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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mild_versus_wild_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mild versus wild risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mild_versus_wild_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishing_the_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_the_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Establishing the context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_the_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Risk options</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_options-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Risk options subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_risk_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_risk_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Potential risk treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_risk_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_avoidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_avoidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Risk avoidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_avoidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Risk reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Risk sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_retention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_retention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Risk retention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_retention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_management_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_management_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Risk management plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_management_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_and_evaluation_of_the_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_and_evaluation_of_the_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Review and evaluation of the plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_and_evaluation_of_the_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enterprise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enterprise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Enterprise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enterprise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contractual_risk_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contractual_risk_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Contractual risk management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contractual_risk_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_institutions_(museums,_libraries_and_archives)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_institutions_(museums,_libraries_and_archives)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Memory institutions (museums, libraries and archives)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_institutions_(museums,_libraries_and_archives)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enterprise_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enterprise_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Enterprise security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enterprise_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Medical devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Project management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megaprojects_(infrastructure)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megaprojects_(infrastructure)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Megaprojects (infrastructure)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megaprojects_(infrastructure)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilderness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilderness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Wilderness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilderness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Information technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_and_natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_and_natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Petroleum and natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_and_natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Pharmaceutical sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_chain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_chain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Supply chain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_chain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Risk communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Risk management</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="إدارة المخاطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة المخاطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সংশয় ব্যৱস্থাপনা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংশয় ব্যৱস্থাপনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_menecment" title="Risk menecment – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Risk menecment" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9D%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ঝুঁকি ব্যবস্থাপনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঝুঁকি ব্যবস্থাপনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Управление на риска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Управление на риска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Risk management" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risikostyring" title="Risikostyring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Risikostyring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risikomanagement" title="Risikomanagement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Risikomanagement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskijuhtimine" title="Riskijuhtimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riskijuhtimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διαχείριση κινδύνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαχείριση κινδύνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3n_de_riesgos" title="Gestión de riesgos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gestión de riesgos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مدیریت ریسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت ریسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_des_risques" title="Gestion des risques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestion des risques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%97%98%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="위험관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위험관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="जोखिम प्रबंधन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोखिम प्रबंधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen_risiko" title="Manajemen risiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manajemen risiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81h%C3%A6ttust%C3%BDring" title="Áhættustýring – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Áhættustýring" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestione_del_rischio" title="Gestione del rischio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gestione del rischio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ניהול סיכונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניהול סיכונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಪಾಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಪಾಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="Тәуекел менеджменті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәуекел менеджменті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Риск-менеджмент – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Риск-менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizikos_valdymas" title="Rizikos valdymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rizikos valdymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kock%C3%A1zatkezel%C3%A9s" title="Kockázatkezelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kockázatkezelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengurusan_risiko" title="Pengurusan risiko – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengurusan risiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen_resiko" title="Manajemen resiko – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Manajemen resiko" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risicobeheer" title="Risicobeheer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Risicobeheer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="जोखिम व्यवस्थापन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोखिम व्यवस्थापन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="リスクマネジメント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リスクマネジメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risikostyring" title="Risikostyring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Risikostyring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%9A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="د ګواښونو مدیریت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ګواښونو مدیریت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarz%C4%85dzanie_ryzykiem" title="Zarządzanie ryzykiem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zarządzanie ryzykiem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerenciamento_de_risco" title="Gerenciamento de risco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerenciamento de risco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementul_riscului" title="Managementul riscului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Managementul riscului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Управление рисками – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление рисками" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="අවදානම් කළමනාකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අවදානම් කළමනාකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana%C5%BE%C3%A9rstvo_rizika" title="Manažérstvo rizika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manažérstvo rizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskienhallinta" title="Riskienhallinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riskienhallinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhantering" title="Riskhantering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Riskhantering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இடர் மேலாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடர் மேலாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="การจัดการความเสี่ยง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจัดการความเสี่ยง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_y%C3%B6netimi" title="Risk yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Risk yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ризик-менеджмент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ризик-менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جوکھم کی نظامت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوکھم کی نظامت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD_r%E1%BB%A7i_ro" title="Quản lý rủi ro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quản lý rủi ro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="風險管理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="風險管理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="风险管理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189447#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Risk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Risk (disambiguation)">Risk (disambiguation)</a>. For business risks, see <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(business)" title="Risk analysis (business)">Risk analysis (business)</a>. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Risk_Management_(magazine)" title="Risk Management (magazine)">Risk Management (magazine)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Risk Analysis" redirects here. For the academic journal, see <a href="/wiki/Risk_Analysis_(journal)" title="Risk Analysis (journal)">Risk Analysis (journal)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Risk_management" title="Special:EditPage/Risk management">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Risk+management%22">"Risk management"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Risk+management%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Risk+management%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Risk+management%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Risk+management%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Risk+management%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS_impact_risk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ISS_impact_risk.jpg/320px-ISS_impact_risk.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ISS_impact_risk.jpg/480px-ISS_impact_risk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ISS_impact_risk.jpg/640px-ISS_impact_risk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Example of risk assessment: A <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> model showing areas at high risk from impact for the <a 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title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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system">management information system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Risk</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Structure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li>Business operations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">Business statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_administration" title="Template:Business administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_administration" title="Template talk:Business administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Risk management</b> is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of <a href="/wiki/Risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Risks">risks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the minimization, monitoring, and control of the impact or probability of those risks occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_p46_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard_p46-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risks can come from various sources (i.e, <a href="/wiki/Threat_(security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (security)">threats</a>) including uncertainty in <a href="/wiki/Market_environment" title="Market environment">international markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political instability">political instability</a>, dangers of project failures (at any phase in design, development, production, or sustaining of life-cycles), <a href="/wiki/Legal_liabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal liabilities">legal liabilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">credit risk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Accidents">accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural causes and disasters</a>, deliberate attack from an adversary, or events of uncertain or unpredictable <a href="/wiki/Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis">root-cause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two types of events wiz. Risks and Opportunities. Negative events can be classified as risks while positive events are classified as opportunities. Risk management <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a> have been developed by various institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actuarial" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuarial">actuarial</a> societies, and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-voc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods, definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk management method is in the context of <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk analysis (engineering)">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Process">industrial processes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_portfolios" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial portfolios">financial portfolios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">actuarial assessments</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">safety</a>. Certain risk management standards have been criticized for having no measurable improvement on risk, whereas the confidence in estimates and decisions seems to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_p46_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard_p46-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strategies to manage threats (uncertainties with negative consequences) typically include avoiding the threat, reducing the negative effect or probability of the threat, transferring all or part of the threat to another party, and even retaining some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular threat. The opposite of these strategies can be used to respond to opportunities (uncertain future states with benefits).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">professional role</a>, a <b>risk manager</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will "oversee the organization's comprehensive insurance and risk management program, assessing and identifying risks that could impede the reputation, safety, security, or financial success of the organization", and then develop plans to minimize and / or mitigate any negative (financial) outcomes. Risk Analysts <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support the technical side of the organization's risk management approach: once risk data has been compiled and evaluated, analysts share their findings with their managers, who use those insights to decide among possible solutions. See also <a href="/wiki/Chief_Risk_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Risk Officer">Chief Risk Officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_audit" title="Internal audit">internal audit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management#Corporate_finance" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management § Corporate finance</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risk is defined as the possibility that an event will occur that adversely affects the achievement of an objective. Uncertainty, therefore, is a key aspect of risk.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk management appears in scientific and management literature since the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a formal science in the 1950s, when articles and books with "risk management" in the title also appear in library searches.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of research was initially related to finance and insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One popular standard clarifying vocabulary used in risk management is <i>ISO Guide 31073:2022</i>, "Risk management — Vocabulary".<sup id="cite_ref-voc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideally in risk management, a prioritization process is followed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereby the risks with the greatest loss (or impact) and the greatest <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> of occurring are handled first. Risks with lower probability of occurrence and lower loss are handled in descending order. In practice the process of assessing overall risk can be tricky, and organisation has to balance resources used to mitigate between risks with a higher probability but lower loss, versus a risk with higher loss but lower probability. <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">Opportunity cost</a> represents a unique challenge for risk managers. It can be difficult to determine when to put resources toward risk management and when to use those resources elsewhere. Again, ideal risk management optimises resource usage (spending, manpower etc), and also minimizes the negative effects of risks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks_vs._opportunities">Risks vs. opportunities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risks vs. opportunities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opportunities first appear in academic research or management books in the 1990s. The first PMBoK <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">Project Management Body of Knowledge</a> draft of 1987 doesn't mention opportunities at all. </p><p>Modern project management school recognize the importance of opportunities. Opportunities have been included in project management literature since the 1990s, e.g. in PMBoK, and became a significant part of project risk management in the years 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when articles titled "opportunity management" also begin to appear in library searches. <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_management" title="Opportunity management">Opportunity management</a> thus became an important part of risk management. </p><p>Modern risk management theory deals with any type of external events, positive and negative. Positive risks are called <i>opportunities</i>. Similarly to risks, opportunities have specific mitigation strategies: exploit, share, enhance, ignore. </p><p>In practice, risks are considered "usually negative". Risk-related research and practice focus significantly more on threats than on opportunities. This can lead to negative phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Target_fixation" title="Target fixation">target fixation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method">Method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the most part, these methods consist of the following elements, performed, more or less, in the following order: </p> <ol><li>Identify the <a href="/wiki/Cyber_threat_intelligence" title="Cyber threat intelligence">threats</a>.</li> <li>Assess the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats.</li> <li>Determine the <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a> (i.e. the expected likelihood and consequences of specific attacks on specific assets).</li> <li>Identify ways to reduce those risks.</li> <li>Prioritize risk reduction measures.</li></ol> <p><b>The Risk management</b> knowledge area, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">Project Management Body of Knowledge</a> PMBoK, consists of the following processes: </p> <ol><li><b>Plan Risk Management</b> – defining how to conduct risk management activities.</li> <li><b>Identify Risks</b> – identifying individual project risks as well as sources.</li> <li><b>Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis</b> – prioritizing individual project risks by assessing probability and impact.</li> <li><b>Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis</b> – numerical analysis of the effects.</li> <li><b>Plan Risk Responses</b> – developing options, selecting strategies and actions.</li> <li><b>Implement Risk Responses</b> – implementing agreed-upon risk response plans. In the 4th Ed. of PMBoK, this process was included as an activity in the Monitor and Control process, but was later separated as a distinct process in PMBoK 6th Ed.<sup id="cite_ref-Morcov2021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morcov2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Monitor Risks</b> – monitoring the implementation. This process was known as Monitor and Control in the previous PMBoK 4th Ed., when it also included the "<i>Implement Risk Responses</i>" process.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles">Principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) identifies the following principles for risk management:<sup id="cite_ref-iso_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Create <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value</a> – resources expended to mitigate risk should be less than the consequence of inaction.</li> <li>Be an integral part of organizational processes.</li> <li>Be part of the <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> process.</li> <li>Explicitly address <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a> and assumptions.</li> <li>Use a systematic and structured process.</li> <li>Use the best available information.</li> <li>Be flexible.</li> <li>Take human factors into account.</li> <li>Be transparent and inclusive.</li> <li>Be dynamic, iterative and responsive to change.</li> <li>Be capable of continual improvement and enhancement.</li> <li>Continual reassessment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mild_versus_wild_risk">Mild versus wild risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mild versus wild risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a> distinguished between "mild" and "wild" risk and argued that risk assessment and management must be fundamentally different for the two types of risk.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mild risk follows <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal</a> or near-normal <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distributions</a>, is subject to <a href="/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean" title="Regression toward the mean">regression to the mean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers" title="Law of large numbers">law of large numbers</a>, and is therefore relatively predictable. Wild risk follows <a href="/wiki/Fat-tailed_distribution" title="Fat-tailed distribution">fat-tailed distributions</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pareto_distribution" title="Pareto distribution">Pareto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Power-law_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-law distributions">power-law distributions</a>, is subject to regression to the tail (infinite mean or variance, rendering the law of large numbers invalid or ineffective), and is therefore difficult or impossible to predict. A common error in risk assessment and management is to underestimate the wildness of risk, assuming risk to be mild when in fact it is wild, which must be avoided if risk assessment and management are to be valid and reliable, according to Mandelbrot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the standard <i><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">ISO 31000</a></i>, "Risk management – Guidelines", the process of risk management consists of several steps as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-iso_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishing_the_context">Establishing the context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishing the context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This involves: </p> <ol><li>observing the context (the environment of the organization) <ul><li>the social scope of risk management</li> <li>the identity and objectives of <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholders</a></li> <li>the basis upon which risks will be evaluated, constraints.</li></ul></li> <li>defining a framework for the activity and an agenda for identification</li> <li>developing an analysis of risks involved in the process</li> <li>mitigation or solution of risks using available technological, human and organizational resources</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After establishing the context, the next step in the process of managing risk is to identify potential risks. Risks are about events that, when triggered, cause problems or benefits. Hence, risk identification can start with the source of problems and those of competitors (benefit), or with the problem's consequences. </p> <ul><li>Source analysis<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Risk sources may be internal or external to the system that is the target of risk management (use mitigation instead of management since by its own definition risk deals with factors of decision-making that cannot be managed).</li></ul> <p>Some examples of risk sources are: stakeholders of a project, employees of a company or the weather over an airport. </p> <ul><li>Problem analysis<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – Risks are related to identified threats. For example: the threat of losing money, the threat of abuse of confidential information or the threat of human errors, accidents and casualties. The threats may exist with various entities, most important with shareholders, customers and legislative bodies such as the government.</li></ul> <p>When either source or problem is known, the events that a source may trigger or the events that can lead to a problem can be investigated. For example: stakeholders withdrawing during a project may endanger funding of the project; confidential information may be stolen by employees even within a closed network; lightning striking an aircraft during takeoff may make all people on board immediate casualties. </p><p>The chosen method of identifying risks may depend on culture, industry practice and compliance. The identification methods are formed by templates or the development of templates for identifying source, problem or event. Common risk identification methods are: </p> <ul><li>Objectives-based risk identification <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – Organizations and project teams have objectives. Any event that may prevent an objective from being achieved is identified as risk.</li> <li>Scenario-based risk identification – In <a href="/wiki/Scenario_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenario analysis">scenario analysis</a> different scenarios are created. The scenarios may be the alternative ways to achieve an objective, or an analysis of the interaction of forces in, for example, a market or battle. Any event that triggers an undesired scenario alternative is identified as risk – see <a href="/wiki/Futures_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Futures Studies">Futures Studies</a> for methodology used by <a href="/wiki/Futurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurists">Futurists</a>.</li> <li>Taxonomy-based risk identification – The taxonomy in taxonomy-based risk identification is a breakdown of possible risk sources. Based on the taxonomy and knowledge of best practices, a questionnaire is compiled. The answers to the questions reveal risks.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Common-risk checking<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – In several industries, lists with known risks are available. Each risk in the list can be checked for application to a particular situation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Risk charting<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – This method combines the above approaches by listing resources at risk, threats to those resources, modifying factors which may increase or decrease the risk and consequences it is wished to avoid. Creating a <a href="/wiki/Risk_matrix" title="Risk matrix">matrix</a> under these headings enables a variety of approaches. One can begin with resources and consider the threats they are exposed to and the consequences of each. Alternatively one can start with the threats and examine which resources they would affect, or one can begin with the consequences and determine which combination of threats and resources would be involved to bring them about.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></div> <p>Once risks have been identified, they must then be assessed as to their potential severity of impact (generally a negative impact, such as damage or loss) and to the probability of occurrence. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These quantities can be either simple to measure, in the case of the value of a lost building, or impossible to know for sure in the case of an unlikely event, the probability of occurrence of which is unknown. Therefore, in the assessment process it is critical to make the best educated decisions in order to properly prioritize the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_plan" title="Risk management plan">risk management plan</a>. </p><p>Even a short-term positive improvement can have long-term negative impacts. Take the "turnpike" example. A highway is widened to allow more traffic. More traffic capacity leads to greater development in the areas surrounding the improved traffic capacity. Over time, traffic thereby increases to fill available capacity. Turnpikes thereby need to be expanded in a seemingly endless cycles. There are many other engineering examples where expanded capacity (to do any function) is soon filled by increased demand. Since expansion comes at a cost, the resulting growth could become unsustainable without forecasting and management. </p><p>The fundamental difficulty in risk assessment is determining the rate of occurrence since statistical information is not available on all kinds of past incidents and is particularly scanty in the case of catastrophic events, simply because of their infrequency. Furthermore, evaluating the severity of the consequences (impact) is often quite difficult for intangible assets. Asset valuation is another question that needs to be addressed. Thus, best educated opinions and available statistics are the primary sources of information. Nevertheless, risk assessment should produce such information for senior executives of the organization that the primary risks are easy to understand and that the risk management decisions may be prioritized within overall company goals. Thus, there have been several theories and attempts to quantify risks. Numerous different risk formulae exist, but perhaps the most widely accepted formula for risk quantification is: "Rate (or probability) of occurrence multiplied by the impact of the event equals risk magnitude."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (January 2016)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_options">Risk options</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Risk options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risk mitigation measures are usually formulated according to one or more of the following major risk options, which are: </p> <ol><li>Design a new business process with adequate built-in risk control and containment measures from the start.</li> <li>Periodically re-assess risks that are accepted in ongoing processes as a normal feature of business operations and modify mitigation measures.</li> <li>Transfer risks to an external agency (e.g. an insurance company)</li> <li>Avoid risks altogether (e.g. by closing down a particular high-risk business area)</li></ol> <p>Later research<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has shown that the financial benefits of risk management are less dependent on the formula used but are more dependent on the frequency and how risk assessment is performed. </p><p>In business it is imperative to be able to present the findings of risk assessments in financial, market, or schedule terms. Robert Courtney Jr. (IBM, 1970) proposed a formula for presenting risks in financial terms. The Courtney formula was accepted as the official risk analysis method for the US governmental agencies. The formula proposes calculation of ALE (annualized loss expectancy) and compares the expected loss value to the security control implementation costs (<a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_risk_treatments">Potential risk treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Potential risk treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planning for risk management uses four essential techniques. Under the acceptance technique, the business intentionally assumes risks without financial protections in the hopes that possible gains will exceed prospective losses. The transfer approach shields the business from losses by shifting risks to a third party, frequently in exchange for a fee, while the third-party benefits from the project. By choosing not to participate in high-risk ventures, the avoidance strategy avoids losses but also loses out on possibilities. Last but not least, the reduction approach lowers risks by implementing strategies like insurance, which provides protection for a variety of asset classes and guarantees reimbursement in the event of losses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once risks have been identified and assessed, all techniques to manage the risk fall into one or more of these four major categories:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Avoidance (eliminate, withdraw from or not become involved)</li> <li>Reduction (optimize – mitigate)</li> <li>Sharing (transfer – outsource or insure)</li> <li>Retention (accept and budget)</li></ul> <p>Ideal use of these <a href="/wiki/Risk_control_strategies" title="Risk control strategies">risk control strategies</a> may not be possible. Some of them may involve trade-offs that are not acceptable to the organization or person making the risk management decisions. Another source, from the US Department of Defense (see link), <a href="/wiki/Defense_Acquisition_University" title="Defense Acquisition University">Defense Acquisition University</a>, calls these categories ACAT, for Avoid, Control, Accept, or Transfer. This use of the ACAT acronym is reminiscent of another ACAT (for Acquisition Category) used in US Defense industry procurements, in which Risk Management figures prominently in decision making and planning. </p><p>Similarly to risks, opportunities have specific mitigation strategies: exploit, share, enhance, ignore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risk_avoidance">Risk avoidance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Risk avoidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This includes not performing an activity that could present risk. Refusing to purchase a <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">property</a> or business to avoid <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">legal liability</a> is one such example. Avoiding <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> flights for fear of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacking</a>. Avoidance may seem like the answer to all risks, but avoiding risks also means losing out on the potential gain that accepting (retaining) the risk may have allowed. Not entering a business to avoid the risk of loss also avoids the possibility of earning profits. Increasing risk regulation in hospitals has led to avoidance of treating higher risk conditions, in favor of patients presenting with lower risk.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risk_reduction">Risk reduction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Risk reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risk reduction or "optimization" involves reducing the severity of the loss or the likelihood of the loss from occurring. For example, <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">sprinklers</a> are designed to put out a <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> to reduce the risk of loss by fire. This method may cause a greater loss by water damage and therefore may not be suitable. <a href="/wiki/Halomethane" title="Halomethane">Halon</a> fire suppression systems may mitigate that risk, but the cost may be prohibitive as a <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a>. </p><p>Acknowledging that risks can be positive or negative, optimizing risks means finding a balance between negative risk and the benefit of the operation or activity; and between risk reduction and effort applied. By effectively applying <a href="/wiki/Health,_Safety_and_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Health, Safety and Environment">Health, Safety and Environment</a> (HSE) management standards, organizations can achieve tolerable levels of <a href="/wiki/Residual_risk" title="Residual risk">residual risk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern software development methodologies reduce risk by developing and delivering software incrementally. Early methodologies suffered from the fact that they only delivered software in the final phase of development; any problems encountered in earlier phases meant costly rework and often jeopardized the whole project. By developing in iterations, software projects can limit effort wasted to a single iteration. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a> could be an example of risk sharing strategy if the outsourcer can demonstrate higher capability at managing or reducing risks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a company may outsource only its software development, the manufacturing of hard goods, or customer support needs to another company, while handling the business management itself. This way, the company can concentrate more on business development without having to worry as much about the manufacturing process, managing the development team, or finding a physical location for a center. Also, implanting controls can also be an option in reducing risk. Controls that either detect causes of unwanted events prior to the consequences occurring during use of the product, or detection of the root causes of unwanted failures that the team can then avoid. Controls may focus on management or decision-making processes. All these may help to make better decisions concerning risk.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risk_sharing">Risk sharing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Risk sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Briefly defined as "sharing with another party the burden of loss or the benefit of gain, from a risk, and the measures to reduce a risk." </p><p>The term 'risk transfer' is often used in place of risk-sharing in the mistaken belief that you can transfer a risk to a third party through insurance or outsourcing. In practice, if the insurance company or contractor go bankrupt or end up in court, the original risk is likely to still revert to the first party. As such, in the terminology of practitioners and scholars alike, the purchase of an insurance contract is often described as a "transfer of risk." However, technically speaking, the buyer of the contract generally retains legal responsibility for the losses "transferred", meaning that insurance may be described more accurately as a post-event compensatory mechanism. For example, a personal injuries insurance policy does not transfer the risk of a car accident to the insurance company. The risk still lies with the policyholder namely the person who has been in the accident. The insurance policy simply provides that if an accident (the event) occurs involving the policyholder then some compensation may be payable to the policyholder that is commensurate with the suffering/damage. </p><p>Methods of managing risk fall into multiple categories. Risk-retention pools are technically retaining the risk for the group, but spreading it over the whole group involves transfer among individual members of the group. This is different from traditional insurance, in that no premium is exchanged between members of the group upfront, but instead, losses are assessed to all members of the group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risk_retention">Risk retention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Risk retention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risk retention involves accepting the loss, or benefit of gain, from a risk when the incident occurs. True <a href="/wiki/Self-insurance" title="Self-insurance">self-insurance</a> falls in this category. Risk retention is a viable strategy for small risks where the cost of insuring against the risk would be greater over time than the total losses sustained. All risks that are not avoided or transferred are retained by default. This includes risks that are so large or catastrophic that either they cannot be insured against or the premiums would be infeasible. <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> is an example since most property and risks are not insured against war, so the loss attributed to war is retained by the insured. Also any amounts of potential loss (risk) over the amount insured is retained risk. This may also be acceptable if the chance of a very large loss is small or if the cost to insure for greater coverage amounts is so great that it would hinder the goals of the organization too much. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_management_plan">Risk management plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Risk management plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_plan" title="Risk management plan">Risk management plan</a></div> <p>Select appropriate controls or countermeasures to mitigate each risk. Risk mitigation needs to be approved by the appropriate level of management. For instance, a risk concerning the image of the organization should have top management decision behind it whereas IT management would have the authority to decide on computer virus risks. </p><p>The risk management plan should propose applicable and effective security controls for managing the risks. For example, an observed high risk of computer viruses could be mitigated by acquiring and implementing antivirus software. A good risk management plan should contain a schedule for control implementation and responsible persons for those actions. There are four basic steps of risk management plan, which are threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, impact assessment and risk mitigation strategy development.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">ISO/IEC 27001</a>, the stage immediately after completion of the <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a> phase consists of preparing a Risk Treatment Plan, which should document the decisions about how each of the identified risks should be handled. Mitigation of risks often means selection of <a href="/wiki/Security_controls" title="Security controls">security controls</a>, which should be documented in a Statement of Applicability, which identifies which particular control objectives and controls from the standard have been selected, and why. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation">Implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks. Purchase insurance policies for the risks that it has been decided to transferred to an insurer, avoid all risks that can be avoided without sacrificing the entity's goals, reduce others, and retain the rest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Review_and_evaluation_of_the_plan">Review and evaluation of the plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Review and evaluation of the plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial risk management plans will never be perfect. Practice, experience, and actual loss results will necessitate changes in the plan and contribute information to allow possible different decisions to be made in dealing with the risks being faced. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(business)" title="Risk analysis (business)">Risk analysis</a> results and management plans should be updated periodically. There are two primary reasons for this: </p> <ol><li>to evaluate whether the previously selected security controls are still applicable and effective</li> <li>to evaluate the possible risk level changes in the business environment. For example, information risks are a good example of rapidly changing business environment.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas">Areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enterprise">Enterprise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Enterprise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></div> <p>Enterprise risk management (ERM) defines risk as those possible events or circumstances that can have negative influences on the <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">enterprise</a> in question, where the impact can be on the very existence, the resources (human and capital), the products and services, or the customers of the enterprise, as well as external impacts on society, markets, or the environment. There are <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management#ERM_frameworks_defined" title="Enterprise risk management">various defined frameworks</a> here, where every probable risk can have a pre-formulated plan to deal with its possible consequences (to ensure <i>contingency</i> if the risk becomes a <i>liability</i>). Managers thus analyze and monitor both the internal and external environment facing the enterprise, addressing <a href="/wiki/Business_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Business risk">business risk</a> generally, and any impact on the enterprise achieving its <a href="/wiki/Business_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Business strategy">strategic goals</a>. ERM thus overlaps various other disciplines - <a href="/wiki/Operational_risk_management" title="Operational risk management">operational risk management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management" title="Financial risk management">financial risk management</a> etc. - but is differentiated by its strategic and long-term focus.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ERM systems usually focus on safeguarding reputation, acknowledging its significant role in comprehensive risk management strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Risk_in_Banking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Risk_in_Banking.jpg/220px-Risk_in_Banking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Risk_in_Banking.jpg/330px-Risk_in_Banking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Risk_in_Banking.jpg/440px-Risk_in_Banking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Risk in Banking</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management</a></div> <p>As applied to <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, risk management concerns the techniques and practices for measuring, monitoring and controlling the <a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">market-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">credit risk</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">operational risk</a>) on a firm's <a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">balance sheet</a>, due to a bank's credit and trading exposure, or re a <a href="/wiki/Fund_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fund manager">fund manager</a>'s portfolio value; for an overview see <a href="/wiki/Finance#Risk_management" title="Finance">Finance § Risk management</a>. </p> <ul><li>A traditional measure in banking is <a href="/wiki/Value_at_risk" title="Value at risk">value at risk</a> (VaR) – the possible loss due to adverse credit and market events. Banks seek to <a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">hedge</a> these risks, and will hold <a href="/wiki/Risk_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk capital">risk capital</a> on the net position. The <a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a> framework governs the parallel <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory capital">regulatory capital</a> requirements, including for operational risk.</li> <li>Fund managers employ <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management#Investment_management" title="Financial risk management">various strategies</a> to protect their fund value; these given <a href="/wiki/Investment_management#Investment_managers_and_portfolio_structures" title="Investment management">their mandate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tracking_error" title="Tracking error">benchmark</a>.</li> <li>Non-financial firms focus on <a href="/wiki/Business_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Business risk">business risk</a> more generally, overlapping <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">enterprise risk management</a>: i.e. those events and occurrences which could negatively impact cash flow or profitability, and hence result in a loss of <a href="/wiki/Business_valuation" title="Business valuation">business value</a> or a decline in <a href="/wiki/Share_price" title="Share price">share price</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contractual_risk_management">Contractual risk management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contractual risk management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contract_management" title="Contract management">Contract management</a></div> <p>The concept of "contractual risk management" emphasises the use of risk management techniques in contract deployment, i.e. managing the risks which are accepted through entry into a contract. Norwegian academic Petri Keskitalo defines "contractual risk management" as "a practical, proactive and systematical contracting method that uses contract planning and governance to manage risks connected to business activities".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article by Samuel Greengard published in 2010, two US legal cases are mentioned which emphasise the importance of having a strategy for dealing with risk:<sup id="cite_ref-greengard_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greengard-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>UDC v. <a href="/wiki/CH2M_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="CH2M Hill">CH2M Hill</a>, which deals with the risk to a professional advisor who signs an <a href="/wiki/Indemnification" class="mw-redirect" title="Indemnification">indemnification</a> provision including acceptance of a <a href="/wiki/Duty_to_defend" title="Duty to defend">duty to defend</a>, who may thereby pick up the legal costs of defending a client subject to a claim from a third party,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Witt v. La Gorce Country Club, which deals with the effectiveness of a <a href="/wiki/Limit_of_liability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of liability">limitation of liability</a> clause, which may, in certain jurisdictions, be found to be ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Greengard recommends using industry-standard contract language as much as possible to reduce risk as much as possible and rely on clauses which have been in use and subject to established court interpretation over a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-greengard_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greengard-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customs">Customs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Customs risk management is concerned with the risks which arise within the context of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and have a bearing on safety and security, including the risk that <a href="/wiki/Illicit_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Illicit drugs">illicit drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeit goods">counterfeit goods</a> can pass across borders and the risk that shipments and their contents are incorrectly declared.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has adopted a Customs Risk Management Framework (CRMF) applicable across the union and throughout its <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a>, whose aims include establishing a common level of customs control protection and a balance between the objectives of safe customs control and the facilitation of legitimate trade.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two events which prompted the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> to review customs risk management policy in 2012-13 were the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001 and the <a href="/wiki/2010_transatlantic_aircraft_bomb_plot" title="2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot">2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot</a> involving packages being sent from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, referred to by the Commission as "the October 2010 (Yemen) incident".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_institutions_(museums,_libraries_and_archives)"><span id="Memory_institutions_.28museums.2C_libraries_and_archives.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Memory_institution" title="Memory institution">Memory institutions</a> (museums, libraries and archives)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Memory institutions (museums, libraries and archives)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_(cultural_property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk management (cultural property)">Risk management (cultural property)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enterprise_security">Enterprise security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Enterprise security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESRM is a security program management approach that links security activities to an enterprise's mission and business goals through risk management methods. The security leader's role in ESRM is to manage risks of harm to enterprise assets in partnership with the business leaders whose assets are exposed to those risks. ESRM involves educating business leaders on the realistic impacts of identified risks, presenting potential strategies to mitigate those impacts, then enacting the option chosen by the business in line with accepted levels of business risk tolerance<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_devices">Medical devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Medical devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">medical devices</a>, risk management is a process for identifying, evaluating and mitigating risks associated with harm to people and damage to property or the environment. Risk management is an integral part of medical device design and development, production processes and evaluation of field experience, and is applicable to all types of medical devices. The evidence of its application is required by most regulatory bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">US FDA</a>. The management of risks for medical devices is described by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in <a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">ISO 14971:2019</a>, Medical Devices—The application of risk management to medical devices, a product safety standard. The standard provides a process framework and associated requirements for management responsibilities, risk analysis and evaluation, risk controls and lifecycle risk management. Guidance on the application of the standard is available via ISO/TR 24971:2020. </p><p>The European version of the risk management standard was updated in 2009 and again in 2012 to refer to the Medical Devices Directive (MDD) and Active Implantable Medical Device Directive (AIMDD) revision in 2007, as well as the In Vitro Medical Device Directive (IVDD). The requirements of EN 14971:2012 are nearly identical to ISO 14971:2007. The differences include three "(informative)" Z Annexes that refer to the new MDD, AIMDD, and IVDD. These annexes indicate content deviations that include the requirement for risks to be reduced <i>as far as possible</i>, and the requirement that risks be mitigated by design and not by labeling on the medical device (i.e., labeling can no longer be used to mitigate risk). </p><p>Typical risk analysis and evaluation techniques adopted by the medical device industry include <a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">hazard analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fault_tree_analysis" title="Fault tree analysis">fault tree analysis</a> (FTA), <a href="/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis" title="Failure mode and effects analysis">failure mode and effects analysis</a> (FMEA), hazard and operability study (<a href="/wiki/HAZOP" class="mw-redirect" title="HAZOP">HAZOP</a>), and risk traceability analysis for ensuring risk controls are implemented and effective (i.e. tracking risks identified to product requirements, design specifications, verification and validation results etc.). FTA analysis requires diagramming software. FMEA analysis can be done using a <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> program. There are also integrated medical device risk management solutions. </p><p>Through a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/medicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm206153.htm">draft guidance</a>, the FDA has introduced another method named "Safety Assurance Case" for medical device safety assurance analysis. The safety assurance case is structured argument reasoning about systems appropriate for scientists and engineers, supported by a body of evidence, that provides a compelling, comprehensible and valid case that a system is safe for a given application in a given environment. With the guidance, a safety assurance case is expected for safety critical devices (e.g. infusion devices) as part of the pre-market clearance submission, e.g. 510(k). In 2013, the FDA introduced another draft guidance expecting medical device manufacturers to submit cybersecurity risk analysis information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_management">Project management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Project management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_risk_management" title="Project risk management">Project risk management</a></div> <p>Project risk management must be considered at the different phases of acquisition. At the beginning of a project, the advancement of technical developments, or threats presented by a competitor's projects, may cause a risk or threat assessment and subsequent evaluation of alternatives (see <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Alternatives" title="Analysis of Alternatives">Analysis of Alternatives</a>). Once a decision is made, and the project begun, more familiar project management applications can be used:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Planning how risk will be managed in the particular project. Plans should include risk management tasks, responsibilities, activities and budget.</li> <li>Assigning a risk officer – a team member other than a project manager who is responsible for foreseeing potential project problems. Typical characteristic of risk officer is a healthy skepticism.</li> <li>Maintaining live project risk database. Each risk should have the following attributes: opening date, title, short description, probability and importance. Optionally a risk may have an assigned person responsible for its resolution and a date by which the risk must be resolved.</li> <li>Creating anonymous risk reporting channel. Each team member should have the possibility to report risks that he/she foresees in the project.</li> <li>Preparing mitigation plans for risks that are chosen to be mitigated. The purpose of the mitigation plan is to describe how this particular risk will be handled – what, when, by whom and how will it be done to avoid it or minimize consequences if it becomes a liability.</li> <li>Summarizing planned and faced risks, effectiveness of mitigation activities, and effort spent for the risk management.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Megaprojects_(infrastructure)"><span id="Megaprojects_.28infrastructure.29"></span>Megaprojects (infrastructure)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Megaprojects (infrastructure)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaprojects</a> (sometimes also called "major programs") are large-scale investment projects, typically costing more than $1 billion per project. Megaprojects include major bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, coastal flood protection schemes, oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and defense systems. Megaprojects have been shown to be particularly risky in terms of finance, safety, and social and environmental impacts. Risk management is therefore particularly pertinent for megaprojects and special methods and special education have been developed for such risk management.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is important to assess risk in regard to natural disasters like <a href="/wiki/Flood_risk_assessment" title="Flood risk assessment">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">earthquakes</a>, and so on. Outcomes of natural disaster risk assessment are valuable when considering future repair costs, business interruption losses and other downtime, effects on the environment, insurance costs, and the proposed costs of reducing the risk.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sendai_Framework_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</a> is a 2015 international accord that has set goals and targets for <a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">disaster risk reduction</a> in response to natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are regular <a href="/wiki/International_Disaster_and_Risk_Conference" title="International Disaster and Risk Conference">International Disaster and Risk Conferences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a> to deal with integral risk management. </p><p>Several tools can be used to assess risk and risk management of natural disasters and other climate events, including geospatial modeling, a key component of <a href="/wiki/Land_change_science" title="Land change science">land change science</a>. This modeling requires an understanding of geographic distributions of people as well as an ability to calculate the likelihood of a natural disaster occurring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilderness">Wilderness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Wilderness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The management of risks to persons and property in <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> and remote natural areas has developed with increases in outdoor recreation participation and decreased social tolerance for loss. Organizations providing commercial wilderness experiences can now align with national and international consensus standards for training and equipment such as <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a>/NASBLA 101-2017 (boating),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">UIAA</a> 152 (ice climbing tools),<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Norm</a> 13089:2015 + A1:2015 (mountaineering equipment).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Experiential_Education" title="Association for Experiential Education">Association for Experiential Education</a> offers accreditation for wilderness adventure programs.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Risk_Management_Conference" title="Wilderness Risk Management Conference">Wilderness Risk Management Conference</a> provides access to best practices, and specialist organizations provide wilderness risk management consulting and training.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text Outdoor Safety – Risk Management for Outdoor Leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by the New Zealand Mountain Safety Council, provides a view of wilderness risk management from the New Zealand perspective, recognizing the value of national outdoor safety legislation and devoting considerable attention to the roles of judgment and decision-making processes in wilderness risk management. </p><p>One popular models for risk assessment is the Risk Assessment and Safety Management (RASM) Model developed by Rick Curtis, author of The Backpacker's Field Manual.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formula for the RASM Model is: Risk = Probability of Accident × Severity of Consequences. The RASM Model weighs negative risk—the potential for loss, against positive risk—the potential for growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Information technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IT_risk_management" title="IT risk management">IT risk management</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IT_risk" title="IT risk">IT risk</a> is a risk related to information technology. This is a relatively new term due to an increasing awareness that <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> is simply one facet of a multitude of risks that are relevant to IT and the real world processes it supports. "Cybersecurity is tied closely to the advancement of technology. It lags only long enough for incentives like black markets to evolve and new exploits to be discovered. There is no end in sight for the advancement of technology, so we can expect the same from cybersecurity."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ISACA" title="ISACA">ISACA</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Risk_IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk IT">Risk IT</a></i> framework ties IT risk to enterprise risk management. Duty of Care Risk Analysis (DoCRA) evaluates risks and their safeguards and considers the interests of all parties potentially affected by those risks.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verizon.com/business/resources/reports/dbir/2024/appendix/">Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR)</a> features how organizations can leverage the Veris Community Database (VCDB) to estimate risk. Using HALOCK <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halock.com/assessing-cyber-risks-using-verizons-vcdb/">methodology</a> within CIS RAM and data from VCDB, professionals can determine threat likelihood for their industries. </p><p>IT risk management includes "<a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">incident handling</a>", an action plan for dealing with intrusions, cyber-theft, denial of service, fire, floods, and other security-related events. According to the <a href="/wiki/SANS_Institute" title="SANS Institute">SANS Institute</a>, it is a six step process: Preparation, Identification, Containment, Eradication, Recovery, and Lessons Learned.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations">Operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operational_risk_management" title="Operational risk management">Operational risk management</a></div> <p>Operational risk management (ORM) is the oversight of <a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">operational risk</a>, including the risk of loss resulting from: inadequate or failed internal processes and systems; human factors; or external events. Given the <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">nature of operations</a>, ORM is typically a "continual" process, and will include ongoing risk assessment, risk decision making, and the implementation of risk controls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_and_natural_gas">Petroleum and natural gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Petroleum and natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the offshore oil and gas industry, operational risk management is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Safety_case" title="Safety case">safety case</a> regime in many countries. Hazard identification and risk assessment tools and techniques are described in the international standard ISO 17776:2000, and organisations such as the IADC (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_of_Drilling_Contractors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association of Drilling Contractors (page does not exist)">International Association of Drilling Contractors</a>) publish guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Health,_Safety_and_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Health, Safety and Environment">Health, Safety and Environment</a> (HSE) Case development which are based on the ISO standard. Further, diagrammatic representations of hazardous events are often expected by governmental regulators as part of risk management in safety case submissions; these are known as <b><a href="/wiki/Bow-tie_diagram" title="Bow-tie diagram">bow-tie diagrams</a></b> (see <a href="/wiki/Network_theory_in_risk_assessment" title="Network theory in risk assessment">Network theory in risk assessment</a>). The technique is also used by organisations and regulators in mining, aviation, health, defence, industrial and finance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical_sector">Pharmaceutical sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principles and tools for quality risk management are increasingly being applied to different aspects of pharmaceutical quality systems. These aspects include development, manufacturing, distribution, inspection, and submission/review processes throughout the lifecycle of drug substances, drug products, biological and biotechnological products (including the use of raw materials, solvents, excipients, packaging and labeling materials in drug products, biological and biotechnological products). Risk management is also applied to the assessment of microbiological contamination in relation to pharmaceutical products and cleanroom manufacturing environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandle_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandle-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_chain">Supply chain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Supply chain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_risk_management" title="Supply chain risk management">Supply chain risk management</a></div> <p>Supply chain risk management (SCRM) aims at maintaining <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> continuity in the event of scenarios or incidents which could interrupt normal business and hence profitability. Risks to the supply chain range from everyday to exceptional, including unpredictable natural events (such as <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a>) to counterfeit products, and reach across quality, security, to resiliency and product integrity. Mitigation of these risks can involve various elements of the business including <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> and cybersecurity, as well as the areas of finance and operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Travel risk management is concerned with how organisations assess the risks to their <a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">staff when travelling</a>, especially when travelling overseas. In the field of <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standards</a>, ISO 31030:2021 addresses good practice in travel risk management.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Global Business Travel Association's education and research arm, the GBTA Foundation. found in 2015 that most businesses covered by their research employed travel risk management protocols aimed at ensuring the safety and well-being of their business travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-gbtaf_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbtaf-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six key principles of travel risk awareness put forward by the association are preparation, awareness of surroundings and people, keeping a low profile, adopting an unpredictable routine, communications and layers of protection.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveler tracking using mobile tracking and messaging technologies had by 2015 become a widely used aspect of travel risk management.<sup id="cite_ref-gbtaf_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbtaf-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_communication">Risk communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Risk communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk communication</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risk_communication&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk communication</a> is a complex cross-disciplinary academic field that is part of risk management and related to fields like <a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">crisis communication</a>. The goal is to make sure that targeted audiences understand how risks affect them or their communities by appealing to their values.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risk communication is particularly important in <a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster preparedness">disaster preparedness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Risk_communication_:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk_communication_:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and preparation for major <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">global catastrophic risk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk_communication_:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk_communication_:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts of climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">climate risk</a> effect every part of society, so communicating that risk is an important <a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">climate communication</a> practice, in order for societies to plan for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_prevention" title="Pandemic prevention">pandemic prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_perception" title="Risk perception">understanding of risk</a> helps communities stop the spread of disease and improve responses.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risk communication deals with possible risks and aims to raise awareness of those risks to encourage or persuade changes in behavior to relieve threats in the long term. On the other hand, crisis communication is aimed at raising awareness of a specific type of threat, the magnitude, outcomes, and specific behaviors to adopt to reduce the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risk communication in <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Food_safety_risk_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Food safety risk analysis">risk analysis framework</a>. Together with risk assessment and risk management, risk communication aims to reduce <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illnesses</a>. Food safety risk communication is an obligatory activity for food safety authorities<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in countries, which adopted the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a>. </p> Risk communication also exists on a smaller scale. For instance, the risks associated with personal medical decisions have to be communicated to that individual along with their family.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk_communication_:12_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk_communication_:12-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Business continuity">Business continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_modeling" title="Catastrophe modeling">Catastrophe modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_engineering" title="Cost engineering">Cost engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost-plus_contract" title="Cost-plus contract">Cost-plus contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_river_by_touching_the_stones" title="Crossing the river by touching the stones">Crossing the river by touching the stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Risk_Management_Authority" title="Environmental Risk Management Authority">Environmental Risk Management Authority (NZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Risk_%26_Safety_Management" title="International Institute of Risk & Safety Management">International Institute of Risk & Safety Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">ISO 31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_risk_management" title="IT risk management">IT risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_Management_Framework" title="Risk Management Framework">Risk Management Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-control_consultant" title="Loss-control consultant">Loss-control consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_risk_analysis" title="Pest risk analysis">Pest risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_class_forecasting" title="Reference class forecasting">Reference class forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_heuristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative heuristic">Representative heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_appetite" title="Risk appetite">Risk appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_aversion" title="Risk aversion">Risk aversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management_tools" title="Risk management tools">Risk management tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_premium" title="Risk premium">Risk premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy%27s_safety-first_criterion" title="Roy's safety-first criterion">Roy's safety-first criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_risk_management" title="Social risk management">Social risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_asset" title="Stranded asset">Stranded asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-chain_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply-chain risk management">Supply-chain risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_lines_of_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Three lines of defence">Three lines of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon%E2%80%93Loeb_model" title="Gordon–Loeb model">Gordon–Loeb model</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCybellium" class="citation book cs1">Cybellium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xInEQAAQBAJ"><i>Risk Management Exam Review: A Comprehensive Guide to Excelling in Risk Management Exams</i></a>. 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Risk_management106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risk_management" title="Template:Risk management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risk_management" title="Template talk:Risk management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risk_management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risk management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Risk_management106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Risk management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk type & source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Business_risks" title="Business risks">Business risks</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reputational_damage" title="Reputational damage">Reputational damage</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Personal risk</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Health risk">Health risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_risk" title="Natural risk">Natural risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk" title="Political risk">Political risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_hazards" title="Category:Technology hazards">Technology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IT_risk" title="IT risk">IT risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_risk" title="Macro risk">Macro risk</a> / <a href="/wiki/External_risk" title="External risk">External risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_risk" title="Extreme risk">Extreme risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety hazard">Safety hazard</a></li> <li><b>Security risk</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">Accident</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution risk">Execution risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_risk" title="Model risk">Model risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputational_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Reputational risk">Reputational risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_risk" title="Country risk">Country risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_risk" title="Legal risk">Legal risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Liquidity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_risk" title="Interest rate risk">Interest rate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange rate risk">Exchange rate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_risk" title="Profit risk">Profit risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_risk" title="Strategic risk">Strategic risk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_risk" title="Residual risk">Residual risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">Countermeasures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_compliance" title="Regulatory compliance">Regulatory compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance" title="Governance, risk management, and compliance">GRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_control" title="Internal control">Internal control</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Personal risk management</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_management_(health)" title="Disease management (health)">Disease management</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk_management" title="Operational risk management">Operational risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_risk_management" title="Supply chain risk management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_risk_management" title="Project risk management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_access_management" title="Identity and access management">Identity and access management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_management" title="Vulnerability management">Vulnerability management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_continuity_planning" title="Business continuity planning">Business continuity planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warning_system" title="Warning system">Warning system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster management">Disaster management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_model" title="Swiss cheese model">Swiss cheese model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">Scenario planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Structured or semi-structured interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_method" title="Delphi method">Delphi method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Preliminary hazard analysis</a> (PHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" title="Hazard and operability study">Hazard and operability study</a> (HAZOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a> (HACCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_What_If_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured What If Technique">Structured What If Technique</a> (SWIFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenario analysis">Scenario analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_impact_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Business impact analysis">Business impact analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis">Root cause analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis" title="Failure mode and effects analysis">Failure mode and effects analysis</a> (FMEA) / <a href="/wiki/Failure_mode,_effects,_and_criticality_analysis" title="Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis">FMECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tree_analysis" title="Fault tree analysis">Fault tree analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_tree_analysis" title="Event tree analysis">Event tree analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cause_and_consequence_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cause and consequence analysis (page does not exist)">Cause and consequence analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause-and-effect_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause-and-effect analysis">Cause-and-effect analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Layer_protection_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layer protection analysis (page does not exist)">Layer protection analysis</a> (LOPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reliability" title="Human reliability">Human reliability analysis</a> (HRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_tie_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow tie analysis">Bow tie analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_centered_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliability centered maintenance">Reliability centered maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneak_circuit_analysis" title="Sneak circuit analysis">Sneak circuit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markov_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Markov analysis">Markov analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Carlo simulation">Monte Carlo simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian statistics and Bayes nets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FN_curve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FN curve (page does not exist)">FN curve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risk index (page does not exist)">Risk index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk Matrix">Risk Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost/benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost/benefit analysis">Cost/benefit analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio" title="Risk–benefit ratio">Risk–benefit ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-criteria_decision_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-criteria decision analysis">Multi-criteria decision analysis</a> (MCDA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">ISO 31000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_31010" title="ISO/IEC 31010">ISO/IEC 31010</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Sponsoring_Organizations_of_the_Treadway_Commission" title="Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission">COSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_appetite" title="Risk appetite">Risk appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_map" title="Hazard map">Hazard map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_events" title="Rare events">Rare events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">Opportunity cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insurance256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insurance" title="Template:Insurance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insurance" title="Template talk:Insurance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insurance256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br />insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death_and_dismemberment_insurance" title="Accidental death and dismemberment insurance">Accidental death and dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_insurance" title="Dental insurance">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_permanent_disability_insurance" title="Total permanent disability insurance">Total permanent disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_overhead_expense_disability_insurance" title="Business overhead expense disability insurance">Business overhead expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_protection_insurance" title="Income protection insurance">Income protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care_insurance" title="Long-term care insurance">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_life_insurance" title="Mortgage life insurance">Mortgage life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_life_insurance" title="Term life insurance">Term life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitised_insurance_fund" title="Unitised insurance fund">Unitised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_life_insurance" title="Universal life insurance">Universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_universal_life_insurance" title="Variable universal life insurance">Variable universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_life_insurance" title="Whole life insurance">Whole life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_insurance" title="Bond insurance">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_interruption_insurance" title="Business interruption insurance">Business interruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_owner%27s_policy" title="Business owner's policy">Business owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_protection_insurance" title="Collateral protection insurance">Collateral protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_and_officers_liability_insurance" title="Directors and officers liability insurance">Directors and officers liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_bond" title="Fidelity bond">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-redemption_insurance" title="Over-redemption insurance">Over-redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_insurance" title="Pollution insurance">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_liability_insurance" title="Professional liability insurance">Professional liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_and_indemnity_insurance" title="Protection and indemnity insurance">Protection and indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_credit_insurance" title="Trade credit insurance">Trade credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">Umbrella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler insurance">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_risk_insurance" title="Builder's risk insurance">Builder's risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_insurance" title="Contents insurance">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_insurance" title="Earthquake insurance">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_insurance" title="Flood insurance">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_insurance" title="Home insurance">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlords%27_insurance" title="Landlords' insurance">Landlords'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance" title="Lenders mortgage insurance">Lenders mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renters%27_insurance" title="Renters' insurance">Renters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_insurance" title="Title insurance">Title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport/<br />Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAP_insurance" title="GAP insurance">GAP insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_marine_insurance" title="Inland marine insurance">Inland marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_auto_insurance" title="Public auto insurance">Public auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_insurance" title="Satellite insurance">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_bond" title="Catastrophe bond">Catastrophe bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance-linked_security" title="Insurance-linked security">Insurance-linked securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_insurance" title="Casualty insurance">Casualty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Casualty_insurance" title="Insurance">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_insurance" title="Crop insurance">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_crop_insurance" title="Catastrophic crop insurance">Catastrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-peril_crop_insurance" title="Multi-peril crop insurance">Multi-peril</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_insurance" title="Cyber insurance">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate_insurance" title="Expatriate insurance">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_warranty" title="Extended warranty">Extended warranty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_insurance" title="Group insurance">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index-based_insurance" title="Index-based insurance">Index-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_insurance" title="Parametric insurance">Parametric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_insurance" title="Interest rate insurance">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnap_and_ransom_insurance" title="Kidnap and ransom insurance">Kidnap and ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_expenses_insurance" title="Legal expenses insurance">Legal expenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liability_insurance" title="Liability insurance">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_insurance" title="No-fault insurance">No-fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_insurance" title="Pet insurance">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk_insurance" title="Political risk insurance">Political risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_indemnity_insurance" title="Prize indemnity insurance">Prize indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_insurance" title="Tuition insurance">Tuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_risk_insurance" title="War risk insurance">War risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_insurance" title="Weather insurance">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">Insurance <br />policy</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">Adverse selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">Knightian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_life" title="Value of life">Value of life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_cash_value" title="Actual cash value">Actual cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_value" title="Cash value">Cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_broker" title="Insurance broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(insurance)" title="Cancellation (insurance)">Cancellation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_rata" title="Pro rata">Pro rata</a></i></li> <li>Short rate table</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">Claim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">Claims adjuster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">Deductible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-insurance" title="Co-insurance">Co-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copayment" title="Copayment">Copayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">Out-of-pocket expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation_of_benefits" title="Explanation of benefits">Explanation of benefits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">Indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurability" title="Insurability">Insurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurable_interest" title="Insurable interest">Insurable interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">Proximate cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_value" title="Replacement value">Replacement value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insurance" title="Self-insurance">Self-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_loss" title="Total loss">Total loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underinsured" title="Underinsured">Underinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">Underwriting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_profit" title="Underwriting profit">Profit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurance <br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_industry_in_China" title="Insurance industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">Health insurance coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Vehicle insurance in the United States">Vehicle insurance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">Mesopotamian banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§100–105; §126</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§234</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§235–238; §240</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§275–277</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_cycle" title="Insurance cycle">Insurance cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurance" title="Category:Insurance">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Insurance" title="Outline of finance">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_engineering" title="Template talk:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_engineering118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_part" title="Spare part">Spare part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occupational_safety_and_health784" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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injury">injuries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrodynia" title="Acrodynia">Acrodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis ("brown lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_cardiovascular_disease" title="Occupational cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">Chronic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweeps%27_carcinoma" title="Chimney sweeps' carcinoma">Chimney sweeps' carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_sport" title="Concussions in sport">Concussions in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">De Quervain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erethism" title="Erethism">Erethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazards_associated_with_exposure_to_human_nail_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational hazards associated with exposure to human nail dust">Exposure to human nail dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler%27s_neck" title="Fiddler's neck">Fiddler's neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_worker%27s_lung" title="Flock worker's lung">Flock worker's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblower%27s_cataract" title="Glassblower's cataract">Glassblower's cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golfer%27s_elbow" title="Golfer's elbow">Golfer's elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Hospital-acquired infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_lung" title="Indium lung">Indium lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Occupational_exposure" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">Mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">Metal fume fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">Phossy jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_jaw" title="Radium jaw">Radium jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo-filler%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Silo-filler's disease">Silo-filler's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Sports injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_elbow" title="Tennis elbow">Tennis elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp" title="Writer's cramp">Writer's cramp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Occupational <br />hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Workplace health surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_occupational_safety_and_health_agencies" title="List of occupational safety and health agencies">Agencies</a> and <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Occupational_Health_and_Safety" title="Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_per_l%27assicurazione_contro_gli_infortuni_sul_lavoro" title="Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro">Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="National Institute for Safety and Health at Work">National Institute for Safety and Health at Work</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OHSAS_18001" title="OHSAS 18001">OHSAS 18001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Convention,_1981" title="Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981">Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Protection_Standard" title="Worker Protection Standard">Worker Protection Standard</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Environment_(Air_Pollution,_Noise_and_Vibration)_Convention,_1977" title="Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977">Working Environment Convention, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">Emergency evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Hazard elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Hazard substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout-tagout" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockout-tagout">Lockout-tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">Immediately dangerous to life or health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_parity" title="Potty parity">Potty parity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potty_parity_in_the_United_States" title="Potty parity in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment,_health_and_safety" title="Environment, health and safety">Environment, health and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Fighter_Fatality_Investigation_and_Prevention_Program" title="Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program">Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Safety Card">International Chemical Safety Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(Canadian_observance)" title="National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance)">National Day of Mourning (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_tort" title="Toxic tort">Toxic tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Category:Occupational safety and health">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_diseases" title="Category:Occupational diseases">Occupational diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health_journals" title="Category:Occupational safety and health journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health_organizations" title="Category:Occupational safety and health organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Occupational safety and health">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_standards209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Level_Architecture" title="High Level Architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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