and the <i>h</i> to represent "voiced h", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> where it is distinct, as it is pronounced in the Polish word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hak#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:hak">hak</a><sup><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/Pl-hak.ogg\/Pl-hak.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;pronunciation&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Pl-hak.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Pl-hak.ogg/Pl-hak.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-hak.ogg" title="File:Pl-hak.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></sup> "hook". Between <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> used to emphasize the "voiced h" to aid themselves in proper spelling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> In most present-day Polish dialects, however, <i>ch</i> and <i>h</i> are uniformly merged as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>. In a handful of words (in particular, before a voiced obstruent other than <i>rz</i> or <i>w</i> – e.g. <i>niechże</i>), <i>ch</i> itself becomes voiced, though this is usually realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovak">Slovak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Slovak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <i>ch</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span>, and more specifically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>&#93;</span> in voiced position. At the beginning of a sentence it is used in two different variants: <i>CH</i> or <i>Ch</i>. It can be followed by a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> (<i>chladný</i> "cold"), a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> (<i>chémia</i> "chemistry") or <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> (<i>chiazmus</i> "chiasmus"). </p><p>Only a few Slovak words treat <i>CH</i> as two separate letters, e.g., <i>viachlasný</i> (e.g. "multivocal" performance), from <i>viac</i> ("multi") and <i>hlas</i> ("voice"). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak alphabet">Slovak alphabet</a>, it comes between <i>H</i> and <i>I</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_languages">Celtic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Celtic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic languages</a>, <i>ch</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <i>ch</i> stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> when <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">broad</a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ç/</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> between vowels) when <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slender</a>. Word-initially it represents the lenition of <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;<b>c</b>&#x27e9;</span>. Examples: broad in <i>chara</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈxaɾˠə/</span> "friend" (lenited), <i>loch</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫ̪ɔx/</span> "lake, <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a>", <i>boichte</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bˠɔxtʲə/</span> "poorer"; slender in <i>Chéadaoin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈçeːd̪ˠiːnʲ/</span> "Wednesday" (lenited), <i>deich</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʲɛç/</span> "ten". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> has evolved a modified form of this digraph, <i>c'h</i> for representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, as opposed to <i>ch</i>, which stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>ch</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>&#93;</span>. The digraph counts as a separate letter in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh alphabet">Welsh alphabet</a>, positioned after <i>c</i> and before <i>d</i>; so, for example, <i>chwilen</i> 'beetle' comes after <i>cymryd</i> 'take' in Welsh dictionaries; similarly, <i>Tachwedd</i> 'November' comes after <i>taclus</i> 'tidy'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamorro">Chamorro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Chamorro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ch</i> is the fifth letter of the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro language</a> and its sound is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span>. The Chamorro Language has three different dialects - the Guamanian dialect, the Northern Mariana Islands dialect, and the Rotanese dialect. With the minor difference in dialect, the Guamanians have a different orthography from the other two dialects. In Guamanian orthography, both letters tend to get capitalized (e.g.: <i>CHamoru</i>). The Northern Mariana Islands' &amp; Rotanese orthography enforces the standard capitalization rule (e.g.: <i>Chamorro</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_languages">Germanic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Germanic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In several <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/German_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="German languages">German</a> and romanized <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <i>ch</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Rheinische_Dokumenta" title="Rheinische Dokumenta">Rheinische Dokumenta</a>, <i>ch</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, as opposed to <i><u>ch</u></i>, which stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch">Dutch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Dutch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>ch</i> was originally voiceless, while <i>g</i> was voiced. In the northern Netherlands, both <i>ch</i> and <i>g</i> are voiceless, while in the southern Netherlands and Flanders the voiceless/voiced distinction is upheld. The voiceless fricative is pronounced [x] or [χ] in the north and [ç] in the south, while the voiced fricative is pronounced [ɣ] in the north (i.e. the northern parts of the area that still has this distinction) and [ʝ] in the south. This difference of pronunciation is called <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G_in_Dutch" title="Hard and soft G in Dutch">'hard and soft g'</a>. </p><p>In some words of non-native origin, <i>ch</i> is pronounced as [ɕ] (northern dialects in the Netherlands) or [ʃ] (Flemish dialects in Belgium), e.g. cheque [ɕɛk~ʃɛk] (<i>check, voucher</i>), <i>chips</i> [ɕɪps~ʃips] (<i>potato chips, crisps</i>), <i>China</i> ['ɕi.na~'ʃi.na] (<i>China</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <i>ch</i> is most commonly pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>&#93;</span>, as in <i>chalk</i>, <i>cheese</i>, <i>cherry</i>, <i>church</i>, <i>much</i>, etc. When it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>&#93;</span> word-medially or word-finally, it usually follows a consonant (<i>belch</i>, <i>lunch</i>, <i>torch</i>, etc.) or two vowels (<i>beach</i>, <i>speech</i>, <i>touch</i>, etc.). Elsewhere, this sound is usually spelled <i>tch</i>, with a few exceptions (<i>attach</i>, <i>sandwich</i>, <i>lychee</i>, etc.). </p><p>If a segment of a word originates from Greek or Italian, <i>Ch</i> can also be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>&#93;</span>, likely stemming from the letter <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a>. This includes Greek-derivative words—like <i>ache</i>, <i>choir</i>, <i>school</i>, <i>stomach</i>, <i>mechanics</i>, <i>chemistry</i> and <i>character</i>— and Italian-derivative words—like <i>chiaroscuro</i>, <i>scherzo</i> and <i>zucchini</i>. </p><p>In some English words of French origin, "ch" represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>&#93;</span>, as in <i>charade</i>, <i>machine</i>, <i>chivalry</i> and <i>nonchalant</i>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrection</a>, this pronunciation also occurs in a few loanwords from other sources, like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machete" class="extiw" title="wikt:machete">machete</a> (from Spanish) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pistachio" class="extiw" title="wikt:pistachio">pistachio</a> (from Italian). </p><p>In certain dialects of British English <i>ch</i> is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>&#93;</span> in two words: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandwich" class="extiw" title="wikt:sandwich">sandwich</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spinach" class="extiw" title="wikt:spinach">spinach</a></i>, and also in place names, such as <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>. </p><p>In words of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> origin it may be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>&#93;</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>&#93;</span>), as in <i><a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Clachan" title="Clachan">clachan</a></i>. In words of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> origin it may be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>&#93;</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>&#93;</span>). </p><p>The digraph can also be silent, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Crichton,_Midlothian" title="Crichton, Midlothian">Crichton</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/currach" class="extiw" title="wikt:currach">currach</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drachm" class="extiw" title="wikt:drachm">drachm</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yacht</a></i> and traditionally in <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schism" class="extiw" title="wikt:schism">schism</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <i>ch</i> normally represents two <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> (or the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span>) following <i>a</i>, <i>o</i> or <i>u</i> (called <i><a href="/wiki/Ach-Laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ach-Laut">Ach-Laut</a></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">voiceless palatal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span> following any other vowel or a consonant (called <i>Ich-Laut</i>). A similar allophonic variation is thought to have existed in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>. </p><p>The sequence "chs" is normally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ks]</span>, as in <i>sechs</i> (six) and <i>Fuchs</i> (fox). </p><p>An initial "ch" (which only appears in loaned and dialectical words) may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> (common in southern varieties), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> (common in western varieties) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span> (common in northern and western varieties). It is always pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> when followed by <i>l</i> or <i>r</i>, as in <i>Chlor</i> (chlorine) or <i>Christus</i> (Christ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swedish">Swedish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Swedish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <i>ch</i> represents /ɧ/ and /ɕ/ in loanwords such as <i>choklad</i> and <i>check</i>. These sounds come from former [ʃ] and [tʃ], respectively. In the conjunction <i>och</i> (and), <i>ch</i> is pronounced [k] or silent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The digraph <i>ch</i> is not considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian alphabet</a>, but it has historically been used for [tʃ], as in English and Spanish, and this use has been preserved in family names: <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">Széchenyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imre_Mad%C3%A1ch" title="Imre Madách">Madách</a>. It is also retained in family names of German origin, where it is pronounced [h]: <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Aulich" title="Lajos Aulich">Aulich</a>. The digraph is also used in some loan words, such as <i>technika</i> or <i>jacht</i> where it is pronounced [h]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Catalan <i>ch</i> represents final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>&#93;</span> sound. In the past it was widely used, but nowadays it is only present in some surnames (e.g. <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Domènech</i></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Albiach</i></span>). In medieval Catalan it was occasionally used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>&#93;</span> sound. </p><p>In native <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> words, <i>ch</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> as in <i>chanson</i> (song). In most words of Greek origin, it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> as in <i>archéologie</i>, <i>chœur</i>, <i>chirographier</i>; but <i>chimie</i>, <i>chirurgie</i>, and <i>chimère</i> have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, as does <i>anarchiste</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <i>ch</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> before -e and -i. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <i>ch</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> before front vowels and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span> before back vowels. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <i>ch</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>, but in some dialects it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>&#93;</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <i>ch</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, with some few speakers in northeastern mainland Portugal retaining the archaic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> (constrating with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> for <i>x</i>, homophonic elsewhere). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish">Spanish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ch</i> is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">voiceless postalveolar affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> in both <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castillian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">American Spanish</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a>. </p><p><i>Ch</i> is traditionally considered a distinct letter of the Spanish alphabet, called <i>che</i>. In the 2010 Orthography of the Spanish Language, <i>Ch</i> is no longer considered a letter of its own but rather a digraph consisting of two letters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1994 <i>ch</i> was treated as a single letter in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> order, inserted between <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>; in this way, <i>mancha</i> was after <i>manco</i> and before <i>manda</i>. However, an April 1994 vote in the 10th Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a> adopted the standard international collation rules, so <i>ch</i> is now considered a sequence of two distinct characters, and dictionaries now place words starting with <i>ch-</i> between those starting with <i>ce-</i> and <i>ci-</i>, as there are no words that start with <i>cf-</i> or <i>cg-</i> in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similarly, <i>mancha</i> now precedes <i>manco</i> in alphabetical order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ch</i> was used in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusett orthography">Massachusett orthography</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a> to represent a sound similar to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and in the modern orthography in use by some Wampanoag tribes for the same sound. In both systems, the digraph <i>ch</i> is considered a single letter. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> Latin alphabet, <i>ch</i> was used to write the sound [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span>]. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a>, <i>ch</i> represents a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>. </p><p><i>Ch</i> represents [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>] in <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_Y%C3%A9ziqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur Latin Yéziqi">Uyghur Latin script</a>. </p><p><i>Ch</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>&#93;</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek alphabet</a>. It is considered a separate letter, and is the 28th letter of the alphabet. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <i>ch</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">voiceless palatal plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span> in the initial position. In the final position, the pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jk̟̚]</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <i>ch</i> represents the voiceless aspirated velar <a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental click</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kǀʰ]</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a>, <i>ch</i> represents a [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>]. It is considered a single letter since 'c' and 'h' do not exist independently in the Obolo alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_romanization">Use in romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Use in romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <i>ch</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> to represent an aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">voiceless retroflex affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʂʰ/</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <i>ch</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Chi_(kana)" title="Chi (kana)">chi</a> sound (ち). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <i>ch</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅊ">ㅊ</a> (chieut). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian language</a>, <i>ch</i> is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">voiceless alveo-palatal affricate</a> /tɕ/ and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless denti-alveolar affricate</a> /ts/ in romanization from the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternate_representations">Alternate representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Alternate representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">International Morse code</a> provides a unitary code for <i>Ch</i> used in several non-English languages, namely <i>—&#160;—&#160;—&#160;—</i>. </p><p>In the Czech extension to <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> the letter <i>Ch</i> is represented as the dot pattern <span style="font-size:190%;">⠻</span>. English literary braille also has a single cell dedicated to <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ch&#x27e9;</span> (dots 1–6), which stands for "child" in isolation, but this is considered a single-cell contraction rather than a separate letter. </p><p>In English <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>, the "ch" digraph, when pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>&#93;</span>, is represented by a single cell: </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1262716500">.mw-parser-output .brai_img img{background:#f8f9fa!important}.mw-parser-output .brai_img_transparent img{background:transparent!important}</style><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%85.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠡ (braille pattern dots-16) U+2821"><img alt="⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/120px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <i>Ch</i> is represented as a <a href="/wiki/List_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computing)">sequence</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></i>, not as a single <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a>; only the historical KOI-8 ČS2 encoding contained <i>Ch</i> as a single character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PL_Aleksander_Br%C3%BCckner-S%C5%82ownik_etymologiczny_j%C4%99zyka_polskiego_193.jpeg">Aleksander Brückner. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, 1927, p. 175.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Principales_novedades_de_la_Ortografia_de_la_lengua_espanola.pdf">"Principales novedades de la última edición de la Ortografía de la lengua española (2010)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Real Academia Española.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Principales+novedades+de+la+%C3%BAltima+edici%C3%B3n+de+la+Ortograf%C3%ADa+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+%282010%29&amp;rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPrincipales_novedades_de_la_Ortografia_de_la_lengua_espanola.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh+%28digraph%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/la-asociacion/actividad-institucional/x-congreso-madrid-1994">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619211743/http://www.asale.org/la-asociacion/actividad-institucional/x-congreso-madrid-1994">Archived</a> 2015-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, official website</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Additional Latin letters</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ æ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Ɑ ɑ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_v" title="Turned v">Ʌ ʌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_beta" title="Latin beta">Ꞵ ꞵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eth (letter)">Ð ð</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ ɛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">Ə ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8E" title="Ǝ">Ǝ ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_gamma" title="Latin gamma">Ɣ ɣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Gha" title="Gha">Ƣ ƣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_iota" title="Latin iota">Ɩ ɩ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_h" title="Turned h">Ɥ ɥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(Latin_letter)" title="Lambda (Latin letter)">λ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">Ŋ ŋ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ œ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Open_O" title="Open O">Ɔ ɔ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ɤ">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Kra_(letter)" title="Kra (letter)">Kʼ ĸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʀ">Ʀ ʀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ẞ ß</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">Ʃ ʃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%9C" title="Ɯ">Ɯ ɯ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B1" title="Ʊ">Ʊ ʊ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_omega" title="Latin omega">Ꞷ ꞷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">Ʋ ʋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Ƿ ƿ </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">Ȝ ȝ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">ϴ θ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">Ʒ ʒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">Ƹ ƹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ þ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">Ȣ ȣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Ꭓ ꭓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Ɂ ʔ ɂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ǀ">ǀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ǁ">ǁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂ">ǂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ǃ">ǃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ʘ">ʘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ˀ">ˀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">ʼ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">Ꞌ ꞌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴬ">ᴬ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴮ">ᴮ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟲ (page does not exist)">ꟲ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴰ">ᴰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴱ">ᴱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟳ (page does not exist)">ꟳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴳ">ᴳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴴ">ᴴ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴵ">ᴵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴶ">ᴶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴷ">ᴷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴸ">ᴸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴹ">ᴹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵃ">ᵃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵉ">ᵉ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵋ">ᵋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ʰ">ʰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁱ">ⁱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶤ">ᶤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁿ">ⁿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵒ">ᵒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵓ">ᵓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵘ">ᵘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶶ">ᶶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵛ">ᵛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ʷ">ʷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ʸ">ʸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶻ">ᶻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶿ">ᶿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜣ">Ꜣ ꜣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜥ">Ꜥ ꜥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/3_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (letter)">3</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(letter)" title="Tresillo (letter)">Ꜫ ꜫ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">Ꜭ ꜭ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/7_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (letter)">7</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⁷">⁷</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> 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