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id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible_(7th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible_(7th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible (7th century BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible_(7th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars_in_China_(210–213_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars_in_China_(210–213_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Burning of books and burying of scholars in China (210–213 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars_in_China_(210–213_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_book_burnings_(80–1759_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_book_burnings_(80–1759_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Christian book burnings (80–1759 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_book_burnings_(80–1759_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_Nestorian_books_(435_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_Nestorian_books_(435_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Burning of Nestorian books (435 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_Nestorian_books_(435_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_Arian_books_(587_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_Arian_books_(587_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Burning of Arian books (587 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_Arian_books_(587_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_burning_of_Jewish_manuscripts_(1244_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_burning_of_Jewish_manuscripts_(1244_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>French burning of Jewish manuscripts (1244 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_burning_of_Jewish_manuscripts_(1244_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_burning_of_Aztec_and_Mayan_manuscripts_(1560s_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_burning_of_Aztec_and_Mayan_manuscripts_(1560s_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Spanish burning of Aztec and Mayan manuscripts (1560s CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_burning_of_Aztec_and_Mayan_manuscripts_(1560s_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_burnings_in_Tudor_and_Stuart_England_(16th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_burnings_in_Tudor_and_Stuart_England_(16th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Book burnings in Tudor and Stuart England (16th century CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_burnings_in_Tudor_and_Stuart_England_(16th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_Voltaire's_books_(18th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_Voltaire's_books_(18th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Burning of Voltaire's books (18th century CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_Voltaire's_books_(18th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_abolitionist_books_in_the_American_South_(1859–60_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_abolitionist_books_in_the_American_South_(1859–60_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Burning of abolitionist books in the American South (1859–60 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_abolitionist_books_in_the_American_South_(1859–60_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comstock_book_burnings_in_the_United_States_(1873–1950_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comstock_book_burnings_in_the_United_States_(1873–1950_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Comstock book burnings in the United States (1873–1950 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comstock_book_burnings_in_the_United_States_(1873–1950_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_regime_(1933_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_regime_(1933_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Nazi regime (1933 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_regime_(1933_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_occupation_of_Japan_(1945–1952_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_occupation_of_Japan_(1945–1952_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_occupation_of_Japan_(1945–1952_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_book_burnings_and_destruction_of_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_book_burnings_and_destruction_of_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable book burnings and destruction of libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_book_burnings_and_destruction_of_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burnings_by_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burnings_by_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Burnings by authors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Burnings_by_authors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Burnings by authors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Burnings_by_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_saved_from_burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_saved_from_burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Books saved from burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_saved_from_burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_destruction_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_destruction_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Posthumous destruction of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_destruction_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_biblioclasm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_biblioclasm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern biblioclasm</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_biblioclasm-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern biblioclasm subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_biblioclasm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_book_burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_book_burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sikh book burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_book_burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_burnings_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_burnings_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Book burnings in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_burnings_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Book burning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="حرق الكتب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرق الكتب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Изгаряне на книги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изгаряне на книги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crema_de_llibres" title="Crema de llibres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crema de llibres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogbr%C3%A6nding" title="Bogbrænding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bogbrænding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCcherverbrennung" title="Bücherverbrennung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bücherverbrennung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quema_de_libros" title="Quema de libros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quema de libros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruligo_de_libroj" title="Bruligo de libroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruligo de libroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburuen_erreketa" title="Liburuen erreketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liburuen erreketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کتاب‌سوزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب‌سوزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queima_de_libros" title="Queima de libros – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Queima de libros" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9C" title="분서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գրքերի այրում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրքերի այրում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaljivanje_knjiga" title="Spaljivanje knjiga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spaljivanje knjiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran_buku" title="Pembakaran buku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembakaran buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kabrenna" title="Bókabrenna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókabrenna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogo_di_libri" title="Rogo di libri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rogo di libri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שרפת ספרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרפת ספרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nyv%C3%A9get%C3%A9s" title="Könyvégetés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Könyvégetés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="പുസ്തകവിരോധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുസ്തകവിരോധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran_buku" title="Pembakaran buku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembakaran buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekverbranding" title="Boekverbranding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boekverbranding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%9A%E6%9B%B8" title="焚書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="焚書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokb%C3%A5l" title="Bokbål – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bokbål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokb%C3%A5l" title="Bokbål – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bokbål" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg/220px-The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg/330px-The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg/440px-The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary book burning</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/220px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/330px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/440px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Nazi youth brigades burning "un-German" works by Jewish and left-wing authors at the library of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a>, 1933<sup id="cite_ref-holocaust_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaust-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning,_10_May_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg/220px-Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg/330px-Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg/440px-Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at Bebelplaz commemorating Nazi book burning, 10 May 1933</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Book burning</b> is the deliberate destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context. The burning of books represents an element of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and usually proceeds from a cultural, religious, or political opposition to the materials in question.<sup id="cite_ref-holocaust_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaust-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book burning can be an act of contempt for the book's contents or author, intended to draw wider public attention to this opposition, or conceal the information contained in the text from being made public, such as diaries or ledgers. Burning and other methods of destruction are together known as <b>biblioclasm</b> or <b>libricide</b>. </p><p>In some cases, the destroyed works are irreplaceable and their burning constitutes a severe loss to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">burning of books and burying of scholars</a> under China's <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (213–210 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>), the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad</a> (1258), the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">Aztec codices</a> by <a href="/wiki/Itzcoatl" title="Itzcoatl">Itzcoatl</a> (1430s), the burning of <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a> on the order of bishop <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a> (1562),<sup id="cite_ref-outrageous_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outrageous-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">burning of Jaffna Public Library</a> in Sri Lanka (1981).<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a>, copies of the destroyed books survive, but the instance of book burning becomes emblematic of a harsh and oppressive regime which is seeking to censor or silence some aspect of prevailing culture. </p><p>In modern times, other forms of media, such as <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">phonograph records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video tapes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a> have also been burned, shredded, or crushed. <a href="/wiki/Art_destruction" title="Art destruction">Art destruction</a> is related to book burning, both because it might have similar cultural, religious, or political connotations, and because in various historical cases, books and artworks were destroyed at the same time. </p><p>When the burning is widespread and systematic, destruction of books and media can become a significant component of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The burning of books has a long history of being a tool utilized by authorities both <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, in their efforts to suppress <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissenting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> views that are believed to pose a <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threat</a> to the prevailing order. </p><p>Books infested with <a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">bookworms</a> were sometimes burned in the Medieval era as a rudamentary form of <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a>, rather than targeted censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-Frenemies_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frenemies-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible_(7th_century_BCE)"><span id="Hebrew_Bible_.287th_century_BCE.29"></span>Hebrew Bible (7th century BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible (7th century BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_(Bible_Card).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graphical depiction of Jehoiakim burns Jeremiah's scroll." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/220px-Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/330px-Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/440px-Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a> burns <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>'s scroll.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/7th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="7th century BCE">7th century BCE</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> burned part of a scroll that <a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a> had written at prophet <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>'s dictation (see <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_36" title="Jeremiah 36">Jeremiah 36</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars_in_China_(210–213_BCE)"><span id="Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars_in_China_.28210.E2.80.93213_BCE.29"></span>Burning of books and burying of scholars in China (210–213 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Burning of books and burying of scholars in China (210–213 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killing_the_Scholars,_Burning_the_Books.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg/220px-Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg/330px-Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg/440px-Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars"><i>Killing the Scholars and Burning the Books</i></a> in 210–213 BC (18th-century Chinese painting)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 213 BCE <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, the first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, ordered the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">burning of books and burying of scholars</a> and in 210 BCE he supposedly ordered the <a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">premature burial</a> of 460 Confucian scholars in order to stay on his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the burning of books is well established, the <a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">live burial</a> of scholars has been disputed by modern historians who doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more than a century later in the Han dynasty official <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>. Some of these books were written in <a href="/wiki/Shang_Xiang" title="Shang Xiang">Shang Xiang</a>, a superior school founded in 2208 BCE. The event caused the loss of many philosophical treatises of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a>. Treatises which advocated the official philosophy of the government ("<a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">legalism</a>") survived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_book_burnings_(80–1759_CE)"><span id="Christian_book_burnings_.2880.E2.80.931759_CE.29"></span>Christian book burnings (80–1759 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian book burnings (80–1759 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, it is claimed that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> performed an <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> in Ephesus. After men in Ephesus failed to perform the same feat many gave up their "curious arts" and burned the books because apparently, they did not work. </p> <blockquote> <p>And many that believed, came and confessed and shewed their deeds. Many of them also which used curious arts, brought their books together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><p> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Nicea">First Council of Nicea</a> (325 CE), Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arians">Arians</a> which included a prescription for systematic book-burning: </p><blockquote><p> "In addition, if any writing composed by <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> should be found, it should be handed over to the flames, so that not only will the wickedness of his teaching be obliterated, but nothing will be left even to remind anyone of him. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered to have hidden a writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As soon as he is discovered in this offense, he shall be submitted for capital punishment....."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a>, "In AD 367, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, the zealous bishop of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>... issued an Easter letter in which he demanded that <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Egyptian monks</a> destroy all such unacceptable writings, except for those he specifically listed as 'acceptable' even 'canonical'—a list that constitutes the present 'New Testament'".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Pagels cites Athanasius's Paschal letter (letter 39) for 367 CE, which prescribes a canon, but her citation "cleanse the church from every defilement" (page 177) does not explicitly appear in the Festal letter.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Heretical texts do not turn up as <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsests</a>, scraped clean and overwritten, as do many <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">texts of Classical antiquity</a>. According to author Rebecca Knuth, multitudes of early <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> texts have been as thoroughly "destroyed" as if they had been publicly burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1759 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a> banned all publications written by Swedish biologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> from the Vatican, and ordered that all copies of his work be burned.<sup id="cite_ref-MACUNI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACUNI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JTSOR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTSOR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_Nestorian_books_(435_CE)"><span id="Burning_of_Nestorian_books_.28435_CE.29"></span>Burning of Nestorian books (435 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Burning of Nestorian books (435 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activity by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 376–444) brought fire to almost all the writings of <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> (386–450) shortly after 435.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'The writings of Nestorius were originally very numerous',<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, they were not part of the Nestorian or Oriental theological curriculum until the mid-sixth century, unlike those of his teacher <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a>, and those of <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tarsus" title="Diodorus of Tarsus">Diodorus of Tarsus</a>, even then they were not key texts, so relatively few survive intact, cf. Baum, Wilhelm and Dietmar W. Winkler. 2003. The Church of the East: A Concise History. London: Routledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_Arian_books_(587_CE)"><span id="Burning_of_Arian_books_.28587_CE.29"></span>Burning of Arian books (587 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Burning of Arian books (587 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar" title="Chronicle of Fredegar">Chronicle of Fredegar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recared" class="mw-redirect" title="Recared">Recared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">King of the Visigoths</a> (reigned 586–601) and first Catholic king of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain</a>, following his conversion to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> in 587, ordered that all <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a> books should be collected and burned; and all the books of Arian theology were reduced to ashes, along with the house in which they had been purposely collected.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Which facts demonstrate that Constantine's edict on Arian works was not rigorously observed, as Arian writings or the theology based on them survived to be burned much later in Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_burning_of_Jewish_manuscripts_(1244_CE)"><span id="French_burning_of_Jewish_manuscripts_.281244_CE.29"></span>French burning of Jewish manuscripts (1244 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French burning of Jewish manuscripts (1244 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1244, as an outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Disputation_of_Paris" title="Disputation of Paris">Disputation of Paris</a>, twenty-four carriage loads of <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmuds</a> and other Jewish religious manuscripts were set on fire by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> law officers in the streets of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_burning_of_Aztec_and_Mayan_manuscripts_(1560s_CE)"><span id="Spanish_burning_of_Aztec_and_Mayan_manuscripts_.281560s_CE.29"></span>Spanish burning of Aztec and Mayan manuscripts (1560s CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish burning of Aztec and Mayan manuscripts (1560s CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, numerous books written by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> were burned by the Spaniards. Several books<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (April 2018)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> written by the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> were burnt by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> and priests during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a>. Despite opposition from Catholic friar <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, numerous books found by the Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a> were burnt on the order of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a> in 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-outrageous_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outrageous-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Landa wrote on the incident that "We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a>) regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction".<sup id="cite_ref-outrageous_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outrageous-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_burnings_in_Tudor_and_Stuart_England_(16th_century_CE)"><span id="Book_burnings_in_Tudor_and_Stuart_England_.2816th_century_CE.29"></span>Book burnings in Tudor and Stuart England (16th century CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Book burnings in Tudor and Stuart England (16th century CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founding of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> after <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a> broke away from the Catholic Church led to the targeting of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">English Catholics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart periods</a>, Protestant citizens loyal to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> attacked Catholic religious sites across England, frequently burning any religious texts they found. These acts were encouraged by the Crown, who pressured the general public to take part in such "spectacles". According to American historian David Cressy, over "the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries book burning developed from a rare to an occasional occurrence, relocated from an outdoor to an indoor procedure, and changed from a bureaucratic to a quasi-theatrical performance".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Ban_of_1599" title="Bishops' Ban of 1599">Bishops' Ban of 1599</a> the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> ordered an end to the production of verse satire and the confiscation and the burning of specific extant works, including works by <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(playwright)" title="John Marston (playwright)">John Marston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>. Nine books were specifically singled out for destruction. Scholars disagree about what properties these nine books have in common to cause official offence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_Voltaire's_books_(18th_century_CE)"><span id="Burning_of_Voltaire.27s_books_.2818th_century_CE.29"></span>Burning of Voltaire's books (18th century CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burning of Voltaire's books (18th century CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 18th century, the works of French philosopher and writer <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> were repeatedly burned by government officials in the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>. In 1734, the publication of his <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_on_the_English" title="Letters on the English">Lettres philosophiques</a></i> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> led to a public outcry, as it was seen as an attack against the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a></i> of France. In response, the French authorities ordered copies of book to be publicly confiscated and burnt, and Voltaire was forced to flee <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. In 1751, King of Prussia <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> ordered a pamphlet written by Voltaire titled <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Akakia" title="Doctor Akakia">Doctor Akakia</a></i> to be publicly burnt as it insulted <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Pierre Louis Maupertuis</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, of whom Frederick was a significant patron.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_abolitionist_books_in_the_American_South_(1859–60_CE)"><span id="Burning_of_abolitionist_books_in_the_American_South_.281859.E2.80.9360_CE.29"></span>Burning of abolitionist books in the American South (1859–60 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burning of abolitionist books in the American South (1859–60 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> in 1859, slaveholders and their supporters spread panic about <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a>, believing that anti-slavery conspiracies would lead to widespread slave revolts. Pro-slavery southerners burned books in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, including textbooks from public schools. Books that were critical of slavery, or insufficiently supportive of it, were seen as "anti-Southern" by the book-burners.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comstock_book_burnings_in_the_United_States_(1873–1950_CE)"><span id="Comstock_book_burnings_in_the_United_States_.281873.E2.80.931950_CE.29"></span>Comstock book burnings in the United States (1873–1950 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comstock book burnings in the United States (1873–1950 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Comstock" title="Anthony Comstock">Anthony Comstock</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">New York Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>, founded in 1873, inscribed book burning on its seal, as a worthy goal to be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-outrageous_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outrageous-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comstock's total accomplishment in a long and influential career is estimated to have been the destruction of some 15 tons of books, 284,000 pounds of plates for printing such "objectionable" books, and nearly 4,000,000 pictures. All of this material was defined as "<a href="/wiki/Lascivious" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascivious">lewd</a>" by Comstock's very broad definition of the term – which he and his associates successfully lobbied the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to incorporate in the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock Law">Comstock Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_regime_(1933_CE)"><span id="Nazi_regime_.281933_CE.29"></span>Nazi regime (1933 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nazi regime (1933 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597,_Berlin,_Opernplatz,_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of books smoulder in a huge bonfire as Germans give the Nazi salute during the wave of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">book-burnings that spread throughout Nazi Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">Nazi government</a> decreed broad grounds for burning material "which acts subversively on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Germany's">Nazi Germany's</a> future or strikes at the root of German thought, the German home and the driving forces of German people".<sup id="cite_ref-holocaust_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaust-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_occupation_of_Japan_(1945–1952_CE)"><span id="Allied_occupation_of_Japan_.281945.E2.80.931952_CE.29"></span>Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers#Media_censorship" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers § Media censorship</a></div> <p>During the Allied <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">GHQ</a> officials banned any kind of criticism of the Allies or "reactionary" political ideas and many books were confiscated and burned. Over 7,000 books were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_book_burnings_and_destruction_of_libraries">Notable book burnings and destruction of libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable book burnings and destruction of libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">List of book-burning incidents</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">List of destroyed libraries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burnings_by_authors">Burnings by authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Burnings by authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1588, the exiled English Catholic <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(cardinal)" title="William Allen (cardinal)">William Cardinal Allen</a> wrote "<i><a href="/wiki/An_Admonition_to_the_Nobility_and_People_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England">An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England</a></i>", a work sharply attacking Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. It was to be published in Spanish-occupied England in the event of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> succeeding in its invasion. Upon the defeat of the Armada, Allen carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and it is only known of through one of Elizabeth's spies, who had stolen a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> is known to have burned his first play, a <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Amalasunta" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalasunta">Amalasunta</a></i> in the 1730s, when encountering unfavorable criticism. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hassid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassid">Hassidic</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a> is reported to have written a book which he himself burned in 1808. To this day, his followers mourn "The Burned Book" and seek in their Rabbi's surviving writings for clues as to what the lost volume contained and why it was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a> burned the second half of his 1842 magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls" title="Dead Souls">Dead Souls</a></i>, having come under the influence of a priest who persuaded him that his work was sinful; Gogol later described this as a mistake. </p><p>As noted in Claire Tomalin's intensively researched "The Invisible Woman", <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> is known to have made a big bonfire of his letters and private papers, as well as asking friends and acquaintances to either return letters which he wrote to them or themselves destroy the letters – and most complied with his request in the 1850s and the 1860s. Dickens' purpose was to destroy evidence of his affair with the actress Nelly Ternan. To judge from surviving Dickens letters, the destroyed material – even if not intended for publication – might have had considerable literary merit. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a>, a well-known expert on the work of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, believes that Carroll had written an earlier version in the 1860s of <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i> which he later destroyed after writing a more elaborate version which he presented to the child Alice who inspired the book.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1870s <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> destroyed the full manuscript of his first opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyevoda_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyevoda (opera)">The Voyevoda</a></i>. Decades later, during the Soviet period, <i>The Voyevoda</i> was posthumously reconstructed from surviving orchestral and vocal parts and the composer's sketches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a>, after being considered a spy by the French government in 1914 and then having this deception excused by the police, he destroyed all his aeronautical documents.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, according to the afterword to the historical novel "De gevleugelde," <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Japin" title="Arthur Japin">Arthur Japin</a> says that when Dumont returned to Brazil, he "burned all his diaries, letters and drawings."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Hector_Hugh_Munro" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Hugh Munro">Hector Hugh Munro</a> (better known by the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> <i>Saki</i>) was killed in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in November 1916, his sister Ethel destroyed most of his papers. </p><p>There is substantial evidence that Finnish composer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> worked on an Eighth Symphony. He promised the premiere of this symphony to <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a> in 1931 and 1932, and a London performance in 1933 under <a href="/wiki/Basil_Cameron" title="Basil Cameron">Basil Cameron</a> was even advertised to the public. However, no such symphony was ever performed, and the only concrete evidence of the symphony's existence on paper is a 1933 bill for a fair copy of the first movement and short draft fragments first published and played in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sibelius had always been quite self-critical; he remarked to his close friends, "If I cannot write a better symphony than my Seventh, then it shall be my last." Since no manuscript survives, sources consider it likely that Sibelius destroyed most traces of the score, probably in 1945, during which year he certainly consigned a great many papers to the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aino, Sibelius' wife, recalled that "In the 1940s there was a great <a href="/wiki/Auto_da_f%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto da fé">auto da fé</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ainola" title="Ainola">Ainola</a> [where the Sibelius couple lived]. My husband collected a number of the manuscripts in a laundry basket and burned them on the open fire in the dining room. Parts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Karelia_Suite" title="Karelia Suite">Karelia Suite</a></i> were destroyed – I later saw remains of the pages which had been torn out – and many other things. I did not have the strength to be present and left the room. I therefore do not know what he threw on to the fire. But after this my husband became calmer and gradually lighter in mood." It is assumed that a draft of Sibelius' Eighth Symphony - which he worked on in the early 1930s but with which he was not satisfied - was among the papers destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joe Shuster</a>, who together with <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Siegel" title="Jerry Siegel">Jerry Siegel</a> created the fictional <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, in 1938 burned the first Superman story when under the impression that it would not find a publisher. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Axel_Jensen" title="Axel Jensen">Axel Jensen</a> made his debut as a novelist in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> in 1955 with the novel <i>Dyretemmerens kors</i>, but he later burned the remaining unsold copies of the book. </p><p>In August 1963, when <a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a> resigned from <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a> and his rooms there were being cleaned out, Lewis gave instructions to <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Douglas Gresham</a> to destroy all his unfinished or incomplete fragments of manuscript - which scholars researching Lewis' work regard as a grievous loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindskoog111-12_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindskoog111-12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976 detractors of Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Rangel" title="Carlos Rangel">Carlos Rangel</a> publicly burned copies of his book <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Noble_Savage_to_the_Noble_Revolutionary" title="From the Noble Savage to the Noble Revolutionary">From the Noble Savage to the Noble Revolutionary</a></i> in the year of its publication at the <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_saved_from_burning">Books saved from burning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Books saved from burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/220px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/330px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/440px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Symbol of the "<a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">New York Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>", advocating book-burning</figcaption></figure> <p>In Catholic <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>, Saint <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Vincent of Saragossa</a> is mentioned as having been offered his life on condition that he consign Scripture to the fire; he refused and was martyred. He is often depicted holding the book which he protected with his life. </p><p>Another book-saving Catholic saint is the 10th-century Saint <a href="/wiki/Wiborada" title="Wiborada">Wiborada</a>. She is credited with having predicted in 925 an <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">invasion by the then-pagan Hungarians</a> of her region in Switzerland. Her warning allowed the priests and religious of St. Gall and St. Magnus to hide their books and wine and escape into caves in nearby hills.<sup id="cite_ref-library_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wiborada herself refused to escape and was killed by the marauders, being later canonized. In art, she is commonly represented holding a book to signify the library she saved, and is considered a patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> and librarians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitahomosexualis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG/220px-Vitahomosexualis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG/330px-Vitahomosexualis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG/440px-Vitahomosexualis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><i>Vita homosexualis</i>, a 1902 collection of August Fleischmann's popular pamphlets on <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> and against <a href="/wiki/%C2%A7175" class="mw-redirect" title="§175">§175</a> - a <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftlich-humanit%C3%A4res_Komitee" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee">Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee</a> library copy, confiscated on 6 May 1933, annotated on the endpaper: <i><b>By <a href="/wiki/Reichspr%C3%A4sident" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichspräsident">Reichspräsident</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">decree of 28.02.1933</a> destined for destruction!</b></i> and hidden from the publique (label "Secr.") as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian State Library">Prussian State Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During a tour of Thuringia in 1525, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> became enraged at the widespread burning of libraries along with other buildings during the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a>, writing <i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a></i> in response.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire</a> the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Court Library">Imperial Court Library</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>) was in extreme danger, when the bombardment of Vienna caused the burning of the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg" title="Hofburg">Hofburg</a>, in which the Imperial Library was located. The fire was halted in a timely manner - saving countless irreplaceable books, diligently collected by many generations of Habsburg emperors and the scholars in their employ. </p><p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, two German officers – Viennese-born Lt. Col. Julius Schlegel (a Roman Catholic) and Captain Maximilian Becker (a Protestant) – had the foresight to transfer the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> archives to the Vatican. Otherwise the archives – containing a vast number of documents relating to the 1500-years' history of the Abbey as well as some 1,400 irreplaceable manuscript <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a>, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> and historical – would have been destroyed in the Allied air bombing which almost completely destroyed the Abbey shortly afterwards. Also saved by the two officers' prompt action were the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Keats-Shelley_Memorial_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats-Shelley Memorial House">Keats-Shelley Memorial House</a> in Rome, which had been sent to the Abbey for safety in December 1942. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Haggadah" title="Sarajevo Haggadah">Sarajevo Haggadah</a> – one of the oldest and most valuable Jewish <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated manuscript">illustrated manuscripts</a>, with immense historical and cultural value – was hidden from the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> collaborators by <a href="/wiki/Dervi%C5%A1_Korkut" title="Derviš Korkut">Derviš Korkut</a>, chief librarian of the National Museum in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>. At risk to his own life, Korkut smuggled the Haggadah out of Sarajevo and gave it for safekeeping to a Muslim cleric in <a href="/wiki/Zenica" title="Zenica">Zenica</a>, where it was hidden until the end of the war under the floorboards of either a mosque or a Muslim home. The Haggadah again survived destruction during the wars which followed the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940s France, a group of anti-fascist exiles created a Library of Burned Books which housed all the books that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had destroyed. This library contained copies of titles that were burned by the Nazis in their campaign to cleanse German culture of Jewish and foreign influences such as pacifist and decadent literature. The Nazis themselves planned to make a "museum" of Judaism once the <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></i> was complete to house certain books that they had saved.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_destruction_of_works">Posthumous destruction of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Posthumous destruction of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> died, he left instructions that <a href="/wiki/Aeneid#Virgil's_death,_and_editing" title="Aeneid">his manuscript of the <i>Aeneid</i> was to be burnt</a>, as it was a draft version with uncorrected faults and not a final version for release. However, this instruction was ignored. It is mainly to the <i>Aeneid</i>, published in this "imperfect" form, that Virgil owes his lasting fame – and it is considered one of the great masterpieces of classical literature as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-destroyed_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destroyed-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before his death, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> wrote to his friend and <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executor</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a>: "Dearest Max, my last request: Everything I leave behind me... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others'), sketches, and so on, [is] to be burned unread."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brod overrode Kafka's wishes, believing that Kafka had given these directions to him, specifically, because Kafka knew he would not honour them – Brod had told him as much. Had Brod carried out Kafka's instructions, virtually the whole of Kafka's work – except for a few short stories published in his lifetime – would have been lost forever. Most critics, at the time and up to the present, justify Brod's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-destroyed_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destroyed-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his foreword to Kafka's <i>The Castle</i> Brod noted that when entering Kafka's apartment after his death, he found several big empty folders and traces of burnt paper - the manuscripts which were in these folders having evidently been destroyed by Kafka himself before his death. Brod expressed pain at the irreversible loss of this material and happiness at having saved so much of Kafka's work from its creator's ruthlessness. </p><p>A similar case concerns the noted American poet <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>, who died in 1886 and left to her sister Lavinia the instruction of burning all her papers. Lavinia Dickinson did burn almost all of her sister's correspondences, but interpreted the will as not including the forty notebooks and loose sheets, all filled with almost 1800 poems; these Lavinia saved and began to publish the poems that year. Had Lavinia Dickinson been more strict in carrying out her sister's will, all but a small handful of Emily Dickinson's poetic work would have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1964, several months after the death of <a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a>, Lewis' literary executor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hooper" title="Walter Hooper">Walter Hooper</a>, rescued a 64-page manuscript from a bonfire of the author's writings – the burning carried out according to Lewis' will.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Hooper published it under the name <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(Lewis_novel)" title="The Dark Tower (Lewis novel)">The Dark Tower</a></i>. It was apparently intended as part of Lewis' <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Trilogy">Space Trilogy</a></i>. Though incomplete and evidently an early draft which Lewis abandoned, its publication aroused great interest and a continued discussion among Lewis fans and scholars researching his work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_biblioclasm">Modern biblioclasm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern biblioclasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the act of destroying books is condemned by the majority of the world's societies, book burning still occurs on a small or large scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_2">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, when a modified Latin alphabet was adopted, books which were published in the Arabic script were burned, especially those published in the late 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texts were not limited to the Quran; medical and historical manuscripts were also destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3114" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Copies of books which were burned by the Nazis, on display at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Book burnings were regularly organised in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">stormtroopers</a> so that "degenerate" works could be destroyed, especially works written by Jewish authors such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. One of the most infamous book burnings in the 20th century occurred in Frankfurt, Germany, on May 10, 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-holocaust_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaust-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organized by Joseph Goebbels, books were burned in a celebratory fashion, complete with bands, marchers, and songs. Seeking to "cleanse" German culture of the "un-German" spirit, Goebbels compelled students (who were egged on by their professors) to perform the book burning. To some this could be easily dismissed as the childish actions of the youth, but to many in Europe and America, it was a horrific display of power and disrespect.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Denazification#Censorship" title="Denazification">denazification</a> which followed the war, literature which had been confiscated by the Allies was reduced to pulp rather than burned. </p><p>In 1937, during <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era#Third_Brazilian_Republic_(Estado_Novo)" title="Vargas Era">Getúlio Vargas' dictatorship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, several books by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lins_do_Rego" title="José Lins do Rego">José Lins do Rego</a> were burned in an anti-communist act.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> from the 1940s to present day, library officials publicize the burning of "illegal publications, religious publications".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, local Catholic priests forced Irish storyteller Timothy Buckley to burn a book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tailor_and_Ansty" title="The Tailor and Ansty">The Tailor and Ansty</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cross_(writer)" title="Eric Cross (writer)">Eric Cross</a> about Buckley and his wife, because of its sexual frankness.<sup id="cite_ref-times2006_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, over six tons of books by <a href="/wiki/William_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="William Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a> were burned in the U.S. in compliance with judicial orders.<sup id="cite_ref-IDP_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, the works of <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan" title="Mordecai Kaplan">Mordecai Kaplan</a> were burned by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> in America, after Kaplan was <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">excommunicated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> burning took place on 23 June 1955. It was a <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a> which consisted of comic books topped by a life-size cardboard cutout of <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom" title="The Phantom">The Phantom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship in Brazil</a> from (1964-1985), several methods of censure were used, among them, torture and the burning of books by firemen.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some supporters have celebrated book-burning cases in art and other media. Such is the case in Italy in 1973 with <i>The Burning of Heretical Books</i> over a side door on the façade of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, Rome, the bas-relief by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Maini" title="Giovanni Battista Maini">Giovanni Battista Maini</a>, which depicts the burning of "heretical" books as a triumph of righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years of the Chilean military dictatorship under <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> from 1973 to 1990, <a href="/wiki/Book_burnings_in_Chile" title="Book burnings in Chile">hundreds of books were burned</a> as a way of repression and censorship of left-wing literature.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, even books on <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> were burned because soldiers thought it had to do with the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG/170px-Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG/255px-Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG/340px-Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Book_burnings_in_Chile" title="Book burnings in Chile">Book burning in Chile</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 coup</a> that installed the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Pinochet dictatorship</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Jaffna Public Library">Jaffna Public Library</a> in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, was <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">burned down</a> by Sinhalese police and paramilitaries during a pogrom against the minority Tamil population. At the time of its burning, it contained almost 100,000 Tamil books and rare documents.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kjell Ludvik Kvavik, a senior Norwegian official, had a penchant for removing maps and other pages from rare books and he was noticed in January 1983 by a young college student. The student, Barbro Andenaes, reported the actions of the senior official to the superintendent of the reading room and then reported them to the head librarian of the university library in Oslo. Hesitant to make the accusation against Kvavik public because it would greatly harm his career, even if it was proven to be false, the media did not divulge his name until his house was searched by police. The authorities seized 470 maps and prints as well as 112 books that Kvavik had illegally obtained. While this may not have been the large-scale, violent demonstration which usually occurs during <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a>, Kvavik's disregard for libraries and books shows that the destruction of books on any scale can affect an entire country. Here, a senior official in the Norwegian government was disgraced and the University Library was only refunded for a small portion of the costs which it had incurred from the loss and destruction of rare materials and the security changes that had to be made as a result of it. In this case, the lure of personal profit and the desire to enhance one's own collection were the causes of the defacement of rare books and maps. While the main goal was not destruction for destruction's sake, the resulting damage to the ephemera still carries weight within the library community.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Amsterdam's South African Institute was infiltrated by an organized group which was bent on drawing attention to the inequality of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. Well-organized and assuring patrons of the library that no harm would come to them, group members systematically smashed microfiche machines and threw books into the nearby waterway. Indiscriminate with regard to the content which was being destroyed, shelf after shelf was cleared of its contents until the group left. Staff members fished books from the water in hopes of salvaging the rare editions of <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel books</a>, documents about the Boer Wars, and contemporary materials which were both for and against apartheid. Many of these materials were destroyed by oil, ink, and paint that the anti-apartheid demonstrators had flung around the library. The world was outraged by the loss of knowledge that these demonstrators had caused, and instead of supporting their cause and drawing people's attention to the issue of apartheid, the international community denounced their actions at Amsterdam's South African Institute. Some of the demonstrators came forward and sought to justify their actions by accusing the institute of being pro-apartheid and claiming that nothing was being done to change the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent of the digital age has resulted in the cataloguing of an immense collection of written works, exclusively or primarily in digital form. The intentional deletion or removal of these works has often been referred to as a new form of book burning.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, the world's largest online marketplace, has increasingly banned the sale of controversial books. An article in <i>The New York Times</i> reported that "Booksellers that sell on Amazon say the retailer has no coherent philosophy about what it decides to prohibit, and seems largely guided by public complaints.".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A biblioclastic incident occurred in <a href="/wiki/Mullumbimby" title="Mullumbimby">Mullumbimby</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 2009. Reported as "just like the ritual burning of books in Nazi Germany", a book-burning ceremony was held by students of the "socially harmful cult" <a href="/wiki/Universal_Medicine" title="Universal Medicine">Universal Medicine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey#Esoteric_healing" title="Alice Bailey">esoteric healing</a> business which was owned by Serge Benhayon.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitbourn_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitbourn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students were invited to throw their books onto the <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a>. Most of the volumes were on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinesiology" title="Kinesiology">kinesiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative healing">alternative healing</a> modalities, all of which Benhayon has decreed evil or "<a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Da_Vinci_Mode_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Da_Vinci_Mode-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian nationalists burned Ukrainian history books in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorussian demonstrators burned books in Eastern Ukraine, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état</a>, the Turkish government burned 301,878 books deemed related to the coup or its alleged leader, <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a>, including 18 textbooks with the word "<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>" in them. Photos of books being burned became a viral sensation on the internet once they were taken by a website named Kronos27.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019 Poland, priests in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> burned <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> books.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="French language in Ontario">French-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_Providence" title="Conseil scolaire catholique Providence">Providence Catholic School Board</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">southwestern Ontario</a> held a 'flame purification' ceremony and burned around thirty recently banned children's books. The ashes were used as fertilizer to plant trees and according to the participants the action was 'to turn a negative to a positive'. The books included <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">Tintin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a> and were deemed harmful to Indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the introduction of the controversial <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">national security law</a> in 2020, multiple counts of biblioclasm have been reported. Shortly after the introduction of the new law, books written by prominent Hong Kong pro-democracy figures, including <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Wong" title="Joshua Wong">Joshua Wong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Chan" title="Tanya Chan">Tanya Chan</a>, have been removed from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Public_Libraries" title="Hong Kong Public Libraries">public libraries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, 29 previously available titles about the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Massacre</a> are completely removed from the public libraries, whilst 94 of the remaining 120 titles are only available on request.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, reported by local media, three secondary schools removed more than 400 books since June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the two book burning happened in the public libraries, the schools were not given any concrete criteria but the schools had to perform the <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titles that were removed included those related to the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019-2020 Hong Kong protests</a>, Tiananmen Massacre and jailed activists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Hong Kong government also refused to provide a list of books that have been removed from the public libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021 some religious communities in the United States have started holding book burning ceremonies to garner attention and publicly denounce heretical beliefs. In Tennessee pastor <a href="/wiki/Greg_Locke" title="Greg Locke">Greg Locke</a> has held sermons over the incineration of books like Harry Potter and Twilight.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend of calling for the burning of books one's ideology conflicts with has continued into the political sphere. Two members of a Virginia school board Rabih Abuismail, and Kirk Twigg, have condoned the burning of recently banned books to keep their ideas out of the minds of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2023, Missouri State Senator and gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Bill_Eigel" title="Bill Eigel">Bill Eigel</a> showed off a flamethrower at a campaign event and vowed to burn "woke pornographic books [...] on the front lawn of the governor's mansion" if elected.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the facts of the destruction of Ukrainian books, especially on the history of Ukraine and the history of the Russian-Ukrainian war, are known. In Mariupol, Russians burned all the books from the library of the church of Petro Mohyla.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the temporarily occupied Mariupol, Russian invaders are throwing away books from the library collections of the Pryazovskyi State Technical University.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian “military police” seize and destroy books on Ukrainian history and culture in the occupied territories in the Northeast of Ukraine. There are also cases of destruction and damage to the Ukrainian archives with documents about the Soviet repression and attempts to introduce Russian re-educational programs in Melitopol.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikh_book_burning">Sikh book burning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sikh book burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> religion, any copies of their sacred book, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, which are too badly damaged to be used, and any printer's waste which bears any of its text, are cremated. This ritual is called an <i>Agan Bhet</i>, and it is similar to the ritual which is performed when a deceased Sikh is cremated.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_burnings_in_popular_culture">Book burnings in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Book burnings in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men look at books. A man lies in a bed under a hanging suit of armor. A woman burns books in the yard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg/220px-Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg/330px-Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg/440px-Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>1741 woodcut illustrating the examination and burning of Don Quixote's library.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote#Destruction_of_Don_Quixote's_library_(Chapters_6–7)" title="Don Quixote">chapters 6 and 7 of the first part of <i>Don Quixote</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the titular character's parish priest, relatives, and friends examine his library, full with <a href="/wiki/Chivalry_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalry romance">chivalry romances</a> and other books, and decide to burn most of them and seal the room. The comments of the priest allow <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">author Cervantes</a> to praise or condemn the books, while subtly satirizing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romera_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romera-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peña_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peña-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In his 1821 play, <i>Almansor</i>, the German writer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> – referring to the burning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> holy book, the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> – wrote, "Where they burn books, so too will they in the end burn people." ("<i>Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen.</i>") Over a century later, Heine's own books were among the thousands of <a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents#Jewish,_anti-Nazi_and_"degenerate"_books_(by_the_Nazis)" title="List of book-burning incidents">volumes that were torched</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> in Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Bebelplatz" title="Bebelplatz">Opernplatz</a>, even while his poem "Die Lorelei" continued to be printed in German schoolbooks as "by an unknown author".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Book burning played a small part in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s 1864 <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a></i>. After Professor Lidenbrock deciphers a writing of Arne Saknussem and attempts to recreate his purported subterranean journey, his nephew Axel protests that they should study more of his works before making any rash decisions. Professor Lidenbrock explains that this is impossible: Saknussem was out of favor in his native country, whose leaders ordered all of his writings burned after his death.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s 1953 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a>,</i> about a culture which has outlawed books due to its disdain for learning, books are burned along with the houses they are hidden in.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romera_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romera-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1984 film <a href="/wiki/Footloose" title="Footloose">Footloose</a> book burning is a theme that in 2023 was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Banned_Books_Week" title="Banned Books Week">Banned Books Week</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banned_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophobia" title="Bibliophobia">Bibliophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_vanities" title="Bonfire of the vanities">Bonfire of the vanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Library fires">Library fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">List of book-burning incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">List of destroyed libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Book burning</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Book+burning">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Book+burning&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Church of the East: A Concise History</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192" title="Special:BookSources/9781134430192"><bdi>9781134430192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134430192&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Civallero, Edgardo. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libr.org/isc/issues/ISC25/articles/WHEN%20MEMORY%20TURNS%20INTO%20ASHES.pdf">When Memory Turns into Ashes... Memoricide During the XX Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927074136/http://libr.org/isc/issues/ISC25/articles/WHEN%20MEMORY%20TURNS%20INTO%20ASHES.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10760/10088">DOI</a>.</li> <li>Knuth, Rebecca (2006). <i>Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: Extremist violence and Cultural Destruction</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.</li> <li>Knuth, Rebecca. <i>Libricide : the regime-sponsored destruction of books and libraries in the twentieth century</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98088-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98088-X">0-275-98088-X</a></li> <li>Ovenden, Richard <i>Burning the Books</i>. London: John Murray<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polastron, Lucien X. 2007. <i>Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries throughout History.</i> Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmip.info/">The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project</a> – A call for Bosnian manuscripts ingathering</li> <li>Polastron, Lucien X. (2007) <i>Libros en Llamas: historia de la interminable destrucción de bibliotecas</i>. Libraria, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-16-8398-6" title="Special:BookSources/968-16-8398-6">968-16-8398-6</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918100012/http://www.librossobrelibros.com/libro_12.html">[1]</a></li> <li>Polastron, Lucien X. <i>Books on fire: the destruction of libraries throughout history</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-167-5">978-1-59477-167-5</a></li> <li>Raven, James. (2004). <i>Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections Since Antiquity.</i> Palgrave Macmillan Limited.</li> <li>UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905105742/http://www.unesco.org/webworld/mdm/administ/pdf/LOSTMEMO.PDF">Lost Memory – Libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4s-Kb9kv36oC&q=Books+on+Fire+The+Destruction+of+Libraries+Throughout+History">Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries Throughout History</a>. Lucien Xavier Polastron. Translated by John E Graham. Inner Traditions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-167-5">978-1-59477-167-5</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59477-167-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59477-167-7">1-59477-167-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-holocaust-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305062632/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005852">"Book Burning"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005852">the original</a> on 5 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Book+Burning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outrageous-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outrageous_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outrageous_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outrageous_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outrageous_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockell" class="citation news cs1">Brockell, Gillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113125409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/13/book-burning-history/">"Burning books: 6 outrageous, tragic and weird examples in history"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/13/book-burning-history/">the original</a> on 13 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Burning+books%3A+6+outrageous%2C+tragic+and+weird+examples+in+history&rft.aulast=Brockell&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2021%2F11%2F13%2Fbook-burning-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissoneault2017" class="citation news cs1">Boissoneault, Lorraine (31 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904210642/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-book-burning-printing-press-internet-archives-180964697/">"A Brief History of Book Burning, From the Printing Press to Internet Archives"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-book-burning-printing-press-internet-archives-180964697/">the original</a> on 4 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Book+Burning%2C+From+the+Printing+Press+to+Internet+Archives&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.aulast=Boissoneault&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fbrief-history-book-burning-printing-press-internet-archives-180964697%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frenemies-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frenemies_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sajic, Andrijana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/articles/book-lovers">"A Book's Best Frenemy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Met_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Met Museum">Met Museum</a>, 24 February 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301030738/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19922863">"Qin Shi Huang: The ruthless emperor who burned books"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19922863">the original</a> on 1 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Qin+Shi+Huang%3A+The+ruthless+emperor+who+burned+books&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-19922863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524154937/https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2491">"The First Emperor of China Destroys Most Records of the Past Along with 460, or More, Scholars"</a>. <i>History of Information</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2491">the original</a> on 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Information&rft.atitle=The+First+Emperor+of+China+Destroys+Most+Records+of+the+Past+Along+with+460%2C+or+More%2C+Scholars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofinformation.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D2491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#19:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 19:18–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanasius2010" class="citation web cs1">Athanasius (23 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fourthcentury.com/urkunde-33/">"Fourth Century Christianity » Part of an edict against Arius and his followers"</a>. <i>Fourth Century Christianity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Lutheran_College" title="Wisconsin Lutheran College">Wisconsin Lutheran College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819215807/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunde-33">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fourth+Century+Christianity&rft.atitle=Fourth+Century+Christianity+%C2%BB+Part+of+an+edict+against+Arius+and+his+followers&rft.date=2010-01-23&rft.au=Athanasius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourthcentury.com%2Furkunde-33%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels2003" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55641434"><i>Beyond belief : the secret Gospel of Thomas</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7908-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7908-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-7908-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55641434">55641434</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607185533/https://www.worldcat.org/title/beyond-belief-the-secret-gospel-of-thomas/oclc/55641434">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+belief+%3A+the+secret+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=176-177&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55641434&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7908-7&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55641434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html">"NPNF2-04. Athanasius: Select Works and Letters"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514223255/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPNF2-04.+Athanasius%3A+Select+Works+and+Letters&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth2006" class="citation book cs1">Knuth, Rebecca (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/440955600"><i>Burning books and leveling libraries : extremist violence and cultural destruction</i></a>. London: Praeger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275990077" title="Special:BookSources/9780275990077"><bdi>9780275990077</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/440955600">440955600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+books+and+leveling+libraries+%3A+extremist+violence+and+cultural+destruction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F440955600&rft.isbn=9780275990077&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F440955600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MACUNI-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MACUNI_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowningAtwellDowning" class="citation web cs1">Downing, Alison; Atwell, Brian; Downing, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bio.mq.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/plant-of-the-week-Sigesbeckia-orientalis.pdf">"<i>Sigesbeckia orientalis</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biology-Macquarie University</i>. Department of Biological Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119113531/http://bio.mq.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/plant-of-the-week-Sigesbeckia-orientalis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biology-Macquarie+University&rft.atitle=Sigesbeckia+orientalis&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Atwell%2C+Brian&rft.au=Downing%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbio.mq.edu.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2Fplant-of-the-week-Sigesbeckia-orientalis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTSOR-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JTSOR_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000368452">"Johann Georg Siegesbeck"</a>. <i>Global Plants</i>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214133319/https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000368452">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Plants&rft.atitle=Johann+Georg+Siegesbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5555%2Fal.ap.person.bm000368452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1774, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a>, reversed the ban and botanists were invited to present lectures on Linnaeus’ system at the Vatican (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bio.mq.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/plant-of-the-week-Sigesbeckia-orientalis.pdf">source</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm#fn1">"The Monks of Kublai Khan"</a>. Aina.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229064627/http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm#fn1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monks+of+Kublai+Khan&rft.pub=Aina.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fbooks%2Fmokk%2Fmokk.htm%23fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1911" class="citation web cs1">Chapman, John (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10755a.htm">"Nestorius and Nestorianism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904014035/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10755a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Nestorius+and+Nestorianism&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10755a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillanvan_EmdenBennettKerr1984" class="citation book cs1">McMillan, Duncan; van Emden, Wolfgang; Bennett, Philip E; Kerr, Alexander; Société Rencesvals (1984). <i>Guillaume d'Orange and the chanson de geste : essays presented to Duncan McMillan in celebration of his seventieth birthday by his friends and colleagues of the Société Rencesvals</i>. Reading: University of Reading. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7049-0927-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7049-0927-4"><bdi>978-0-7049-0927-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18225186">18225186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guillaume+d%27Orange+and+the+chanson+de+geste+%3A+essays+presented+to+Duncan+McMillan+in+celebration+of+his+seventieth+birthday+by+his+friends+and+colleagues+of+the+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Rencesvals&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=University+of+Reading&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18225186&rft.isbn=978-0-7049-0927-4&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=van+Emden%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Philip+E&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Rencesvals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1994" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32017316"><i>The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. David Womersley. London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9124-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9124-0"><bdi>0-7139-9124-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32017316">32017316</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607185545/https://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-roman-empire/oclc/32017316">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+decline+and+fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane%2C+Penguin+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32017316&rft.isbn=0-7139-9124-0&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32017316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodkinson1918" class="citation book cs1">Rodkinson, Michael Levi (1918). <i>The history of the Talmud, from the time of its formation, about 200 B. C</i>. Talmud Society. pp. 66–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Talmud%2C+from+the+time+of+its+formation%2C+about+200+B.+C.&rft.pages=66-75&rft.pub=Talmud+Society&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Rodkinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaccoby1982" class="citation book cs1">Maccoby, Hyam (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judaismontrialje00macc"><i>Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Associated University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838630532" title="Special:BookSources/9780838630532"><bdi>9780838630532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+on+Trial%3A+Jewish-Christian+Disputations+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780838630532&rft.aulast=Maccoby&rft.aufirst=Hyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudaismontrialje00macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFery2020" class="citation web cs1">Fery, Georges (23 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popular-archaeology.com/article/burning-the-maya-books-the-1562-tragedy-at-mani/">"Burning the Maya Books: The 1562 Tragedy at Mani"</a>. <i>Popular Archaeology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017011911/https://popular-archaeology.com/article/burning-the-maya-books-the-1562-tragedy-at-mani/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Burning+the+Maya+Books%3A+The+1562+Tragedy+at+Mani&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft.aulast=Fery&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopular-archaeology.com%2Farticle%2Fburning-the-maya-books-the-1562-tragedy-at-mani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203534"><i>The library : an illustrated history</i></a>. Nicholas A. Basbanes, American Library Association. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277203534">277203534</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407140537/https://www.worldcat.org/title/library-an-illustrated-history/oclc/277203534">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library+%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277203534&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F277203534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cressy, David (2005). "Book Burning in Tudor and Stuart England". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 359–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20477359">10.2307/20477359</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477359">20477359</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190209868">190209868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Book+Burning+in+Tudor+and+Stuart+England&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-374&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190209868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20477359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20477359&rft.aulast=Cressy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(literary_scholar)" title="Roger Pearson (literary scholar)">Pearson, Roger</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voltairealmighty00pear"><i>Voltaire Almighty: A Life in Pursuit of Freedom</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-630-4"><bdi>978-1-58234-630-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voltaire+Almighty%3A+A+Life+in+Pursuit+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58234-630-4&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoltairealmighty00pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds2007_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2007" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Donald E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nH-F0iGVO-AC"><i>Texas Terror: The Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South</i></a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807135341" title="Special:BookSources/9780807135341"><bdi>9780807135341</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646807069">646807069</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164815/https://books.google.com/books?id=nH-F0iGVO-AC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+Terror%3A+The+Slave+Insurrection+Panic+of+1860+and+the+Secession+of+the+Lower+South&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646807069&rft.isbn=9780807135341&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnH-F0iGVO-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/354/476.html">354 U.S. 476</a> (2d Cir. 1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-burning-of-the-books">"The Burning of the Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606224243/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-burning-of-the-books">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=The+Burning+of+the+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-burning-of-the-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419090858/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goebbels-burnings/">"Book Burnings in Germany, 1933"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goebbels-burnings/">the original</a> on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Book+Burnings+in+Germany%2C+1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgoebbels-burnings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishio2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Nishio" title="Kanji Nishio">Nishio, Kanji</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/427545621"><i>GHQ funsho tosho kaifū</i></a> (in Japanese). Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-19-862516-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-19-862516-0"><bdi>978-4-19-862516-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/427545621">427545621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GHQ+funsho+tosho+kaif%C5%AB&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Tokuma+Shoten&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F427545621&rft.isbn=978-4-19-862516-0&rft.aulast=Nishio&rft.aufirst=Kanji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F427545621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollen1907" class="citation web cs1">Pollen, John Hungerford (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01727c.htm">"The Spanish Armada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418143035/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01727c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Armada&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Pollen&rft.aufirst=John+Hungerford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01727c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acco-tour.50webs.com/SIDEMENU/aharonim/nahman.htm">"עכותור – מדריכי טיולים לעיר עכו ולכל הארץ | מדריך טיולים | מסלולי טיול לקבוצות עברית + צרפתית"</a>. Acco-tour.50webs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707064902/http://acco-tour.50webs.com/SIDEMENU/aharonim/nahman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8+%E2%80%93+%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95+%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%26%23124%3B+%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A+%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%26%23124%3B+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99+%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%2B+%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.pub=Acco-tour.50webs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facco-tour.50webs.com%2FSIDEMENU%2Faharonim%2Fnahman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gardner" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Martin (2000). <i>The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04847-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04847-6"><bdi>978-0-393-04847-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Alice%3A+The+Definitive+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04847-6&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoffman_(science_writer)" title="Paul Hoffman (science writer)">Hoffman, Paul</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wingsofmadnessal0000hoff"><i>Wings of Madness</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Books" title="Hachette Books">Hyperion Books</a>. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-8571-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-8571-8"><bdi>0-7868-8571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+of+Madness&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7868-8571-8&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwingsofmadnessal0000hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapin2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Japin" title="Arthur Japin">Japin, Arthur</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1063970649"><i>O homem com asas</i></a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by do Amaral, Cristiano Zwiesele. São Paulo: Planeta do Brasil. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-422-0754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-422-0754-5"><bdi>978-85-422-0754-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1063970649">1063970649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607185556/https://www.worldcat.org/title/homem-com-asas/oclc/1063970649">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+homem+com+asas&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Planeta+do+Brasil&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1063970649&rft.isbn=978-85-422-0754-5&rft.aulast=Japin&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1063970649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilpeläinen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kilpeläinen, Kari (1 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmq.fi/1995/12/sibelius-eight-what-happened-to-it/">"Sibelius Eight. What happened to it?"</a>. <i>Finnish Music Quarterly</i> (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0782-1069">0782-1069</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041724/http://www.fmq.fi/1995/12/sibelius-eight-what-happened-to-it/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finnish+Music+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sibelius+Eight.+What+happened+to+it%3F&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995-12-01&rft.issn=0782-1069&rft.aulast=Kilpel%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmq.fi%2F1995%2F12%2Fsibelius-eight-what-happened-to-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesa_Sir%C3%A9n" class="extiw" title="fi:Vesa Sirén">Sirén, Vesa</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span> (30 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122151341/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Is+this+the+sound+of+Sibeliuss+lost+Eighth+Symphony/1135269867060">"Is this the sound of Sibelius's lost Eighth Symphony?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat#Helsingin_Sanomat_International_Edition" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat International Edition</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1239-257X">1239-257X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Is+this+the+sound+of+Sibeliuss+lost+Eighth+Symphony/1135269867060">the original</a> on 22 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+sound+of+Sibelius%27s+lost+Eighth+Symphony%3F&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft.issn=1239-257X&rft.aulast=Sir%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Vesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2FIs%2Bthis%2Bthe%2Bsound%2Bof%2BSibeliuss%2Blost%2BEighth%2BSymphony%2F1135269867060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesa_Sir%C3%A9n" class="extiw" title="fi:Vesa Sirén">Sirén, Vesa</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span> (30 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217084022/http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/a1305548269034">"Soiko HS.fi:n videolla Sibeliuksen kadonnut sinfonia?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1239-257X">1239-257X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/a1305548269034">the original</a> on 17 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Soiko+HS.fi%3An+videolla+Sibeliuksen+kadonnut+sinfonia%3F&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft.issn=1239-257X&rft.aulast=Sir%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Vesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fa1305548269034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2012" class="citation news cs1">Stearns, David Patrick (3 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070221/http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-03/entertainment/30583650_1_finnish-composer-jean-sibelius-symphony-helsinki-philharmonic">"One last Sibelius symphony after all?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2165-1728">2165-1728</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-03/entertainment/30583650_1_finnish-composer-jean-sibelius-symphony-helsinki-philharmonic">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=One+last+Sibelius+symphony+after+all%3F&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft.issn=2165-1728&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=David+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2012-01-03%2Fentertainment%2F30583650_1_finnish-composer-jean-sibelius-symphony-helsinki-philharmonic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm">"The war and the destruction of the eighth symphony 1939–1945"</a>. <i>Jean Sibelius</i>. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208192801/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+war+and+the+destruction+of+the+eighth+symphony+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Alex (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/236120279"><i>The rest is noise : listening to the twentieth century</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-476-3"><bdi>978-1-84115-476-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/236120279">236120279</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607185533/https://www.worldcat.org/title/rest-is-noise-listening-to-the-twentieth-century/oclc/236120279">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rest+is+noise+%3A+listening+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F236120279&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-476-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F236120279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindskoog111-12-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindskoog111-12_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindskoog2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Lindskoog" title="Kathryn Lindskoog">Lindskoog, Kathryn Ann</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sleuthingcslewis0000lind"><i>Sleuthing C.S. Lewis: more Light in the shadowlands</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>. pp. 111–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865547308" title="Special:BookSources/9780865547308"><bdi>9780865547308</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45963041">45963041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleuthing+C.S.+Lewis%3A+more+Light+in+the+shadowlands&rft.pages=111-12&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45963041&rft.isbn=9780865547308&rft.aulast=Lindskoog&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsleuthingcslewis0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez, Omar Alberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/r/rangel-carlos/">"Rangel, Carlos | Fundación Empresas Polar"</a>. <i>Biblioteca de la Fundación Polar</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703124647/https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/r/rangel-carlos/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+de+la+Fundaci%C3%B3n+Polar&rft.atitle=Rangel%2C+Carlos+%7C+Fundaci%C3%B3n+Empresas+Polar&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Omar+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org%2Fdhv%2Fentradas%2Fr%2Frangel-carlos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillasmil-Prieto2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villasmil-Prieto, Gustavo J (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503065625/https://talcualdigital.com/el-profesor-judio-por-gustavo-j-villasmil-prieto/">"El profesor judío, por Gustavo J. Villasmil Prieto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tal_Cual" title="Tal Cual">Tal Cual</a></i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talcualdigital.com/el-profesor-judio-por-gustavo-j-villasmil-prieto/">the original</a> on 3 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tal+Cual&rft.atitle=El+profesor+jud%C3%ADo%2C+por+Gustavo+J.+Villasmil+Prieto&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.aulast=Villasmil-Prieto&rft.aufirst=Gustavo+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalcualdigital.com%2Fel-profesor-judio-por-gustavo-j-villasmil-prieto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-library-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-library_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2003" class="citation mailinglist cs1">O'Donnell, Jim (20 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211074306/https://library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0311/msg00071.html">"Patron saints"</a>. <i>liblicense-l@lists.yale.edu</i> (Mailing list). <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0311/msg00071.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patron+saints&rft.pub=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.yale.edu%2F~llicense%2FListArchives%2F0311%2Fmsg00071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutherPelikanOswaldLehmann1955" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Oswald, Hilton C; Lehmann, Helmut T; Brown, Christopher Boyd; Mayes, Benjamin T. G (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13839632"><i>Luther's Works</i></a>. Vol. 46. <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Publishing_House" title="Concordia Publishing House">Concordia Publishing House</a>. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-570-06410-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-570-06410-7"><bdi>978-0-570-06410-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13839632">13839632</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607002012/https://www.worldcat.org/title/luthers-works/oclc/13839632">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Works.&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13839632&rft.isbn=978-0-570-06410-7&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Pelikan%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Oswald%2C+Hilton+C&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Helmut+T&rft.au=Brown%2C+Christopher+Boyd&rft.au=Mayes%2C+Benjamin+T.+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F13839632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Brooks, Geraldine (3 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geraldinebrooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Korkut_near-final-pages.pdf">"The Book of Exodus: A Double Rescue in Wartime Sarajevo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828043237/http://geraldinebrooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Korkut_near-final-pages.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Exodus%3A+A+Double+Rescue+in+Wartime+Sarajevo&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeraldinebrooks.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F06%2FKorkut_near-final-pages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Martyn (2011). <i>Books:A Living History</i>. Los Angeles: J.Paul Getty Museum. pp. 200–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606060834" title="Special:BookSources/9781606060834"><bdi>9781606060834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books%3AA+Living+History&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=200-201&rft.pub=J.Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781606060834&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-destroyed-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-destroyed_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-destroyed_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2018" class="citation web cs1">Kirsch, Adam (6 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022091129/https://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/kafka-wanted-all-his-work-destroyed-after-his-death-or-did-he-20180906-h14zsd">"Kafka wanted all his work destroyed after his death. Or did he?"</a>. <i>Financial Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/kafka-wanted-all-his-work-destroyed-after-his-death-or-did-he-20180906-h14zsd#:~:text=Before%20he%20died%2C%20Kafka%20had,including%20his%20letters%20and%20diaries.">the original</a> on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Review&rft.atitle=Kafka+wanted+all+his+work+destroyed+after+his+death.+Or+did+he%3F&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Flife-and-luxury%2Farts-and-culture%2Fkafka-wanted-all-his-work-destroyed-after-his-death-or-did-he-20180906-h14zsd%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBefore%2520he%2520died%252C%2520Kafka%2520had%2Cincluding%2520his%2520letters%2520and%2520diaries.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Mendelsohn, Daniel (8 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122550/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/15/is-the-aeneid-a-celebration-of-empire-or-a-critique">"Is The Aeneid a Celebration of Empire - or a Critique?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/15/is-the-aeneid-a-celebration-of-empire-or-a-critique">the original</a> on 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Is+The+Aeneid+a+Celebration+of+Empire+-+or+a+Critique%3F&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F10%2F15%2Fis-the-aeneid-a-celebration-of-empire-or-a-critique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka1967" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Franz (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1023834801"><i>Das Schloss: roman</i></a>. New York: Schocken Books. Publisher's note. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023834801">1023834801</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607002029/https://www.worldcat.org/title/das-schloss-roman/oclc/1023834801">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Schloss%3A+roman.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Publisher%27s+note&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1023834801&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1023834801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatuman2010" class="citation web cs1">Batuman, Elif (22 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118161517/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/magazine/26kafka-t.html">"Kafka's Last Trial"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/magazine/26kafka-t.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kafka%27s+Last+Trial&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft.aulast=Batuman&rft.aufirst=Elif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F26%2Fmagazine%2F26kafka-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabegger2001" class="citation book cs1">Habegger, Alfred (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mywarsarelaidawa00habe"><i>My Wars Are Laid Away in Books: The Life of Emily Dickinson</i></a></span>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mywarsarelaidawa00habe/page/n651">604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679449867" title="Special:BookSources/9780679449867"><bdi>9780679449867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Wars+Are+Laid+Away+in+Books%3A+The+Life+of+Emily+Dickinson&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780679449867&rft.aulast=Habegger&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmywarsarelaidawa00habe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr1996" class="citation book cs1">Farr, Judith, ed. (1996). <i>Emily Dickinson: A Collection of Critical Essays</i>. Prentice Hall International Paperback Editions. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-033524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-033524-1"><bdi>978-0-13-033524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emily+Dickinson%3A+A+Collection+of+Critical+Essays&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+International+Paperback+Editions&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-13-033524-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsharp2011" class="citation web cs1">sharp, Rob (4 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305170411/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/rescued-from-the-bonfire-the-lost-work-of-c-s-lewis-2231809.html">"Rescued from the bonfire, the lost work of C S Lewis"</a>. <i>Independent</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/rescued-from-the-bonfire-the-lost-work-of-c-s-lewis-2231809.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Rescued+from+the+bonfire%2C+the+lost+work+of+C+S+Lewis&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft.aulast=sharp&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Fnews%2Frescued-from-the-bonfire-the-lost-work-of-c-s-lewis-2231809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafarzade2006" class="citation web cs1">Jafarzade, Aziza (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai141_folder/141_articles/141_aziza_jafarzade.html">"14.1 - Memoirs of 1937 - Burning Our Books - The Arabic Script Goes Up in Flames"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan International</i>. United States. vol. 14:1 pp. 24-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102144750/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai141_folder/141_articles/141_aziza_jafarzade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=14.1+-+Memoirs+of+1937+-+Burning+Our+Books+-+The+Arabic+Script+Goes+Up+in+Flames&rft.pages=vol.+14%3A1+pp.+24-25&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jafarzade&rft.aufirst=Aziza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2Fai141_folder%2F141_articles%2F141_aziza_jafarzade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustamov1999" class="citation web cs1">Rustamov, Asaf (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_english/73_folder/73_articles/73_justforkids.html">"7.3 The Day They Burnt Our Books"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan International</i>. United States. vol 7:3 pp. 74-75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928201715/http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_english/73_folder/73_articles/73_justforkids.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=7.3+The+Day+They+Burnt+Our+Books&rft.pages=vol+7%3A3+pp.+74-75&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rustamov&rft.aufirst=Asaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazeri.org%2FAzeri%2Faz_english%2F73_folder%2F73_articles%2F73_justforkids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Baker, Kenneth (9 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/burning-books">"Burning Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. Vol. 66, no. 9. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914143329/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/burning-books">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Burning+Books&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fburning-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramos, Jorge (12 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/ditadura-vargas-incinerou-em-praca-publica-1640-livros-de-jorge-amado/">"Ditadura Vargas incinerou em praça pública 1.640 livros de Jorge Amado"</a>. <i>Jornal Correio</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203012217/https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/ditadura-vargas-incinerou-em-praca-publica-1640-livros-de-jorge-amado/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jornal+Correio&rft.atitle=Ditadura+Vargas+incinerou+em+pra%C3%A7a+p%C3%BAblica+1.640+livros+de+Jorge+Amado&rft.date=2012-08-12&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.correio24horas.com.br%2Fnoticia%2Fnid%2Fditadura-vargas-incinerou-em-praca-publica-1640-livros-de-jorge-amado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShih2019" class="citation news cs1">Shih, Gerry (9 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-china-library-officials-burn-books-that-diverge-from-communist-party-ideology/2019/12/09/5563ee46-1a43-11ea-977a-15a6710ed6da_story.html">"China's library officials are burning books that diverge from Communist Party ideology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209220928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-china-library-officials-burn-books-that-diverge-from-communist-party-ideology/2019/12/09/5563ee46-1a43-11ea-977a-15a6710ed6da_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+library+officials+are+burning+books+that+diverge+from+Communist+Party+ideology&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.aulast=Shih&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Fin-china-library-officials-burn-books-that-diverge-from-communist-party-ideology%2F2019%2F12%2F09%2F5563ee46-1a43-11ea-977a-15a6710ed6da_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times2006-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times2006_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2006" class="citation news cs1">Keating, Sara (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2006/0127/1137626807241.html">"Bringing tales of the tailor back home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022185623/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2006/0127/1137626807241.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Bringing+tales+of+the+tailor+back+home&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Ffeatures%2F2006%2F0127%2F1137626807241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDP-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IDP_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharaf1956" class="citation news cs1">Sharaf (13 July 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722185249/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/07/13/archives/book-order-appealed-liberties-unit-asks-us-not-to-destroy-reichs.html">"BOOK ORDER APPEALED; Liberties Unit Asks U.S. Not to Destroy Reich's Writings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. pp. 419, 460–461. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1956/07/13/archives/book-order-appealed-liberties-unit-asks-us-not-to-destroy-reichs.html">the original</a></span> on 22 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BOOK+ORDER+APPEALED%3B+Liberties+Unit+Asks+U.S.+Not+to+Destroy+Reich%27s+Writings&rft.pages=419%2C+460-461&rft.date=1956-07-13&rft.au=Sharaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1956%2F07%2F13%2Farchives%2Fbook-order-appealed-liberties-unit-asks-us-not-to-destroy-reichs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silver-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silver_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2005" class="citation web cs1">Silver, Zachary (3 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/3610/a-look-back-at-a-different-book-burning/">"A Look Back at a Different Book Burning"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817124740/https://forward.com/culture/3610/a-look-back-at-a-different-book-burning/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=A+Look+Back+at+a+Different+Book+Burning&rft.date=2005-06-03&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F3610%2Fa-look-back-at-a-different-book-burning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/fantomet-paa-baalet-1955/">"Fantomet på bålet 1955"</a>. <i>danmarkshistorien.dk</i> (in Danish). <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a>. 9 April 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232901/http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/fantomet-paa-baalet-1955/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danmarkshistorien.dk&rft.atitle=Fantomet+p%C3%A5+b%C3%A5let+1955&rft.date=1940-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanmarkshistorien.dk%2Fleksikon-og-kilder%2Fvis%2Fmateriale%2Ffantomet-paa-baalet-1955%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Greenhalgh, Raphael Diego (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brapci.inf.br/index.php/res/download/148044">"Os livros e a censura em Brasília durante a Ditadura Militar (1964-1985)"</a> [Books and Censorship in Brasília during the Military Dictatorship (1964-1985)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Informação & Sociedade: Estudos</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <b>30</b> (3): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22478%2Fufpb.1809-4783.2020v30n3.52231">10.22478/ufpb.1809-4783.2020v30n3.52231</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524150713/https://brapci.inf.br/index.php/res/download/148044">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%26+Sociedade%3A+Estudos&rft.atitle=Os+livros+e+a+censura+em+Bras%C3%ADlia+durante+a+Ditadura+Militar+%281964-1985%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22478%2Fufpb.1809-4783.2020v30n3.52231&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Raphael+Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrapci.inf.br%2Findex.php%2Fres%2Fdownload%2F148044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouring_club_italiano1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Touring club italiano (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863551761"><i>Roma e dintorni</i></a> (in Italian). Milano: Touring Club italiano. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863551761">863551761</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607002020/https://www.worldcat.org/title/roma-e-dintorni/oclc/863551761">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+e+dintorni&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Touring+Club+italiano&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863551761&rft.au=Touring+club+italiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F863551761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosmajian2006" class="citation book cs1">Bosmajian, Haig (2006). <i>Burning Books</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786422081" title="Special:BookSources/9780786422081"><bdi>9780786422081</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62697065">62697065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+Books&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62697065&rft.isbn=9780786422081&rft.aulast=Bosmajian&rft.aufirst=Haig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2010" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Daniel (10 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-books-have-been-burning-1.887172">"The books have been burning"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607185511/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-books-have-been-burning-1.887172">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=The+books+have+been+burning&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fthe-books-have-been-burning-1.887172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1984" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Jorge (1 April 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064228408533696">"Books in Chile"</a>. <i>Index on Censorship</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 20–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064228408533696">10.1080/03064228408533696</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4220">0306-4220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144952930">144952930</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607002004/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064228408533696">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=Books+in+Chile&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=1984-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144952930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-4220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03064228408533696&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1080%2F03064228408533696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrain2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrain, Charles F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811384331"><i>Political change in the Third World</i></a>. 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Fairfax Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181015092108/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/self-styled-healer-serge-benhayon-leads-socially-harmful-cult-jury-20181010-p508ux.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada.ca&rft.atitle=Des+%C3%A9coles+d%C3%A9truisent+5000+livres+jug%C3%A9s+n%C3%A9fastes+aux+Autochtones%2C+dont+Tintin+et+Ast%C3%A9rix&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft.aulast=Gerbet&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F1817537%2Flivres-autochtones-bibliotheques-ecoles-tintin-asterix-ontario-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-books-idUSKBN246072">"Democracy activists' books unavailable in Hong Kong libraries after new law"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 5 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606190958/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-books-idUSKBN246072">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Democracy+activists%27+books+unavailable+in+Hong+Kong+libraries+after+new+law&rft.date=2020-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-hongkong-protests-books-idUSKBN246072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2021" class="citation news cs1">Cheng, Selina (21 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2021/11/21/hong-kong-public-libraries-purge-29-titles-about-the-tiananmen-massacre-from-their-shelves/">"Exclusive: Hong Kong public libraries purge 29 titles about the Tiananmen Massacre from the shelves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Hong+Kong+public+libraries+purge+29+titles+about+the+Tiananmen+Massacre+from+the+shelves&rft.date=2021-11-21&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Selina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2021%2F11%2F21%2Fhong-kong-public-libraries-purge-29-titles-about-the-tiananmen-massacre-from-their-shelves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2022" class="citation news cs1">Li, Almond (6 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2022/06/06/hong-kong-schools-should-remove-books-that-endanger-national-security-education-secretary-says/">"Hong Kong schools should remove books that endanger national security, education secretary says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220606145113/https://hongkongfp.com/2022/06/06/hong-kong-schools-should-remove-books-that-endanger-national-security-education-secretary-says/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+schools+should+remove+books+that+endanger+national+security%2C+education+secretary+says&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Almond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2022%2F06%2F06%2Fhong-kong-schools-should-remove-books-that-endanger-national-security-education-secretary-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChau2022" class="citation news cs1">Chau, Candice (7 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2022/04/07/hong-kong-govt-refuses-to-say-which-library-books-are-banned-under-national-security-law/">"Hong Kong gov't refuses to say which library books are banned under national security law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220407035503/https://hongkongfp.com/2022/04/07/hong-kong-govt-refuses-to-say-which-library-books-are-banned-under-national-security-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+gov%27t+refuses+to+say+which+library+books+are+banned+under+national+security+law&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft.aulast=Chau&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2022%2F04%2F07%2Fhong-kong-govt-refuses-to-say-which-library-books-are-banned-under-national-security-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/04/book-burning-harry-potter-twilight-us-pastor-tennessee">"Tennessee pastor leads burning of Harry Potter and Twilight novels"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 4 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201181359/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/04/book-burning-harry-potter-twilight-us-pastor-tennessee">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tennessee+pastor+leads+burning+of+Harry+Potter+and+Twilight+novels&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fbook-burning-harry-potter-twilight-us-pastor-tennessee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patch.com/virginia/fredericksburg/book-burning-urged-spotsylvania-county-school-board-members">"Book Burning Urged By Spotsylvania School Board Members"</a>. <i>Fredericksburg, VA Patch</i>. 10 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201181400/https://patch.com/virginia/fredericksburg/book-burning-urged-spotsylvania-county-school-board-members">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fredericksburg%2C+VA+Patch&rft.atitle=Book+Burning+Urged+By+Spotsylvania+School+Board+Members&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fvirginia%2Ffredericksburg%2Fbook-burning-urged-spotsylvania-county-school-board-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2021" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Timothy [@bubbaprog] (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/bubbaprog/status/1458521438269366283">"You need to *see* and *hear* the Virginia elected officials set forth their plan to burn books they oppose — one of which the American Library Association named a "Best Book for Young Adults" This nation's march toward fascism is turning into a full sprint. https://t.co/jgmfSaAHGU"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218121205/https://twitter.com/bubbaprog/status/1458521438269366283">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+need+to+%2Asee%2A+and+%2Ahear%2A+the+Virginia+elected+officials+set+forth+their+plan+to+burn+books+they+oppose+%E2%80%94+one+of+which+the+American+Library+Association+named+a+%22Best+Book+for+Young+Adults%22+This+nation%27s+march+toward+fascism+is+turning+into+a+full+sprint.+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FjgmfSaAHGU&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fbubbaprog%2Fstatus%2F1458521438269366283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayless2023" class="citation web cs1">Bayless, Kacen (18 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article279475914.html">"Republican candidate for Missouri governor vows to burn books after viral flamethrower video"</a>. <i>Kansas City Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230918181125/https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article279475914.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Republican+candidate+for+Missouri+governor+vows+to+burn+books+after+viral+flamethrower+video&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft.aulast=Bayless&rft.aufirst=Kacen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-government%2Farticle279475914.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/in-mariupol-the-occupiers-burned-all-the-books-from-the-library-of-the-church-of-petro-mohyla/">"In Mariupol, the occupiers burned all the books from the library of the church of Petro Mohyla"</a>. <i>National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601185654/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/in-mariupol-the-occupiers-burned-all-the-books-from-the-library-of-the-church-of-petro-mohyla/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+the+Holodomor-Genocide&rft.atitle=In+Mariupol%2C+the+occupiers+burned+all+the+books+from+the+library+of+the+church+of+Petro+Mohyla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fin-mariupol-the-occupiers-burned-all-the-books-from-the-library-of-the-church-of-petro-mohyla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chytomo.com/en/occupants-throw-away-books-from-the-university-library-in-mariupol/">"Occupants throw away books from the university library in Mariupol"</a>. <i>chytomo.com</i>. 25 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601185654/https://chytomo.com/en/occupants-throw-away-books-from-the-university-library-in-mariupol/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chytomo.com&rft.atitle=Occupants+throw+away+books+from+the+university+library+in+Mariupol&rft.date=2023-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchytomo.com%2Fen%2Foccupants-throw-away-books-from-the-university-library-in-mariupol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/04/02/russian-occupiers-launch-war-on-ukrainian-history-burning-books-and-destroying-archives/">"Russian occupiers launch war on Ukrainian history, burning books and destroying archives"</a>. <i>Euromaidan Press</i>. April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529130200/https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/04/02/russian-occupiers-launch-war-on-ukrainian-history-burning-books-and-destroying-archives/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromaidan+Press&rft.atitle=Russian+occupiers+launch+war+on+Ukrainian+history%2C+burning+books+and+destroying+archives&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuromaidanpress.com%2F2022%2F04%2F02%2Frussian-occupiers-launch-war-on-ukrainian-history-burning-books-and-destroying-archives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615224715/http://www.harjas.com/downloads/Press_Release_BC_Sikh_Community_March30.pdf">"Press Release BC Sikh Community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Harjas.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harjas.com/downloads/Press_Release_BC_Sikh_Community_March30.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release+BC+Sikh+Community&rft.pub=Harjas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harjas.com%2Fdownloads%2FPress_Release_BC_Sikh_Community_March30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007130434/http://www.sikhnn.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=383">"Seva After A One-Two Hurricane Punch"</a>. <i>Sikh News Network</i>. 27 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhnn.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=383">the original</a> on 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sikh+News+Network&rft.atitle=Seva+After+A+One-Two+Hurricane+Punch&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhnn.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur" class="citation web cs1">Kaur, Gurmeet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328065850/http://www.unitedsikhs.org/ghanaia/0121051.html">"on the Nicobar Islands after the 2004 tsunami"</a>. <i>GHANAIA</i>. end of the page. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedsikhs.org/ghanaia/0121051.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GHANAIA&rft.atitle=on+the+Nicobar+Islands+after+the+2004+tsunami&rft.pages=end+of+the+page&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Gurmeet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedsikhs.org%2Fghanaia%2F0121051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110133818/http://www.mrsikhnet.com/2006/01/happiness-and-siri-guru-granth-sahib_09.html">"Blog query about an accumulation of download printouts of Sikh sacred text"</a>. Mrsikhnet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrsikhnet.com/2006/01/happiness-and-siri-guru-granth-sahib_09.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blog+query+about+an+accumulation+of+download+printouts+of+Sikh+sacred+text&rft.pub=Mrsikhnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrsikhnet.com%2F2006%2F01%2Fhappiness-and-siri-guru-granth-sahib_09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervantes" class="citation book cs1">Cervantes, Miguel de. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Don_Quixote/Volume_1/Chapter_VI"><i>Don Quixote</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172110/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Don_Quixote/Volume_1/Chapter_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+Quixote&rft.aulast=Cervantes&rft.aufirst=Miguel+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDon_Quixote%2FVolume_1%2FChapter_VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romera-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romera_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romera_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomera2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romera, Ángel (March 2005). Aguirre, Joaquín María (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webs.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero29/escrutin.html">"Escrutinio de donosos escrutinios. Estela de los bibliocaustos generados por un capítulo de Don Quijote"</a>. <i>Espéculo</i> (in Spanish) (29). Madrid: Universidad Complutense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081830/http://webs.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero29/escrutin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esp%C3%A9culo&rft.atitle=Escrutinio+de+donosos+escrutinios.+Estela+de+los+bibliocaustos+generados+por+un+cap%C3%ADtulo+de+Don+Quijote&rft.issue=29&rft.date=2005-03&rft.aulast=Romera&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebs.ucm.es%2Finfo%2Fespeculo%2Fnumero29%2Fescrutin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peña-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peña_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeña2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peña, Manuel (30 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/viewFile/127/129">"El "donoso y grande escrutinio" o las caras de la censura"</a> [The "diverting and important scrutiny" or the faces of censorship]. <i>Hispania</i> (in Spanish). <b>65</b> (221). CSIC: 939–955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fhispania.2005.v65.i221">10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023160515/http://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/viewFile/127/129">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=El+%22donoso+y+grande+escrutinio%22+o+las+caras+de+la+censura&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=221&rft.pages=939-955&rft.date=2005-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fhispania.2005.v65.i221&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhispania.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fhispania%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F127%2F129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2010" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (10 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/10/book-burning-quran-history-nazis">"Book-burning: fanning the flames of hatred"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301092101/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/10/book-burning-quran-history-nazis">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Book-burning%3A+fanning+the+flames+of+hatred&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Fsep%2F10%2Fbook-burning-quran-history-nazis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtavia2023" class="citation news cs1">Artavia, David (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/footloose-screenwriter-movies-book-burn-ban-lgbtq-black-222132819.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Footloose' screenwriter says movie's book-burning scene was 'rewriting the status quo.' Nearly 4 decades later, he's 'still waiting for the climate to change.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=%27Footloose%27+screenwriter+says+movie%27s+book-burning+scene+was+%27rewriting+the+status+quo.%27+Nearly+4+decades+later%2C+he%27s+%27still+waiting+for+the+climate+to+change.%E2%80%99&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.aulast=Artavia&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Ffootloose-screenwriter-movies-book-burn-ban-lgbtq-black-222132819.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2020" class="citation web cs1">Cooke, Rachel (31 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/31/burning-the-books-by-richard-ovenden-review-the-libraries-we-have-lost">"Burning the Books by Richard Ovenden review – the libraries we have lost"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607002006/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/31/burning-the-books-by-richard-ovenden-review-the-libraries-we-have-lost">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Burning+the+Books+by+Richard+Ovenden+review+%E2%80%93+the+libraries+we+have+lost&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Faug%2F31%2Fburning-the-books-by-richard-ovenden-review-the-libraries-we-have-lost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Book_burning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Book burning">Book burning</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Book_burning" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Book burning">Book burning</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003164510/http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/74/3/593">"On Book Burnings and Book Burners: Reflections on the Power (and Powerlessness) of Ideas"</a> by Hans J. Hillerbrand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkAXPuObVBUC&q=Burning+books+By+Haig+A.+Bosmajian">"Burning books"</a> by Haig A. Bosmajian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706180619/http://www.freedomtoread.ca/links_and_resources/bannings_and_burnings.asp">"Bannings and burnings in history"</a> – Book and Periodical Council (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-books-have-been-burning-1.887172">"The books have been burning: timeline"</a> by Daniel Schwartz, CBC News. 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Damage,_destruction_and_looting_of_art_and_cultural_heritage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template talk:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Damage,_destruction_and_looting_of_art_and_cultural_heritage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Damage, <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human-<br />caused</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan" title="Destruction of art in Afghanistan">Destruction of art</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Memorial_Museum#2024_vandalism" title="Bangabandhu Memorial Museum">Bangabandhu Memorial Museum attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artworks_damaged,_destroyed_or_stolen_during_the_2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack" title="Artworks damaged, destroyed or stolen during the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack">Artworks lost or damaged in the 2023 Congress attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_in_Canada_removed_in_2020%E2%80%932022" title="Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022">Monuments removed in 2020–2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Destruction of the Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Iconoclasm during the French Revolution">Iconoclasm during the French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Bombing of Dresden</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_statues_in_Tehran,_2010" title="Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010">Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Mosul_Museum_artifacts" title="Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts">Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Irish_country_houses_(1919%E2%80%931923)" title="Destruction of Irish country houses (1919–1923)">Destruction of country houses, 1919–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Destruction of the Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kosovo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Albanian heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Serbian heritage</a></li></ul></li> <li>Middle East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_damaged_by_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_during_the_21st_century" title="List of monuments damaged by conflict in the Middle East during the 21st century">Damage to heritage sites in 21st-century conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Damage to heritage sites in the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">Destruction of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_looting_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II looting of Poland">Looting in World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Saudi Arabia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_landmarks_in_Spain" title="List of destroyed landmarks in Spain">Destroyed landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damage to heritage sites during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_damaged_cultural_sites_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of damaged cultural sites during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Damage to heritage sites during the Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_country_houses_in_20th-century_Britain" title="Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain">20th-century destruction of country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="List of demolished buildings and structures in London">Demolished buildings and structures in London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="List of demolished churches in the City of London">Churches in the City of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_destroyed_in_the_Great_Fire_of_London_and_not_rebuilt" title="List of churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt">Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_formerly_in_London" title="List of public art formerly in London">Public art formerly in London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage_of_the_United_States" title="List of destroyed heritage of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">Artworks lost or damaged in the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_museums" title="Category:Attacks on museums">Attacks on museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">Destroyed libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery" title="Grave robbery">Grave robbery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_snatching" title="Body snatching">Body snatching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_destroyed_by_war" title="Category:Museums destroyed by war">Museums destroyed by war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Napoleonic looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_looted_by_Napoleonic_armies" title="List of art looted by Napoleonic armies">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_voluntarily_demolished_buildings" title="List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings">Tallest voluntarily demolished buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_during_World_War_II" title="Art theft and looting during World War II">Art theft and looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_claims_for_restitution_for_Nazi-looted_art" title="List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art">Restitution claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_looting_of_artworks_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh">Works by Vincent van Gogh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_damaged_during_World_War_II" title="List of libraries damaged during World War II">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_damage_resulting_from_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" title="Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">Library damage in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting" title="Archaeological looting">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_destruction" title="Art destruction">Art destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft" title="Art theft">Art theft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_artworks" title="Lost artworks">Lost artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looted_art" title="Looted art">Looted art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_of_art" title="Vandalism of art">Vandalism of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_negationism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Falsification_of_history" title="Template talk:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_negationism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_falsification" title="Knowledge falsification">Knowledge falsification</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textbook_controversies" title="Category:Textbook controversies">school textbook controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <br />denial of <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a><br />and atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Atrocities against Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs during WWII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Wikipedia controversy">Croatian Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#Media_coverage_in_Myanmar" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holocaust" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_victim_theory" title="Austria victim theory">Austria victim theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Clean <i>Wehrmacht</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rommel_myth" title="Rommel myth">Rommel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Speer_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Speer myth">Speer myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005"><i>Sonderaktion</i> 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other whitewashing<br />of governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba_de_ayer" title="Cuba de ayer">Cuba de ayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth" title="Czechoslovak myth">Czechoslovak myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">Denial of state terrorism in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood_theory" title="Driftwood theory">Driftwood theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos apologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil (page does not exist)">Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_da_ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Negacionismo da ditadura militar brasileira">pt</a>]</span> / <a href="/wiki/Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book burnings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe#Political_implications" title="Great Zimbabwe">Censorship of Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li>Destruction of cultural heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Izbrisani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">Like sheep to the slaughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_success_story" title="Cuban success story">Myth of the golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time hypothesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pseudohistory_Theory" title="Western Pseudohistory Theory">Western Pseudohistory Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">Territorial losses of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azerbaijan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Destruction of Armenian heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Cemetery in Julfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Разрушение армянского наследия в Нахиджеване">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Nizami Ganjavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_Langemarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of Langemarck (page does not exist)">Myth of Langemarck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_von_Langemarck" class="extiw" title="de:Mythos von Langemarck">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel / Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Denial of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union">Denial of Crimean Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">ASİMKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Causes_of_the_War" title="Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War">Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODOH" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOH">CODOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Voice" title="Dalit Voice">Dalit Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt" title="Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt">Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed" title="A Town Betrayed">A Town Betrayed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada" title="A Verdade Sufocada">A Verdade Sufocada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun" title="Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun">Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by <i>The Sun</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatline_(B.o.B_song)" title="Flatline (B.o.B song)">Flatline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folk_og_Land" title="Folk og Land">Folk og Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People" title="A History of the Palestinian People">A History of the Palestinian People (2017)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hoax_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Hoax of the Twentieth Century">The Hoax of the Twentieth Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_More_Than_a_Wolf_Whistle" title="I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle">I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" title="The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant" title="The Ottoman Lieutenant">The Ottoman Lieutenant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt_Verlag" title="Arndt Verlag">Arndt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa Verlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Statute law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Zundel" title="R v Zundel">R v Zundel</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France" title="Lehideux and Isorni v France">Lehideux and Isorni v France</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">Irving v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical misconception">Historical misconceptions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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