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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_of_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_of_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Outside of Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_of_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_to_the_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_to_the_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1970s to the present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chinese settlements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chinese_settlements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chinese settlements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chinese_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Settlement pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town-Scape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town-Scape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Town-Scape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town-Scape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benevolent_and_business_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benevolent_and_business_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Benevolent and business associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benevolent_and_business_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Australia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_notable_temples_in_Chinatowns_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_notable_temples_in_Chinatowns_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_notable_temples_in_Chinatowns_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinatown</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الحي الصيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحي الصيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriu_chinu" title="Barriu chinu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barriu chinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99si" title="Çin qəsəbəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin qəsəbəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-l%C3%A2ng-ke" title="Tn̂g-lâng-ke – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tn̂g-lâng-ke" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barri_xin%C3%A8s" title="Barri xinès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barri xinès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiinalinn" title="Hiinalinn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiinalinn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_chino" title="Barrio chino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barrio chino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_kvartalo" title="Ĉina kvartalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina kvartalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="محله چینی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محله چینی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartier_chinois" title="Quartier chinois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quartier chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B4" title="차이나타운 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차이나타운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չինական արվարձան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինական արվարձան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecinan" title="Pecinan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pecinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnahverfi" title="Kínahverfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínahverfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="צ'יינטאון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'יינטאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чайнатаун – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чайнатаун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_kvart%C4%81ls" title="Ķīniešu kvartāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīniešu kvartāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kvartalas" title="Kinų kvartalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinų kvartalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_negyed" title="Kínai negyed – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai negyed" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainat%C4%81one" title="Hainatāone – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hainatāone" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_Cina" title="Pekan Cina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pekan Cina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng-%C3%ACng-g%C4%83%CC%A4" title="Dòng-ìng-gă̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dòng-ìng-gă̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_(stadswijk)" title="Chinatown (stadswijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinatown (stadswijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%A1%97" title="中華街 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華街" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_(dzielnica)" title="Chinatown (dzielnica) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chinatown (dzielnica)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Китайский квартал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайский квартал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чайнатаун – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чайнатаун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گەڕەکی چینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەڕەکی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chinatown" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சீன நகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன நகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic enclave of expatriate Chinese persons</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Little China" redirects here. For the ideology, see <a href="/wiki/Little_China_(ideology)" title="Little China (ideology)">Little China (ideology)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chinatown (disambiguation)">Chinatown (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinatown</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_-_East_Broadway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chinatown_-_East_Broadway.jpg/220px-Chinatown_-_East_Broadway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chinatown_-_East_Broadway.jpg/330px-Chinatown_-_East_Broadway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chinatown_-_East_Broadway.jpg/440px-Chinatown_-_East_Broadway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="2263" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>'s Manhattan <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a> has the highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">Chinese people</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manhattan_Chinatown_Largest_Concentration_Chinese_Western_Hemisphere_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manhattan_Chinatown_Largest_Concentration_Chinese_Western_Hemisphere-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fact-sheet_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-sheet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:唐人街">唐人街</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> people street"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tángrénjiē</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄊㄤˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄝ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tʻang<sup>2</sup> jen<sup>2</sup> chieh<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰǎŋ.ɻə̌n.tɕjé]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Daon<sup>平</sup> nin<sup>平</sup> ka<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Tòhngyàhngāai</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Tong4 jan4 gaai1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʰɔŋ˩ jɐn˩ kaj˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tông-jîn-ke</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Tòng-ìng-kĕ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:中國城">中國城</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国城</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"China-town"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguóchéng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄥˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chung<sup>1</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup> chʻeng<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> zen<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jūnggwoksìhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Zung1 gwok3 sing4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊŋ˥.kʷɔk̚˧.sɪŋ˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tiong-kok-siânn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Dŭng-guók-siàng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Second alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9F%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:華埠">華埠</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">华埠</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Huaxia" title="Huaxia">Chinese</a> district"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Huábù</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄅㄨˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hua<sup>2</sup> pu<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xwǎ.pû]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Gho<sup>平</sup> bu<sup>去</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Wàhfauh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Waa4 fau6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wa˩ fɐw˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hôa-bú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Huà-pú</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinatowns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Africa" title="Chinatowns in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_Americas" title="Chinatowns in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Canada" title="Chinatowns in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatowns in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_United_States" title="Chinatowns in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Asia" title="Chinatowns in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Europe" title="Chinatowns in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Oceania" title="Chinatowns in Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Australia" title="Chinatowns in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinatown" title="Template:Chinatown"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinatown" title="Template talk:Chinatown"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinatown" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinatown"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinatown</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">唐人街</span>) is the catch-all name for an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> located outside <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a>, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as "Chinatown" exist throughout the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. </p><p>The development of most Chinatowns typically resulted from <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">human migration</a> to an area without any or with few Chinese residents. <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, established in 1594, is recognized as the world's oldest Chinatown. Notable early examples outside Asia include <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Melbourne" title="Chinatown, Melbourne">Chinatown</a> in Australia, which were founded in the early 1850s during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victoria</a> gold rushes, respectively. A more modern example, in <a href="/wiki/Montville,_Connecticut" title="Montville, Connecticut">Montville, Connecticut</a>, was caused by the displacement of Chinese workers in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">New York's Manhattan Chinatown</a> following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11th attacks</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a> defines "Chinatown" as "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>a district of any non-Asian town, especially a city or <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a>, in which the population is predominantly of Chinese origin".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Chinatowns may have little to do with China.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some "Vietnamese" enclaves are in fact a city's "second Chinatown", and some Chinatowns are in fact <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Asian">pan-Asian</a>, meaning they could also be counted as a <a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatown</a> or <a href="/wiki/Little_India" title="Little India">Little India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example includes <a href="/wiki/Asiatown,_Cleveland" title="Asiatown, Cleveland">Asiatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. It was initially referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinatown,_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Chinatown, Cleveland">Chinatown</a> but was subsequently renamed due to the influx of non-Chinese <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> who opened businesses there. Today the district acts as a unifying factor for the Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Nepalese and Thai communities of Cleveland.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further ambiguities with the term can include Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">ethnoburbs</a> which by definition are "...<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a> ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan areas<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> blurs the line further by categorizing very different Chinatowns such as <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown, Manhattan</a>, which exists in an urban setting as "traditional"; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_enclaves_in_the_San_Gabriel_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley">Monterey Park's Chinatown</a>, which exists in a "suburban" setting (and labeled as such); and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Austin">Austin, Texas's Chinatown</a>, which is in essence a "fabricated" Chinese-themed mall. This contrasts with narrower definitions, where the term only described Chinatown in a city setting.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">Trading centers</a> populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughout <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a> to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peking">Treaty of Peking</a> (1860), which opened China's borders to free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastal <a href="/wiki/Chinese_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese province">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (Canton, Kwangtung) and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (Fukien, Hokkien) in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern China">southeastern China</a> – where the people generally speak <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Toishanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> (Chiuchow) and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a> to North America originated from four counties called <a href="/wiki/Sze_Yup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sze Yup">Sze Yup</a>, located west of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province, making Toishanese a dominant <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Canada_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatowns in Canada and the United States">Chinatowns in Canada and the United States</a>. </p><p>As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, which was to provide a transitional place into a new culture. As net migration has slowed into them, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binondo,Manilajf0231_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Binondo%2CManilajf0231_16.JPG/250px-Binondo%2CManilajf0231_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Binondo%2CManilajf0231_16.JPG/375px-Binondo%2CManilajf0231_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Binondo%2CManilajf0231_16.JPG/500px-Binondo%2CManilajf0231_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, home to the world's oldest Chinatown</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Philippines">Spanish Philippines</a>, where the oldest surviving Chinatowns are located, the district where Chinese migrants (<i><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">sangleyes</a></i>) were required to live is called a <a href="/wiki/Pari%C3%A1n" title="Parián">parián</a>, which were also often a marketplace for trade goods. Most of them were established in the late 16th century to house Chinese migrants as part of the early Spanish colonial policy of ethnic segregation. There were numerous pariáns throughout the Philippines in various locations, the names of which still survive into modern district names. This include the <a href="/wiki/Pari%C3%A1n_(Manila)" title="Parián (Manila)">Parián de Arroceros</a> of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (which was eventually moved several times, ending up in <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a>). The term was also carried into <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> by Filipino migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pacs.ph_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacs.ph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central market place of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a>) selling imported goods from the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila galleons">Manila galleons</a> in the 18th and early 19th centuries was called "Parián de Manila" (or just "Parián").<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, several Chinese settlements existed as early as the 16th century according to <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a>' travel accounts. Melaka during the Portuguese colonial period, for instance, had a large Chinese population in Campo China. They settled down at port towns under the authority's approval for trading. After the European colonial powers seized and ruled the port towns in the 16th century, Chinese supported European traders and colonists, and created autonomous settlements. </p><p>Several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> in Manila, <a href="/wiki/Hoi_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoi An">Hoi An</a> and Bao Vinh in central Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all existed in 1600. <a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Glodok</a>, the Chinese quarter of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta, Indonesia">Jakarta, Indonesia</a>, dates to 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese presence in India dates back to the 5th century CE, with the first recorded Chinese settler in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Calcutta</a> named Young Atchew around 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinatowns first appeared in the Indian cities of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Bangkok" title="Chinatown, Bangkok">Chinatown</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Yaowarat_Road" title="Yaowarat Road">Yaowarat Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_of_Asia">Outside of Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Outside of Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Arch_Little_Bourke_St_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chinese_Arch_Little_Bourke_St_Melbourne.jpg/250px-Chinese_Arch_Little_Bourke_St_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chinese_Arch_Little_Bourke_St_Melbourne.jpg/375px-Chinese_Arch_Little_Bourke_St_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chinese_Arch_Little_Bourke_St_Melbourne.jpg/500px-Chinese_Arch_Little_Bourke_St_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Melbourne" title="Chinatown, Melbourne">Chinatown, Melbourne</a> is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western World</a> and the oldest Chinatown in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Funnel_Shipping_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Funnel Shipping Line">Blue Funnel Shipping Line</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo transport</a> company established by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Holt" title="Alfred Holt">Alfred Holt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">shipping line</a> created strong <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(pre-1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of China (pre-1911)">trade</a> links between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton, and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LCBA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCBA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They settled near the docks in south Liverpool, this area was heavily bombed during World War II, causing the Chinese community moving to the current location <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Liverpool" title="Chinatown, Liverpool">Liverpool Chinatown</a> on Nelson Street. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown in San Francisco</a> is one of the largest in North America and the oldest north of Mexico. It served as a port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the 1850s to the 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad" title="Central Pacific Railroad">Central Pacific</a><sup id="cite_ref-Foster_2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="First transcontinental railroad in North America">Transcontinental Railroad</a>. Since it started in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>, that city had a notable Chinatown for almost a century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cities in North America where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> to <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 <a href="/wiki/Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a>. </p><p>Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> in states such as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such as <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte, Montana</a>. Chinatowns then subsequently emerged in many <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast cities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, many <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">southern states</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Okihiro_2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okihiro_2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially when <a href="/wiki/Labor_dispute" title="Labor dispute">labor disputes</a> arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Springs Massacre">Rock Springs Massacre</a>. Many of these frontier Chinatowns became extinct as American racism surged and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> was passed. </p><p>In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a>, which began in 1851, attracted Chinese prospectors from the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> area. A community began to form in the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Little_Bourke_Street" title="Little Bourke Street">Little Bourke Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> by the mid-1850s; the area is still the center of the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Chinatown">Melbourne Chinatown</a>, making it the oldest continuously occupied Chinatown in a western city (since the San Francisco one was destroyed and rebuilt). Gradually expanding, it reached a peak in the early 20th century, with Chinese business, mainly furniture workshops, occupying a block wide swath of the city, overlapping into the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Little_Lon_district" title="Little Lon district">'Little Lon</a>' red light district. With restricted immigration it shrunk again, becoming a strip of Chinese restaurants by the late 1970s, when it was celebrated with decorative arches. However, with a recent huge influx of students from mainland China, it is now the center of a much larger area of noodle shops, travel agents, restaurants, and groceries. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> also saw the development of a Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, at first around <a href="/wiki/The_Rocks,_New_South_Wales" title="The Rocks, New South Wales">The Rocks</a>, near the docks, but it has moved twice, first in the 1890s to the east side of the Haymarket area, near the new markets, then in the 1920s concentrating on the west side.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Sydney" title="Chinatown, Sydney">Sydney's Chinatown</a> is centered on Dixon Street. </p><p>Other Chinatowns in European capitals, including <a href="/wiki/Quartier_Asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Asiatique">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_London" title="Chinatown, London">London</a>, were established at the turn of the 20th century. The first Chinatown in London was located in the <a href="/wiki/Limehouse" title="Limehouse">Limehouse</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the start of the 20th century. The Chinese population engaged in business which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented the <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">Docklands</a>. The area acquired a bad reputation from exaggerated reports of <a href="/wiki/Opium_den" title="Opium den">opium dens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slum_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slum housing">slum housing</a>. </p><p>France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province of China. Significant Chinatowns sprung up in <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="13th arrondissement of Paris">13th arrondissement of Paris</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere[1][2] and one of nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City,[3] as well as one of twelve in the surrounding New York metropolitan area"><img alt="Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere[1][2] and one of nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City,[3] as well as one of twelve in the surrounding New York metropolitan area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/180px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/270px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/360px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Manhattan's Chinatown</a>, the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manhattan_Chinatown_Largest_Concentration_Chinese_Western_Hemisphere_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manhattan_Chinatown_Largest_Concentration_Chinese_Western_Hemisphere-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fact-sheet_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-sheet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Americans in New York City">nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as one of twelve in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Chinatown.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brooklyn, the borough with the highest number of Chinatowns in New York City"><img alt="Brooklyn, the borough with the highest number of Chinatowns in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/180px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/270px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/360px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroughs (New York City)">borough</a> with the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">Chinatowns in New York City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Chinatown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown, San Francisco, the oldest Chinatown in the US"><img alt="Chinatown, San Francisco, the oldest Chinatown in the US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/San_Francisco_Chinatown.jpg/180px-San_Francisco_Chinatown.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/San_Francisco_Chinatown.jpg/270px-San_Francisco_Chinatown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/San_Francisco_Chinatown.jpg/360px-San_Francisco_Chinatown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown, San Francisco</a>, the oldest Chinatown in the US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown, Boston, a Chinatown inspired and developed on the basis of modern engineering concepts"><img alt="Chinatown, Boston, a Chinatown inspired and developed on the basis of modern engineering concepts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg/180px-Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg/270px-Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg/360px-Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5129" data-file-height="3408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown, Boston</a>, a Chinatown inspired and developed on the basis of modern <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> concepts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia, the recipient of significant Chinese immigration from both New York City[34] and China[35]"><img alt="Chinatown, Philadelphia, the recipient of significant Chinese immigration from both New York City[34] and China[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg/180px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg/270px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg/360px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="2053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown, Philadelphia</a>, the recipient of significant <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese immigration</a> from both <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chinese_NYC_to_Philadelphia_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinese_NYC_to_Philadelphia-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China<sup id="cite_ref-Philadelphia_Foreign_Born_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philadelphia_Foreign_Born-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liverpool's Chinatown, the oldest Chinatown in Europe"><img alt="Liverpool's Chinatown, the oldest Chinatown in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg/180px-Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg/270px-Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg/360px-Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Liverpool" title="Chinatown, Liverpool">Liverpool's Chinatown</a>, the oldest Chinatown in Europe</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_to_the_present">1970s to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1970s, refugees and exiles from the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> played a significant part in the redevelopment of Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many existing Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past had been largely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China. </p><p>In 2001, the events of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11</a> resulted in a mass migration of about 14,000 Chinese workers from <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Manhattan's Chinatown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Montville,_Connecticut" title="Montville, Connecticut">Montville, Connecticut</a>, due to the fall of the garment industry. Chinese workers transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a> jobs fueled by the development of the <a href="/wiki/Mohegan_Sun" title="Mohegan Sun">Mohegan Sun</a> casino. </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Tijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Tijuana">Tijuana's Chinatown</a> formed as a result of availability of direct flights to China. The <a href="/wiki/La_Mesa_(Tijuana)" title="La Mesa (Tijuana)">La Mesa District of Tijuana</a> was formerly a small enclave, but has tripled in size as a result of direct flights to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. It has an ethnic Chinese population rise from 5,000 in 2009 to roughly 15,000 in 2012, overtaking <a href="/wiki/Mexicali" title="Mexicali">Mexicali</a>'s Chinatown as the largest Chinese enclave in Mexico. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪ The busy intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue in the Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠), Downtown Flushing, Queens, New York City. The segment of Main Street between Kissena Boulevard and Roosevelt Avenue, punctuated by the Long Island Rail Road trestle overpass, represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown. Housing over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest by this metric outside Asia, Flushing has become home to the largest and one of the fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world. Flushing is undergoing rapid gentrification by Chinese transnational entities, and the growth of the business activity at the core of Downtown Flushing, dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued despite the Covid-19 pandemic. As of 2023, illegal Chinese immigration to New York City, and especially to the city's Flushing Chinatown, has accelerated. ‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chinatown_1.jpg/600px-Chinatown_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chinatown_1.jpg/900px-Chinatown_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chinatown_1.jpg/1200px-Chinatown_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6566" data-file-height="4377" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_1.jpg" title="File:Chinatown 1.jpg"> </a></div><div align="center">The busy intersection of <a href="/wiki/Main_Street_(Queens)" title="Main Street (Queens)">Main Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Avenue">Roosevelt Avenue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing Chinatown">Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Flushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Flushing">Downtown Flushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a>. The segment of Main Street between <a href="/wiki/Kissena_Boulevard" title="Kissena Boulevard">Kissena Boulevard</a> and Roosevelt Avenue, punctuated by the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Rail Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Trestle_bridge" title="Trestle bridge">trestle</a> overpass, represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown. Housing over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest by this metric outside Asia, <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing</a> has become home to the largest and one of the fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flushing is undergoing rapid <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> by Chinese transnational entities,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the growth of the business activity at the core of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Flushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Flushing">Downtown Flushing</a>, dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued despite the Covid-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-FlushingChinatownContinuesGrowth_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlushingChinatownContinuesGrowth-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">illegal Chinese immigration</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a>, and especially to the city's Flushing Chinatown, has accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCPrimaryChineseDestination_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCPrimaryChineseDestination-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and nearby areas within the states of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, is home to the largest Chinese-American population of any <a href="/wiki/U.S._metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China, enumerating an estimated 893,697 in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Chinese_1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Chinese_1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and including at least 12 Chinatowns, including nine in New York City proper alone.<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steady <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">immigration from mainland China</a>, both legal<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and illegal,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has fueled Chinese-American population growth in the New York metropolitan area. New York's status as an alpha global city, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace are among the many reasons it remains a major international immigration hub. The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Chinatown">Manhattan Chinatown</a> contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in the <a href="/wiki/Western_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Western hemisphere">Western hemisphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fact-sheet_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-sheet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> has become the world's largest Chinatown.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has adversely affected tourism and business in Chinatown, San Francisco<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Chicago" title="Chinatown, Chicago">Chinatown, Chicago</a>, Illinois<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as others worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_settlements">Chinese settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chinese settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>People of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province used to move over the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> from the 14th century to look for more stable jobs, in most cases of trading and fishery, and settled down near the port/jetty under approval of the local authority such as <a href="/wiki/Magong" title="Magong">Magong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoian">Hoian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Songkla" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkla">Songkla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuban" title="Tuban">Tuban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>), etc. A large number of this kind of settlements was developed along the coastal areal of the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, and was called "Campon China" by Portuguese account<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "China Town" by English account.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_pattern">Settlement pattern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Settlement pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The settlement was developed along a jetty and protected by <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> temple, which was dedicated for the Goddess of Sea for safe sailing. Market place was open in front of <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> temple, and <a href="/wiki/Shophouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Shophouses">shophouses</a> were built along the street leading from west side of the <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> temple. At the end of the street, <a href="/wiki/Tudigong" title="Tudigong">Tudigong</a> (Land God) temple was placed. As the settlement prospered as commercial town, <a href="/wiki/Kuan_Ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuan Ti">Kuan Ti</a> temple would be added for commercial success, especially by people from Hong Kong and Guangdong province. This core pattern was maintained even the settlement got expanded as a city, and forms historical urban center of the Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 273.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoian Settlement Pattern, Vietnam, 1991"><img alt="Hoian Settlement Pattern, Vietnam, 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg/410px-Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg/616px-Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg/820px-Hoian-settlement-pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hoian Settlement Pattern, Vietnam, 1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengchau-settlement-pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pengchau Settlement Pattern, Hong Kong, 1991"><img alt="Pengchau Settlement Pattern, Hong Kong, 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pengchau-settlement-pattern.jpg/313px-Pengchau-settlement-pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pengchau-settlement-pattern.jpg/470px-Pengchau-settlement-pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Pengchau-settlement-pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pengchau Settlement Pattern, Hong Kong, 1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Settlement in Georgetown, Malaysia, 1991"><img alt="Chinese Settlement in Georgetown, Malaysia, 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg/332px-Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg/499px-Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg/664px-Penang-Settlement-pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Settlement in Georgetown, Malaysia, 1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Settlement in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991"><img alt="Chinese Settlement in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg/287px-Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg/431px-Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg/574px-Kucing-settlement-pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Settlement in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kucing-Tinhua1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tin Hau (Goddess of Sea) Temple in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991"><img alt="Tin Hau (Goddess of Sea) Temple in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kucing-Tinhua1991.jpg/335px-Kucing-Tinhua1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Kucing-Tinhua1991.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tin Hau (Goddess of Sea) Temple in Kuching, Malaysia, 1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kucing-Todigong1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="To Di Gong (Land God) Temple at Kuching, 1991"><img alt="To Di Gong (Land God) Temple at Kuching, 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kucing-Todigong1991.jpg/375px-Kucing-Todigong1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Kucing-Todigong1991.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tua_Pek_Kong_Temple,_Kuching" title="Tua Pek Kong Temple, Kuching">To Di Gong (Land God) Temple</a> at Kuching, 1991</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The features described below are characteristic of many modern Chinatowns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early Chinatowns such as those in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in the United States were naturally destinations for people of Chinese descent as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">migration</a> were the result of opportunities such as the California Gold Rush and the Transcontinental Railroad drawing the population in, creating natural Chinese enclaves that were almost always 100% exclusively Han Chinese, which included both people born in China and in the enclave, in this case <a href="/wiki/American-born_Chinese" title="American-born Chinese">American-born Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some free countries such as the United States and Canada, housing laws that prevent <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">discrimination</a> also allows neighborhoods that may have been characterized as "All Chinese" to also allow non-Chinese to reside in these communities. For example, the Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> has a sizeable non-Chinese population residing within the community.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent study also suggests that the demographic change is also driven by <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of what were previously Chinatown neighborhoods. The influx of <a href="/wiki/Luxury_real_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury real estate">luxury housing</a> is speeding up the gentrification of such neighborhoods. The trend for emergence of these types of natural enclaves is on the decline (with the exceptions being the continued growth and emergence of newer Chinatowns in <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Queens" title="Chinatowns in Queens">Queens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> in New York City), only to be replaced by newer "Disneyland-like" attractions, such as a new Chinatown that will be built in the <a href="/wiki/Catskills" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskills">Catskills</a> region of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the endangerment of existing historical Chinatowns that will eventually stop serving the needs of Chinese immigrants. </p><p>Newer developments like those in <a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich, Connecticut</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_enclaves_in_the_San_Gabriel_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a>, which are not necessarily considered "Chinatowns" in the sense that they do not necessarily contain the Chinese architectures or Chinese language signs as signatures of an officially sanctioned area that was designated either in law or signage stating so, differentiate areas that are called "Chinatowns" versus locations that have "significant" populations of people of Chinese descent. For example, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> in the United States has 63,434 people (2010 U.S. Census) of Chinese descent, and yet "does not have a <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_San_Jose" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatowns in San Jose">Chinatown</a>". Some "official" Chinatowns have Chinese populations much lower than that.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town-Scape">Town-Scape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Town-Scape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a></div> <p>Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese as <i><a href="/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang">Paifang</a></i> (sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_guardian_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial guardian lion">imperial guardian lion</a> statues on either side of the structure, to greet visitors). Other Chinese architectural styles such as the Chinese Garden of Friendship in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Chinatown">Sydney Chinatown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_stone_lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese stone lions">Chinese stone lions</a> at the gate to the <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a> Chinatown are present in some Chinatowns. <a href="/wiki/Mahale_Chiniha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahale Chiniha">Mahale Chiniha</a>, the Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, contains many buildings that were constructed in the Chinese architectural style. </p><p>Paifangs usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, or local governments (such as Chinatown, San Francisco) and business organizations. The long-neglected Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, received materials for its paifang from the People's Republic of China as part of the Chinatown's gradual renaissance. Construction of these red arches is often financed by local financial contributions from the Chinatown community. Some of these structures span an entire intersection, and some are smaller in height and width. Some paifang can be made of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and may incorporate an elaborate or simple design. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Chinatown landmarks</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sydney_Chinatown_(16261772672).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to Sydney"><img alt="Entrance to Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Sydney_Chinatown_%2816261772672%29.jpg/180px-The_Sydney_Chinatown_%2816261772672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Sydney_Chinatown_%2816261772672%29.jpg/270px-The_Sydney_Chinatown_%2816261772672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Sydney_Chinatown_%2816261772672%29.jpg/360px-The_Sydney_Chinatown_%2816261772672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Sydney" title="Chinatown, Sydney">Sydney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Gate,_Philadelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang in Philadelphia"><img alt="Paifang in Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/China_Gate%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/180px-China_Gate%2C_Philadelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/China_Gate%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/270px-China_Gate%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/China_Gate%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/360px-China_Gate%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1655" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paifang in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown,_DC_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friendship Archway in the Chinatown of Washington, D.C."><img alt="Friendship Archway in the Chinatown of Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg/180px-Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg/270px-Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg/360px-Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Archway_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship Archway (Washington, D.C.)">Friendship Archway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown (Washington, D.C.)">Chinatown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nochi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang in Buenos Aires, Argentina"><img alt="Paifang in Buenos Aires, Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nochi.jpg/180px-Nochi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nochi.jpg/270px-Nochi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nochi.jpg/360px-Nochi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paifang in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paifang_Boston_Chinatown_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown, Boston looking towards the paifang"><img alt="Chinatown, Boston looking towards the paifang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paifang_Boston_Chinatown_1.jpg/180px-Paifang_Boston_Chinatown_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paifang_Boston_Chinatown_1.jpg/270px-Paifang_Boston_Chinatown_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paifang_Boston_Chinatown_1.jpg/360px-Paifang_Boston_Chinatown_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown, Boston</a> looking towards the paifang</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinatownGatePortland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gate of Chinatown, Portland, Oregon"><img alt="Gate of Chinatown, Portland, Oregon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ChinatownGatePortland.jpg/180px-ChinatownGatePortland.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ChinatownGatePortland.jpg/270px-ChinatownGatePortland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ChinatownGatePortland.jpg/360px-ChinatownGatePortland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gate of Chinatown, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Arch_Newcastle_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown entry arch in Newcastle, England"><img alt="Chinatown entry arch in Newcastle, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chinatown_Arch_Newcastle_UK.jpg/180px-Chinatown_Arch_Newcastle_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chinatown_Arch_Newcastle_UK.jpg/270px-Chinatown_Arch_Newcastle_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chinatown_Arch_Newcastle_UK.jpg/360px-Chinatown_Arch_Newcastle_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinatown entry arch in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Newcastle</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Garden of Friendship, part of Sydney Chinatown"><img alt="Chinese Garden of Friendship, part of Sydney Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship.jpg/180px-Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship.jpg/270px-Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship.jpg/360px-Chinese_Garden_of_Friendship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Garden of Friendship, part of <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Chinatown">Sydney Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Victoria_gate_lion_hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese stone lions at the Chinatown gate in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"><img alt="Chinese stone lions at the Chinatown gate in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chinatown_Victoria_gate_lion_hires.jpg/100px-Chinatown_Victoria_gate_lion_hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chinatown_Victoria_gate_lion_hires.jpg/149px-Chinatown_Victoria_gate_lion_hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chinatown_Victoria_gate_lion_hires.jpg/199px-Chinatown_Victoria_gate_lion_hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stone_lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese stone lions">Chinese stone lions</a> at the Chinatown gate in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Gate_1_Compressed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin Gates in Chinatown of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"><img alt="Harbin Gates in Chinatown of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chinatown_Gate_1_Compressed.jpg/180px-Chinatown_Gate_1_Compressed.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chinatown_Gate_1_Compressed.jpg/270px-Chinatown_Gate_1_Compressed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chinatown_Gate_1_Compressed.jpg/360px-Chinatown_Gate_1_Compressed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harbin Gates in Chinatown of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton, Alberta</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Vancouver.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Millennium Gate on Pender Street in Chinatown of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"><img alt="Millennium Gate on Pender Street in Chinatown of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chinatown_Vancouver.JPG/180px-Chinatown_Vancouver.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chinatown_Vancouver.JPG/270px-Chinatown_Vancouver.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chinatown_Vancouver.JPG/360px-Chinatown_Vancouver.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Millennium Gate on Pender Street in Chinatown of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chinese Cultural Centre in the Calgary, Alberta, Canada Chinatown"><img alt="The Chinese Cultural Centre in the Calgary, Alberta, Canada Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG/180px-ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG/270px-ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG/360px-ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Centre_(Calgary)" title="Chinese Cultural Centre (Calgary)">Chinese Cultural Centre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary, Alberta</a>, Canada <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Calgary" title="Chinatown, Calgary">Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Temple "Toong On Church" in Kolkata, India."><img alt="Chinese Temple "Toong On Church" in Kolkata, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG/180px-Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG/270px-Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG/360px-Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Temple "Toong On Church" in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Temple in Yokohama Chinatown, Japan."><img alt="Chinese Temple in Yokohama Chinatown, Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg/180px-Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg/270px-Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg/360px-Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Temple in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Chinatown" title="Yokohama Chinatown">Yokohama Chinatown</a>, Japan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino-Chinese_Friendship_Arch_at_Binondo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch in Manila"><img alt="Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch in Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filipino-Chinese_Friendship_Arch_at_Binondo.jpg/180px-Filipino-Chinese_Friendship_Arch_at_Binondo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filipino-Chinese_Friendship_Arch_at_Binondo.jpg/270px-Filipino-Chinese_Friendship_Arch_at_Binondo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filipino-Chinese_Friendship_Arch_at_Binondo.jpg/360px-Filipino-Chinese_Friendship_Arch_at_Binondo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benevolent_and_business_associations">Benevolent and business associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Benevolent and business associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Consolidated_Benevolent_Association" title="Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association">Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhonghua_Huiguan,_San_Francisco_(6540).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zhonghua_Huiguan%2C_San_Francisco_%286540%29.JPG/170px-Zhonghua_Huiguan%2C_San_Francisco_%286540%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zhonghua_Huiguan%2C_San_Francisco_%286540%29.JPG/255px-Zhonghua_Huiguan%2C_San_Francisco_%286540%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zhonghua_Huiguan%2C_San_Francisco_%286540%29.JPG/340px-Zhonghua_Huiguan%2C_San_Francisco_%286540%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown, San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a common <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surname</a> or belonging to a common clan, spoken <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dialect">Chinese dialect</a>, specific village, region or country of origin, and so on. Many have their own facilities. </p><p>Some examples include San Francisco's prominent <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Consolidated_Benevolent_Association" title="Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association">Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association</a> (中華總會館 <i>Zhōnghuá Zǒng Huìguǎn</i>), aka <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Six_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Six Companies">Chinese Six Companies</a> and Los Angeles' Southern California Teochew Association. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is among the largest umbrella groups of benevolent associations in the North America, which branches in several Chinatowns. Politically, the CCBA has traditionally been aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>. </p><p>The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_London" title="Chinatown, London">Chinatown, London</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Paris">Chinatown, Paris</a> has an institution in the <i>Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise</i> and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the former <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned with ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Boston_Signs.jpg/170px-Boston_Signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Boston_Signs.jpg/255px-Boston_Signs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Boston_Signs.jpg/340px-Boston_Signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Official signs in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> pointing towards "<a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the term "Chinatown" was first used in Asia, it is not derived from a Chinese language. Its earliest appearance seems to have been in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinese quarter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, which by 1844 was already being called "China Town" or "Chinatown" by the British colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been a word-for-word translation into English of the Malay name for that quarter, which in those days was probably "Kampong China" or possibly "Kota China" or "Kampong Tionghua/Chunghwa/Zhonghua". </p><p>The first appearance of a Chinatown outside Singapore may have been in 1852, in a book by the Rev. Hatfield, who applied the term to the Chinese part of the main settlement on the remote South Atlantic island of <a href="/wiki/St._Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helena">St. Helena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was a regular way-station on the voyage to Europe and North America from Indian Ocean ports, including Singapore. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinatownSign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChinatownSign.jpg/220px-ChinatownSign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChinatownSign.jpg/330px-ChinatownSign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChinatownSign.jpg/440px-ChinatownSign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Sign inside <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Station_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Station (Philadelphia)">Jefferson Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> pointing to "<a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest American usages dates to 1855, when San Francisco newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Alta_California" title="The Daily Alta California">The Daily Alta California</a></i> described a "pitched battle on the streets of [SF's] Chinatown".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <i>Alta</i> articles from the late 1850s make it clear that areas called "Chinatown" existed at that time in several other California cities, including Oroville and San Andres.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1869, "Chinatown had acquired its full modern meaning all over the U.S. and Canada. For instance, an Ohio newspaper wrote: "From San Diego to Sitka..., every town and hamlet has its 'Chinatown'."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In British publications before the 1890s, "Chinatown" appeared mainly in connection with California. At first, Australian and New Zealand journalists also regarded Chinatowns as Californian phenomena. However, they began using the term to denote local Chinese communities as early as 1861 in Australia<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1873 in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most other countries, the custom of calling local Chinese communities "Chinatowns" is not older than the twentieth century. </p><p>Several alternate English names for Chinatown include <b>China Town</b> (generally used in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>), <b>The Chinese District</b>, <b>Chinese Quarter</b> and <b><a href="/wiki/China_Alley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="China Alley (disambiguation)">China Alley</a></b> (an antiquated term used primarily in several <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> towns in the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">western United States</a> for a Chinese community; some of these are now historical sites). In the case of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, China Alley was a parallel commercial street adjacent to the town's Main Street, enjoying a view over the river valley adjacent and also over the main residential part of Chinatown, which was largely of <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> construction. All traces of Chinatown and China Alley there have disappeared, despite a once large and prosperous community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Chinese">In Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_for_Stowell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sign_for_Stowell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911781.jpg/220px-Sign_for_Stowell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911781.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sign_for_Stowell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911781.jpg/330px-Sign_for_Stowell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sign_for_Stowell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911781.jpg/440px-Sign_for_Stowell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Street sign in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Newcastle" title="Chinatown, Newcastle">Chinatown, Newcastle</a>, with <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐人街</span></span> below the street name</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, Chinatown is usually called <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐人街</span></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <i>Tong jan gai</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> <i>Tángrénjiē</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> <i>Tong ngin gai</i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Taishan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishan dialect">Toisan</a> <i>Hong ngin gai</i>, literally meaning "Tang people's street(s)". The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> was a zenith of the Chinese civilization, after which some Chinese call themselves. Some Chinatowns are indeed just one single street, such as the relatively short <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Victoria,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Victoria, British Columbia">Fisgard Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada. </p><p>A more modern Chinese name is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">華埠</span></span> (Cantonese: Waa Fau, Mandarin: Huábù) meaning "Chinese City", used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs. <i>Bù</i>, pronounced sometimes in Mandarin as <i>fù</i>, usually means <i>seaport</i>; but in this sense, it means <i>city</i> or <i>town</i>. <i>Tong jan fau</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐人埠</span></span> "Tang people's town") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation of <i>Chinatown</i>—<i>Zhōngguó Chéng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中國城</span></span>) is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in various Chinatowns. </p><p>Chinatowns in Southeast Asia have unique Chinese names used by the local Chinese, as there are large populations of people who are <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a>, living within the various major cities of Southeast Asia. As the population of Overseas Chinese, is widely dispersed in various enclaves, across each major Southeast Asian city, specific Chinese names are used instead. </p><p>For example, in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, where 2.8 million ethnic Chinese constitute a majority 74% of the resident population,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Chinese name for <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a> is <i>Niúchēshǔi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">牛車水</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>: <i>Gû-chia-chúi</i>), which literally means "ox-cart water" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. The Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, (where 2 million ethnic Chinese comprise 30% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Greater Kuala Lumpur">Greater Kuala Lumpur</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) while officially known as <a href="/wiki/Petaling_Street" title="Petaling Street">Petaling Street</a> (Malay: <i>Jalan Petaling</i>), is referred to by Malaysian Chinese by its Cantonese name <i>ci<sup>4</sup> cong<sup>2</sup> gaai<sup>1</sup></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">茨廠街</span></span>, pinyin: <i>Cíchǎng Jiē</i>), literally "tapioca factory street", after a <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a> starch factory that once stood in the area. In <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the area is called Mínlúnluò Qū <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">岷倫洛區</span></span>, literally meaning the "Mín and Luò Rivers confluence district" but is actually a <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of the local term <i>Binondo</i> and an allusion to its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a>, the term used for Chinatown districts is <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pari%C3%A1n" title="Parián">parián</a></b></i>, the etymology of which is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-pacs.ph_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacs.ph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, the Spanish-language term is usually <i><b>barrio chino</b></i> (<i>Chinese neighborhood</i>; plural: <i>barrios chinos</i>), used in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. (However, <i>barrio chino</i> or its <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> cognate <i>barri xinès</i> do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.). </p><p>In Portuguese, Chinatown is often referred to as <b>Bairro chinês</b> (<i>the Chinese Neighbourhood</i>; plural: <i>bairros chineses</i>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> regions (such as France and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>), Chinatown is often referred to as <i><b>le quartier chinois</b></i> (<i>the Chinese Neighbourhood</i>; plural: <i>les quartiers chinois</i>). The most prominent Francophone Chinatowns are located in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Montreal" title="Chinatown, Montreal">Montreal</a>. </p><p>The Vietnamese term for Chinatown is <i>Khu người Hoa</i> (Chinese district) or <i>phố Tàu</i> (Chinese street). Vietnamese language is prevalent in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, and Montreal as ethnic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them. </p><p>In Japanese, the term "chūkagai" (中華街, literally "Chinese Street") is the translation used for <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Chinatown" title="Yokohama Chinatown">Yokohama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki Chinatown">Nagasaki Chinatown</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, chinatown is known as <i><b>Pecinan</b></i>, a shortened term of <i>pe-cina-an</i>, means everything related to the Chinese people. Most of these pecinans usually located in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such as <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg-China_Town1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johannesburg-China_Town1.jpg/220px-Johannesburg-China_Town1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johannesburg-China_Town1.jpg/330px-Johannesburg-China_Town1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johannesburg-China_Town1.jpg/440px-Johannesburg-China_Town1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Street scene of the Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Cyrildene" title="Cyrildene">Cyrildene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Africa" title="Chinatowns in Africa">Chinatowns in Africa</a></div> <p>There are three noteworthy Chinatowns in Africa located in the coastal African nations of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa. Derrick Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Cyrildene" title="Cyrildene">Cyrildene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, hosts South Africa's largest Chinatown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America">America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_Americas" title="Chinatowns in the Americas">Chinatowns in the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebrating_Chinese_New_Year_on_8th_Avenue_Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Celebrating_Chinese_New_Year_on_8th_Avenue_Sunset_Park%2C_Brooklyn.jpg/220px-Celebrating_Chinese_New_Year_on_8th_Avenue_Sunset_Park%2C_Brooklyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Celebrating_Chinese_New_Year_on_8th_Avenue_Sunset_Park%2C_Brooklyn.jpg/330px-Celebrating_Chinese_New_Year_on_8th_Avenue_Sunset_Park%2C_Brooklyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Celebrating_Chinese_New_Year_on_8th_Avenue_Sunset_Park%2C_Brooklyn.jpg/440px-Celebrating_Chinese_New_Year_on_8th_Avenue_Sunset_Park%2C_Brooklyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Celebrating <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Town,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhou Town, Brooklyn">Fuzhou Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, which includes North America, Central America and South America, Chinatowns have been around since the 1800s. The most prominent ones exist in the United States and Canada in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City metropolitan area">New York City metropolitan area</a> is home to the largest <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Americans in New York City">ethnically Chinese population outside of Asia</a>, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including at least 12 Chinatowns – six<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns in <a href="/wiki/Corona,_Queens" title="Corona, Queens">Corona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitestone,_Queens" title="Whitestone, Queens">Whitestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McGlinn_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGlinn-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem, Manhattan</a>) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> proper, and one each in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-McGlinn_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGlinn-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Parsippany-Troy_Hills,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey">Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey</a>, not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, a Pacific port city, has the oldest and longest continuous running Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon,_Daniel_page_50_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon,_Daniel_page_50-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richards,_Rand_page_198_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards,_Rand_page_198-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_p151-152_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_p151-152-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a> is home to the 2nd largest ethnically Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising 694,970 individuals as of the 2021 Census. <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Vancouver" title="Chinatown, Vancouver">Vancouver's Chinatown</a> is the country's largest.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barrio_Chino_(Mexico_City)" title="Barrio Chino (Mexico City)">The oldest Chinatown in the Americas</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and dates back to at least the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_2012_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann_2012-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, new arrivals have typically hailed from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and Taiwan. Latin American Chinatowns may include the descendants of original migrants – often of mixed Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> parentage – and more recent immigrants from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Latin American">Asian Latin Americans</a> are of <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> origin. Estimates widely vary on the number of Chinese descendants in Latin America. Notable Chinatowns also exist in <a href="/wiki/Barrio_Chino_(Lima)" title="Barrio Chino (Lima)">Chinatown, Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberdade_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" title="Liberdade (district of São Paulo)">Liberdade</a> neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> has, along with a large Japanese community, an important Chinese community.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a project for a Chinatown in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercado_(neighbourhood_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercado (neighbourhood of São Paulo) (page does not exist)">Mercado</a> neighborhood, close to the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Market_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Municipal Market of São Paulo">Municipal Market</a> and the commercial <a href="/wiki/Rua_25_de_Mar%C3%A7o" title="Rua 25 de Março">Rua 25 de Março</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhattan Chinatown"><img alt="Manhattan Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/120px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/180px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/240px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Manhattan Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Francisco's Chinatown"><img alt="San Francisco's Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg/120px-San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg/180px-San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg/240px-San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco%27s_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco's Chinatown">San Francisco's Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown, Boston"><img alt="Chinatown, Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg/120px-Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg/180px-Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg/240px-Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5129" data-file-height="3408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown, Boston</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_east.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia"><img alt="Chinatown, Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_east.jpg/120px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_east.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_east.jpg/180px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_east.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_east.jpg/240px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_east.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="2245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown, Philadelphia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_in_Portland,_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portland, Oregon's Chinatown"><img alt="Portland, Oregon's Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chinatown_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg/120px-Chinatown_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chinatown_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg/180px-Chinatown_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chinatown_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg/240px-Chinatown_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>'s Chinatown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seattle Chinatown-International District, Seattle"><img alt="Seattle Chinatown-International District, Seattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg/120px-Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg/180px-Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg/240px-Seattle_-_Chinatown_gate_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Chinatown-International_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Chinatown-International District">Seattle Chinatown-International District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver%27s_Chinatown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vancouver Chinatown"><img alt="Vancouver Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vancouver%27s_Chinatown.jpg/120px-Vancouver%27s_Chinatown.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vancouver%27s_Chinatown.jpg/180px-Vancouver%27s_Chinatown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vancouver%27s_Chinatown.jpg/240px-Vancouver%27s_Chinatown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Vancouver" title="Chinatown, Vancouver">Vancouver Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown,_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown in Canada's Capital, Ottawa"><img alt="Chinatown in Canada's Capital, Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chinatown%2C_Ottawa.jpg/120px-Chinatown%2C_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chinatown%2C_Ottawa.jpg/180px-Chinatown%2C_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chinatown%2C_Ottawa.jpg/240px-Chinatown%2C_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="2025" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinatown in Canada's Capital, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Ottawa" title="Chinatown, Ottawa">Ottawa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arch honors Chinese-Mexican community of Mexico City, built in 2008, Articulo 123 Street"><img alt="Arch honors Chinese-Mexican community of Mexico City, built in 2008, Articulo 123 Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG/120px-ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG/180px-ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG/240px-ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arch honors Chinese-Mexican community of Mexico City, built in 2008, Articulo 123 Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BarrioChino3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barrio Chino, Buenos Aires"><img alt="Barrio Chino, Buenos Aires" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BarrioChino3.jpg/120px-BarrioChino3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BarrioChino3.jpg/180px-BarrioChino3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BarrioChino3.jpg/240px-BarrioChino3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barrio_Chino_(Buenos_Aires)" title="Barrio Chino (Buenos Aires)">Barrio Chino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown,_Lima20060002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Barrio Chino, Lima"><img alt="Barrio Chino, Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chinatown%2C_Lima20060002.JPG/120px-Chinatown%2C_Lima20060002.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chinatown%2C_Lima20060002.JPG/180px-Chinatown%2C_Lima20060002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chinatown%2C_Lima20060002.JPG/240px-Chinatown%2C_Lima20060002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barrio_Chino_(Lima)" title="Barrio Chino (Lima)">Barrio Chino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Asia" title="Chinatowns in Asia">Chinatowns in Asia</a></div> <p>Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a> – particularly the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> – and settled in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> centuries ago—starting as early as the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>), and well into the 20th century. Today the Chinese diaspora in Asia is largely concentrated in Southeast Asia however the legacy of the once widespread overseas Chinese communities in Asia is evident in the many Chinatowns that are found across East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. </p><p>Vietnam houses the largest <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A3_L%E1%BB%9Bn,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chợ Lớn, Ho Chi Minh City">Chinatown</a> by size in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyuukagaimon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yokohama Chinatown's Goodwill Gate in Japan"><img alt="Yokohama Chinatown's Goodwill Gate in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tyuukagaimon.jpg/90px-Tyuukagaimon.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tyuukagaimon.jpg/135px-Tyuukagaimon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tyuukagaimon.jpg/180px-Tyuukagaimon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Chinatown" title="Yokohama Chinatown">Yokohama Chinatown</a>'s Goodwill Gate in Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaowarat_Road_Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown in Bangkok, Thailand"><img alt="Chinatown in Bangkok, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yaowarat_Road_Bangkok.jpg/80px-Yaowarat_Road_Bangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yaowarat_Road_Bangkok.jpg/120px-Yaowarat_Road_Bangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yaowarat_Road_Bangkok.jpg/160px-Yaowarat_Road_Bangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuan_Yin_Si,_Bago,_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kan Yin Temple (Kwan Yin Si), a place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago, also serves as a Mandarin school."><img alt="Kan Yin Temple (Kwan Yin Si), a place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago, also serves as a Mandarin school." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kuan_Yin_Si%2C_Bago%2C_Myanmar.jpg/120px-Kuan_Yin_Si%2C_Bago%2C_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kuan_Yin_Si%2C_Bago%2C_Myanmar.jpg/180px-Kuan_Yin_Si%2C_Bago%2C_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kuan_Yin_Si%2C_Bago%2C_Myanmar.jpg/240px-Kuan_Yin_Si%2C_Bago%2C_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kan Yin Temple (<i>Kwan Yin Si</i>), a place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago, also serves as a Mandarin school.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown gate performing an attraction Dragon dance in Glodok, Jakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="Chinatown gate performing an attraction Dragon dance in Glodok, Jakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Liong.jpg/120px-Liong.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Liong.jpg/180px-Liong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Liong.jpg/240px-Liong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinatown gate performing an attraction <a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">Dragon dance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Glodok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surabaya_Chinatown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kya-Kya or Kembang Jepun, Surabaya's Chinatown, one of oldest Chinatown in Indonesia"><img alt="Kya-Kya or Kembang Jepun, Surabaya's Chinatown, one of oldest Chinatown in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Surabaya_Chinatown.jpg/120px-Surabaya_Chinatown.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Surabaya_Chinatown.jpg/180px-Surabaya_Chinatown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Surabaya_Chinatown.jpg/240px-Surabaya_Chinatown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kya-Kya</i> or <i>Kembang Jepun</i>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>'s Chinatown, one of oldest Chinatown in Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gate_of_Kampung_Ketandan_Chinatown,_Yogyakarta,_Indonesia,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gate of Kampung Ketandan Chinatown, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="The Gate of Kampung Ketandan Chinatown, Yogyakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Gate_of_Kampung_Ketandan_Chinatown%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C_2018.jpg/120px-The_Gate_of_Kampung_Ketandan_Chinatown%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Gate_of_Kampung_Ketandan_Chinatown%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C_2018.jpg/180px-The_Gate_of_Kampung_Ketandan_Chinatown%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Gate_of_Kampung_Ketandan_Chinatown%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C_2018.jpg/240px-The_Gate_of_Kampung_Ketandan_Chinatown%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gate of Kampung Ketandan Chinatown, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_New_Year_in_Chinatown,_Tangra,_Kolkata,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese New Year celebrated in Chinatown, Kolkata, India"><img alt="Chinese New Year celebrated in Chinatown, Kolkata, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_New_Year_in_Chinatown%2C_Tangra%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.png/120px-Chinese_New_Year_in_Chinatown%2C_Tangra%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_New_Year_in_Chinatown%2C_Tangra%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.png/180px-Chinese_New_Year_in_Chinatown%2C_Tangra%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_New_Year_in_Chinatown%2C_Tangra%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.png/240px-Chinese_New_Year_in_Chinatown%2C_Tangra%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese New Year celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Chinatown, Kolkata</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Binondo_Metro_Manila_Districts_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Binondo Chinatown in Manila"><img alt="Binondo Chinatown in Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Santa_Cruz_Binondo_Metro_Manila_Districts_05.jpg/120px-Santa_Cruz_Binondo_Metro_Manila_Districts_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Santa_Cruz_Binondo_Metro_Manila_Districts_05.jpg/180px-Santa_Cruz_Binondo_Metro_Manila_Districts_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Santa_Cruz_Binondo_Metro_Manila_Districts_05.jpg/240px-Santa_Cruz_Binondo_Metro_Manila_Districts_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_Oceania">Australia and Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Australia" title="Chinatowns in Australia">Chinatowns in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Oceania" title="Chinatowns in Oceania">Chinatowns in Oceania</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Melbourne" title="Chinatown, Melbourne">Chinatown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> lies within the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district" title="Melbourne central business district">Melbourne central business district</a> and centers on the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Little_Bourke_Street" title="Little Bourke Street">Little Bourke Street</a>. It extends between the corners of <a href="/wiki/Swanston_Street" title="Swanston Street">Swanston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Street" title="Exhibition Street">Exhibition Streets</a>. Melbourne's Chinatown originated during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a> in 1851, and is notable as the oldest Chinatown in Australia. It has also been claimed to be the longest continuously running Chinese community outside of Asia, but only because the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> all but destroyed the Chinatown in San Francisco in California.<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon,_Daniel_page_50_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon,_Daniel_page_50-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richards,_Rand_page_198_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards,_Rand_page_198-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_p151-152_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_p151-152-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Sydney" title="Chinatown, Sydney">Sydney's main Chinatown</a> centers on Sussex Street in the Sydney downtown. It stretches from Central Station in the east to <a href="/wiki/Darling_Harbour" title="Darling Harbour">Darling Harbour</a> in the west, and is Australia's largest Chinatown. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Adelaide" title="Chinatown, Adelaide">Chinatown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> was originally built in the 1960s and was renovated in the 1980s. It is located near Adelaide Central Market and the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Central_bus_station" title="Adelaide Central bus station">Adelaide Central bus station</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Gold_Coast" title="Chinatown, Gold Coast">Chinatown Gold Coast</a> is a precinct in the Central Business District of <a href="/wiki/Southport,_Queensland" title="Southport, Queensland">Southport, Queensland</a>, that runs through Davenport Street and Young Street. The precinct extends between Nerang Street in the north and Garden Street/Scarborough Street east-west. Redevelopment of the precinct was established in 2013 and completed in 2015 in time for Chinese New Year celebrations. </p><p>There are additional Chinatowns in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Brisbane" title="Chinatown, Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Perth" title="Chinatown, Perth">Perth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a> in Australia. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatownsyd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang at Sydney Chinatown"><img alt="Paifang at Sydney Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chinatownsyd.jpg/120px-Chinatownsyd.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chinatownsyd.jpg/180px-Chinatownsyd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chinatownsyd.jpg/240px-Chinatownsyd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paifang at <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Sydney" title="Chinatown, Sydney">Sydney Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang at Bendigo Chinese Precinct"><img alt="Paifang at Bendigo Chinese Precinct" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG/120px-BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG/180px-BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG/240px-BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paifang at <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo Chinese Precinct</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_-_SA_(26089559218).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adelaide Chinatown"><img alt="Adelaide Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adelaide_-_SA_%2826089559218%29.jpg/120px-Adelaide_-_SA_%2826089559218%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adelaide_-_SA_%2826089559218%29.jpg/180px-Adelaide_-_SA_%2826089559218%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adelaide_-_SA_%2826089559218%29.jpg/240px-Adelaide_-_SA_%2826089559218%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Adelaide" title="Chinatown, Adelaide">Adelaide Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lane_of_Chinatown_(6760133489).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melbourne Chinatown"><img alt="Melbourne Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lane_of_Chinatown_%286760133489%29.jpg/120px-Lane_of_Chinatown_%286760133489%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lane_of_Chinatown_%286760133489%29.jpg/180px-Lane_of_Chinatown_%286760133489%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lane_of_Chinatown_%286760133489%29.jpg/240px-Lane_of_Chinatown_%286760133489%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4301" data-file-height="2867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Melbourne" title="Chinatown, Melbourne">Melbourne Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_New_Year_celebration_at_Box_Hill,_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese New Year celebration at Box Hill Chinatown"><img alt="Chinese New Year celebration at Box Hill Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_New_Year_celebration_at_Box_Hill%2C_Melbourne.jpg/120px-Chinese_New_Year_celebration_at_Box_Hill%2C_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_New_Year_celebration_at_Box_Hill%2C_Melbourne.jpg/180px-Chinese_New_Year_celebration_at_Box_Hill%2C_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_New_Year_celebration_at_Box_Hill%2C_Melbourne.jpg/240px-Chinese_New_Year_celebration_at_Box_Hill%2C_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese New Year celebration at <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Victoria" title="Box Hill, Victoria">Box Hill Chinatown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Mall_entrance_Wickham_St_Fortitude_Valley_L1030218.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brisbane Chinatown"><img alt="Brisbane Chinatown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chinatown_Mall_entrance_Wickham_St_Fortitude_Valley_L1030218.jpg/120px-Chinatown_Mall_entrance_Wickham_St_Fortitude_Valley_L1030218.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chinatown_Mall_entrance_Wickham_St_Fortitude_Valley_L1030218.jpg/180px-Chinatown_Mall_entrance_Wickham_St_Fortitude_Valley_L1030218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chinatown_Mall_entrance_Wickham_St_Fortitude_Valley_L1030218.jpg/240px-Chinatown_Mall_entrance_Wickham_St_Fortitude_Valley_L1030218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Brisbane" title="Chinatown, Brisbane">Brisbane Chinatown</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Europe" title="Chinatowns in Europe">Chinatowns in Europe</a></div> <p>Several urban Chinatowns exist in major European capital cities. There is <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_London" title="Chinatown, London">Chinatown, London</a>, England as well as major Chinatowns in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany has one established Chinatown in the area around Kantstrasse of <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a> in the West.</span> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium has also seen an upstart Chinese community, that has been recognized by the local authorities since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city council of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> has plans to recognize the Chinese Diaspora in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quartier_Asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Asiatique">Chinatown in Paris</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="13th arrondissement of Paris">13th arrondissement</a>, is the largest in Europe, where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled and in <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a> in the northeast of Paris as well as in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>. In Italy, there is a Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> between Via Luigi Canonica and <a href="/wiki/Via_Paolo_Sarpi" title="Via Paolo Sarpi">Via Paolo Sarpi</a> and others in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a>. In the Netherlands, Chinatowns exist in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a>. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, several exist in Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Manchester and Newcastle Upon Tyne. The <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Liverpool" title="Chinatown, Liverpool">Chinatown in Liverpool</a> is the oldest Chinese community in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_London" title="Chinatown, London">Chinatown in London</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/Limehouse" title="Limehouse">Limehouse</a> district in the late 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manchester" title="Chinatown, Manchester">Chinatown in Manchester</a> is located in central Manchester. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MappaChinatownMilano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Chinatown Milan"><img alt="Map of Chinatown Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MappaChinatownMilano.jpg/120px-MappaChinatownMilano.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MappaChinatownMilano.jpg/180px-MappaChinatownMilano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MappaChinatownMilano.jpg/240px-MappaChinatownMilano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Chinatown Milan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_China_Town_Chinese_Arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gate of Chinatown, Liverpool England, is the largest multiple-span arch outside of China, in the oldest Chinese community in Europe."><img alt="Gate of Chinatown, Liverpool England, is the largest multiple-span arch outside of China, in the oldest Chinese community in Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Liverpool_China_Town_Chinese_Arch.jpg/120px-Liverpool_China_Town_Chinese_Arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Liverpool_China_Town_Chinese_Arch.jpg/180px-Liverpool_China_Town_Chinese_Arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Liverpool_China_Town_Chinese_Arch.jpg/240px-Liverpool_China_Town_Chinese_Arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gate of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Liverpool" title="Chinatown, Liverpool">Chinatown, Liverpool</a> England, is the largest multiple-span arch outside of China, in the oldest Chinese community in Europe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Day_30_unsplashdaily_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wardour Street, Chinatown, London"><img alt="Wardour Street, Chinatown, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Day_30_unsplashdaily_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/80px-Day_30_unsplashdaily_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Day_30_unsplashdaily_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/120px-Day_30_unsplashdaily_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Day_30_unsplashdaily_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/160px-Day_30_unsplashdaily_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="5570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wardour Street, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_London" title="Chinatown, London">Chinatown, London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Quarter in Birmingham, England"><img alt="Chinese Quarter in Birmingham, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg/120px-China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg/180px-China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg/240px-China_Court_Restaurant._-_geograph.org.uk_-_707948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Quarter in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvel_an_chinois_%C3%A0_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese new year celebration in Lyon, France"><img alt="Chinese new year celebration in Lyon, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nouvel_an_chinois_%C3%A0_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re.JPG/120px-Nouvel_an_chinois_%C3%A0_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nouvel_an_chinois_%C3%A0_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re.JPG/180px-Nouvel_an_chinois_%C3%A0_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nouvel_an_chinois_%C3%A0_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re.JPG/240px-Nouvel_an_chinois_%C3%A0_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese new year celebration in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinatowns have been portrayed in various films including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Joy_Luck_Club_(film)" title="The Joy Luck Club (film)">The Joy Luck Club</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Trouble_in_Little_China" title="Big Trouble in Little China">Big Trouble in Little China</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Dragon_(film)" title="Year of the Dragon (film)">Year of the Dragon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flower_Drum_Song_(film)" title="Flower Drum Song (film)">Flower Drum Song</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a></i>. Within the context of the last film "Chinatown" is used primarily as an <a href="/wiki/Extended_metaphor" title="Extended metaphor">extended metaphor</a> for any situation in which an outside entity seeks to intervene without having the local knowledge required to understand the consequences of that intervention. The neighborhood or district is often associated with being outside the normal <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> or isolated from the <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a> of the larger society. </p><p>Chinatowns have also been mentioned in the song "<a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Fighting" title="Kung Fu Fighting">Kung Fu Fighting</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Douglas" title="Carl Douglas">Carl Douglas</a> whose song lyrics says "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>There was funky China men from funky Chinatown<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> is well known as a person who was born in the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown of San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> such as politician <a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> and NBA player <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Lin" title="Jeremy Lin">Jeremy Lin</a> grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns. Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_notable_temples_in_Chinatowns_worldwide">Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco%27s_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco's Chinatown">San Francisco's Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tin_How_Temple" title="Tin How Temple">Tin How Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天后古廟</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Ma-Tsu_Temple_(San_Francisco,_California)" title="Ma-Tsu Temple (San Francisco, California)">Ma-Tsu Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">美國舊金山媽祖廟朝聖宮</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Chinatown">Los Angeles Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thien_Hau_Temple_(Los_Angeles)" title="Thien Hau Temple (Los Angeles)">Thien Hau Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天后宮</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Chinatown" title="Yokohama Chinatown">Yokohama Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Ma_Zhu_Miao" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokohama Ma Zhu Miao">Yokohama Ma Zhu Miao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">横濱媽祖廟</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok Chinatown">Bangkok Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leng_Buai_Ia_Shrine" title="Leng Buai Ia Shrine">Leng Buai Ia Shrine</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龍尾古廟</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Wat_Bamphen_Chin_Phrot" title="Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot">Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">永福寺</span></span>) & <a href="/wiki/Wat_Mangkon_Kamalawat" title="Wat Mangkon Kamalawat">Wat Mangkon Kamalawat</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">(龍蓮寺</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latha_Township" title="Latha Township">Yangon Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kheng_Hock_Keong" title="Kheng Hock Keong">Kheng Hock Keong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">慶福宮</span></span>) & <a href="/wiki/Guanyin_Gumiao_Temple" title="Guanyin Gumiao Temple">Guanyin Gumiao Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">觀音古廟</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Jakarta Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kim_Tek_Ie_Temple" title="Kim Tek Ie Temple">Kim Tek Ie Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金德院</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Street" title="Petaling Street">Kuala Lumpur Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sin_Sze_Si_Ya_Temple" title="Sin Sze Si Ya Temple">Sin Sze Si Ya Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仙四師爺廟</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonker_Walk" title="Jonker Walk">Malacca Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hoon_Teng_Temple" title="Cheng Hoon Teng Temple">Cheng Hoon Teng Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青云亭</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kuala_Terengganu" title="Chinatown, Kuala Terengganu">Terengganu Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ho_Ann_Kiong_Temple" title="Ho Ann Kiong Temple">Ho Ann Kiong Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">护安宫</span></span>) & <a href="/wiki/Tian_Hou_Gong_Temple" title="Tian Hou Gong Temple">Tian Hou Gong Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天后宮</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Chinatown" title="Davao Chinatown">Davao Chinatown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lon_Wa_Buddhist_Temple" title="Lon Wa Buddhist Temple">Lon Wa Buddhist Temple</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龙华寺</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekan_Cina_dan_Pekan_Melayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekan Cina dan Pekan Melayu (page does not exist)">Chinatown and Malaytown in Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Street,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu">Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kuching" title="Chinatown, Kuching">Chinatown, Kuching</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chinatown" class="extiw" title="commons:Chinatown"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Chinatown</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinatowns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chinatowns">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Asia" title="Chinatowns in Asia">Chinatowns in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Europe" title="Chinatowns in Europe">Chinatowns in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Oceania" title="Chinatowns in Oceania">Chinatowns in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_United_States" title="Chinatowns in the United States">Chinatowns in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_significant_Chinese-American_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations">List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manhattan_Chinatown_Largest_Concentration_Chinese_Western_Hemisphere-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manhattan_Chinatown_Largest_Concentration_Chinese_Western_Hemisphere_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manhattan_Chinatown_Largest_Concentration_Chinese_Western_Hemisphere_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown">"Chinatown New York"</a>. Civitatis New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404164227/https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2020</span>. <q>As its name suggests, Chinatown is where the largest population of Chinese people live in the Western Hemisphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinatown+New+York&rft.pub=Civitatis+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.introducingnewyork.com%2Fchinatown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-sheet-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact-sheet_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact-sheet_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact-sheet_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf">"Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Explore Chinatown</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explore+Chinatown&rft.atitle=Chinatown+New+York+City+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explorechinatown.com%2FPDF%2FFactSheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Waxman" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Waxman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html">"The History of New York's Chinatown"</a>. Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014333/https://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+New+York%27s+Chinatown&rft.pub=Mediabridge+Infosystems%2C+Inc&rft.au=Sarah+Waxman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ny.com%2Farticles%2Fchinatown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Reimers1992" class="citation book cs1">David M. Reimers (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104"><i>Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231076814" title="Special:BookSources/9780231076814"><bdi>9780231076814</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Still+the+golden+door%3A+the+Third+...+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780231076814&rft.au=David+M.+Reimers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNagJFMxtkAcC%26q%3DFlushing%2BChinatown%2BLittle%2BTaiwan%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_A._McGlinn,_Department_of_Geography_SUNY-New_Paltz2002" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf">"Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers</i>. Middle States Geographer. pp. 110–119. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Middle+States+Division+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Beyond+Chinatown%3A+Dual+immigration+and+the+Chinese+population+of+metropolitan+New+York+City%2C+2000%2C+Page+4&rft.pages=110-119&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Lawrence+A.+McGlinn%2C+Department+of+Geography+SUNY-New+Paltz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeographyplanning.buffalostate.edu%2FMSG%25202002%2F13_McGlinn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Reimers1992" class="citation book cs1">David M. Reimers (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104"><i>Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231076814" title="Special:BookSources/9780231076814"><bdi>9780231076814</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Still+the+golden+door%3A+the+Third+...+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780231076814&rft.au=David+M.+Reimers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNagJFMxtkAcC%26q%3DFlushing%2BChinatown%2BLittle%2BTaiwan%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Twelve_Chinatowns_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanie_Tuder2019" class="citation web cs1">Stefanie Tuder (February 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc">"Believe It or Not, New York City Has Nine Chinatowns"</a>. EATER NY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226081349/https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Believe+It+or+Not%2C+New+York+City+Has+Nine+Chinatowns&rft.pub=EATER+NY&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft.au=Stefanie+Tuder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny.eater.com%2F2019%2F2%2F25%2F18236523%2Fchinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2dbKSxna6k"><i>Connecticut's Unexpected Chinatowns</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031214821/http://www.citylab.com/amp/article/440190/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connecticut%27s+Unexpected+Chinatowns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Da2dbKSxna6k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Marcelo" class="citation web cs1">Philip Marcelo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norwichbulletin.com/news/20160722/fortune-friction-and-decline-as-casino-chinatown-matures">"Fortune, friction and decline as casino 'Chinatown' matures"</a>. <i>The Bulletin</i>. The Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Fortune%2C+friction+and+decline+as+casino+%27Chinatown%27+matures&rft.au=Philip+Marcelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norwichbulletin.com%2Fnews%2F20160722%2Ffortune-friction-and-decline-as-casino-chinatown-matures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228215015/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Chinatown">"Definition of Chinatown"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Chinatown">the original</a> on February 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Chinatown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2FChinatown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301230646/https://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-chinatown/24595340">"Where You Live Chinatown"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-chinatown/24595340">the original</a> on March 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+You+Live+Chinatown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitv.com%2Fnews%2Fhawaii%2Fwhere-you-live%2Fwhere-you-live-chinatown%2F24595340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan2009" class="citation book cs1">Juan, Karin Aguilar-San (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littlesaigonssta0000agui"><i>Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America</i></a></span>. U of Minnesota Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littlesaigonssta0000agui/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816654857" title="Special:BookSources/9780816654857"><bdi>9780816654857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Saigons%3A+Staying+Vietnamese+in+America&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780816654857&rft.aulast=Juan&rft.aufirst=Karin+Aguilar-San&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flittlesaigonssta0000agui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101411/http://www.unmiserable.com/cleveland/archive/?p=713">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmiserable.com/cleveland/archive/?p%3D713">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmiserable.com%2Fcleveland%2Farchive%2F%3Fp%253D713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-5743-9780824836719.aspx">"Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303214959/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-5743-9780824836719.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnoburb%3A+The+New+Ethnic+Community+in+Urban+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhpress.hawaii.edu%2Fp-5743-9780824836719.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-26/asians-in-thriving-enclaves-keep-distance-from-whites.html">"Asians in Thriving Enclaves Keep Distance From Whites"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. June 26, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122212519/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-26/asians-in-thriving-enclaves-keep-distance-from-whites.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Asians+in+Thriving+Enclaves+Keep+Distance+From+Whites&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-06-26%2Fasians-in-thriving-enclaves-keep-distance-from-whites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsui2014" class="citation news cs1">Tsui, Bonnie (January 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/travel/chinatown-revisited.html">"Chinatown Revisited"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706171445/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/travel/chinatown-revisited.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chinatown+Revisited&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft.aulast=Tsui&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F26%2Ftravel%2Fchinatown-revisited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nhpr.org/post/chinatown-ghost-town">"From Chinatown to Ghost Town"</a>. NHPR. November 14, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042729/http://nhpr.org/post/chinatown-ghost-town">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Chinatown+to+Ghost+Town&rft.pub=NHPR&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnhpr.org%2Fpost%2Fchinatown-ghost-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDela_Cerna" class="citation web cs1">Dela Cerna, Madrilena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224131510/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=188">"Parian in Cebu"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Parian+in+Cebu&rft.aulast=Dela+Cerna&rft.aufirst=Madrilena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Figm%3D2%26i%3D188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/10/16/the-parian-and-the-spanish-colonial-economy/">"The Parian and the Spanish Colonial Economy"</a>. <i>Intramuros Administration, Republic of the Philippines</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029214134/https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/10/16/the-parian-and-the-spanish-colonial-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intramuros+Administration%2C+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+Parian+and+the+Spanish+Colonial+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintramuros.gov.ph%2F2020%2F10%2F16%2Fthe-parian-and-the-spanish-colonial-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pacs.ph-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pacs.ph_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pacs.ph_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Burton, John William (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacs.ph/the-ethnic-chinese-as-filipinos-part-3-2000/">"The Word Parian: An Etymological and Historical Adventure"</a>. <i>The Ethnic Chinese as Filipinos (Part III)</i>. <b>8</b>: 67–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029214132/https://www.pacs.ph/the-ethnic-chinese-as-filipinos-part-3-2000/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ethnic+Chinese+as+Filipinos+%28Part+III%29&rft.atitle=The+Word+Parian%3A+An+Etymological+and+Historical+Adventure&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=67-72&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacs.ph%2Fthe-ethnic-chinese-as-filipinos-part-3-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish2011" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Shirley (2011). <i>The Manila-Acapulco galleons: the treasure ships of the Pacific ; with an annotated list of the transpacific galleons 1565 - 1815</i>. Central Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781456775438" title="Special:BookSources/9781456775438"><bdi>9781456775438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manila-Acapulco+galleons%3A+the+treasure+ships+of+the+Pacific+%3B+with+an+annotated+list+of+the+transpacific+galleons+1565+-+1815&rft.place=Central+Milton+Keynes&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781456775438&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakekoshi2004" class="citation book cs1">Takekoshi, Yosaburo (2004). <i>economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan, Vol. 2</i>. London: Routledge. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=economic+aspects+of+the+history+of+the+civilization+of+Japan%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Takekoshi&rft.aufirst=Yosaburo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2006" class="citation book cs1">Li, Qingxin (2006). <i>Maritime Silk Road</i>. China International Press. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=China+International+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Qingxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeyesekere1987" class="citation book cs1">Abeyesekere, Susan (1987). <i>Jakarta: A History</i>. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jakarta%3A+A+History&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.+All+rights+reserved&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Abeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147">"Calcutta's Chinatown facing extinction over new rule"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. July 31, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234646/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Calcutta%27s+Chinatown+facing+extinction+over+new+rule&rft.date=2004-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Fworld%2Farchives%2F2004%2F07%2F31%2F2003181147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/yaowarat-heritage-centre.html">"The History of Chinatown Bangkok"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yaowarat_Chinatown_Heritage_Center" title="Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center">Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920194046/http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/yaowarat-heritage-centre.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chinatown+Bangkok&rft.pub=Yaowarat+Chinatown+Heritage+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tour-bangkok-legacies.com%2Fyaowarat-heritage-centre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/">"Chinatown Melbourne"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125022815/http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinatown+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinatownmelbourne.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ABOUTMELBOURNE/HISTORY/Pages/multiculturalhistory.aspxt">"Melbourne's multicultural history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Melbourne" title="City of Melbourne">City of Melbourne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930190838/https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/melbourne-heritage/Pages/melbourne-heritage.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne%27s+multicultural+history&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourne.vic.gov.au%2FABOUTMELBOURNE%2FHISTORY%2FPages%2Fmulticulturalhistory.aspxt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/">"World's 8 most colourful Chinatowns"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131130906/http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+8+most+colourful+Chinatowns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatadornetwork.com%2Ftrips%2Fworlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920">"The essential guide to Chinatown"</a>. <i>Melbourne Food and Wine Festival</i>. Food + Drink Victoria. February 3, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234525/https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Melbourne+Food+and+Wine+Festival&rft.atitle=The+essential+guide+to+Chinatown&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbournefoodandwine.com.au%2Fread-watch%2Flatest-news%2Fnews%2Fthe-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCBA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LCBA_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html">"History of Liverpool Chinatown"</a>. The Liverpool Chinatown Business Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html">the original</a> on January 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Liverpool+Chinatown&rft.pub=The+Liverpool+Chinatown+Business+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ukonline.co.uk%2Flcba%2Fba%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373">Documentary film about the early history of San Francisco's Chinatown</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106231830/https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373">Archived</a> 2014-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, KPIX-TV, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster_2001-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foster_2001_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Foster2001" class="citation book cs1">Lee Foster (October 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VA0GAmdjK4C"><i>Northern California History Weekends</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-1076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-1076-8"><bdi>978-0-7627-1076-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+California+History+Weekends&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-1076-8&rft.au=Lee+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VA0GAmdjK4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roenfeld, R. (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/">"A History of Omaha's Chinatown</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044231/https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/">Archived</a> March 6, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NorthOmahaHistory.com. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okihiro_2015-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okihiro_2015_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkihiro2015" class="citation book cs1">Okihiro, Gary Y. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>American History Unbound: Asians and Pacific Islanders</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27435-8"><bdi>978-0-520-27435-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502225136/https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+History+Unbound%3A+Asians+and+Pacific+Islanders&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27435-8&rft.aulast=Okihiro&rft.aufirst=Gary+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaowDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown">"Chinatown"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Sydney</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427115045/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Sydney&rft.atitle=Chinatown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionaryofsydney.org%2Fentry%2Fchinatown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sales, Rosemary; d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. "London's Chinatown" in Donald, Stephanie; Kohman, Eleonore; Kevin, Catherine. (eds) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45"><i>Branding Cities: Cosmopolitanism, Parochialism, and Social Change</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165201/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> February 12, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 45–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinese_NYC_to_Philadelphia-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_NYC_to_Philadelphia_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Katz2018" class="citation news cs1">Matt Katz (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">"Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaving+New+York+to+Find+the+American+Dream+in+Philadelphia&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.au=Matt+Katz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fphiladelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philadelphia_Foreign_Born-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philadelphia_Foreign_Born_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Gammage2019" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Gammage (May 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html">"Welcome to Philly: Percentage of foreign-born city residents has doubled since 1990"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180258/https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2019</span>. <q>China is, far and away, the primary sending country, with 22,140 city residents who make up about 11 percent of the foreign-born population, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts analysis of Census data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Philly%3A+Percentage+of+foreign-born+city+residents+has+doubled+since+1990&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft.au=Jeff+Gammage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fnews%2Fimmigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelia_Robinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Melia Robinson (May 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5">"This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest growing Chinatowns in the world"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730033121/http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=This+is+what+it%27s+like+in+one+of+the+biggest+and+fastest+growing+Chinatowns+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.au=Melia+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fi-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Ngu2021" class="citation news cs1">Sarah Ngu (January 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Not what it used to be': in New York, Flushing's Asian residents brace against gentrification"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_US" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian US">The Guardian US</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813091230/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to Flushing, which is 69% Asian. 'They've been here, they live here, they work here, they've invested here,' said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February...Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m...The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese-American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+US&rft.atitle=%27Not+what+it+used+to+be%27%3A+in+New+York%2C+Flushing%27s+Asian+residents+brace+against+gentrification&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft.au=Sarah+Ngu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2020%2Faug%2F13%2Fflushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlushingChinatownContinuesGrowth-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FlushingChinatownContinuesGrowth_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Davidson2022" class="citation web cs1">Justin Davidson (December 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curbed.com/2022/12/new-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html">"Can the Hochul-Adams New New York Actually Happen?"</a>. Curbed - New York magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218183018/https://www.curbed.com/2022/12/new-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+the+Hochul-Adams+New+New+York+Actually+Happen%3F&rft.pub=Curbed+-+New+York+magazine&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.au=Justin+Davidson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curbed.com%2F2022%2F12%2Fnew-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCPrimaryChineseDestination-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCPrimaryChineseDestination_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEileen_Sullivan2023" class="citation news cs1">Eileen Sullivan (November 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html">"Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125055441/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html?searchResultPosition=1">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan..."New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community," said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Growing+Numbers+of+Chinese+Migrants+Are+Crossing+the+Southern+Border&rft.date=2023-11-24&rft.au=Eileen+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F11%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fchina-migrants-us-border.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYC_Chinese_1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Chinese_1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016">"Selected Population Profile in the United States 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016">the original</a> on February 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Population+Profile+in+the+United+States+2017+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates+New+York-Newark%2C+NY-NJ-CT-PA+CSA+Chinese+alone&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F17_1YR%2FS0201%2F330M400US408%2Fpopgroup~016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm">"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. April 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808080130/http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Immigration+Statistics%3A+2011+Supplemental+Table+2&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fpublications%2FLPR11.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm">"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712200141/https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Immigration+Statistics%3A+2010+Supplemental+Table+2&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fpublications%2FLPR10.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Marzulli2011" class="citation news cs1">John Marzulli (May 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034445/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/malaysian-man-smuggled-illegal-chinese-immigrants-brooklyn-queen-mary-2-authorities-article-1.143516">"Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-09/news/29541916_1_illegal-chinese-immigrants-qm2-queen-mary">the original</a> on May 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Malaysian+man+smuggled+illegal+Chinese+immigrants+into+Brooklyn+using+Queen+Mary+2%3A+authorities&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.au=John+Marzulli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.nydailynews.com%2F2011-05-09%2Fnews%2F29541916_1_illegal-chinese-immigrants-qm2-queen-mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulishRoblesMazzei2019" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas; Robles, Frances; Mazzei, Patricia (March 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043138/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/behind-illicit-massage-parlors-lie-a-vast-crime-network-and-modern-indentured-servitude/ar-BBUhZgJ?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout">"Behind Illicit Massage Parlors Lie a Vast Crime Network and Modern Indentured Servitude"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/behind-illicit-massage-parlors-lie-a-vast-crime-network-and-modern-indentured-servitude/ar-BBUhZgJ?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout">the original</a> on March 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Behind+Illicit+Massage+Parlors+Lie+a+Vast+Crime+Network+and+Modern+Indentured+Servitude&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Robles%2C+Frances&rft.au=Mazzei%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fus%2Fbehind-illicit-massage-parlors-lie-a-vast-crime-network-and-modern-indentured-servitude%2Far-BBUhZgJ%3Fli%3DBBnb7Kz%26ocid%3Dmailsignout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJada_Chin2020" class="citation news cs1">Jada Chin (November 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2020/11/30/san-francisco-chinatown-business-covid/">"The country's oldest Chinatown is fighting for its life in San Francisco Covid-19 has decimated tourism in the neighborhood. Can its historic businesses survive?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202235502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2020/11/30/san-francisco-chinatown-business-covid/">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+country%27s+oldest+Chinatown+is+fighting+for+its+life+in+San+Francisco+Covid-19+has+decimated+tourism+in+the+neighborhood.+Can+its+historic+businesses+survive%3F&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft.au=Jada+Chin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftravel%2F2020%2F11%2F30%2Fsan-francisco-chinatown-business-covid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Channick2020" class="citation news cs1">Robert Channick (February 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herald-review.com/news/state-and-regional/chicagos-chinatown-takes-a-hit-as-coronavirus-fears-keep-customers-away-business-is-down-as/article_d7b72df2-d40c-5d30-afce-bb42baccae2e.html">"Chicago's Chinatown takes a hit as coronavirus fears keep customers away. Business is down as much as 50% at some restaurants"</a>. <i>Herald & Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427124131/https://herald-review.com/news/state-and-regional/chicagos-chinatown-takes-a-hit-as-coronavirus-fears-keep-customers-away-business-is-down-as/article_d7b72df2-d40c-5d30-afce-bb42baccae2e.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+%26+Review&rft.atitle=Chicago%27s+Chinatown+takes+a+hit+as+coronavirus+fears+keep+customers+away.+Business+is+down+as+much+as+50%25+at+some+restaurants&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.au=Robert+Channick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherald-review.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fchicagos-chinatown-takes-a-hit-as-coronavirus-fears-keep-customers-away-business-is-down-as%2Farticle_d7b72df2-d40c-5d30-afce-bb42baccae2e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1613 Description of Malaca and Meridional India and Cathay composed by Emanuel Godinho de Eradia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We firſt paſſed the lower ground, from thence round the Horſe Stable Hill, to the Hermitage, and ſo by the China Town and brick-ſhades," Modern Hiſtory: Bing a Continuation of the Universal History, Book XIV, Chap. VI. Hiſtory of the Engliſh Eaſt India Company, 1759.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hideo Izumida, Chinese Settlements and China-towns along Coastal Area of the South China Sea: Asian Urbanization Through Immigration and Colonization, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7615-2383-2" title="Special:BookSources/4-7615-2383-2">4-7615-2383-2</a>(Japanese version), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-5933-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-5933-712-5">978-89-5933-712-5</a>(Korean version)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519123247/http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/general_plan/Chinatown.htm">"Chinatown Area Plan (San Francisco Chinatown)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/general_plan/Chinatown.htm#CHI_HOS_4_1">the original</a> on May 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinatown+Area+Plan+%28San+Francisco+Chinatown%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-planning.org%2Fftp%2Fgeneral_plan%2FChinatown.htm%23CHI_HOS_4_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Chinatown-Philadelphia-PA.html">"Chinatown Philadelphia PA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702164650/http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Chinatown-Philadelphia-PA.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinatown+Philadelphia+PA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-data.com%2Fneighborhood%2FChinatown-Philadelphia-PA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/china-city-america-new-disney-chinese-themed-development-plans-bring-6-billion-catskills-new-York">"China City Of America: New Disney-Like Chinese-Themed Development Plans To Bring $6 Billion To Catskills In New York State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. December 6, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307120550/http://www.ibtimes.com/china-city-america-new-disney-chinese-themed-development-plans-bring-6-billion-catskills-new-york">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=China+City+Of+America%3A+New+Disney-Like+Chinese-Themed+Development+Plans+To+Bring+%246+Billion+To+Catskills+In+New+York+State&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fchina-city-america-new-disney-chinese-themed-development-plans-bring-6-billion-catskills-new-York&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/ferg/issn/14606011.html">"Trade and Commerce in Singapore"</a>. <i>Simmond's Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany</i>: 335. January–April 1844. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222220928/http://www.nla.gov.au/ferg/issn/14606011.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Simmond%27s+Colonial+Magazine+and+Foreign+Miscellany&rft.atitle=Trade+and+Commerce+in+Singapore&rft.pages=335&rft.date=1844-01%2F1844-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nla.gov.au%2Fferg%2Fissn%2F14606011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. July 23, 1844. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1844-07-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield1852" class="citation book cs1">Hatfield, Edwin F. (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sthelenacapeofgo01hatf"><i>St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sthelenacapeofgo01hatf/page/197">197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Helena+and+the+Cape+of+Good+Hope&rft.pages=197&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsthelenacapeofgo01hatf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Alta California</i>. December 12, 1855. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alta+California&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1855-12-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Alta California</i>. December 12, 1857. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alta+California&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1857-12-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Alta California</i>. June 4, 1858. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alta+California&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1858-06-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Defiance Democrat</i>. June 12, 1869. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defiance+Democrat&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1869-06-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Ballarat Star</i>. February 16, 1861. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ballarat+Star&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1861-02-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Tuapeka Times</i>. February 6, 1873. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tuapeka+Times&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1873-02-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingapore2011" class="citation book cs1">Singapore, Department of Statistics (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213154440/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf"><i>Singapore Census of Population 2010, Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810878085" title="Special:BookSources/9789810878085"><bdi>9789810878085</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Census+of+Population+2010%2C+Statistical+Release+1%3A+Demographic+Characteristics%2C+Education%2C+Language+and+Religion&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Trade+%26+Industry%2C+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789810878085&rft.aulast=Singapore&rft.aufirst=Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fcop2010%2Fcensus_2010_release1%2Fcop2010sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Statistics, Malaysia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycensus.gov.my/banci/www/index.php?&id=3&page_id=40&filename=penerbitan&aid=12">"Migration and Population Distribution 2010"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206052225/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/banci/www/index.php">Archived</a> 2020-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government of Malaysia</a></i>, Malaysia, August 2014. Retrieved on 27 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunnellParthasarathyThompson2012" class="citation book cs1">Bunnell, Tim; Parthasarathy, D.; Thompson, Eric C. (December 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQifRGYy55sC&q=Pecinan+Chinatown&pg=PA109"><i>Cleavage, Connection and Conflict in Rural, Urban and Contemporary Asia</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400754829" title="Special:BookSources/9789400754829"><bdi>9789400754829</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165100/https://books.google.com/books?id=oQifRGYy55sC&q=Pecinan+Chinatown&pg=PA109#v=snippet&q=Pecinan%20Chinatown&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleavage%2C+Connection+and+Conflict+in+Rural%2C+Urban+and+Contemporary+Asia&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.isbn=9789400754829&rft.aulast=Bunnell&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Parthasarathy%2C+D.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Eric+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQifRGYy55sC%26q%3DPecinan%2BChinatown%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016">"SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016">the original</a> on February 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SELECTED+POPULATION+PROFILE+IN+THE+UNITED+STATES+2017+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates+New+York-Newark%2C+NY-NJ-CT-PA+CSA+Chinese+alone&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F17_1YR%2FS0201%2F330M400US408%2Fpopgroup~016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk_Semple2011" class="citation news cs1">Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html">"Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219031916/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html?scp=1&sq=asians&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Asian+New+Yorkers+Seek+Power+to+Match+Numbers&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft.au=Kirk+Semple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Fasian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGlinn-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGlinn_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGlinn_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_A._McGlinn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence A. McGlinn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf">"Beyond Chinatown: Dual Immigration and the Chinese Population of Metropolitan New York City, 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Middle States Geographer</i>. <b>35</b> (1153): 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+States+Geographer&rft.atitle=Beyond+Chinatown%3A+Dual+Immigration+and+the+Chinese+Population+of+Metropolitan+New+York+City%2C+2000&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1153&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Lawrence+A.+McGlinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeographyplanning.buffalostate.edu%2FMSG%25202002%2F13_McGlinn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bacon,_Daniel_page_50-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon,_Daniel_page_50_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon,_Daniel_page_50_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacon, Daniel: Walking the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd ed., page 50, Quicksilver Press, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards,_Rand_page_198-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards,_Rand_page_198_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards,_Rand_page_198_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, Rand: <i>Historic San Francisco</i>, 2nd Ed., page 198, Heritage House Publishers, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_p151-152-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_p151-152_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_p151-152_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Morris, Charles: San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire, pgs. 151-152, University of Illinois Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vancouverchinatown.ca/">"Chinatown Vancouver Online"</a>. <i>Vancouver Chinatown</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903032520/http://www.vancouverchinatown.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Chinatown&rft.atitle=Chinatown+Vancouver+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvancouverchinatown.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann_2012-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann_2012_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mann" title="Charles C. Mann">Mann, Charles C.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lB3sy0aH4AC&pg=PA416"><i>1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27824-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27824-1"><bdi>978-0-307-27824-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165202/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lB3sy0aH4AC&pg=PA416#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1493%3A+Uncovering+the+New+World+Columbus+Created&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27824-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lB3sy0aH4AC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.sescsp.org.br/online/artigo/9036_A+CHINATOWN+BRASILEIRA">"A Chinatown brasileira"</a>. May 12, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://portal.sescsp.org.br/online/artigo/9036_A+CHINATOWN+BRASILEIRA">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Chinatown+brasileira&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.sescsp.org.br%2Fonline%2Fartigo%2F9036_A%2BCHINATOWN%2BBRASILEIRA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apecc.com.br/revitalizacao-do-centro-de-sp-conheca-o-projeto-chinatown/">"Revitalização do Centro de SP: Conheça o projeto Chinatown"</a>. January 4, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://www.apecc.com.br/revitalizacao-do-centro-de-sp-conheca-o-projeto-chinatown/">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revitaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Centro+de+SP%3A+Conhe%C3%A7a+o+projeto+Chinatown&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apecc.com.br%2Frevitalizacao-do-centro-de-sp-conheca-o-projeto-chinatown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibrachina.com.br/o-globo-destaca-projeto-da-chinatown-sao-paulo/">"O Globo destaca projeto da Chinatown São Paulo"</a>. June 5, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://www.ibrachina.com.br/o-globo-destaca-projeto-da-chinatown-sao-paulo/">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Globo+destaca+projeto+da+Chinatown+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibrachina.com.br%2Fo-globo-destaca-projeto-da-chinatown-sao-paulo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/opiniao/2021/11/a-chinatown-paulistana.shtml">"Opinião - José Ruy Gandra: A Chinatown paulistana"</a>. November 11, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226163516/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/opiniao/2021/11/a-chinatown-paulistana.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opini%C3%A3o+-+Jos%C3%A9+Ruy+Gandra%3A+A+Chinatown+paulistana&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fopiniao%2F2021%2F11%2Fa-chinatown-paulistana.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatown-antwerpen.be">"China Town Antwerpen"</a>. <i>Chinatown-antwerpen.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920075100/http://www.chinatown-antwerpen.be/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinatown-antwerpen.be&rft.atitle=China+Town+Antwerpen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatown-antwerpen.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328180855/http://www.britishchineseonline.com/forum/showthread.php?t=28439">"What happened to Cardiff Chinatown? - Discussion Board"</a>. <i>Britishchineseonline.com</i>. October 5, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishchineseonline.com/forum/showthread.php?t=28439">the original</a> on March 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britishchineseonline.com&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+Cardiff+Chinatown%3F+-+Discussion+Board&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishchineseonline.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D28439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halfandhalf.org.uk">"Liverpool and it's Chinese Children"</a>. <i>Halfandhalf.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002184856/http://www.halfandhalf.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Halfandhalf.org.uk&rft.atitle=Liverpool+and+it%27s+Chinese+Children&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halfandhalf.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Douglas" class="citation book cs1">Carl Douglas. <i>Kung Fu Fighting</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kung+Fu+Fighting&rft.au=Carl+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhanesian2015" class="citation web cs1">Ohanesian, Liz (February 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451">"Bruce Lee's Huge Bronze Statue Turns Into a Mecca in L.A.'s Chinatown (VIDEO)"</a>. <i>laweekly.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104233447/https://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laweekly.com&rft.atitle=Bruce+Lee%27s+Huge+Bronze+Statue+Turns+Into+a+Mecca+in+L.A.%27s+Chinatown+%28VIDEO%29&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.aulast=Ohanesian&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2Farts%2Fbruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Chew, James R. "Boyhood Days in Winnemucca, 1901–1910." <i>Nevada Historical Society Quarterly</i> 1998 41(3): 206–209. ISSN 0047-9462 Oral history (1981) describes the Chinatown of Winnemucca, Nevada, during 1901–10. Though many Chinese left Winnemucca after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, around four hundred Chinese had formed a community in the town by the 1890s. Among the prominent buildings was the Joss House, a place of worship and celebration that was visited by Chinese revolutionist Sun Yat-Sen in 1911. Beyond describing the physical layout of the Chinatown, the author recalls some of the commercial and gambling activities in the community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Longfellow" title="Ki Longfellow">Ki Longfellow</a>, <i>China Blues</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eio_Books" title="Eio Books">Eio Books</a> 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0975925571" title="Special:BookSources/0975925571">0975925571</a>, San Francisco's Chinatown during the 1906 earthquake and in the early 1920s. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618184743/http://www.eiobooks.com/chinablues.html">Eio Books</a>)</li> <li>"Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain", K. Scott Wong, <i>Melus</i> (Vol. 20, Issue 1), 1995. Scholarly work discussing the negative perceptions and imagery of old Chinatowns.</li> <li>Pan, Lynn. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (1994). Book with detailed histories of Chinese diaspora communities (Chinatowns) from San Francisco, Honolulu, Bangkok, Manila, Johannesburg, Sydney, London, Lima, etc.</li> <li>Williams, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024028/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A17537-2004Feb29&notFound=true">"Chinatown Is a Hard Sell in Italy"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> Foreign Service, March 1, 2004; Page A11.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinatown&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwan2023" class="citation book cs1">Kwan, Cheuk (2023). <i>Have you eaten yet? : stories from Chinese restaurants around the world</i> (First Pegasus Books cloth ed.). New York: Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781639363346" title="Special:BookSources/9781639363346"><bdi>9781639363346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Have+you+eaten+yet%3F+%3A+stories+from+Chinese+restaurants+around+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+Pegasus+Books+cloth&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781639363346&rft.aulast=Kwan&rft.aufirst=Cheuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinatown" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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