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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Russia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Russia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Imperial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolshevik_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolshevik_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bolshevik perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolshevik_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Post-Soviet period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_intelligentsia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_intelligentsia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mass intelligentsia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_intelligentsia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intelligentsia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%81%D8%A9" title="نخبة مثقفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نخبة مثقفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyal%C4%B1" title="Ziyalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ziyalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Інтэлігенцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэлігенцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Интелигенция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интелигенция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Сэхээтэд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сэхээтэд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%C2%B7ligu%C3%A8ntsia" title="Intel·liguèntsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intel·liguèntsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Интеллигенци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Интеллигенци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligence_(t%C5%99%C3%ADda)" title="Inteligence (třída) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inteligence (třída)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenzija" title="Intelligenzija – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intelligenzija" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ιντελιγκέντσια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιντελιγκέντσια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencio" title="Inteligencio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inteligencio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اینتلیجنتسیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینتلیجنتسیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aos_eagna" title="Aos eagna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aos eagna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%94%EB%A6%AC%EA%B2%90%EC%B9%98%EC%95%84" title="인텔리겐치아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인텔리겐치아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մտավորականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մտավորականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligentaro" title="Inteligentaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Inteligentaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencija" title="Intelligencija – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intelligencija" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אליטה אינטלקטואלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליטה אינטלקטואלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Интеллигенция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интеллигенция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Интеллигенция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Интеллигенция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteli%C4%A3ence" title="Inteliģence – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Inteliģence" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rtelmis%C3%A9g" title="Értelmiség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Értelmiség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Сэхээтэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэхээтэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA" title="インテリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インテリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencja_(spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo)" title="Inteligencja (społeczeństwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inteligencja (społeczeństwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Intelligentsia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Интеллигенция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интеллигенция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligjencia" title="Inteligjencia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inteligjencia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_(spolo%C4%8Densk%C3%A1_vrstva)" title="Inteligencia (spoločenská vrstva) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inteligencia (spoločenská vrstva)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligenca_(socialni_sloj)" title="Inteligenca (socialni sloj) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inteligenca (socialni sloj)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0)" title="Интелигенција (класа) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интелигенција (класа)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivistyneist%C3%B6" title="Sivistyneistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sivistyneistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Status class of university-educated people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Intelligencia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Intelligentsia (disambiguation)">intelligentsia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> The <b>intelligentsia</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Status_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Status class">status class</a> composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as such, the intelligentsia consists of <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a>, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rcin.org.pl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcin.org.pl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conceptually, the intelligentsia status class arose in the late 18th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> (1772–1795). Etymologically, the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> intellectual <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Trentowski" title="Bronisław Trentowski">Bronisław Trentowski</a> coined the term <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">inteligencja</i></span> (intellectuals) to identify and describe the university-educated and professionally active social stratum of the patriotic <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>; men and women whose <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectualism</a> would provide moral and political leadership to Poland in opposing the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural hegemony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, the term <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">intelligentsiya</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">интеллигенция</span>) identified and described the status class of university-educated people whose <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a> (schooling, education, and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">intellectual enlightenment</a>) allowed them to assume the moral initiative and the practical leadership required in Russian national, regional, and local politics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, the status and social function of the intelligentsia varied by society. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the intellectuals were at the periphery of their societies and thus were deprived of political influence and access to the effective levers of political power and of economic development. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the intellectuals were in the mainstream of their societies and thus exercised cultural and political influence that granted access to the <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> of government office, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bildungsb%C3%BCrgertum" title="Bildungsbürgertum">Bildungsbürgertum</a></i>, the cultured bourgeoisie of Germany, as well as the professionals of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-rcin.org.pl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcin.org.pl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a society, the <i>intelligentsia</i> is a status class of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> whose social functions, politics, and national interests are (ostensibly) distinct from the functions of government, commerce, and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-BullockTrombley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BullockTrombley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology</i> (1921), the political economist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> applied the term <i>intelligentsia</i> in chronological and geographical frames of reference, such as "this Christian preoccupation with the formulation of dogmas was, in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a>, particularly influenced by the distinctive character of ‘intelligentsia’, which was the product of Greek education", thus the <i>intelligentsia</i> originated as a social class of educated people created for the greater benefit of society.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Polish word and the sociologic concept of the <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">inteligencja</i></span> became a European usage to describe the social class of men and women who are the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> of the countries of central and of eastern Europe; in Poland, the critical thinkers educated at university, in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilists</a> who opposed <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditional values</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progress</a>. In the late 20th century, the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> said that the intelligentsia has two types of workers: (i) intellectual workers who create knowledge (practical and theoretic) and (ii) intellectual workers who create <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a>. Sociologically, the Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">inteligencja</i></span> translates to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">intellectuels</i></span> in France and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gebildete</i></span> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-BullockTrombley_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BullockTrombley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_history">European history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karol_Libelt.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Karol_Libelt.PNG/170px-Karol_Libelt.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Karol_Libelt.PNG/255px-Karol_Libelt.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Karol_Libelt.PNG/340px-Karol_Libelt.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Polish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karol_Libelt" title="Karol Libelt">Karol Libelt</a> identified the social contradiction inherent in the intelligentsia being politically progressive, whilst also willing to work for the <i>status quo</i> of the State.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyotr_Dmitryevich_Boborykin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pyotr_Dmitryevich_Boborykin.jpg/170px-Pyotr_Dmitryevich_Boborykin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pyotr_Dmitryevich_Boborykin.jpg/255px-Pyotr_Dmitryevich_Boborykin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pyotr_Dmitryevich_Boborykin.jpg/340px-Pyotr_Dmitryevich_Boborykin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>In Russia, the writer <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Boborykin" title="Pyotr Boborykin">Pyotr Boborykin</a> defined the intelligentsia as both the managers of a society, and as the creators of society's <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The intelligentsia existed as a <a href="/wiki/Social_stratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Social stratum">social stratum</a> in European societies before the term <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">inteligencja</i></span> was coined in 19th-century Poland, to identify the intellectual people whose professions placed them outside the traditional workplaces and labours of the town-and-country social classes (royalty, aristocracy, bourgeoisie) of a monarchy; thus the <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">inteligencja</i></span> are a social class native to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Szpakowska_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szpakowska-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their functions as a status class, the intellectuals realised the cultural development of cities, the dissemination of printed knowledge (literature, textbooks, newspapers), and the economic development of housing for rent (the <a href="/wiki/Tenement_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenement house">tenement house</a>) for the teacher, the journalist, and the civil servant. </p><p>In <i>On Love of the fatherland</i> (1844), the Polish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karol_Libelt" title="Karol Libelt">Karol Libelt</a> used the term <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">inteligencja</i></span>, which was the status class, composed of scholars, teachers, lawyers, and engineers, <i>et al.</i> as the educated people of society who provide the moral leadership required to resolve the problems of society, hence the social function of the intelligentsia is to "guide for the reason of their higher enlightenment."<sup id="cite_ref-Szpakowska_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szpakowska-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Szwarc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szwarc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1860s, the journalist <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Boborykin" title="Pyotr Boborykin">Pyotr Boborykin</a> popularised the term <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">intelligentsiya</i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">интеллигенция</span></span>) to identify and describe the Russian social stratum of people educated at university who engage in the intellectual occupations (law, medicine, engineering, the arts) who produce the culture and the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">dominant ideology</a> by which society functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Motin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bob1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bob1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bob2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bob2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the theory of Dr. Vitaly Tepikin, the sociological traits usual to the intelligentsia of a society are: </p> <ol><li>advanced-for-their-time moral ideals, moral sensitivity to the neighbour, tact and gentleness in expression;</li> <li>productive mental work, and in continual self-education;</li> <li>patriotism based on faith in the people, and inexhaustible, self-less love for the small and the big <a href="/wiki/Motherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherland">motherlands</a>;</li> <li>inherent creativity in every stratum of the intelligentsia, and a tendency to <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>;</li> <li>an independent personality who speaks freely;</li> <li>a critical attitude towards the government, and public condemnation of injustice;</li> <li>loyalty to principle by conscience, grace under pressure, and tendency to self-denial;</li> <li>an ambiguous perception of reality, which leads to political fickleness that sometimes becomes <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>;</li> <li>a sense of resentment, because politics and policies went unrealised; and withdrawal from the public sphere to the in-group;</li> <li>quarrels about art, ideas, and ideology, which divide the subgroups who compose the intelligentsia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In <i>The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750–1831</i> (2008) Maciej Janowski said that the Polish intelligentsia were the <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> of the State, intellectual servants whose progressive social and economic policies decreased the social backwardness (illiteracy) of the Polish people, and also decreased Russian political repression in <a href="/wiki/Partitioned_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioned Poland">partitioned Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski_Ludwik_Rydygier_with_his_assistants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski_Ludwik_Rydygier_with_his_assistants.jpg/250px-Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski_Ludwik_Rydygier_with_his_assistants.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski_Ludwik_Rydygier_with_his_assistants.jpg/330px-Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski_Ludwik_Rydygier_with_his_assistants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski_Ludwik_Rydygier_with_his_assistants.jpg/500px-Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski_Ludwik_Rydygier_with_his_assistants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>The surgeon <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Rydygier" title="Ludwik Rydygier">Ludwik Rydygier</a> and his assistants. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski" title="Leon Wyczółkowski">Leon Wyczółkowski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1844 Poland, the term <i>inteligencja</i>, identifying the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> of a society, first was used by the philosopher Karol Libelt, which he described as a <a href="/wiki/Status_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Status class">status class</a> of people characterised by <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a> and Polish <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>; qualities of mind, character, and spirit that made them natural leaders of the modern Polish nation. That the intelligentsia were aware of their social status and of their duties to society: Educating the youth with the nationalist objective to restore the Republic of Poland; preserving the Polish language; and love of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Fatherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rcin.org.pl_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcin.org.pl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, the writers <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brzozowski_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław Brzozowski (writer)">Stanisław Brzozowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Boy-%C5%BBele%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński">Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński</a> criticised Libelt's ideological and <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianic</a> representation of a Polish republic, because it originated from the social traditionalism and the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> conservatism that pervaded Polish culture and impeded socio-economic progress.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequent to the Imperial Prussian, Austrian, Swedish and Russian <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, the imposition of Tsarist <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> caused many of the political and cultural élites to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Emigration" title="Great Emigration">Great Emigration</a> (1831–70).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September 1939, the Nazis launched the <a href="/wiki/Executions_in_the_Valley_of_Death" title="Executions in the Valley of Death">extermination</a> of the Polish intelligentsia, by way of the military operations of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book-Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Prosecution Book-Poland">Special Prosecution Book-Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland" title="German AB-Aktion in Poland">German AB-Aktion in Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion_Pommern" title="Intelligenzaktion Pommern">Intelligenzaktion Pommern</a>. In eastern Poland, the Soviet Union proceeded with the extermination of the Polish intelligentsia with operations such as the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> (April–May 1940), during which university professors, physicians, lawyers, engineers, teachers, military, policeman, writers and journalists were murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia">Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_era">Imperial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vissarion_Belinsky_by_K_Gorbunov_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vissarion_Belinsky_by_K_Gorbunov_1843.jpg/170px-Vissarion_Belinsky_by_K_Gorbunov_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vissarion_Belinsky_by_K_Gorbunov_1843.jpg/255px-Vissarion_Belinsky_by_K_Gorbunov_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vissarion_Belinsky_by_K_Gorbunov_1843.jpg/340px-Vissarion_Belinsky_by_K_Gorbunov_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">intelligentsiya</i></span> also was a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianism</a> and intellectual élitism, which the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> described as follows: "The phenomenon, itself, with its historical and literally revolutionary consequences, is, I suppose, the largest, single Russian contribution to social change in the world. The concept of intelligentsia must not be confused with the notion of intellectuals. Its members thought of themselves as united, by something more than mere interest in ideas; they conceived themselves as being a dedicated order, almost a secular priesthood, devoted to the spreading of a specific attitude to life."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wladimir_Jegorowitsch_Makowskij_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wladimir_Jegorowitsch_Makowskij_003.jpg/330px-Wladimir_Jegorowitsch_Makowskij_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wladimir_Jegorowitsch_Makowskij_003.jpg/500px-Wladimir_Jegorowitsch_Makowskij_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wladimir_Jegorowitsch_Makowskij_003.jpg/960px-Wladimir_Jegorowitsch_Makowskij_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>"Evening Party" by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Makovsky" title="Vladimir Makovsky">Vladimir Makovsky</a> (1897). Three generations of Russian intelligentsia discuss current issues.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Progress">Idea of Progress</a>, which originated in Western Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century, became the principal concern of the intelligentsia by the mid-19th century; thus, progress social movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a>, mostly consisted of intellectuals. The Russian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> said that the Russian intelligentsia was the creation of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter</a>, that they were the "window to Europe through which the Western air comes to us, vivifying and toxic at the same time." Moreover, Bulgakov also said that the literary critic of <a href="/wiki/Westernizer" title="Westernizer">Westernization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a> was the spiritual father of the Russian intelligentsia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulgakov_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulgakov-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, there were 20,000 professionals in Russia and 85,000 by 1900. Originally composed of educated nobles, the intelligentsia became dominated by <i>raznochintsy</i> (classless people) after 1861. In 1833, 78.9 per cent of secondary-school students were children of nobles and bureaucrats, by 1885 they were 49.1 per cent of such students. The proportion of commoners increased from 19.0 to 43.8 per cent, and the remaining percentage were the children of priests.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fear of an educated proletariat, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> limited the number of university students to 3,000 per year, yet there were 25,000 students, by 1894. Similarly the number of periodicals increased from 15 in 1855 to 140 periodical publications in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "third element" were professionals hired by <a href="/wiki/Zemstva" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemstva">zemstva</a>. By 1900, there were 47,000 of them, most were liberal radicals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although Tsar Peter the Great introduced the Idea of Progress to Russia, by the 19th century, the Tsars did not recognize "progress" as a legitimate aim of the state, to the degree that Nicholas II said "How repulsive I find that word" and wished it removed from the Russian language.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolshevik_perspective">Bolshevik perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bolshevik perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Intelligentsia" title="Special:EditPage/Intelligentsia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> did not consider the status class of the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">intelligentsiya</i></span> to be a true <a href="/wiki/Class_in_Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Class in Marxist theory">social class</a>, as defined in <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> philosophy. In that time, the Bolsheviks used the Russian word <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">prosloyka</i></span> (stratum) to identify and define the intelligentsia as a separating layer without an inherent class character. </p><p>In the creation of post-monarchic Russia, Lenin was firmly critical of the class character of the intelligentsia, commending the growth of "the intellectual forces of the workers and the peasants" will depose the "bourgeoisie and their accomplices, intelligents, lackeys of capital who think that they are brain of the nation. In fact it is not brain, but dung". (На деле это не мозг, а говно)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> divided the intelligentsia and the social classes of Tsarist Russia. Some Russians emigrated, the political reactionaries joined the right-wing <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> for counter-revolution, some became Bolsheviks, and some remained in Russia and participated in the political system of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In reorganizing Russian society, the Bolsheviks deemed non-Bolshevik intelligentsia <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class enemies</a> and expelled them from society, by way of deportation on <a href="/wiki/Philosophers%27_ships" title="Philosophers' ships">Philosophers' ships</a>, forced labor in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a>. The members of the Tsarist-era intelligentsia who remained in Bolshevik Russia (the USSR) were proletarianized. Although the Bolsheviks recognized the managerial importance of the intelligentsia to the future of Soviet Russia, the bourgeois origin of this stratum gave reason for distrust of their ideological commitment to Marxist philosophy and Bolshevik societal control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology in the Soviet Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Intelligentsia" title="Special:EditPage/Intelligentsia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the late Soviet Union the term "intelligentsia" acquired a formal definition of mental and cultural workers. There were subcategories of "scientific-technical intelligentsia" (научно-техническая интеллигенция) and "creative intelligentsia" (творческая интеллигенция). </p><p>Between 1917 and 1941, there was a massive increase in the number of engineering graduates: from 15,000 to over 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-SS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_period">Post-Soviet period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the post-Soviet period, the members of the former Soviet intelligentsia have displayed diverging attitudes towards the communist government. While the older generation of intelligentsia has attempted to frame themselves as victims, the younger generation, who were in their 30s when the Soviet Union collapsed, has not allocated so much space for the repressive experience in their self-narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the popularity and influence of the intelligentsia has significantly declined. Therefore, it is typical for the post-Soviet intelligentsia to feel <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgic</a> for the last years of the Soviet Union (<a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>), which they often regard as the golden age of the intelligentsia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has expressed his view on the social duty of intelligentsia in modern Russia. </p> <blockquote> <p>We should all be aware of the fact that when revolutionary—not evolutionary—changes come, things can get even worse. The intelligentsia should be aware of this. And it is the intelligentsia specifically that should keep this in mind and prevent society from radical steps and revolutions of all kinds. We've had enough of it. We've seen so many revolutions and wars. We need decades of calm and harmonious development.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_intelligentsia">Mass intelligentsia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mass intelligentsia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century, from the status class term <i>Intelligentsia</i>, sociologists derived the term <i>mass intelligentsia</i> to describe the populations of educated adults, with discretionary income, who pursue intellectual interests by way of book clubs and cultural associations, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That sociological term was made popular usage by the writer <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a>, who said that mass intelligentsia conceptually explains the popularity of book clubs and literary festivals that otherwise would have been of limited intellectual interests to most people from the middle class and from the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the book <i>Campus Power Struggle</i> (1970), the sociologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Flacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Flacks (page does not exist)">Richard Flacks</a> addressed the concept of mass intelligentsia: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What [Karl] Marx could not anticipate . . . was that the anti-bourgeois intellectuals of his day were the first representatives of what has become, in our time, a mass intelligentsia, a group possessing many of the cultural and political characteristics of a [social] class in Marx's sense. By intelligentsia I mean those [people] engaged vocationally in the production, distribution, interpretation, criticism, and inculcation of cultural values.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-floating intelligence">free-floating intelligentsia</a>, coined by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Alfred Weber</a> and elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a>, closely relates to the intelligentsia. It refers to an intellectual class that operates independently of social class constraints, allowing for a critical and unbiased perspective. This intellectual autonomy is a defining characteristic of the intelligentsia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Ilustrado</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obrazovanshchina" title="Obrazovanshchina">Obrazovanshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic intellectual">Organic intellectual</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOrySirinelli2002" class="citation book cs1">Ory, Pascal; Sirinelli, Jean-François (2002). <i>Les intellectuels en France: de l'affaire Dreyfus à nos jours</i> [<i>The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days</i>]. Paris: Armand Colin. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+intellectuels+en+France%3A+de+l%27affaire+Dreyfus+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ory&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Sirinelli%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1983" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (1983). <i>Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</i> (Revised ed.). p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcin.org.pl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rcin.org.pl_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcin.org.pl_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcin.org.pl_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKizwalter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kizwalter, Tomasz (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/14757/WA303_27644_2010-100_APH-11_o.pdf">"The History of the Polish Intelligentsia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF file, direct download)</span>. <i>Acta Poloniae Historica</i>. transl. by Agnieszka Kreczmar: <span class="nowrap">241–</span>242. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6829">0001-6829</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>Jerzy Jedlicki (ed.), <i>Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918</i> [The History of the Polish Intelligentsia until 1918]; and: Maciej Janowski, <i>Narodziny inteligencji, 1750–1831</i> [The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750–1831].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Poloniae+Historica&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Polish+Intelligentsia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=2009-10&rft.issn=0001-6829&rft.aulast=Kizwalter&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F14757%2FWA303_27644_2010-100_APH-11_o.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBillington1999" class="citation book cs1">Billington, James H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Intelligentsia+%E2%80%93+1750%E2%80%931831%3A+A+History+of+the+Polish+Intelligentsia%2C+Part+1&rft.series=Geschichte+Erinnerung+Politik%3A+Posener+Studien+Zur+Geschichts-%2C+Kultur-+Und+Politikwissenschaft&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Edition&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783631623756&rft.aulast=Janowski&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fDHrQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boy-Żeleński, T. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+Katyn+Controversy%3A+Stalin%27s+Killing+Field&rft.issue=Winter&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fwinter99-00%2Fart6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2013" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Isaiah (2013). "A Remarkable decade". <i>Russian Thinkers</i>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139317-9"><bdi>978-0-14-139317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Remarkable+decade&rft.btitle=Russian+Thinkers&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139317-9&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.tretyakov.ru/app/masterpiece/8441">Вечеринка</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgakov-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulgakov_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFБулгаков" class="citation cs2">Булгаков, Сергей, "Героизм и подвижничество", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.ru/POLITOLOG/XX/wehi.txt"><i>Вехи (сборник статей о русской интеллигенции), 1909</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8+%28%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%29%2C+1909&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.ru%2FPOLITOLOG%2FXX%2Fwehi.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard. <i>Russia Under the Old Regime</i>. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Old+Regime&rft.pages=262&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard. <i>Russia Under the Old Regime</i>. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Old+Regime&rft.pages=264&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAscher" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Abraham. <i>The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray</i>. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1905%3A+Russia+in+Disarray&rft.pages=15&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenin1915" class="citation web cs1">Lenin, V. I. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/g2aleks.html">"Letter from Lenin to Gorky"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Lenin+to+Gorky&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Farchives%2Fg2aleks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SS_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1983" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Steve (1983). "Bolshevism, Taylorism and the Technical Intelligentsia in the Soviet Union, 1917–1941". <i>Radical Science Journal</i> (13): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Bolshevism%2C+Taylorism+and+the+Technical+Intelligentsia+in+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaprans2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kaprans, M. (2010). "Retrospective Anchoring of the Soviet Repressive System: the Autobiographies of the Latvian Intelligentsia". In Starck, K. (ed.). <i>Between Fear and Freedom: Cultural Representations of the Cold War</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Retrospective+Anchoring+of+the+Soviet+Repressive+System%3A+the+Autobiographies+of+the+Latvian+Intelligentsia&rft.btitle=Between+Fear+and+Freedom%3A+Cultural+Representations+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kaprans&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProcevska2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Procevska, O. (2010). "Powerlessness, lamentation and nostalgia: discourses of the post-Soviet intelligentsia in modern Latvia". In Basov, N.; Simet, G.F.; van Andel, J.; Mahlomaholo, S.; Netshandama, V. (eds.). <i>The Intellectual: A Phenomenon in Multidimensional Perspectives</i>. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-027-6"><bdi>978-1-84888-027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Powerlessness%2C+lamentation+and+nostalgia%3A+discourses+of+the+post-Soviet+intelligentsia+in+modern+Latvia&rft.btitle=The+Intellectual%3A+A+Phenomenon+in+Multidimensional+Perspectives&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Inter-Disciplinary+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84888-027-6&rft.aulast=Procevska&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210316/https://o.canada.com/news/vladimir-putins-most-interesting-quotes-on-obama-gay-rights-and-syria">"Putin's most interesting quotes on Obama, gay rights and Syria"</a>. 4 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://o.canada.com/news/vladimir-putins-most-interesting-quotes-on-obama-gay-rights-and-syria">the original</a> on 2 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin%27s+most+interesting+quotes+on+Obama%2C+gay+rights+and+Syria&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2Fnews%2Fvladimir-putins-most-interesting-quotes-on-obama-gay-rights-and-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5ed048f6-c0fc-11e1-8179-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=published_links/rss/life-arts/feed//product">"We think, therefore we are - FT.com"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=We+think%2C+therefore+we+are+-+FT.com&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F5ed048f6-c0fc-11e1-8179-00144feabdc0.html%3Fftcamp%3Dpublished_links%2Frss%2Flife-arts%2Ffeed%2F%2Fproduct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockhill2011" class="citation book cs1">Rockhill, Elena (2011). <i>Lost to the State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-738-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-738-9"><bdi>978-1-84545-738-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+to+the+State&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-738-9&rft.aulast=Rockhill&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717021241/http://philosophyforlife.org/melvyn-bragg-on-the-rise-of-the-mass-intelligentsia/">"Melvyn Bragg on the rise of the mass intelligentsia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophyforlife.org/melvyn-bragg-on-the-rise-of-the-mass-intelligentsia/">the original</a> on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melvyn+Bragg+on+the+rise+of+the+mass+intelligentsia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophyforlife.org%2Fmelvyn-bragg-on-the-rise-of-the-mass-intelligentsia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlacks1973" class="citation book cs1">Flacks, Richard (1973). <i>Campus Power Struggle</i>. Transition Books. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-059-3"><bdi>978-0-87855-059-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campus+Power+Struggle&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Transition+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-87855-059-3&rft.aulast=Flacks&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligentsia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoach1957" class="citation journal cs1">Roach, John (1957). "Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia". <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474691300000056">10.1017/S1474691300000056</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020631">3020631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Liberalism+and+the+Victorian+Intelligentsia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1474691300000056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligentsia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boborykin, P.D. <i>Russian Intelligentsia</i> In: <i>Russian Thought</i>, 1904, # 12 (In Russian; Боборыкин П.Д. Русская интеллигенция// Русская мысль. 1904. No.12;)</li> <li>Zhukovsky V. A. <i>From the Diaries of Years 1827–1840</i>, In: <i>Our Heritage,</i> Moscow, #32, 1994. (In Russian; Жуковский В.А. Из дневников 1827–1840 гг. // Наше наследие. М., 1994. No.32.) <ul><li>The record dated by 2 February 1836 says: "Через три часа после этого общего бедствия ... осветился великолепный Энгельгардтов дом, и к нему потянулись кареты, все наполненные лучшим петербургским дворянством, тем, которые у нас представляют всю русскую европейскую интеллигенцию" ("After three hours after this common disaster ... the magnificent Engelhardt's house was lit up and coaches started coming, filled with the best Peterburg <i><a href="/wiki/Dvoryanstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvoryanstvo">dvoryanstvo</a>,</i> the ones who represent here the best Russian European <i>intelligentsia.</i>") The casual, i.e., no-philosophical and non-literary context, suggests that the word was in common circulation.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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