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<span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>General description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_to_confirm_eligibility_for_gender-affirming_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_to_confirm_eligibility_for_gender-affirming_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Requirements to confirm eligibility for gender-affirming surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_to_confirm_eligibility_for_gender-affirming_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Identification documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Military draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Representation_in_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Representation in cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miss_Tiffany's_Universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miss_Tiffany's_Universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Miss Tiffany's Universe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miss_Tiffany's_Universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advocacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Uncle_Go_Paknam"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Uncle_Go_Paknam""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>"Uncle Go Paknam"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Uncle_Go_Paknam"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inside_Thailand's_Third_Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inside_Thailand's_Third_Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span><i>Inside Thailand's Third Gender</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inside_Thailand's_Third_Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kathoey</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A" title="كاثوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاثوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="কাথোয়ে – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাথোয়ে" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladyboy" title="Ladyboy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ladyboy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladyboy" title="Ladyboy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ladyboy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کتو ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتو ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato%C3%AF" title="Katoï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Katoï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%86%A0%EC%9D%B4" title="카토이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카토이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="קתואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8D" title="ກະເທີຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະເທີຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladyboy" title="Ladyboy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ladyboy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoey" title="Katoey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katoey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Катой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoey" title="Katoey – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katoey" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="กะเทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กะเทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Катой – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катой" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%92" title="کاتھوئے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاتھوئے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A6%96" title="泰国人妖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰国人妖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Kathoey" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q746411#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Lady_Boy_(song)" title="Lady Boy (song)">Lady Boy (song)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ladyboy" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/LadyBoy_(film)" title="LadyBoy (film)">LadyBoy (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kathoey" title="Special:EditPage/Kathoey">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kathoey" title="Talk:Kathoey">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: to include other countries such as Cambodia and Laos. This page should provide a comprehensive overview of the third gender or transgender identities in these countries as well..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="nomobile"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Kathoey</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathoy1649.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kathoeys on the stage of a cabaret show in Pattaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kathoy1649.jpg/240px-Kathoy1649.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kathoy1649.jpg/360px-Kathoy1649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kathoy1649.jpg/480px-Kathoy1649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kathoeys on the stage of a cabaret show in <a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kàtʰɤːj]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a> <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightPink;">Other terms</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Synonyms</th><td class="infobox-data">Ladyboy, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phuying praphet song</i></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phet thi sam</i></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">sao praphet song</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated terms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kothi_(gender)" title="Kothi (gender)">Kothi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a>, <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightPink;">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">up to 0.6% male (2011 estimate)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LavenderBlush;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightPink;">Legal information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognition</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes, limited</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protection</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:#5BCEFA; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:3em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#F5A9B8; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:3em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:white; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:3em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#F5A9B8; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:3em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#5BCEFA; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:3em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.35em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kathoey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap"><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_clinic" title="Gender identity clinic">Gender clinic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_gender_incongruence" title="Causes of gender incongruence">Causes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Sex assignment</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(female-to-male)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)">female-to-male</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(male-to-female)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)">male-to-female</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Facial_feminization_surgery" title="Facial feminization surgery">Facial feminization surgery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Facial_masculinization_surgery" title="Facial masculinization surgery">Facial masculinization surgery</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">Hair removal</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_voice_therapy" title="Transgender voice therapy">Voice therapy</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health" title="World Professional Association for Transgender Health">WPATH</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transgender_and_Gender_Diverse_People" title="Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People">Standards of Care</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Rights and <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal status</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political office-holders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Military service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_South_Korean_military" title="Transgender personnel in the South Korean military">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prisons</a></li> <li>Toilets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">Bathroom bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span> <span class="nowrap">radical feminism</span></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_panic_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans panic defense">Trans panic defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Society and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Events and awareness</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_beauty_pageants" title="Category:Transgender beauty pageants">Beauty pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_events" title="Category:Transgender events">more</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Culture</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-binary_people" title="List of non-binary people">non-binary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_characters_in_television" title="List of transgender characters in television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_by_continent" title="Category:Transgender by continent">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Rights</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)" title="Gender Identity Law (Argentina)">2012 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Lohana_Berkins_Law" title="Diana Sacayán–Lohana Berkins Law">2021 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">2016 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transsexuals_Act_(Germany)" title="Transsexuals Act (Germany)">1980 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender_law_(Germany)" title="Third gender law (Germany)">2018 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Determination_Act_(Germany)" title="Self-Determination Act (Germany)">2024 law</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014" title="Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014">2014 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019">2019 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2017">2017 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018">2018 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_(Norway)" title="Gender Recognition Act (Norway)">2016 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">2003 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_Trans" title="Ley Trans">2022 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">2004 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Reform_(Scotland)_Bill" title="Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill">2022 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Disenfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">Title IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia_in_the_United_States" title="Transphobia in the United States">Transphobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re_Kevin_%E2%80%93_validity_of_marriage_of_transsexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual">Re Kevin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">elected officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.3em 0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/16px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/24px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/32px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="117" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transgender" title="Portal:Transgender">Transgender portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li></ul></div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics" title="Category:Transgender topics">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transgender_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Kathoey</b></i> or <i><b>katoey</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">ខ្ទើយ</span>, <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">khtəəy</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ກະເທີຍ</span>, <span title="Lao-language romanization"><i lang="lo-Latn">ka thœ̄i</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">กะเทย</span>; <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoei</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Thai pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kàtʰɤːj]</a></span>), commonly translated as <i><b>ladyboy</b></i> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, is a term used by some people in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, whose identities in English may be best described as <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">transgender women</a> in some cases, or <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a> <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a> in other cases. These people are not traditionally transgender, but are seen as a third sex. Transgender women in Thailand mostly use terms other than <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> when referring to themselves, such as <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phuying</i></span> (Thai: <span lang="th">ผู้หญิง</span>, 'woman'). A significant number of <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a> perceive <i>kathoey</i> as belonging to a separate sex, including some transgender women themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the face of the many sociopolitical obstacles that <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> navigate in Thailand, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> activism has led to constitutional protection from unjust gender discrimination as of January 2015, but a separate <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> category has not yet been legally recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeung-2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeung-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Androgynous men in <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> society may have been observed by Chinese explorer <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> who visited <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in 1296–1297. In <a href="/wiki/The_Customs_of_Cambodia" title="The Customs of Cambodia"><i>The Customs of Cambodia</i></a> he records the presence of <i>erxingren</i> (二形人, literally "two-shaped persons") who tried to lure Chinese men by promising them sumptuous gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 19th-century interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Chbab_Srey" title="Chbab Srey">Chbab Srey</a> is also said to contains mentions of "malicious" women being punished in the "four hells" and being reincarnated as <i>kathoey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study of 195 Thai transgender women found that most of the participants referred to themselves as <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phuying</i></span></i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ผู้หญิง</span></span> 'women'), with a minority referring to themselves as <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phuying praphet song</i></span></i> ('second kind of woman') and very few referring to themselves as <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related phrases include <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phet thi sam</i></span></i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เพศที่สาม</span></span>, 'third sex'), and <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">sao praphet song</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phu ying praphet song</i></span></i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สาวประเภทสอง</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ผู้หญิงประเภทสอง</span></span>—both meaning 'second-type female'). The word <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> is of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ខ្ទើយ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">khteuy</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most often rendered as <i>ladyboy</i> in English conversation, an expression that has become popular across <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nongthoomfairtex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nongthoomfairtex.jpg/220px-Nongthoomfairtex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nongthoomfairtex.jpg/330px-Nongthoomfairtex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nongthoomfairtex.jpg/440px-Nongthoomfairtex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parinya_Charoenphol" title="Parinya Charoenphol">Nong Tum</a> is perhaps the most internationally recognised <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> for her portrayal in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Boxer" title="Beautiful Boxer">Beautiful Boxer</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> is often translated as '<a href="/wiki/Transgender_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender woman">transgender woman</a>' in English, this term is not correct in Thailand. As well as transgender people, the term can refer to <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>, and was originally used to refer to androgynous people.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the 1960s, the use of <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> included anyone who deviated from the dominant sexual norms.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this confusion in translation, the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> translation of <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> is usually 'ladyboy' (or variants of the term). </p><p>Use of the term <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> suggests that the person <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">self-identifies as a type of male</a>, in contrast to <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">sao praphet song</i></span></i> (which, like "trans woman", suggests a "female" (<i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">sao</i></span></i>) identity), and in contrast to <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phet thi sam</i></span></i> ('third sex'). The term <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phu ying praphet</i></span> song</i>, which can be translated as 'second-type female', is also used to refer to <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Australian scholar of sexual politics in Thailand <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Jackson (academic)">Peter Jackson</a> claims that the term <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> was used in antiquity to refer to <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> people, and that the connotation changed in the mid-20th century to cover <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> males.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> became an iconic symbol of modern Thai culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can refer to males who exhibit varying degrees of femininity. Many dress as women and undergo "feminising" medical procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Breast_implant" title="Breast implant">breast implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(male-to-female)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)">hormones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> injections, or <a href="/wiki/Chondrolaryngoplasty" title="Chondrolaryngoplasty">Adam's apple reductions</a>. Others may wear make-up and use feminine <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a>, but dress as men, and are closer to the Western category of <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a> gay man than transgender. </p><p>The term <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> may be considered pejorative, especially in the form <i><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey-saloey</i></span></i>. It has a meaning similar to the English language 'fairy' or 'queen'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> can also be seen as a derogatory word for those who are gay.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojanen-2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Buddhism there are a variety of interpretations on how to relate to <i>Kathoey</i> and Transgender people. Some within the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada"><i>Theravada</i> school</a> of Buddhism see being a <i>kathoey</i> as the result of karmic punishment for previous lifetimes.<b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> Bunmi, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thai Buddhist</a> author, believes that homosexuality stems from "lower level spirits" (<span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phi-sang-thewada</i></span>), a factor that is influenced by one's past life.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Buddhists view <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> as persons born with a disability as a consequence of past sins.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Does source really generalise like that over a half-billion multistranded religion? Does it mean just Thai Buddhism? Does it have the really good sources required to make even that generalisation? (January 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kathoey#Dubious" title="Talk:Kathoey">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Using the notion of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, some Thais believe that being a <i>kathoey</i> is the result of transgressions in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">past lives</a>, concluding that <i>kathoey</i> deserve pity rather than blame.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, however, believe that <i>kathoeys</i> should rectify their past life transgressions.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is done through <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit-making</a> such as "making donations to a temple or by ordaining as monks".<sup id="cite_ref-APA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While other Buddhists believe that the Buddha was never hostile to LGBT people and therefore that seeing being LGBT as a karmic punishment is a mistaken interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In northern Thailand, <i>Kathoey</i>, women, and gay men are considered to have soft souls and are therefore easily frightened and highly susceptible to possession.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three groups are heavily represented in <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">spirit summoning</a> since people without soft souls are considered immune to possession.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2022_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, <i>Kathoey</i> being a large proportion of the spirit medium population is a modern phenomenon since there is little evidence that <i>Kathoey</i> were associated with religious practice and were banned from religious ceremony before the modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas in north Thailand, <i>Kathoey</i> have taken on jobs as spirit mediums where they become known as <i>Kathoey maa-khii.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spirit mediumship provides <i>Kathoey</i> with a source of income as well as a support network.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the festival of the nine gods in southern Thailand, <i>Kathoey</i> participate as spiritual mediums of the god <i>Kaun Im.</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern Thailand tradition of the spirit medium <i>Nora</i> dance has traditionally been a primarily male performance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, women and <i>Kathoey</i> have become an increasingly large proportion of the performers, with a majority male performers in 2014 being either gay men or <i>Kathoey.</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_to_confirm_eligibility_for_gender-affirming_surgery">Requirements to confirm eligibility for gender-affirming surgery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Requirements to confirm eligibility for gender-affirming surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT rights in Thailand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">LGBT rights in Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">LGBT rights in Laos</a></div> <p>In Thai cities such as Bangkok, there are currently two to three <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> (GAS) operations per week, more than 3,500 over the past thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the massive increase in GASs, there has also been an increase in prerequisites, measures that must be taken in order to be eligible for the operation. Patients must be at least 18 years old with permission from parents if under 20 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan-2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One must provide evidence of diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> from a psychologist or psychiatrist. Before going through gender-affirming surgery, one must be on hormones/antiandrogens for at least one year.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan-2017_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients must have a note from the psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Two months prior to the surgery, patients are required to see a psychiatrist in Thailand to confirm eligibility for gender-affirming surgery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_context">Social context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kathoeys</i> are more visible and more accepted in Thai culture than transgender people are in other countries in the world. Several popular Thai models, singers, and movie stars are <i>kathoeys</i>, and Thai newspapers often print <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a> of the winners of female and <i>kathoey</i> beauty contests side by side. The phenomenon is not restricted to urban areas; there are <i>kathoeys</i> in most villages, and <i>kathoey</i> beauty contests are commonly held as part of local fairs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A common stereotype is that older, well-off <i>kathoey</i> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_daddy_(slang_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar daddy (slang term)">provide financial support</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">young men</a> with whom they are in romantic relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kathoeys</i> currently face many social and legal impediments. Families (and especially fathers) are typically disappointed if a child becomes a <i>kathoey</i>, and <i>kathoeys</i> often have to face the prospect of disclosing their birth sex. However, <i>kathoey</i> generally have greater acceptance in Thailand than most other East Asian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems can also arise in regards to access to amenities and gender allocation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <i>kathoey</i> work in predominately female occupations, such as in shops, restaurants, and <a href="/wiki/Beauty_salon" title="Beauty salon">beauty salons</a>, but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discrimination in employment is rampant as many perceive <i>kathoeys</i> as having mental problems and refuse to hire them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan-2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the difficulty for <i>Kathoey</i> to change their gender marker on official documentation makes finding employment harder<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, many <i>kathoeys</i> are only able to find work in sex and entertainment industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan-2014_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sorts of jobs include tourist centers, cabarets, and <a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">sex work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan-2014_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kathoeys</i> who work in the tourism sector must conform to a physical image that is preferred by tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan-2014_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kathoeys</i> who obtain jobs in the civil service sector are required to wear uniforms coinciding with their assigned sex of male.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the short lived airline <a href="/wiki/P.C._Air" title="P.C. Air">P.C. Air</a> began hiring <i>Kathoey</i> as flight attendants.<b><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>In rural areas in northern Thailand, some <i>kathoey</i> have acquired jobs picking fruit from trees.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to rural traditions men and women perform separate roles in the process of collecting fruit. Men climb trees and while women collect fruit in baskets below. However, <i>kathoey</i> are allowed to perform both roles.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kathoey</i> in Rural Areas in northern Thailand have begun acquiring jobs as spirit mediums as well.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many schools teach students that being transgender is wrong and a form of sexual deviancy.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thai schools utilize gendered uniforms as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_University" title="Bangkok University">Bangkok University</a> revised its uniform guidelines to allow transgender students to wear the uniform of their preferred gender, however, many other institutions still force transgender students to wear the uniform that matches their assigned sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2018_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <i>Kathoey</i> and transgender women choose which schools to attend based mainly on the ability to wear the gendered school uniform they prefer.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <i>kathoey</i> report facing violence and discrimination from both their classmates and their teachers at all levels of schooling due to their being <i>kathoey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to some dropping out or changing schools.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_context">Political context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thailand's 2015 Gender Equality Act is currently the strongest legal tool for advocating for transgender rights.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It protects those who are "of a different appearance from his/her own sex by birth" from unfair gender discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2018_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the creation of the 2016 Thai constitution, people believed that anti-discrimination terms would be set for a new category called '<a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2018_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term, however, was missing from the new constitution and no protections for transgender people were specifically outlined.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2018_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the constitution prohibited "unjust discrimination" based on differences in sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2018_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_documents">Identification documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Identification documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legal recognition of <i>kathoey</i>s and transgender people is nonexistent in Thailand: even if a transgender person has had sex reassignment surgery, they are not allowed to change their legal sex on their <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identification documents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identification documents are particularly important for daily life in Thailand as they facilitate communication with businesses, bureaucratic agencies (i.e., signing up for educational courses or medical care), law enforcement, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary identification form used in Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Thai_identity_card" title="Thai identity card">The Thai National Identification Card</a>, which is used for many important processes such as opening a bank account.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of transgender people are unable to change these documents to reflect their chosen gender, and those who are allowed must uphold strict standards.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transgender individuals are often accused of falsifying documents and are forced to show their identification documents.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This threatens their safety and results in their exclusion from various institutions like education or housing.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impeded by these identity cards on a daily basis, transgender people are "outed" by society.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The criminal justice sector relies on identification cards when deciding where to detain individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that <i>kathoeys</i> are detained alongside men.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By law, women are not allowed to be detained alongside men, and since <i>kathoeys</i> are not legally classified as women, they reside in the male section in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within prison, <i>kathoeys</i> are forced to cut their hair and abide by strict rules governing gender expression.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, they are denied access to <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy">hormones</a> and other "transition-related health care".<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_draft">Military draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transgender individuals were automatically exempted from compulsory military service in Thailand. <i>Kathoeys</i> were deemed to suffer from "mental illness" or "permanent mental disorder".<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders-2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mental disorders were required to appear on their military service documents, which are accessible to future employers. In 2006, the Thai <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_(Thailand)" title="National Human Rights Commission (Thailand)">National Human Rights Commission</a> (NHRC) overturned the use of discriminatory phraseology in Thailand's military service exemption documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders-2011_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Thai law banning citizens from changing their sex on their identification documents, everyone under the male category must attend a "lottery day" where they are randomly selected to enlist in the army for two years. In March 2008, the military added a "third category" for transgender people that dismissed them from service due to "illness that cannot be cured within 30 days".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the Administrative Court ruled that the Military and Defense needed to revise the reasoning for their exemption of <i>kathoeys</i> from the military.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, <i>kathoeys</i> are now exempt from the military under the reasoning that their "gender does not match their sex at birth".<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_32-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_in_cinema">Representation in cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Representation in cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Kathoeys</i></span> began to gain prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">cinema of Thailand</a> during the late-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Serhat-2011_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serhat-2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depiction at first was negative by showing <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> suffering bad karma, suicide, and abandoned by straight lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-Serhat-2011_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serhat-2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Named by the Thai cinema scholar Oradol Kaewprasert<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i>The First Wave of Thai Queer Cinema</i> was a wave of films that depicted stories focused solely on queer storylines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these films include <i>The Last Song</i> (1985) directed by Pisal Akkrasenee, the first ever Thai film to have a <i>kathoey</i> actress as the lead role.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main character, <i>Somying</i>, was named after the actress potraying her, <i>Somying Daorai,</i> the name meaning "a proper woman" in Thai.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film director, Pisal Akkrasenee, had stated he wanted the film to portray the tragic experience of being <i>kathoey</i> in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent and experimental films contributed to defying sexual norms in gay cinema in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2000 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Ladies" title="The Iron Ladies">The Iron Ladies</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Yongyoot_Thongkongtoon" title="Yongyoot Thongkongtoon">Yongyoot Thongkongtoon</a>, depicted a positive portrayal of an almost entirely <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> volleyball team by displaying their confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Serhat-2011_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serhat-2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Boxer" title="Beautiful Boxer">Beautiful Boxer</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ekachai_Uekrongtham" title="Ekachai Uekrongtham">Ekachai Uekrongtham,</a> told the story of a famous <i>kathoey</i> <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Maui Thai</a> fighter named <a href="/wiki/Parinya_Charoenphol" title="Parinya Charoenphol">Parinya Charoenphol</a>. The film was referenced in the book <i>Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology</i> for the film's focus and commentary on <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender Dysphoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising middle-class in Bangkok and vernacular queer culture made the mainstream portrayal of <i>kathoeys</i> more popular on television and in art house cinemas.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading to the creation of a sub-genre in Thai cinema called <i>Kathoey</i>-films.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miss_Tiffany's_Universe"><span id="Miss_Tiffany.27s_Universe"></span>Miss Tiffany's Universe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Miss Tiffany's Universe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feminine beauty in Thailand allowed transgender people to have their own platform where they are able to challenge stereotypes and claim cultural recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miss_Tiffany%27s_Universe" title="Miss Tiffany's Universe">Miss Tiffany's Universe</a> is a beauty contest that is opened to all transgender women. Beginning in 1998, the pageant takes place every May in Pattaya, Thailand. With over 100 applicants, the pageant is considered to be one of the most popular transgender pageants in the world. Through beauty pageants, Thailand has been able to promote the country's cosmetic surgery industry, which has had a massive increase in <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>. According to the Miss Tiffany's Universe website, the live broadcast attracts record of fifteen million viewers. The winner of the pageant receives a tiara, sash, car, and a grand prize of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a> (US$3,000), equivalent to an annual wage for a Thai factory worker.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assistant manager director, Alisa Phanthusak, stated that the pageant wants <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> to be visible and to treat them as normal.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeung-2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeung-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the biggest annual event in <a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transgender beauty contests are found in the countryside at village fairs or festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All-male revues are common in gay bars in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and as drag shows in the tourist resort of <a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathoey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kathoey.jpg/170px-Kathoey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kathoey.jpg/255px-Kathoey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kathoey.jpg/340px-Kathoey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2555" /></a><figcaption><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Kathoey</i></span> working in a go-go bar in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nana_Plaza" title="Nana Plaza">Nana Plaza</a> entertainment area</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, Thailand's teacher training colleges implemented a semi-formal ban on allowing homosexual (which included <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span>) students enrolling in courses leading to qualification for positions in kindergartens and primary schools. In January 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Rajabhat_University_system" title="Rajabhat University system">Rajabhat Institutes</a> (the governing body of the colleges) announced it would formalize the ban, which would extend to all campuses at the start of the 1997 academic year. The ban was quietly rescinded later in the year, following the replacement of the Minister of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1999_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xv–xiv">: xv–xiv </span></sup> </p><p>In 1996, a volleyball team composed mostly of gays and <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span>, known as <i>The Iron Ladies</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">สตรีเหล็ก</span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">satree lek</i></span>), later <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Ladies_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iron Ladies (film)">portrayed in two Thai movies</a>, won the Thai national championship. The Thai government, concerned with the country's image, barred two of the <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> from joining the national team and competing internationally. </p><p>Among the most famous <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> in Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Parinya_Kiatbusaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinya Kiatbusaba">Nong Tum</a>, a former champion <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Thai boxer</a> who emerged into the public eye in 1998. She would present in a feminine manner and had commenced hormone therapy while still a popular boxer; she would enter the ring with long hair and make-up, occasionally kissing a defeated opponent. She announced her retirement from professional boxing in 1999 – undergoing gender reassignment surgery, while continuing to work as a coach, and taking up acting and modeling. She returned to boxing in 2006. </p><p>In 2004, the Chiang Mai Technology School allocated a separate restroom for <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span>, with an intertwined male and female symbol on the door. The school's fifteen <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> students were required to wear male clothing at school but were allowed to sport feminine hairdos. The restroom featured four stalls, but no urinals.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 Thai coup d'état</a>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> are hoping for a new third sex to be added to passports and other official documents in a proposed new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, legislative efforts have begun to allow <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> to change their legal sex if they have undergone gender reassignment surgery; this latter restriction was controversially discussed in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bell_Nuntita" title="Bell Nuntita">Bell Nuntita</a>, a contestant of the <i><a href="/wiki/Thailand%27s_Got_Talent" title="Thailand's Got Talent">Thailand's Got Talent</a></i> TV show, became a <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> hit when she first performed singing as a girl and then switched to a masculine voice.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that as many as six in every thousand native males later present themselves as transgender women or <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phu ying kham phet</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism">Activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thai activists have mobilized for over two decades to secure sexual diversity rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Kang-2012_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang-2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauty pageant winner <a href="/wiki/Yollada_Suanyot" title="Yollada Suanyot">Yollada Suanyot</a>, known as Nok, founded the Trans Female Association of Thailand on the basis of changing sex designation on identification cards for post-operative transgender women.<sup id="cite_ref-Kang-2012_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang-2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nok promoted the term <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phuying kham-phet</i></span> instead of <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> but was controversial because of its connotation with gender identity disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Kang-2012_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang-2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the Thai Transgender Alliance is to delist <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> from international psychological diagnostic criteria. The Alliance uses the term <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> to advocate for transgender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Kang-2012_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang-2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common protest sign during sexual rights marches is <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Kathoey mai chai rok-jit</i></span> meaning "Kathoey are not mentally ill".<sup id="cite_ref-Kang-2012_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang-2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activism in Thailand is discouraged if it interferes with official policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron-2017_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2006, the Thai Network of People Living With <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> had their offices raided after demonstrations against Thai-US foreign trade agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron-2017_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Thai Constitution of 1997, the right to be free of discrimination based on health conditions helped to minimize the stigma against communities living with HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron-2017_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, governments and their agencies fail to protect transgender people against these exclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a lack of HIV/AIDS services for specifically transgender people, and feminizing hormones largely go without any medical monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trans prejudice has produced discriminatory behaviors that have led to the exclusion of transgender people from economic and social activity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide, transgender people face discrimination amongst family members, in religious and educational settings, and the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accepted mainly in fashion-related jobs or show business, transgender people are discriminated against in the job market and have limited job opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kang-2012_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang-2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Kathoeys</i></span> have also experienced ridicule from coworkers and tend to have lower salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojanen-2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term unemployment reduces the chances of contributing to welfare for the family and lowers self-esteem, causing a higher likelihood of prostitution in specialized bars.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ladyboy" bars also can provide a sense of community and reinforces a female sense of identity for <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harassment from the police is evident especially for <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> who work on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Kathoeys</i></span> may be rejected in official contexts being denied entry or services.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojanen-2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on a study by <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Care" title="AIDS Care">AIDS Care</a> participants who identified as a girl or <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> at an early age were more likely to be exposed to prejudice or violence from men in their families.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Kathoeys</i></span> are more subjected to sexual attacks from men than are other homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-1999_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anjaree" title="Anjaree">Anjaree</a> is one of Thailand's gay feminist organizations, established in mid-1986 by women's right activists.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization advocated wider public understanding of homosexuality based on the principles of human rights. The first public campaign opposing sexual irregularity was launched in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social spaces are often limited for <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> even if Thai society does not actively persecute them.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojanen-2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous Thai cultural traditions have given a social space for sexual minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2015, the Thai government announced it would recognize the third sex in its constitution in order to ensure all sexes be treated equally under the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeung-2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeung-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first all-<span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> music group in Thailand was formed in 2006. It is named "<a href="/wiki/Venus_Flytrap_(group)" title="Venus Flytrap (group)">Venus Flytrap</a>" and was selected and promoted by <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a> Music Entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Lady Boys of Bangkok" is a <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revue</a> that has been performed in the UK since 1998, touring the country in both theatres and the famous "Sabai Pavilion"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for nine months each year. </p><p><i>Ladyboys</i>, also a popular term used in Thailand when referring to transgender women, was the title of a popular documentary in <a href="/wiki/The_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a>, where it was aired on <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> TV in 1992 and was directed by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Marre" title="Jeremy Marre">Jeremy Marre</a>. Marre aimed to portray the life of two adolescent <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> living in rural Thailand, as they strove to land a job at a cabaret revue in <a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a>. </p><p>The German-Swedish band <a href="/wiki/Lindemann_(band)" title="Lindemann (band)">Lindemann</a> wrote the song "Ladyboy", on their first studio album <i><a href="/wiki/Skills_in_Pills" title="Skills in Pills">Skills in Pills</a></i>, about a man's preference for <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span>. </p><p>In series 1, episode 3 of <a href="/wiki/British_sitcom" title="British sitcom">British sitcom</a> <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Alan_Partridge" title="I'm Alan Partridge">I'm Alan Partridge</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Partridge" title="Alan Partridge">Alan Partridge</a> frequently mentions ladyboys, seemingly expressing a sexual interest in them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thai <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> style and fashion has largely borrowed from Korean popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Uncle_Go_Paknam""><span id=".22Uncle_Go_Paknam.22"></span>"Uncle Go Paknam"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: "Uncle Go Paknam""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Uncle Go Paknam", created by Pratchaya Phanthathorn, is a popular queer advice column that first appeared in 1975 in a magazine titled <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Plaek</i></span>, meaning 'strange'.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through letters and responses it became an outlet to express the desires and necessities of the queer community in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magazine achieved national popularity because of its bizarre and often gay content.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It portrayed positive accounts of <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> and men called "sharks" to view transgender people as legitimate or even preferred sexual partners and started a more accepting public discourse in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the pen name of Phan Thathron he wrote the column "Girls to the Power of 2" that included profiles of <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> in a glamorous or erotic pose.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Girls to the Power of 2" were the first accounts of <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoey</i></span> lives based on interviews that allowed their voices to be published in the mainstream press of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heterosexual public became more inclined to read about transgender communities that were previously given negative press in Thai newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Go Paknam's philosophy was "kathoeys are good (for men)."<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inside_Thailand's_Third_Gender"><span id="Inside_Thailand.27s_Third_Gender"></span><i>Inside Thailand's Third Gender</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inside Thailand's Third Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A documentary entitled <i>Inside Thailand's Third Gender</i> examines the lives of <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kathoeys</i></span> in Thailand and features interviews with various transgender women, the obstacles these people face with their family and lovers, but moreover on a larger societal aspect where they feel ostracized by the religious Thai culture. Following contestants participating in one of the largest transgender beauty pageants, known as <a href="/wiki/Miss_Tiffany%27s_Universe" title="Miss Tiffany's Universe">Miss Tiffany's Universe</a>, the film not only illustrates the process and competition that takes place during the beauty pageant, but also highlights the systems of oppression that take place to target the transgender community in Thailand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/48px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/64px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="117" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transgender" title="Portal:Transgender">Transgender portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjaree" title="Anjaree">Anjaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Binan" title="Bahasa Binan">Bahasa Binan</a></li> <li><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap"><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identities_in_Thailand" title="Gender identities in Thailand">Gender identities in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra (South Asia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">LGBT rights in Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Gay_Philippines" title="Miss Gay Philippines">Miss Gay Philippines</a></li> <li><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandaka" title="Pandaka">Pandaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Tamil sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: <i>Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey</i>. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm">Article online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329163435/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm">Archived</a> 29 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeung-2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yeung-2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yeung-2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yeung-2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeung, Isobel. "Trans in Thailand (Part 1)." <i>VICE Video</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=871233&searchu=%E4%BA%8C%E5%BD%A2%E4%BA%BA&remap=gb">"真臘風土記 : 真臘風土記 - Chinese Text Project"</a>. <i>ctext.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctext.org&rft.atitle=%E7%9C%9F%E8%87%98%E9%A2%A8%E5%9C%9F%E8%A8%98+%3A+%E7%9C%9F%E8%87%98%E9%A2%A8%E5%9C%9F%E8%A8%98+-+Chinese+Text+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Den%26chapter%3D871233%26searchu%3D%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E4%25BA%25BA%26remap%3Dgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefingerSrun2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hoefinger, H.; Srun, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci6030093">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"At-Risk" or "Socially Deviant"? Conflicting Narratives and Grassroots Organizing of Sex/Entertainment Workers and LGBT Communities in Cambodia"</a>. <i>Social Sciences</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci6030093">10.3390/socsci6030093</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58920413">58920413</a>. <q>In a recent interpretation of the Cbpab Srei written c. 1800, there is a reference in lines 184–186 of "malicious" women suffering punishment from the "four hells" as being reincarnated as kathoey</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=%22At-Risk%22+or+%22Socially+Deviant%22%3F+Conflicting+Narratives+and+Grassroots+Organizing+of+Sex%2FEntertainment+Workers+and+LGBT+Communities+in+Cambodia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsocsci6030093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58920413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hoefinger&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Srun%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsocsci6030093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKijratanakosonhttps2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kijratanakosonhttps, Nattawaj (7 July 2023). "The discursive representation of male sex workers in Thai newspapers". <i>Journalism</i>. <b>24</b> (7) – via SageJournals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism&rft.atitle=The+discursive+representation+of+male+sex+workers+in+Thai+newspapers&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft.aulast=Kijratanakosonhttps&rft.aufirst=Nattawaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-1989-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1989_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Peter_Jackson" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter A (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malehomosexualit00jack"><i>Male Homosexuality in Thailand; An Interpretation of Contemporary Thai Sources</i></a></span>. Elmhurst NY: Global Academic Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+Homosexuality+in+Thailand%3B+An+Interpretation+of+Contemporary+Thai+Sources&rft.place=Elmhurst+NY&rft.pub=Global+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalehomosexualit00jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2016_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Peter A. <i>First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go's Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys</i>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2016. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1999_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1999_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-1999_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Jackson (academic)">Jackson, Peter</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G30kIcfc8HMC&pg=PA137"><i>Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Haworth_Press" title="Haworth Press">Haworth Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0656-1"><bdi>978-0-7890-0656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+Boys%2C+Tom+Boys%2C+Rent+Boys%3A+Male+and+Female+Homosexualities+in+Contemporary+Thailand&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-0656-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG30kIcfc8HMC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Jackson (academic)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html">Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403051912/http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html">Archived</a> 3 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in "Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context," Issue 9, August 2003. See paragraph "The Homosexualisation of Cross-Dressing."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter-2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter-2011_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winter, Sam. Queer Bangkok: Twenty-first Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpamedia.com/culture/thailand_kathoey/">CPAmedia.com: Thailand's Women of the Second Kind</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226190848/http://www.cpamedia.com/culture/thailand_kathoey/">archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ojanen-2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ojanen-2009_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjanen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ojanen, Timo T. (2009). "Sexual/gender minorities in Thailand: Identities, challenges, and voluntary-sector counseling". <i>Sexuality Research and Social Policy</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 4–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsrsp.2009.6.2.4">10.1525/srsp.2009.6.2.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143531913">143531913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexuality+Research+and+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=Sexual%2Fgender+minorities+in+Thailand%3A+Identities%2C+challenges%2C+and+voluntary-sector+counseling&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4-34&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fsrsp.2009.6.2.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143531913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ojanen&rft.aufirst=Timo+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kang, Dredge (December 2012). "Kathoey <i>In Trend</i>: Emergent Genderscapes, National Anxieties and the Re-Signification of Male-Bodied Effeminacy in Thailand". <i>Asian Studies Review</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 475–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2012.741043">10.1080/10357823.2012.741043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Kathoey+In+Trend%3A+Emergent+Genderscapes%2C+National+Anxieties+and+the+Re-Signification+of+Male-Bodied+Effeminacy+in+Thailand&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-494&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357823.2012.741043&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Dredge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotman2003" class="citation book cs1">Totman, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdsexkathoeyt0000totm/page/57"><i>The Third Sex: Kathoey: Thailand's Ladyboys</i></a>. London: Souvenir Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdsexkathoeyt0000totm/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-285-63668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-285-63668-2"><bdi>978-0-285-63668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Sex%3A+Kathoey%3A+Thailand%27s+Ladyboys&rft.place=London&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Souvenir+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-285-63668-2&rft.aulast=Totman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdsexkathoeyt0000totm%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/0000159-010">"APA PsycNet"</a>. <i>content.apa.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0000159-010">10.1037/0000159-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210572667">210572667</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=content.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+PsycNet&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0000159-010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210572667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2FdoiLanding%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2F0000159-010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandran2020" class="citation news cs1">Chandran, Rina (21 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-lgbt-religion-interview-trfn-idUSKBN25H0RZ">""'LGBT people are also humans': Thai Buddhist monk backs equality"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=%22%27LGBT+people+are+also+humans%27%3A+Thai+Buddhist+monk+backs+equality%22&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=Chandran&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-thailand-lgbt-religion-interview-trfn-idUSKBN25H0RZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-2022-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2022_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2022_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2022). <i>Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond</i>. Copenhagen: Nais Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788776943073" title="Special:BookSources/9788776943073"><bdi>9788776943073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deities+and+Divas.+Queer+Ritual+specialists+in+Myanmar%2C+Thailand+and+Beyond.&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Nais+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9788776943073&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2022). <i>Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond</i>. Copenhagen: Nais Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788776943073" title="Special:BookSources/9788776943073"><bdi>9788776943073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deities+and+Divas.+Queer+Ritual+specialists+in+Myanmar%2C+Thailand+and+Beyond&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Nais+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9788776943073&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuriyasarn2015" class="citation report cs1">Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/gender/Informationresources/Publications/WCMS_368644/lang--en/index.htm">PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=PRIDE+at+work%3A+A+study+on+discrimination+at+work+on+the+basis+of+sexual+orientation+and+gender+identity+in+Thailand&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.aulast=Suriyasarn&rft.aufirst=Busakorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fgender%2FInformationresources%2FPublications%2FWCMS_368644%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span> 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuriyasarn2015" class="citation report cs1">Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/gender/Informationresources/Publications/WCMS_368644/lang--en/index.htm">PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=PRIDE+at+work%3A+A+study+on+discrimination+at+work+on+the+basis+of+sexual+orientation+and+gender+identity+in+Thailand&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.aulast=Suriyasarn&rft.aufirst=Busakorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fgender%2FInformationresources%2FPublications%2FWCMS_368644%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span> 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2022). <i>Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond</i>. Copenhagen: NAIS Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788776943073" title="Special:BookSources/9788776943073"><bdi>9788776943073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deities+and+Divas.+Queer+Ritual+specialists+in+Myanmar%2C+Thailand+and+Beyond&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=NAIS+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9788776943073&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2022). <i>Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond</i>. Copenhagen: NAIS Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788776943073" title="Special:BookSources/9788776943073"><bdi>9788776943073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deities+and+Divas.+Queer+Ritual+specialists+in+Myanmar%2C+Thailand+and+Beyond.&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=NAIS+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9788776943073&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2022). <i>Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond</i>. Copenhagen: NAIS Press. pp. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788776943073" title="Special:BookSources/9788776943073"><bdi>9788776943073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deities+and+Divas.+Queer+Ritual+specialists+in+Myanmar%2C+Thailand+and+Beyond.&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=66-68&rft.pub=NAIS+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9788776943073&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale2015" class="citation news cs1">Gale, Jason (27 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-10-26/how-thailand-became-a-global-gender-change-destination">"How Thailand Became a Global Gender-Change Destination"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-10-26/how-thailand-became-a-global-gender-change-destination">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=How+Thailand+Became+a+Global+Gender-Change+Destination&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2015-10-26%2Fhow-thailand-became-a-global-gender-change-destination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan-2017-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan-2017_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan-2017_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan, Debbie. "Prerequisites - The Transgender Center." <i>Prerequisites - The Transgender Center</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/thailand.html">Thailand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080729232531/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/thailand.html">Archived</a> 29 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Sexuality" title="International Encyclopedia of Sexuality">International Encyclopedia of Sexuality</a></i>, Volume I–IV 1997–2001, edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Francoeur" title="Robert T. Francoeur">Robert T. Francoeur</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick2001" class="citation web cs1">Roderick, Daffyd (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010413164052/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/sex/sextranssexual.html">"Boys Will Be Girls: In a Bangkok clinic, $1,000 can turn a man into a woman. Some call that the price of freedom"</a>. <i>TIMEasia.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Asia">Time Asia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/sex/sextranssexual.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TIMEasia.com&rft.atitle=Boys+Will+Be+Girls%3A+In+a+Bangkok+clinic%2C+%241%2C000+can+turn+a+man+into+a+woman.+Some+call+that+the+price+of+freedom&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Roderick&rft.aufirst=Daffyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fasia%2Ffeatures%2Fsex%2Fsextranssexual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span>. See also Céline Grünhagen: <i>Transgender in Thailand: Buddhist Perspectives and the Socio-Political Status of Kathoeys.</i> In: Gerhard Schreiber (ed.), <i>Transsexuality in Theology and Neuroscience. 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Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?file=/columnists/2007/2/3/thaitakes/16770000&sec=Thai%20Takes">"'Katoeys' hit the music scene"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010010312/http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?file=%2Fcolumnists%2F2007%2F2%2F3%2Fthaitakes%2F16770000&sec=Thai%20Takes">Archived</a> 10 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>, 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ladyboysofbangkok.co.uk/the-sabai-pavilion/">"The Sabai Pavilion"</a>. <i>The Lady Boys of Bangkok</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080221/http://www.ladyboysofbangkok.co.uk/the-sabai-pavilion/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lady+Boys+of+Bangkok&rft.atitle=The+Sabai+Pavilion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladyboysofbangkok.co.uk%2Fthe-sabai-pavilion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwoodJohnson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwood, Evelyn; Johnson, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.gold.ac.uk/17949/1/Queer%20Asian%20Subjects%20Introduction%20-%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf">"Queer Asian Subjects: Transgressive Sexualities and Heteronormative Meanings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Studies Review</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 441–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2012.741037">10.1080/10357823.2012.741037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145600356">145600356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Queer+Asian+Subjects%3A+Transgressive+Sexualities+and+Heteronormative+Meanings&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-451&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357823.2012.741037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145600356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blackwood&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.gold.ac.uk%2F17949%2F1%2FQueer%2520Asian%2520Subjects%2520Introduction%2520-%2520Accepted%2520Manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathoey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathoey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kathoeys" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kathoeys">Kathoeys</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/kathoey" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/kathoey">kathoey</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Andrew Matzner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041120094937/http://home.att.net/~leela2/inlegallimbo.htm">In Legal Limbo: Thailand, Transgender Men, and the Law</a>, 1999. Criticizes the common view that kathoey are fully accepted by Thai society.</li> <li>Andrew Matzner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010103405/http://home.att.net/~leela2/roses.htm">Roses of the North: The Katoey of Chiang Mai University</a>, 1999. Reports on a kathoey "sorority" at Chiang Mai University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/">Transgender Asia</a> including several articles on kathoey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708154644/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1820633,00.html">Where the 'Ladyboys' Are</a></li> <li>Ladyboy: <i>Thailand's Theater of Illusion</i>. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B0085S4WQC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407111754/http://www.bangkokpicture.com/spotthekatoeys.php">Can you tell the difference between Katoeys and real ladies?"</a></li> <li>E.G. Allyn: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010230744/http://www.floatinglotus.com/tmot/gaythai.html">Trees in the Same Forest</a>, 2002. Description of the gay and kathoey scene of Thailand.</li> <li>Chanon Intramart and Eric Allyn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041111091140/http://www.floatinglotus.com/tmot/thaimovies6.html">Beautiful Boxer</a>, 2003. Describes the story of Nong Tum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113033744/http://www.theasiatrust.org/"><i>The Hermaphrodite World</i></a> is a film exploring the kathoey culture of Thailand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100220010107/http://www.thaiguidetothailand.com/lifestyle-and-culture/katoey-thai-ladyboys/">Katoey Thai-Ladyboys</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiancorrespondent.com/2015/12/the-price-of-change-and-the-right-to-be-a-woman-in-thailand/">Farrell, James Austin. "The price of change and the right to be a woman in Thailand", <i>Asian Correspondent</i>, 2015-12-14.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223143427/http://asiancorrespondent.com/2015/12/the-price-of-change-and-the-right-to-be-a-woman-in-thailand/">Archived</a> 23 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Thailand">Recognition of same-sex unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identities_in_Thailand" title="Gender identities in Thailand">Gender identities</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">kathoey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Thailand">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_of_center" title="Masculine of center">Masculine of center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third genders</a><br />and sexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apwint" title="Apwint">Apwint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binabinaaine" title="Binabinaaine">Binabinaaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bugis genders</a> <ul><li>Bissu</li> <li>Calabai</li> <li>Calalai</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibados" title="Chibados">Chibados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enaree" title="Enaree">Enaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">Fa'afafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakafifine" title="Fakafifine">Fakafifine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCevedoce" title="Güevedoce">Güevedoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">Lhamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannathun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhannathun">Mukhannathun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">Nádleehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullo_(body_modification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullo (body modification)">Nullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palopa" title="Palopa">Palopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipiniq" title="Sipiniq">Sipiniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakasalewalewa" title="Vakasalewalewa">Vakasalewalewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual<br />orientation<br />identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Alternative labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">Asociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">Homosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achillean" title="Achillean">Achillean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analloeroticism" title="Analloeroticism">Analloeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">Sapphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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