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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mafias_as_private_protection_firms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mafias_as_private_protection_firms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mafias as private protection firms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mafias_as_private_protection_firms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mafia-type_organizations_under_Italian_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mafia-type_organizations_under_Italian_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mafia-type organizations under Italian law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mafia-type_organizations_under_Italian_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mafia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafiya" title="Mafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مافیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مافیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мафія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мафія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мафія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мафія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мафия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мафия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafija" title="Mafija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mafija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0fia" title="Màfia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màfia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafie" title="Mafie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mafie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffia" title="Maffia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maffia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffia" title="Maffia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maffia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μαφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafio" title="Mafio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mafio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مافیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مافیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffia" title="Maffia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maffia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maifia" title="Maifia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maifia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84" title="마피아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마피아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մաֆիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաֆիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="माफ़िया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माफ़िया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafija" title="Mafija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mafija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafio" title="Mafio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mafio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="מאפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мафия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мафия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мафия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мафия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafija" title="Mafija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mafija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafija" title="Mafija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mafija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffia" title="Maffia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maffia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мафија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мафија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മാഫിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാഫിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafja" title="Mafja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mafja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မာဖီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာဖီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffia" title="Maffia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maffia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="マフィア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マフィア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0fia" title="Màfia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Màfia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafiya" title="Mafiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mafiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مافیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مافیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1fia" title="Máfia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máfia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafie" title="Mafie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mafie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мафия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мафия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafija" title="Mafija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mafija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مافیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мафија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мафија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafija" title="Mafija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mafija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffia" title="Maffia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maffia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மாஃபியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாஃபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มาเฟีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาเฟีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мафия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мафия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafya" title="Mafya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mafya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мафія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мафія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مافیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مافیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مافىيا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مافىيا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafii" title="Mafii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mafii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91en" title="Xã hội đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã hội đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mafia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%89%8B%E5%85%9A" title="黑手党 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑手党" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90" title="מאפיא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאפיא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%89%8B%E9%BB%A8" 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</div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mafia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18550" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of organized crime enterprise</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a type of criminal organization. For the original groups first known as “the Mafia”, see <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mafia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mafia (disambiguation)">Mafia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>"<b>Mafia</b>", as an informal or general term, is often used to describe <a href="/wiki/Criminal_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal organization">criminal organizations</a> that bear a strong similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">original Mafia in Sicily</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American Mafia">Italian-American Mafia</a>, or to other <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">organized crime groups from Italy</a>. The central activity of such an organization would be the arbitration of disputes between criminals, as well as the organization and enforcement of illicit agreements between criminals through the use of threat or violence.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mafias often engage in secondary activities such as <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loan_shark" title="Loan shark">loan sharking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">drug-trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>. </p><p>The term <i>Mafia</i> was originally applied to the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>. Since then, the term has expanded to encompass other organizations of similar methods and purpose, e.g. "the Russian mafia" or "the Japanese mafia". The term was coined by the press and is informal; the criminal organizations themselves have their own names (e.g. the Sicilian Mafia and the related <a href="/wiki/American_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="American mafia">Italian-American mafia</a> refer to their organizations as "Cosa nostra"; the "Japanese mafia" calls itself "Ninkyō dantai", but is more commonly known as "<i><a href="/wiki/Yakuza" title="Yakuza">Yakuza</a></i>" by the public; "Russian Mafia" groups often call themselves "<a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">bratva</a>"). "Chinese Mafia" groups are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Triads</a>. </p><p>When used alone and without any qualifier, "Mafia" or "the Mafia" typically refers to either the Sicilian Mafia or the Italian-American Mafia and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">Italian organized crime</a> in general (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a>, etc.). </p><p>Today the 'Ndrangheta, originating in the southern Italian region of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, is widely considered the richest and most powerful Mafia in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'Ndrangheta has been around for as long as the better-known Sicilian Cosa Nostra, but was only recently designated as a Mafia-type association in 2010, under Article 416 bis of the Italian penal code.<sup id="cite_ref-con040216_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-con040216-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-codice_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy's highest court of last resort, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a>, had ruled similarly on 30 March 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-mafiatype_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafiatype-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Mafia</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈmaːfja]</a></span>) derives from the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> adjective <i><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">mafiusu</i></span></i>, which, roughly translated, means 'swagger', but can also be translated as 'boldness' or '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bravado" class="extiw" title="wikt:bravado">bravado</a>'. In reference to a man, <i><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">mafiusu</i></span></i> (<i>mafioso</i> in Italian) in 19th century <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> signified 'fearless', 'enterprising', and 'proud', according to scholar <a href="/wiki/Diego_Gambetta" title="Diego Gambetta">Diego Gambetta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mafiusu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafiusu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reference to a woman, however, the feminine-form adjective <i><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">mafiusa</i></span></i> means 'beautiful' or 'attractive'. </p><p>Because Sicily was an <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Islamic emirate</a> from 831 to 1072, <i>Mafia</i> may have come to Sicilian through <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, although the word's origins are uncertain. Possible Arabic roots of the word include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maʿfī</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معفي</span></span>) = exempted. In Islamic law, <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> is the yearly tax imposed on non-Muslims residing in Muslim lands, and people who pay it are "exempted" from prosecution.</li> <li><i>màha</i> = quarry, cave; especially the <i>mafie</i>, the caves in the region of <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a>, which acted as hiding places for persecuted Muslims and later served other types of refugees, in particular <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a>" after their embarkment on Sicily in 1860 in the struggle for <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loschiavo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loschiavo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mosca51_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosca51-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hess1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hess1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahyāṣ</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مهياص</span></span>) = aggressive boasting, bragging<sup id="cite_ref-hess1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hess1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">marfūḍ</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مرفوض</span></span>) = rejected, considered to be the most plausible derivation; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">marfūḍ</i></span> developed into <i>marpiuni</i> (swindler) to <i>marpiusu</i> and finally <i>mafiusu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lupo282_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lupo282-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">muʿāfā</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معافى</span></span>) = safety, protection<sup id="cite_ref-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maʿafir">maʿāfir</a></i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معافر</span></span>) = the name of an Arab tribe that ruled <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hess1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hess1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local peasants imitated these Arabs and as a result the tribe's name entered the popular lexicon. The word <i>Mafia</i> was then used to refer to the defenders of Palermo during the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> against rule of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a> on 30 March 1282.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">mafyaʾ</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مفيء</span></span>), meaning 'place of shade'. The word <i>shade</i> meaning refuge or derived from refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Normans destroyed the Saracen rule in Sicily in the 11th century, Sicily became feudalistic. Most Arab smallholders became serfs on new estates, with some escaping to "the Mafia". It became a secret refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The public's association of the word with the criminal secret society was perhaps inspired by the 1863 play <i><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">I mafiusi di la Vicaria</i></span></i> ('The Mafiosi of the Vicaria') by Giuseppe Rizzotto and Gaspare Mosca.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words <i>Mafia</i> and <i><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">mafiusi</i></span></i> are never mentioned in the play. The play is about a <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> prison gang with traits similar to the Mafia: a boss, an initiation ritual, and talk of <i>umirtà</i> (<a href="/wiki/Omert%C3%A0" title="Omertà">omertà</a> or code of silence) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pizzo_(extortion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizzo (extortion)">pizzu</a></i> (a codeword for extortion money).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play had great success throughout Italy. Soon after, the use of the term <i>Mafia</i> began appearing in the Italian state's early reports on the phenomenon. The word made its first official appearance in 1865 in a report by the prefect of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Antonio_Gualterio_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo Antonio Gualterio (politician) (page does not exist)">Filippo Antonio Gualterio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Antonio_Gualterio_(politico)" class="extiw" title="it:Filippo Antonio Gualterio (politico)">it</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-lupo3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lupo3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Mafia</i> was never officially used by Sicilian mafiosi, who prefer to refer to their organization as "<a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a>". Nevertheless, it is typically by comparison to the groups and families that comprise the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> that other criminal groups are given the label. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a>, an anti-Mafia judge murdered by the Sicilian Mafia in 1992, objected to the conflation of the term <i>Mafia</i> with organized crime in general: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While there was a time when people were reluctant to pronounce the word "Mafia" ... nowadays people have gone so far in the opposite direction that it has become an overused term ... I am no longer willing to accept the habit of speaking of the Mafia in descriptive and all-inclusive terms that make it possible to stack up phenomena that are indeed related to the field of organized crime but that have little or nothing in common with the Mafia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a>, 1990</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mafias_as_private_protection_firms">Mafias as private protection firms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mafias as private protection firms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Diego_Gambetta" title="Diego Gambetta">Diego Gambetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Franchetti" title="Leopoldo Franchetti">Leopoldo Franchetti</a> have characterized the Sicilian Mafia as a cartel of private protection firms whose primary business is <a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">protection racketeering</a>: they use their fearsome reputation for violence to deter people from swindling, robbing, or competing with those who pay them for protection. For many businessmen in Sicily, they provide an essential service when they cannot rely on the police and judiciary to enforce their contracts and protect their properties from thieves (this is often because they are engaged in <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> deals).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The [Sicilian] Mafia's principal activities are settling disputes among other criminals, protecting them against each other's cheating, and organizing and overseeing illicit agreements, often involving many agents, such as illicit cartel agreements in otherwise legal industries.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Diego_Gambetta" title="Diego Gambetta">Diego Gambetta</a>, <i>Codes of the Underworld</i> (2009)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Scholars have observed that many other societies around the world have criminal organizations of their own that provide the same sort of protection service. For instance, in Russia, after the collapse of communism, the state security system had all but collapsed, forcing businessmen to hire criminal gangs to enforce their contracts and protect their properties from thieves. These gangs are popularly called "the Russian Mafia" by foreigners, but they prefer to go by the term <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">krysha</a></i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With the [Russian] state in collapse and the security forces overwhelmed and unable to police contract law, ... cooperating with the criminal culture was the only option. ... most businessmen had to find themselves a reliable <i>krysha</i> under the leadership of an effective <i><a href="/wiki/Thief_in_law" title="Thief in law">vor</a></i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>excerpt from <i>McMafia</i> by <a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Misha Glenny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenny2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenny2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In his analysis of the Sicilian Mafia, Gambetta provided the following hypothetical scenario to illustrate the Mafia's function in the Sicilian economy. Suppose a grocer wants to buy meat from a butcher without paying sales tax to the government. Because this is a black market deal, neither party can take the other to court if the other cheats. The grocer is afraid that the butcher will sell him rotten meat. The butcher is afraid that the grocer will not pay him. If the butcher and the grocer cannot get over their mistrust and refuse to trade, they would both miss out on an opportunity for profit. Their solution is to ask the local mafioso to oversee the transaction, in exchange for a fee proportional to the value of the transaction but below the legal tax. If the butcher cheats the grocer by selling rotten meat, the mafioso will punish the butcher. If the grocer cheats the butcher by not paying on time and in full, the mafioso will punish the grocer. Punishment might take the form of a violent assault or vandalism against property. The grocer and the butcher both fear the mafioso, so each honors their side of the bargain. All three parties profit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mafia-type_organizations_under_Italian_law">Mafia-type organizations under Italian law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mafia-type organizations under Italian law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced by <a href="/wiki/Pio_La_Torre" title="Pio La Torre">Pio La Torre</a>, article 416-bis of the Italian Penal Code defines a <a href="/wiki/Mafia-type_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafia-type association">Mafia-type association</a> (Italian: <i>associazione di tipo mafioso</i>) as one where "those belonging to the association exploit the potential for intimidation which their membership gives them, and the compliance and <a href="/wiki/Omert%C3%A0" title="Omertà">omertà</a> which membership entails and which lead to the committing of crimes, the direct or indirect assumption of management or control of financial activities, concessions, permissions, enterprises and public services for the purpose of deriving profit or wrongful advantages for themselves or others".<sup id="cite_ref-seindal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seindal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International">International</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mafia-proper can refer to either: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Italy">In Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg/220px-65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg/330px-65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg/440px-65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Map of Italy's main criminal syndicates</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian criminal organizations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mafia_Capitale" title="Mafia Capitale">Mafia Capitale</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilischi" title="Basilischi">Basilischi</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_del_Brenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala del Brenta">Mala del Brenta</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> widely considered the richest and most powerful Mafia in the world<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_foggiana" title="Società foggiana">Società foggiana</a>, an offshoot of Sacra Corona Unita</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">Stidda</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_countries">In other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_criminal_enterprises,_gangs_and_syndicates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates">List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates</a></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/mafia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/mafia"><i>mafia</i></a> at Wiktionary </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Albanian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mafia" title="Armenian mafia">Armenian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mafia" title="Azerbaijani mafia">Azerbaijani mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_mafia" title="Bulgarian mafia">Bulgarian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mafia" title="Georgian mafia">Georgian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian mafia">Indian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_mafia" title="Israeli mafia">Israeli mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Mafia" title="Mexican Mafia">Mexican Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_mafia" title="Montenegrin mafia">Montenegrin mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_mafia" title="Romanian mafia">Romanian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_mafia" title="Serbian mafia">Serbian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_mafia" title="Turkish mafia">Turkish mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_mafia" title="Ukrainian mafia">Ukrainian mafia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGambetta2009">Gambetta 2009</a>: "The Mafia's principal activities are settling disputes among other criminals, protecting them against each other's cheating, and organizing and overseeing illicit agreements, often involving many agents, such as illicit cartel agreements in otherwise legal industries. Mafia-like groups offer a solution of sorts to the trust problem by playing the role of a government for the underworld and supplying protection to people involved in illegal markets ordeals. They may play that role poorly, sometimes veering toward extortion rather than genuine protection, but they do play it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/calabria-mafia-trial">"The Mafia from the mountains"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mafia+from+the+mountains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinteractives.cbc.ca%2Flongform%2Fcalabria-mafia-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowen2023" class="citation news cs1">Lowen, Mark (13 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63959241">"Nicola Gratteri: The man on the kill list of Italy's most powerful mafia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nicola+Gratteri%3A+The+man+on+the+kill+list+of+Italy%27s+most+powerful+mafia&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft.aulast=Lowen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-63959241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-con040216-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-con040216_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergi2016" class="citation web cs1">Sergi, Anna (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/meet-the-ndrangheta-and-why-its-time-to-bust-some-myths-about-the-calabrian-mafia-54075">"Meet the 'Ndrangheta – and why it's time to bust some myths about the Calabrian mafia"</a>. The Conversation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+the+%27Ndrangheta+%E2%80%93+and+why+it%27s+time+to+bust+some+myths+about+the+Calabrian+mafia&rft.pub=The+Conversation&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmeet-the-ndrangheta-and-why-its-time-to-bust-some-myths-about-the-calabrian-mafia-54075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-codice-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-codice_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/DF/219556.pdf">Modifiche agli articoli 416-bis e 416-ter del codice penale in materia di associazioni di tipo mafioso e di scambio elettorale politico-mafioso</a>, Disegno di legge, Senato della Repubblica, 20 May 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafiatype-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mafiatype_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/06/18/news/la_ndrangheta_esiste_lo_dice_la_cassazione-142284708/">"Sentenza storica: "La 'ndrangheta esiste". Lo dice la Cassazione e non è una ovvietà"</a> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a>. 18 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018214027/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/06/18/news/la_ndrangheta_esiste_lo_dice_la_cassazione-142284708/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sentenza+storica%3A+%22La+%27ndrangheta+esiste%22.+Lo+dice+la+Cassazione+e+non+%C3%A8+una+ovviet%C3%A0&rft.pub=La+Repubblica&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2016%2F06%2F18%2Fnews%2Fla_ndrangheta_esiste_lo_dice_la_cassazione-142284708%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafiusu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mafiusu_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This etymology is based on the books <i>Che cosa è la mafia?</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Gaetano Mosca</a>, <i>Mafioso</i> by Gaia Servadio, <i>The Sicilian Mafia</i> by Diego Gambetta, <i>Mafia & Mafiosi</i> by Henner Hess, and <i>Cosa Nostra</i> by John Dickie (see <a href="#Books">Books</a> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loschiavo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loschiavo_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Guido_Lo_Schiavo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Guido Lo Schiavo (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Guido Lo Schiavo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Guido_Lo_Schiavo" class="extiw" title="it:Giuseppe Guido Lo Schiavo">it</a>]</span>, <i>cave</i> in Arabic literary writing is <i>Maqtaa hagiar</i>, while in popular Arabic it is pronounced as <i>Mahias hagiar</i>, and then "from <i>Maqtaa (Mahias)</i> = Mafia, that is cave, hence the name <i>(ma)qotai</i>, <i>quarrymen</i>, stone-cutters, that is, Mafia" (Loschiavo 1962: 27-30). See: Fabrizio Fioretti (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/151474">Il termine "mafia"</a>, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosca51-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosca51_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosca, <i>Che cosa è la mafia?</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TsMYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51">p. 51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hess1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hess1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hess1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hess1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hess, <i>Mafia & Mafiosi</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izNdhCqsh5QC&pg=PA1">pp. 1-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gambetta, <i>The Sicilian Mafia</i>, pp. 259-261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coluccello, <i>Challenging the Mafia Mystique</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHcYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">p.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lupo282-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lupo282_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lupo, <i>History of the Mafia</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmafia00lupo/page/282">p. 282</a> quoting Lo Monaco (1990), <i>Lingua nostra</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Follain2009" class="citation book cs1">John Follain (8 June 2009). <i>The Last Godfathers</i>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848942493" title="Special:BookSources/9781848942493"><bdi>9781848942493</bdi></a>. <q>Even the origin of the word <i>Mafia</i> remains obscure. Some believe its roots lie in the Arab domination of Sicily from 827 to 1061 and the Arabic word <i>mahias</i> (daring) or <i>Ma àfir</i> (the name of a <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> tribe).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Godfathers&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft.isbn=9781848942493&rft.au=John+Follain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Lindberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Lindberg (1 August 1998). <i>To Serve and Collect: Chicago Politics and Police Corruption from the Lager Beer Riot to the Summerdale Scandal, 1855-1960</i> (illustrated ed.). SIU Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809322237" title="Special:BookSources/9780809322237"><bdi>9780809322237</bdi></a>. <q>The word <i>Mafia</i> is a derivative of the Arabic <i>maafir</i>, the name of a tribe of Arabs who settled in Palermo, Sicily before the Middle Ages. The Sicilian peasants adopted the customs of the nomadic tribe, integrating the name into everyday language. When the French were massacred in Palermo on Easter Sunday, 1282, the townsmen described their brave defenders as the "Mafia". In 1417 this secret band of guerrillas absorbed another society of local origin, the Camorra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Serve+and+Collect%3A+Chicago+Politics+and+Police+Corruption+from+the+Lager+Beer+Riot+to+the+Summerdale+Scandal%2C+1855-1960&rft.pages=161&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1998-08-01&rft.isbn=9780809322237&rft.au=Richard+Lindberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheroux1995" class="citation book cs1">Theroux, Paul (1995). <i>The Pillars of Hercules: A Grand Tour of the Mediterranean</i>. New York: Fawcett Columbine. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0449910857" title="Special:BookSources/0449910857"><bdi>0449910857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pillars+of+Hercules%3A+A+Grand+Tour+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Fawcett+Columbine&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0449910857&rft.aulast=Theroux&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1964" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Norman (1964). <i>The Honoured Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honoured+Society&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_264.html">"Sicily And The Mafia"</a>. americanmafia.com. February 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sicily+And+The+Mafia&rft.pub=americanmafia.com&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanmafia.com%2FFeature_Articles_264.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gambetta, <i>The Sicilian Mafia</i>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lupo3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lupo3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lupo, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-13134-6/history-of-the-mafia/excerpt">The History of the Mafia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106225220/http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-13134-6/history-of-the-mafia/excerpt">Archived</a> 2013-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lupo, <i>History of the Mafia</i>, pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diego Gambetta (1993). <i>The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenny2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glenny2008_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlenny2008">Glenny 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seindal-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seindal_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seindal, <i>Mafia: money and politics in Sicily</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJf-oKqos1YC&lpg=PA20">p. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029040329/https://www.camera.it/_bicamerali/leg15/commbicantimafia/files/pdf/Art_416bis.pdf">"Art. 416-bis, Codice Penale - Associazione di Tipo mafioso"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.it/_bicamerali/leg15/commbicantimafia/files/pdf/Art_416bis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art.+416-bis%2C+Codice+Penale+-+Associazione+di+Tipo+mafioso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2F_bicamerali%2Fleg15%2Fcommbicantimafia%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FArt_416bis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espresso.repubblica.it/palazzo/2017/05/04/news/cosi-carlo-giovanardi-minacciava-i-carabinieri-1.300967">Il senatore Carlo Giovanardi difendeva un'azienda di amici che era colpita da interdittiva antimafia, L'Espresso, 4 maggio 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/calabria-mafia-trial">"The Mafia from the mountains"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mafia+from+the+mountains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinteractives.cbc.ca%2Flongform%2Fcalabria-mafia-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowen2023" class="citation news cs1">Lowen, Mark (13 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63959241">"Nicola Gratteri: The man on the kill list of Italy's most powerful mafia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nicola+Gratteri%3A+The+man+on+the+kill+list+of+Italy%27s+most+powerful+mafia&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft.aulast=Lowen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-63959241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albanese, Jay S., Das, Dilip K. & Verma, Arvind (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXcuAQAAIAAJ">Organized Crime: World Perspectives</a></i>. Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130481993" title="Special:BookSources/9780130481993">9780130481993</a>.</li> <li>Coluccello, Rino (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHcYDAAAQBAJ">Challenging the Mafia Mystique: Cosa Nostra from Legitimisation to Denunciation</a></i>, Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-55552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-55552-9">978-1-349-55552-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie2007" class="citation book cs1">Dickie, John (2007). <i>Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia</i>. Hodder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-93526-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-93526-2"><bdi>978-0-340-93526-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosa+Nostra%3A+A+History+of+the+Sicilian+Mafia&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-340-93526-2&rft.aulast=Dickie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambetta1993" class="citation book cs1">Gambetta, Diego (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3bv3tqWftYC"><i>The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-80742-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-80742-1"><bdi>0-674-80742-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicilian+Mafia%3A+The+Business+of+Private+Protection&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-674-80742-1&rft.aulast=Gambetta&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3bv3tqWftYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambetta2009" class="citation book cs1">Gambetta, Diego (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codesof_gam_2009_00_0372"><i>Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691119373" title="Special:BookSources/9780691119373"><bdi>9780691119373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codes+of+the+Underworld%3A+How+Criminals+Communicate&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780691119373&rft.aulast=Gambetta&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcodesof_gam_2009_00_0372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenny2008" class="citation book cs1">Glenny, Misha (2008). <i>McMafia</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400095124" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400095124"><bdi>978-1400095124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McMafia&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1400095124&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMafia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hess, Henner (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izNdhCqsh5QC">Mafia & Mafiosi: Origin, Power and Myth</a></i>. London: Hurst & Co Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-500-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-500-6">1-85065-500-6</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Lo Schiavo, Giuseppe Guido (1964), <i>Cento anni di mafia</i>, Rome: Vito Bianco Editore.</li> <li>Lupo, Salvatore (2009), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmafia00lupo">The History of the Mafia</a></i>, New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13134-6">978-0-231-13134-6</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca, Gaetano</a> (1901/2015). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TsMYBwAAQBAJ">Che cosa è la mafia?</a></i>, Messina: Il Grano, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-99045-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-99045-11-1">978-88-99045-11-1</a> (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/m/mosca/che_cosa_e_la_mafia/pdf/mosca_che_cosa_e_la_mafia.pdf">Full text in Italian</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzNhBAAAQBAJ">English translation</a> for a background on the publication).</li> <li>Mosca, Gaetano (1901/2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzNhBAAAQBAJ">"What is Mafia"</a></i>, M&J, 2014. Translation of the book "Che cosa è la Mafia", Giornale degli Economisti, July 1901, pp. 236–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-85666-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-11-85666-00-6">979-11-85666-00-6</a>.</li> <li>Paoli, Letizia (2003). <i>Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style</i>. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515724-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515724-9">0-19-515724-9</a>.</li> <li>Seindal, René (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJf-oKqos1YC">Mafia: Money and Politics in Sicily, 1950-1997</a></i>. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7289-455-5" title="Special:BookSources/87-7289-455-5">87-7289-455-5</a>.</li> <li>Servadio, Gaia (1976). <i>Mafioso: a history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day</i>. London: Secker & Warburg. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-44700-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-44700-2">0-436-44700-2</a>.</li> <li>Wang, Peng (2017). <i>The Chinese Mafia: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Extra-Legal Protection</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198758402" title="Special:BookSources/9780198758402">9780198758402</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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