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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_and_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Mediterranean and Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_and_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Indo-Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesoamerica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesoamerica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Mesoamerica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesoamerica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Age_of_Sail_and_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Age_of_Sail_and_the_Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Age_of_Sail_and_the_Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Free trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protectionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protectionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protectionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protectionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Development of money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doha_rounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doha_rounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Doha rounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doha_rounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International trade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_trade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International trade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Trade sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fair trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trade</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(ekonomie)" title="Handel (ekonomie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Handel (ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5" title="ንግድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ንግድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="تجارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="Comercio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%90%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܐܓܘܪܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܐܓܘܪܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerciu" title="Comerciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comerciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emu" title="Ñemu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommersiya" title="Kommersiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kommersiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تیجارت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیجارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paadolan" title="Paadolan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paadolan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julaya" title="Julaya – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Julaya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)" title="বাণিজ্য (ক্রয়বিক্রয়) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাণিজ্য (ক্রয়বিক্রয়)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8D%CD%98-e%CC%8Dk" title="Bō͘-e̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bō͘-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0" title="Сауҙа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сауҙа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гандаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гандаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="लेन-देन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेन-देन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Търговия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Търговия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handl" title="Handl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Handl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwerzh" title="Kenwerzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenwerzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Наймаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Наймаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%A7" title="Comerç – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comerç" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%B3" title="Суту-илӳ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суту-илӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchod" title="Obchod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obchod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummerciu" title="Cummerciu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cummerciu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnach" title="Masnach – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Masnach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A8" title="ވިޔަފާރި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޔަފާރި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubandus" title="Kaubandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaubandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Εμπόριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμπόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="Comercio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerco" title="Komerco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkataritza" title="Merkataritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkataritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تجارت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len-den" title="Len-den – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Len-den" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commerce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannel" title="Hannel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hannel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumier%C3%A7" title="Cumierç – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cumierç" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1d%C3%A1il" title="Trádáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trádáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellal" title="Dellal – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Dellal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malairt" title="Malairt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Malairt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="Comercio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo-yi" title="Mo-yi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mo-yi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD" title="무역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lepa" title="Kālepa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālepa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Առևտուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առևտուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="व्यापार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यापार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerco" title="Komerco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komerco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdagangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercio" title="Commercio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Commercio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhwebo" title="Uhwebo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uhwebo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0skipti" title="Viðskipti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercio" title="Commercio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commercio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8" title="מסחר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסחר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padagangan" title="Padagangan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Padagangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Tadɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tadɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF(%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0)" title="ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komersyu" title="Komersyu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Komersyu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კომერცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომერცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%90%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="تِجارَت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تِجارَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сауда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwerth" title="Kenwerth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kenwerth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neg%C3%B2s" title="Negòs – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Negòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Соода – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Соода" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ການຄ້າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຄ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commercium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirdzniec%C4%ABba" title="Tirdzniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tirdzniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekyba" title="Prekyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prekyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereskedelem" title="Kereskedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereskedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Трговија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трговија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യാപാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യാപാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="व्यापार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यापार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ვაჭრუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვაჭრუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdagangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Худалдаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Худалдаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(economie)" title="Handel (economie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Handel (economie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="交易 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交易" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Махлелор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Махлелор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanel" title="Hanel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hanel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerse" title="Komerse – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Komerse" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8rci" title="Comèrci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comèrci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daldala" title="Daldala – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daldala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savdo" title="Savdo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Savdo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਵਪਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਪਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading" title="Trading – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Trading" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="وپار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وپار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chried" title="Chried – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chried" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannel" title="Hannel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hannel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9rcio" title="Comércio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C8%9B" title="Comerț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comerț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makipura" title="Makipura – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makipura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Торговля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торговля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эргиэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эргиэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tred" title="Tred – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tred" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregtia" title="Tregtia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tregtia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummerciu" title="Cummerciu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cummerciu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="වෙළෙඳාම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙළෙඳාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade" title="Trade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="واپار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واپار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchodn%C3%A1_%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5" title="Obchodná činnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obchodná činnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadashada" title="Gadashada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gadashada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="دانوستان (ئابوورناسی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دانوستان (ئابوورناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трговина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трговина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupank%C3%A4ynti" title="Kaupankäynti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupankäynti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakalan" title="Kalakalan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalakalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வணிகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வணிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వాణిజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాణిజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="การค้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การค้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B2" title="ንግዲ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ንግዲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticaret" title="Ticaret – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ticaret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Торгівля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торгівля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تجارت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تجارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0fego_(economia)" title="Tràfego (economia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tràfego (economia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torguind" title="Torguind – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Torguind" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Giao thương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao thương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubandus" title="Kaubandus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kaubandus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiece" title="Comiece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Comiece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komersyo" title="Komersyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komersyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="贸易 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贸易" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="האנדל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנדל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="貿易 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貿易" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prek%C4%ABba" title="Prekība – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prekība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="贸易 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贸易" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagang" title="Dagang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dagang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тарґовина – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Тарґовина" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q601401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the economic mechanism. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trade (disambiguation)">Trade (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaufmann-1568.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaufmann-1568.png/170px-Kaufmann-1568.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaufmann-1568.png/255px-Kaufmann-1568.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaufmann-1568.png/340px-Kaufmann-1568.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Two traders in 16th century Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg/250px-MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg/375px-MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg/500px-MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Dios_Market" title="San Juan de Dios Market">San Juan de Dios Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara, Jalisco</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earle,_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law,_1909_Title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Earle%2C_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law%2C_1909_Title.jpg/220px-Earle%2C_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law%2C_1909_Title.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Earle%2C_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law%2C_1909_Title.jpg/330px-Earle%2C_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law%2C_1909_Title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Earle%2C_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law%2C_1909_Title.jpg/440px-Earle%2C_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law%2C_1909_Title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Liberty_to_Trade_as_Buttressed_by_National_Law" class="extiw" title="s:The Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law">The Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law</a></i> (1909) by <a href="/wiki/George_Howard_Earle,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Howard Earle, Jr.">George Howard Earle, Jr.</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business administration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Management of a business</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">Business entity</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">Corporation sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">Annual general meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">Audit committee</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">Constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvency law">Insolvency law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Corporate title</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">International finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of management</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">Enterprise resource planning</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management_for_services" title="Operations management for services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_life-cycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product life-cycle management">Product life-cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Structure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">Business operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">Business statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_administration" title="Template:Business administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_administration" title="Template talk:Business administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trade</b> involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> or network that allows trade as a <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a>. </p><p>Traders generally negotiate through a medium of credit or exchange, such as money. Though some economists characterize <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> (i.e. trading things without the use of money<sup id="cite_ref-Samuelson1939_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuelson1939-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as an early form of trade, <a href="/wiki/History_of_money#Emergence_of_money" title="History of money">money was invented</a> before written history began. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and logical inference. Letters of <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">non-physical money</a> have greatly simplified and promoted trade as <b>buying</b> can be separated from <b>selling</b>, or <a href="/wiki/Earnings" title="Earnings">earning</a>. Trade between two traders is called <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_trade" title="Bilateral trade">bilateral trade</a>, while trade involving more than two traders is called <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">multilateral trade</a>. </p><p>In one modern view, trade exists due to specialization and the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a>, a predominant form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic activity">economic activity</a> in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trade for other products and needs.<sup id="cite_ref-DollarKraay2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DollarKraay2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade exists between regions because different regions may have a <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> (perceived or real) in the production of some trade-able goods – including the production of scarce or limited natural resources elsewhere. For example, different regions' sizes may encourage <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>. In such circumstances, trading at <a href="/wiki/Market_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Market price">market price</a> between locations can benefit both locations. Different types of traders may specialize in trading different kinds of goods; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> have both historically been important in the development of a global, international economy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Busy_Market_in_Mile_12,_Lagos-_Nigeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of a busy market in Mile 12. Lagos - Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_Busy_Market_in_Mile_12%2C_Lagos-_Nigeria.jpg/220px-A_Busy_Market_in_Mile_12%2C_Lagos-_Nigeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_Busy_Market_in_Mile_12%2C_Lagos-_Nigeria.jpg/330px-A_Busy_Market_in_Mile_12%2C_Lagos-_Nigeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_Busy_Market_in_Mile_12%2C_Lagos-_Nigeria.jpg/440px-A_Busy_Market_in_Mile_12%2C_Lagos-_Nigeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2488" /></a><figcaption>A busy market in Mile 12, Lagos, Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a> trade consists of the <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sale</a> of goods or <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a> from a very fixed location<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boutique" title="Boutique">boutique</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kiosk" title="Kiosk">kiosk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>, in small or individual lots for direct <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> or use by the purchaser.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">Wholesale</a> trade is the traffic in goods that are sold as merchandise to <a href="/wiki/Retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailer">retailers</a>, industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services. </p><p>Historically, openness to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> substantially increased in some areas from 1815 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Trade openness increased again during the 1920s but collapsed (in particular in Europe and North America) during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s. Trade openness increased substantially again from the 1950s onward (albeit with a slowdown during the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis of the 1970s</a>). Economists and <a href="/wiki/Economic_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic historians">economic historians</a> contend that current levels of trade openness are the highest they have ever been.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Trade</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a> <i>trade</i> ("path, course of conduct"), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Low German language">Middle Low German</a> <i>trade</i> ("track, course"), from <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saxon language">Old Saxon</a> <i>trada</i> ("spoor, track"), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*tradō</i> ("track, way"), and cognate with <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>tredan</i> ("to tread"). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commerce</a></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>commercium</i>, from <i>cum</i> "together" and <i>merx</i>, "merchandise."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world" title="Economic history of the world">Economic history of the world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_international_trade" title="Timeline of international trade">Timeline of international trade</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade originated from <a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">human communication</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times. Prehistoric peoples exchanged goods and services with each other in a <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a> before the innovation of modern-day currency. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watson_(business_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Watson (business writer)">Peter Watson</a> dates the <a href="/wiki/History_of_international_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="History of international trade">history of long-distance commerce</a> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150,000</span> years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2005_150_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2005_150-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Mediterranean region, the earliest contact between cultures involved members of the species <i>Homo sapiens</i>, principally using the Danube river, at a time beginning 35,000–30,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2019)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caduceus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Caduceus.svg/100px-Caduceus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Caduceus.svg/150px-Caduceus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Caduceus.svg/200px-Caduceus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>, traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> (the Roman patron-god of merchants), continues in use as a symbol of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg/220px-Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg/330px-Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg/440px-Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Ancient Etruscan</a> "<a href="/wiki/Aryballoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryballoi">aryballoi</a>" terracota vessels unearthed in the 1860s at Bolshaya Bliznitsa tumulus near <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">South Russia</a> (formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian Bosporus">Cimmerian Bosporus</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a>); on exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is evidence of the exchange of <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Trade in obsidian is believed to have taken place in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> from 17,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The earliest use of obsidian in the Near East dates to the Lower and Middle paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Takahito,_Prince_Mikasa" title="Takahito, Prince Mikasa">HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr_Bosanquet" title="Robert Carr Bosanquet">Robert Carr Bosanquet</a> investigated trade in the Stone Age by excavations in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first clear archaeological evidence of trade in manufactured goods is found in south west Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence of obsidian use provides data on how this material was increasingly the preferred choice rather than <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> from the late Mesolithic to Neolithic, requiring exchange as deposits of obsidian are rare in the Mediterranean region.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Robb_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Robb-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obsidian provided the material to make cutting utensils or tools, although since other more easily obtainable materials were available, use was exclusive to the higher status of the tribe using "the rich man's flint".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsidian has held its value relative to flint. </p><p>Early traders traded Obsidian at distances of 900 kilometres within the Mediterranean region.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade in the Mediterranean during the Neolithic of Europe was greatest in this material.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Robb_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Robb-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Networks were in existence at around 12,000 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Andrea_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrea-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatolia was the source primarily for trade with the Levant, Iran and Egypt according to Zarins study of 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_the_Elder_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny_the_Elder-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> sources produced among the most widespread trading in the Mediterranean region as known to archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sar-i_Sang" title="Sar-i Sang">Sari-i-Sang</a> mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade of <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material was most largely traded during the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a> of Babylonia beginning 1595 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adam Smith traces the origins of commerce to the very start of <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">transactions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times. Apart from traditional <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficiency</a>, trading became a principal <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_skill" title="Cognitive skill">faculty</a> for prehistoric people, who <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">bartered</a> what they had for goods and services from each other. Anthropologists have found no evidence of barter systems that did not exist alongside systems of credit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_History">Ancient History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediterranean_and_Near_East">Mediterranean and Near East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mediterranean and Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence of writing in is deeply bound up in trade, as <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems#Clay_tokens" title="History of ancient numeral systems">a system of clay tokens</a> used for accounting – found in Upper Euphrates valley in Syria dated to the 10th millennium BCE – is one of the earliest versions of writing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> was a prominent trading center during the third millennia BCE, with a network reaching into Anatolia and north Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laura_S._Etheredge_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura_S._Etheredge-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_&_Stanley_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper_&_Stanley-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/220px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/330px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/440px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade route between Europe and Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>Materials used for creating <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a> were traded with Egypt since 3000 BCE. Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BCE, when <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> traded with the <a href="/wiki/Harappan_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Harappan civilization">Harappan civilization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> were noted sea traders, traveling across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and as far north as <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a> for sources of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. For this purpose they established trade colonies the Greeks called <a href="/wiki/Emporia_(ancient_Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emporia (ancient Greece)">emporia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archa_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the coast of the Mediterranean, researchers have found a positive relationship between how well-connected a coastal location was and the local prevalence of archaeological sites from the Iron Age. This suggests that a location's trade potential was an important determinant of human settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir" title="Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir">complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir</a>, dated 1750 BCE, documents the tribulations of a copper merchant at the time. </p><p>From the beginning of Greek <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> until the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a> to Europe from the far east, including India and China. <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Roman commerce</a> allowed its empire to flourish and endure. The latter Roman Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> of the Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>, as Rome had become the sole effective sea power in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> with the conquest of Egypt and the near east.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Greece <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> was the god of trade<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (commerce) and weights and measures.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Rome, <i><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercurius</a></i> was the god of merchants, whose festival was celebrated by traders on the 25th day of the fifth month.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of free trade was an antithesis to the will and economic direction of the sovereigns of the ancient Greek states. Free trade between states was stifled by the need for strict internal controls (via taxation) to maintain security within the treasury of the sovereign, which nevertheless enabled the maintenance of a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/modicum" class="extiw" title="wikt:modicum">modicum</a></i> of civility within the structures of functional community life.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fall of the Roman empire and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> brought instability to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and a near-collapse of the trade network in the western world. Trade, however, continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, the Middle East, India, China, and Southeast Asia. Some trade did occur in the west. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Radhanite" title="Radhanite">Radhanites</a> were a medieval guild or group (the precise meaning of the word is lost to history) of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> merchants who traded between the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> of the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indo-Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/290px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/435px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/580px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">proto-historic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">historic</a> maritime trade network in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiated by the indigenous peoples of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a> was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from Taiwan by <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> and processed mostly in the Philippines by indigenous Filipinos, especially in <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>. Some were also processed in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, while the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> also participated in the massive trading network. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in mainland Eurasia and the later <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>. The Maritime Jade Road began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse societies of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea-faring Southeast Asians also established trade routes with <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> as early as 1500 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boats</a>, sewn-plank boats, and paan) and <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigens</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China. <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesians</a>, in particular were trading in spices (mainly <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassia_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassia bark">cassia</a>) with <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> using <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boats</a> and sailing with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a> in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road.<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1974_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1981_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlenchFruits_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mesoamerica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinero_azada_de_Mexico_(siglos_XIV-XV).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dinero_azada_de_Mexico_%28siglos_XIV-XV%29.jpg/220px-Dinero_azada_de_Mexico_%28siglos_XIV-XV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dinero_azada_de_Mexico_%28siglos_XIV-XV%29.jpg/330px-Dinero_azada_de_Mexico_%28siglos_XIV-XV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dinero_azada_de_Mexico_%28siglos_XIV-XV%29.jpg/440px-Dinero_azada_de_Mexico_%28siglos_XIV-XV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5675" data-file-height="4638" /></a><figcaption><i>Tajadero</i> or <a href="/wiki/Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">axe money</a> used as currency in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. It had a fixed worth of 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cacao</a> seeds, which were also used as currency.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The emergence of exchange networks in the Pre-Columbian societies of and near to Mexico are known to have occurred within recent years before and after 1500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade networks reached north to <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a>. There is evidence of established maritime trade with the cultures of northwestern South America and the Caribbean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, commerce developed in Europe by trading luxury goods at trade fairs. Wealth became converted into movable wealth or <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand to hand markets became a feature of town life and were regulated by town authorities. </p><p> Western Europe established a complex and expansive trade network with cargo ships being the main carrier of goods; <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulks</a> are two examples of such cargo ships.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many ports would develop their own extensive trade networks. The English port city of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> traded with peoples from what is modern day Iceland, all along the western coast of France, and down to what is now Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg/450px-Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg/675px-Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg/900px-Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the main <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> for goods within <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late medieval Europe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Middle Ages, Central Asia was the economic center of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith2011_xxiv_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith2011_xxiv-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdians</a> dominated the east–west trade route known as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> after the 4th century CE up to the 8th century CE, with <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Talas</a> ranking among their main centers in the north. They were the main <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travelers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravan (travelers)">caravan</a> merchants of Central Asia. </p><p>From the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, played a key role in trade along the Mediterranean. From the 11th to the late 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> were major trade centers. They dominated trade in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, having the monopoly between Europe and the Near East for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 8th to the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> traded as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kyivan Rus'</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> was an alliance of trading cities that maintained a trade <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over most of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a>, between the 13th and 17th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Age_of_Sail_and_the_Industrial_Revolution">The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> pioneered the European <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> in 1498 when he reached <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a> after sailing around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> at the southern tip of the African continent. Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped spur the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> in Europe. Spices brought to Europe from the Eastern world were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. </p><p>From 1070 onward, kingdoms in West <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> became <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">significant members of global trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came initially through the movement of gold and other resources sent out by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> traders on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trading</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 16th century, European merchants would purchase gold, spices, cloth, timber and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves</a> from West African states as part of the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was often in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cowrie_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowrie shells">cowrie shells</a> which were used locally as currency.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1352, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> was a major <a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">trading nation</a> in the world and often referred to by Europeans as the wealthiest country with which to trade.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese gained an economic advantage in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> due to different philosophies of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Portuguese traders concentrated on the accumulation of capital, in Kongo spiritual meaning was attached to many objects of trade. According to economic historian <a href="/wiki/Toby_Green" title="Toby Green">Toby Green</a>, in Kongo "giving more than receiving was a symbol of spiritual and political power and privilege."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> were the center of free trade, imposing no <a href="/wiki/Exchange_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange control">exchange controls</a>, and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in the 17th century, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> in the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> developed regular trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wojciech_Gerson_-_Gda%C5%84sk_in_the_XVII_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wojciech_Gerson_-_Gda%C5%84sk_in_the_XVII_century.jpg/250px-Wojciech_Gerson_-_Gda%C5%84sk_in_the_XVII_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wojciech_Gerson_-_Gda%C5%84sk_in_the_XVII_century.jpg/375px-Wojciech_Gerson_-_Gda%C5%84sk_in_the_XVII_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wojciech_Gerson_-_Gda%C5%84sk_in_the_XVII_century.jpg/500px-Wojciech_Gerson_-_Gda%C5%84sk_in_the_XVII_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> in the 17th century, a port of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1776, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> published the paper <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inquiry_into_the_Nature_and_Causes_of_the_Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations">An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</a></i>. It criticized <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a>, and argued that <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become more <a href="/wiki/Productive" class="mw-redirect" title="Productive">productive</a>. Smith said that he considered all rationalizations of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">import</a> and <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> controls "dupery", which hurt the trading nation as a whole for the benefit of specific industries. </p><p>In 1799, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, formerly the world's largest company, became <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a>, partly due to the rise of competitive free trade. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_Trade_with_Timbuktu_1300s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Berber_Trade_with_Timbuktu_1300s.jpg/250px-Berber_Trade_with_Timbuktu_1300s.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Berber_Trade_with_Timbuktu_1300s.jpg/375px-Berber_Trade_with_Timbuktu_1300s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Berber_Trade_with_Timbuktu_1300s.jpg/500px-Berber_Trade_with_Timbuktu_1300s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> trade with <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, 1853</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1817, <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Torrens_(economist)" title="Robert Torrens (economist)">Robert Torrens</a> showed that free trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Political Economy and Taxation">Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</a> Ricardo advanced the doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>: </p> <dl><dd><i>When an inefficient producer sends the merchandise it produces best to a country able to produce it more efficiently, both countries benefit.</i></dd></dl> <p>The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> proved that a country with monopoly <a href="/wiki/Pricing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Pricing power">pricing power</a> on the international market could manipulate the <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_trade" title="Terms of trade">terms of trade</a> through maintaining <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, and that the response to this might be <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(international_relations)" title="Reciprocity (international relations)">reciprocity</a> in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">economic surplus</a> of trade would accrue to a country following <i>reciprocal</i>, rather than completely free, trade policies. This was followed within a few years by the <a href="/wiki/Infant_industry" title="Infant industry">infant industry</a> scenario developed by Mill promoting the theory that the government had the duty to <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protect</a> young industries, although only for a time necessary for them to develop full capacity. This became the policy in many countries attempting to <a href="/wiki/Industrialize" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialize">industrialize</a> and out-compete English exporters. <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> later continued this vein of thought, showing that in a few circumstances tariffs might be beneficial to the host country; but never for the world at large.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> was a major economic recession that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other economic indicators. </p><p>The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the depression causing stagnation and inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> did the recession end in the United States. Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods Agreement">Bretton Woods Agreement</a>, intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and institutions to regulate the <a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">international political economy</a>: the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank $ Bank for International Settlements). These organizations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> to promote free trade.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> became the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods and services, the biggest export market for around 80 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div> <p>Today, trade is merely a subset within a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">companies</a> which try to maximize their profits by offering <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> (which consists both of individuals and other companies) at the lowest <a href="/wiki/Production_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Production cost">production cost</a>. A system of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> has helped to develop the world economy but, in combination with bilateral or multilateral agreements to lower <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> or to achieve <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, has sometimes harmed <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">third-world markets</a> for local products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_trade">Free trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></div> <p>Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or exports by applying tariffs or subsidies. This policy is also known as laissez-faire policy. This kind of policy does not necessarily imply because a country will then abandon all control and taxation of imports and exports.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free trade advanced further in the late 20th century and early 2000s: </p> <ul><li>1992 <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> lifted barriers to internal trade in <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a>.</li> <li>January 1, 1994 the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) took effect.</li> <li>1994 The GATT <a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech Agreement">Marrakech Agreement</a> specified formation of the WTO.</li> <li>January 1, 1995 <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> was created to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, by mandating mutual <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">most favored nation</a> trading status between all signatories.</li> <li>EC was transformed into the European Union, which accomplished the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 2002, through introducing the Euro, and creating this way a real single market between 13 member states as of January 1, 2007.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accarias_de_S%C3%A9rionne_-_Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts_des_nations_de_l%27Europe,_d%C3%A9v%C3%A9lop%C3%A9s_relativement_au_commerce,_1766_-_5790093.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Accarias_de_S%C3%A9rionne_-_Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts_des_nations_de_l%27Europe%2C_d%C3%A9v%C3%A9lop%C3%A9s_relativement_au_commerce%2C_1766_-_5790093.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Accarias_de_S%C3%A9rionne_-_Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts_des_nations_de_l%27Europe%2C_d%C3%A9v%C3%A9lop%C3%A9s_relativement_au_commerce%2C_1766_-_5790093.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Accarias_de_S%C3%A9rionne_-_Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts_des_nations_de_l%27Europe%2C_d%C3%A9v%C3%A9lop%C3%A9s_relativement_au_commerce%2C_1766_-_5790093.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Accarias_de_S%C3%A9rionne_-_Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts_des_nations_de_l%27Europe%2C_d%C3%A9v%C3%A9lop%C3%A9s_relativement_au_commerce%2C_1766_-_5790093.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Accarias_de_S%C3%A9rionne_-_Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts_des_nations_de_l%27Europe%2C_d%C3%A9v%C3%A9lop%C3%A9s_relativement_au_commerce%2C_1766_-_5790093.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Accarias_de_S%C3%A9rionne_-_Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts_des_nations_de_l%27Europe%2C_d%C3%A9v%C3%A9lop%C3%A9s_relativement_au_commerce%2C_1766_-_5790093.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="3954" /></a><figcaption><i>Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce</i> (1766)</figcaption></figure>2005, the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Free Trade Agreement">Central American Free Trade Agreement</a> was signed; It includes the United States and the Dominican Republic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protectionism">Protectionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Protectionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></div> <p>Protectionism is the policy of restraining and discouraging trade between states and contrasts with the policy of free trade. This policy often takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and restrictive <a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">quotas</a>. Protectionist policies were particularly prevalent in the 1930s, between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the onset of World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic teachings encourage trading (and condemn <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judeao-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeao-Christian">Judeao-Christian</a> teachings do not prohibit trade. They do prohibit fraud and dishonest measures. Historically they forbade charging interest on loans.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_money">Development of money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Development of money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_denarius_in_silver_(Maximinus)-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Roman_denarius_in_silver_%28Maximinus%29-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first instances of money were objects with intrinsic value. This is called <a href="/wiki/Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">commodity money</a> and includes any commonly available commodity that has intrinsic value; historical examples include pigs, rare seashells, whale's teeth, and (often) cattle. In medieval Iraq, bread was used as an early form of money. In the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Montezuma</a> cocoa beans became legitimate currency.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a> was introduced as standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">Numismatists</a> have examples of coins from the earliest large-scale societies, although these were initially unmarked lumps of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-originsofmoney_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-originsofmoney-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doha_rounds">Doha rounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Doha rounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doha_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha round">Doha round</a></div> <p>The Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations aimed to lower <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">barriers to trade</a> around the world, with a focus on making <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">trade more fair</a> for <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. Talks have been hung over a divide between the rich <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>, represented by the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, and the major developing countries. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural subsidies">Agricultural subsidies</a> are the most significant issue upon which agreement has been the hardest to negotiate. By contrast, there was much agreement on <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">trade facilitation</a> and capacity building. The Doha round began in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and negotiations were continued in: <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, Mexico; <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland; and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, and Hong Kong.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/China_shock" title="China shock">China shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></div> <p>Beginning around 1978, the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) began an experiment in <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reforms in China">economic reform</a>. In contrast to the previous <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Centrally_planned_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrally planned economy">centrally planned economy</a>, the new measures progressively relaxed restrictions on farming, agricultural distribution and, several years later, urban enterprises and labor. The more market-oriented approach reduced inefficiencies and stimulated private investment, particularly by farmers, which led to increased productivity and output. One feature was the establishment of four (later five) <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zones</a> located along the South-east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reforms proved spectacularly successful in terms of increased output, variety, quality, <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a>. In real terms, the economy doubled in size between 1978 and 1986, doubled again by 1994, and again by 2003. On a real per capita basis, doubling from the 1978 base took place in 1987, 1996 and 2006. By 2008, the economy was 16.7 times the size it was in 1978, and 12.1 times its previous per capita levels. International trade progressed even more rapidly, doubling on average every 4.5 years. Total two-way trade in January 1998 exceeded that for all of 1978; in the first quarter of 2009, trade exceeded the full-year 1998 level. In 2008, China's two-way trade totaled US$2.56 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991 China joined the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> group, a trade-promotion forum.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, it also joined the World Trade Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_trade">International trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Trade" title="Category:Trade">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">World trade</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc"><figure class="mw-halign-center notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg/180px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg/270px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg/360px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Policy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">Import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">Trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_creation" title="Trade creation">Trade creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_diversion" title="Trade diversion">Trade diversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">Export orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_finance" title="Trade finance">Trade finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">Trade facilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic trade">Domestic trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade_restriction" title="Trade restriction">Restrictions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade" title="Non-tariff barriers to trade">Non-tariff barriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">Import quotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff-rate_quota" title="Tariff-rate quota">Tariff-rate quotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_license" title="Import license">Import licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">Customs duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_subsidy" title="Export subsidy">Export subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_barriers_to_trade" title="Technical barriers to trade">Technical barriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls" title="Foreign exchange controls">Exchange rate controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard_(international_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safeguard (international law)">Safeguards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countervailing_duties" title="Countervailing duties">Countervailing duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">Anti-dumping duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_export_restraint" title="Voluntary export restraint">Voluntary export restraints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_international_trade" title="Timeline of international trade">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic integration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preferential_trading_area" title="Preferential trading area">Preferential trading area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade area">Free-trade area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">Currency union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">Economic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">Fiscal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_monetary_union" title="Customs and monetary union">Customs and monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">Economic and monetary union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Trade sanctions</a></li> <li>War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_war" title="Currency war">Currency war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation_and_development" title="Trade facilitation and development">Trade costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_development" title="Trade and development">Trade and development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_articles" title="Index of international trade articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tariffs" title="List of tariffs">Tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets" title="List of largest consumer markets">Largest consumer markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_leading_trade_partners" title="List of countries by leading trade partners">Leading trade partners</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_trade_by_country" title="Category:Foreign trade by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-bottom: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_mission" title="Trade mission">Trade mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina" title="Foreign trade of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign trade of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign trade of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">Competitive advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model" title="Heckscher–Ohlin model">Heckscher–Ohlin model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_trade_theory" title="New trade theory">New trade theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-industry_trade" title="Intra-industry trade">Intra-industry trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_model_of_trade" title="Gravity model of trade">Gravity model of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade#Ricardian_theory_of_international_trade" title="International trade">Ricardian trade theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balassa%E2%80%93Samuelson_effect" title="Balassa–Samuelson effect">Balassa–Samuelson effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linder_hypothesis" title="Linder hypothesis">Linder hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontief_paradox" title="Leontief paradox">Leontief paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerner_symmetry_theorem" title="Lerner symmetry theorem">Lerner symmetry theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_trade" title="Terms of trade">Terms of trade</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_trade" title="Template:World trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_trade" title="Template talk:World trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">GDP</a>. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>), its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries, mainly because of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a>, advanced <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, which adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-oriented industrialization</a>, and India, which historically had a more closed policy. South Korea has done much better by economic criteria than India over the past fifty years, though its success also has to do with effective state institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_sanctions">Trade sanctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trade sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trade_sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade sanctions">Trade sanctions</a> against a specific country are sometimes imposed, in order to punish that country for some action. An <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a>, a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">embargo</a> against <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> for over 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embargoes are usually on a temporary basis. For example, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> put a temporary embargo on Turkish products and bans any imports from Turkey on December 31, 2020. The situation is prompted by food security concerns given Turkey's hostile attitude towards Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_trade">Fair trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fair trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a>" movement, also known as the "trade justice" movement, promotes the use of <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social</a> standards for the production of goods, particularly those exported from the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second Worlds</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a>. Such ideas have also sparked a debate on whether trade itself should be codified as a <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Importing firms voluntarily adhere to fair trade standards or governments may enforce them through a combination of <a href="/wiki/Employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment law">employment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a>. Proposed and practiced fair trade policies vary widely, ranging from the common prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> made using <a href="/wiki/Slave_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave labour">slave labour</a> to minimum <a href="/wiki/Price_support" title="Price support">price support</a> schemes such as those for coffee in the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organizations</a> also play a role in promoting fair trade standards by serving as independent monitors of compliance with labeling requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it is a form of Protectionism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Samuelson1939-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samuelson1939_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1939" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, P. (1939). "The Gains from International Trade". <i>The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 195–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F137133">10.2307/137133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/137133">137133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Gains+from+International+Trade&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-205&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F137133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F137133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Samuelson&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DollarKraay2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DollarKraay2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollarKraay2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dollar, D.; Kraay, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040307191641/http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf">"Trade, Growth, and Poverty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>114</b> (493): F22–F49. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.509.1584">10.1.1.509.1584</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0013-0133.2004.00186.x">10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62781399">62781399</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2004-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Trade%2C+Growth%2C+and+Poverty&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=493&rft.pages=F22-F49&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.509.1584%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62781399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0013-0133.2004.00186.x&rft.aulast=Dollar&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Kraay%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2Ffiles%2F1820_dollar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a href="/wiki/Peddling" class="mw-redirect" title="Peddling">peddling</a> and other types of retail trade:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2005" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, K. Douglas, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shantraader.co.in/"><i>Marketing principles and best practices</i></a> (3 ed.). Thomson/South-Western. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-324-22519-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-324-22519-8"><bdi>978-0-324-22519-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022165517/https://www.shantraader.co.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-03</span></span>. <q>Five types of nonstore retailing will be discussed: street peddling, direct selling, mail-order, automatic-merchandising machine operators, and electronic shopping.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+principles+and+best+practices&rft.pages=407&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Thomson%2FSouth-Western&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-324-22519-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shantraader.co.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fas_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515063319/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/factsheets/China/distribution.html">"Distribution Services"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a>. 2000-02-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/info/factsheets/China/distribution.html">the original</a> on 2006-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+Services&rft.pub=Foreign+Agricultural+Service&rft.date=2000-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Finfo%2Ffactsheets%2FChina%2Fdistribution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedericoTena-Junguito2019" class="citation journal cs1">Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0212610918000216">"World Trade, 1800-1938: A New Synthesis"</a>. <i>Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 9–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0212610918000216">10.1017/S0212610918000216</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F36110">10016/36110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-6109">0212-6109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Historia+Economica+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Iberian+and+Latin+American+Economic+History&rft.atitle=World+Trade%2C+1800-1938%3A+A+New+Synthesis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-41&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10016%2F36110&rft.issn=0212-6109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0212610918000216&rft.aulast=Federico&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Tena-Junguito%2C+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0212610918000216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedericoTena-Junguito2018" class="citation web cs1">Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2018-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voxeu.org/article/world-trade-historical-database">"The World Trade Historical Database"</a>. <i>VoxEU.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007142603/https://voxeu.org/article/world-trade-historical-database">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoxEU.org&rft.atitle=The+World+Trade+Historical+Database&rft.date=2018-07-28&rft.aulast=Federico&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Tena-Junguito%2C+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxeu.org%2Farticle%2Fworld-trade-historical-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBownCrowley2016" class="citation cs2">Bown, C. P.; Crowley, M. A. (2016-01-01), Bagwell, Kyle; Staiger, Robert W. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/research-files/repec/cam/pdf/cwpe1624.pdf"><i>The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Handbook of Commercial Policy, vol. 1, North-Holland, pp. 3–108, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.hescop.2016.04.015">10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0444632807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0444632807"><bdi>978-0444632807</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204484666">204484666</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171856/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/research-files/repec/cam/pdf/cwpe1624.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empirical+Landscape+of+Trade+Policy&rft.series=Handbook+of+Commercial+Policy&rft.pages=3-108&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204484666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.hescop.2016.04.015&rft.isbn=978-0444632807&rft.aulast=Bown&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft.au=Crowley%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch-files%2Frepec%2Fcam%2Fpdf%2Fcwpe1624.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Commerce"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Commerce">"Commerce" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commerce&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=766&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2005_150-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson2005_150_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Watson2005">Watson (2005)</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafiaRackhamSuano2011" class="citation cs2">Abulafia, D.; Rackham, O.; Suano, M. (2011) [2008], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC"><i>The Mediterranean in History</i></a>, Getty Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-057-5"><bdi>978-1-60606-057-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162132/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC">archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-07</span></span>, <q>[...] the Danube played an extremely important role in connecting East and West before the Mediterranean became the main link between these regions. This period runs for about 25,000 years, from 35,000/30,000 to around 10,000/8,000 before the present.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+in+History&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-057-5&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Rackham%2C+O.&rft.au=Suano%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Cvrq-Vs-2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbier2015" class="citation book cs1">Barbier, Edward (2015). "The Origins of Economic Wealth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ"><i>Nature and Wealth: Overcoming Environmental Scarcity and Inequality</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137403391" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137403391"><bdi>978-1137403391</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061931/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>Even before domestication of plants and animals occurred, long-distance trading networks were prominent among some hunter-gathering societies, such as the Natufians and other sedentary populations who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean around 12,000–10,000 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Economic+Wealth&rft.btitle=Nature+and+Wealth%3A+Overcoming+Environmental+Scarcity+and+Inequality&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1137403391&rft.aulast=Barbier&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlveCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanssonWilcox2013" class="citation book cs1">Stefansson, Vilhjalmur; Wilcox, Olive Rathbun, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HdJrngEACAAJ&q=%C2%A0ISBN%C2%A01-4179-9090-2"><i>Great Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves</i></a>. Literary Licensing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1258868482" title="Special:BookSources/978-1258868482"><bdi>978-1258868482</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Adventures+and+Explorations%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+As+Told+by+the+Explorers+Themselves&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1258868482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHdJrngEACAAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0ISBN%25C2%25A01-4179-9090-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Maritime Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+30%2C000+BC&btnG="><i>Sea History</i>, Issues 13–25</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915115458/https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+30%2C000+BC&btnG=">Archived</a> 2018-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979. Retrieved 2012-06-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Biedermann, James Hulbert (trans.), <i>Dictionary of Symbolism Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them</i>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowder1970" class="citation book cs1">Lowder, Gary George (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061518/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcESAQAAIAAJ"><i>Studies in volcanic petrology: I. Talasea, New Guinea. II. Southwest Utah</i></a>. University of California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcESAQAAIAAJ">the original</a> on 2021-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+volcanic+petrology%3A+I.+Talasea%2C+New+Guinea.+II.+Southwest+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Lowder&rft.aufirst=Gary+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcESAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarvill2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Darvill" title="Timothy Darvill">Darvill, Timothy</a> (2008). "obsidian". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C"><i>Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. Oxford Quick Reference (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191579042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191579042"><bdi>978-0191579042</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062256/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] obsidian from <a href="/wiki/Talasea" title="Talasea">Talasea</a> was traded from at least 17 000 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=obsidian&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Quick+Reference&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0191579042&rft.aulast=Darvill&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzEclkBq0u0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Mikasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mikasa">HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtiKgdv7C3IC&dq=obsidian+trade&pg=PA141"><i>Essays on Anatolian Archaeology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185831/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtiKgdv7C3IC&pg=PA141&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h9vcT6bWCcGH8gOlvKCOCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993 Retrieved 2012-06-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendall1904" class="citation book cs1">Rendall, Vernon Horace, ed. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ"><i>The Athenaeum</i></a>. J. Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111030725/https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.pub=J.+Francis&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDs6AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald A. Mackenzie. <a href="//archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2457/page/n360" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.gov.ignca.2457/page/n360"> Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/moc/moc19.htm">published 1917</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411124523/https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/moc/moc19.htm">Archived</a> 2021-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60506-375-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-60506-375-4">1-60506-375-4</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation cs2">Smith, R. L. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20"><i>Premodern Trade in World History</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42476-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42476-9"><bdi>978-0-415-42476-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20">archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premodern+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42476-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwjeoio1U-QC%26q%3DObsidian%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RLTPocdhIC&q=obsidian+trade">Neolithic cultures of western Asia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184028/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RLTPocdhIC&q=obsidian+trade&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gv_pT6D1NYTK0QXtrJSqAQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgK">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Seminar Press, 20 August 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Robb-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Robb_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Robb_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2007" class="citation cs2">Robb, J. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192"><i>The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84241-9"><bdi>978-0-521-84241-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191143/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192">archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Mediterranean+Village%3A+Agency%2C+Material+Culture%2C+and+Social+Change+in+Neolithic+Italy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84241-9&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HeNr9h56uEC%26q%3DObsidian%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Goldberg, V. T. Holliday, C. Reid Ferring. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNI0yIPzeV8C&dq=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+Mesolithic&pg=PA450">Earth Sciences and Archaeology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062227/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNI0yIPzeV8C&pg=PA450&dq=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+Mesolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8VfsT5CpJYXB0gWChqH6DA&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ancient%20mediterranean%20obsidian%20trading%20Mesolithic&f=false">Archived</a> 2021-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Springer, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46279-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46279-6">0-306-46279-6</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. L. Dyson, R. J. Rowland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fw4XuEbKnQwC&dq=obsidian+rare+Sardinia&pg=PA24">Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, & Conquerors</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194400/https://books.google.com/books?id=fw4XuEbKnQwC&pg=PA24&dq=obsidian+rare+Sardinia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BVrsT_G2OKr80QWj2u35DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20rare%20Sardinia&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of Pennsylvania – Museum of Archaeology, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-934536-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-934536-02-4">1-934536-02-4</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Richard L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ"><i>Premodern Trade in World History</i></a>. Themes in World History. Routledge. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134095803" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134095803"><bdi>978-1134095803</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142440/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] modern observers have sometimes referred to obsidian as 'rich man's flint.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premodern+Trade+in+World+History&rft.series=Themes+in+World+History&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1134095803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBB9AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams-Thorpe1995" class="citation journal cs1">Williams-Thorpe, O. (1995). "Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East: A Provenancing Success Story". <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 217–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Obsidian+in+the+Mediterranean+and+the+Near+East%3A+A+Provenancing+Success+Story&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-48&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x&rft.aulast=Williams-Thorpe&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harper" title="Douglas Harper">Douglas Harper</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=obsidian&searchmode=none">etymology online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702135106/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=obsidian&searchmode=none">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrea-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrea_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._J._Andrea2011" class="citation cs2">A. J. Andrea (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250"><i>World History Encyclopedia, Volume 2</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-930-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-930-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-930-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061932/https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250">archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-930-6&rft.au=A.+J.+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEqaIGsT8SsC%26q%3DObsidian%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. H. Wilkinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.in/Early-Dynastic-Egypt-Toby-Wilkinson/dp/0415260116">Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408170918/https://www.amazon.in/Early-Dynastic-Egypt-Toby-Wilkinson/dp/0415260116">Archived</a> 2022-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(secondary) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:acg1cm48mxgJ:members.peak.org/~obsidian/iaos_bulletin_47.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShIssrzLSZAQFAOh75-RrGy3wg6wNqo9ntCUsyJRi-i-xrnGfH0qXyI7BX79sPElP2eIG9xqfmYVmWcu7maromIGVzNfV7fQWb-814pF_vNUN58lx8iH7suXw9vORtbdjIVGF4N&sig=AHIEtbTV_EDsivnNauYErE3qYl_ITULeXA&pli=1">[1]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171225/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3Aacg1cm48mxgJ%3Amembers.peak.org%2F~obsidian%2Fiaos_bulletin_47.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShIssrzLSZAQFAOh75-RrGy3wg6wNqo9ntCUsyJRi-i-xrnGfH0qXyI7BX79sPElP2eIG9xqfmYVmWcu7maromIGVzNfV7fQWb-814pF_vNUN58lx8iH7suXw9vORtbdjIVGF4N&sig=AHIEtbTV_EDsivnNauYErE3qYl_ITULeXA&pli=1">Archived</a> 2022-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> + [[iarchive:emergenceofcivil0000unse/page/441|]] + <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzs8bFFnVeoC&dq=earliest+obsidian+trading&pg=PA305">[2]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzs8bFFnVeoC&pg=PA305&dq=earliest+obsidian+trading&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xrLTT5XKLLOY1AWIlLWSBA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=earliest%20obsidian%20trading&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&dq=Archaeology+Colin+Renfrew+Obsidian&pg=PA19">[3]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215724/https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&pg=PA19&dq=Archaeology+Colin+Renfrew+Obsidian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fpXTT6-vAcis0QXgwcmNBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Archaeology%20Colin%20Renfrew%20Obsidian&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEqJxH6Oo1gC&dq=obsidian+trade&pg=PA168">[4]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEqJxH6Oo1gC&pg=PA168&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=6obTT9_2Lqml0AWm2ZC7BA&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCDgy#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny_the_Elder-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_the_Elder_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(was_secondary)_Pliny_the_Elder_(translated_by_J_Bostock,_H_T_Riley)1857" class="citation cs2">(was secondary) <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">J Bostock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">H T Riley</a>) (1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEoMAAAAIAAJ&q=Obsius&pg=PA381"><i>The natural history of Pliny</i></a>, vol. 6, H. 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H. Wilkinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AR1ZZO6niVIC&dq=anatolian+obsidian&pg=PA164">Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security</a>. Routledge, 8 August 2001. Retrieved 2012-07-03.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollon1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Collon" title="Dominique Collon">Collon, Dominique</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807160419/https://books.google.com/books?id=xt8fydZIT4IC&pg=PA33"><i>Near Eastern Seals</i></a>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184557/https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520&dq=lapis+lazuli+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HD3zT66gG8eP8gOYuZi_CQ&redir_esc=y">"Relations between Babylonia and the Levant during the Kassite period"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Leick" title="Gwendolyn Leick">Leick, Gwendolyn</a> (ed.). <i>The Babylonian world</i>. Routledge. p. 520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134261284" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134261284"><bdi>978-1134261284</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520">the original</a> on 2015-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2012-07-03. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518364-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518364-9">0-19-518364-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laura_S._Etheredge-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laura_S._Etheredge_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtheredge2011" class="citation cs2">Etheredge, Laura S., ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2010</span>. <q>An emporium (in Latin; "emporion" in Greek) was a settlement reserved as a trading post, usually for the Ancient Greeks, on the territory of another ancient nation, in this case, the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom (5th century BC – 1st century AD), the most powerful Thracian state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Bulgaria&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Archaeologists+To+Start+Excavations+of+Ancient+Greek+Emporium+in+Thracians%27+the+Odrysian+Kingdom&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft.aulast=Dikov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologyinbulgaria.com%2F2015%2F07%2F12%2Fbulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan David Bakker, Stephan Maurer, Jörn-Steffen Pischke and Ferdinand Rauch. 2021. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00902" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1162/rest a 00902">Of Mice and Merchants: Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age.</a>" <i>Review of Economics and Statistics,</i> 103 (4): 652–665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day-to-day affairs without fear of armed attack.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. D. Curtin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&q=history+of+trade">Cross-Cultural Trade in World History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215329/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kNLoT47ZI9OwhAfUxoz0DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge University Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8">0-521-26931-8</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. O. Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzNfeQSXKfcC&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&pg=PA36">Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184625/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzNfeQSXKfcC&pg=PA36&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k9PoT4rqM4yA8gPotPClCg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. SteinerBooks, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940262-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-940262-26-6">0-940262-26-6</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Sacks, O. Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C&dq=god+Hermes&pg=PA110">A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193758/https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C&pg=PA110&dq=god+Hermes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6_rpT-PSN6HU0QXZnJGqAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=god%20Hermes&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511206-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511206-7">0-19-511206-7</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_S._Murray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander S. Murray (page does not exist)">Alexander S. Murray</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfpYS1fV2R8C&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&pg=PA127">Manual of Mythology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194008/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfpYS1fV2R8C&pg=PA127&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ntToT7WRKITG8gOA0YTUCg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wildside Press LLC, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4344-7028-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4344-7028-8">1-4344-7028-8</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Rice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hl1wry0QrAC&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&pg=PA323">Filled With the Spirit</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905192632/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hl1wry0QrAC&pg=PA323&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yNXoT5v4HcfS8gOM7OzVCg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgy#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sword of the Lord Publishers, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87398-255-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87398-255-X">0-87398-255-X</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hasebroek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Hasebroek (page does not exist)">Johannes Hasebroek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=743zWquWmesC&dq=ancient+treasury&pg=PA151">Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905191144/https://books.google.com/books?id=743zWquWmesC&pg=PA151&dq=ancient+treasury&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hxX0T9H5MIXb8AOG8PG_Bw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ancient%20treasury&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1933. Retrieved 2012-07-04. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8196-0150-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8196-0150-0">0-8196-0150-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cambridge dictionaries online.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. 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"The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=The+R%C4%81dh%C4%81nite+Merchants+and+the+Land+of+R%C4%81dh%C4%81n&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manguin2016-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguin2016" class="citation book cs1">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"</a>. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). <i>Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319338224" title="Special:BookSources/9783319338224"><bdi>9783319338224</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726132202/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". Semantic Scholar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran1974-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doran1974_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1974" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1">"Outrigger Ages"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 130–140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Outrigger+Ages&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130-140&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%2FVolume_83_1974%2FVolume_83%252C_No._2%2FOutrigger_ages%252C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%252C_p_130-140%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi,_Waruno1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". 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Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Austin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith2011_xxiv-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith2011_xxiv_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Beckwith2011">Beckwith (2011)</a>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/italian-trade-cities/#:~:text=The%20main%20trade%20routes%20from,and%20then%20resold%20throughout%20Europe.">"Italian Trade Cities | Western Civilization"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102035722/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/italian-trade-cities/#:~:text=The%20main%20trade%20routes%20from,and%20then%20resold%20throughout%20Europe.">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=Italian+Trade+Cities+%7C+Western+Civilization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fatd-herkimer-westerncivilization%2Fchapter%2Fitalian-trade-cities%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520main%2520trade%2520routes%2520from%2Cand%2520then%2520resold%2520throughout%2520Europe.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odysseytraveller.com/articles/history-of-genoa-rival-to-venice/">"History of Genoa, Rival to Venice"</a>. <i>Odyssey Traveller</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102035723/https://www.odysseytraveller.com/articles/history-of-genoa-rival-to-venice/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odyssey+Traveller&rft.atitle=History+of+Genoa%2C+Rival+to+Venice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odysseytraveller.com%2Farticles%2Fhistory-of-genoa-rival-to-venice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2019" class="citation book cs1">Green, Toby (2019). <i>A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226644578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226644578"><bdi>978-0226644578</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1051687994">1051687994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fistful+of+Shells%3A+West+Africa+from+the+Rise+of+the+Slave+Trade+to+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1051687994&rft.isbn=978-0226644578&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanda2005" class="citation book cs1">Nanda, J. N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC&pg=PA10"><i>Bengal: the unique state</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-149-2</bdi></a>. <q>Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+the+unique+state&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-149-2&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHsV3cYAvGEEC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1970" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (1970). <i>Price Theory</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780202309699" title="Special:BookSources/9780202309699"><bdi>9780202309699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Price+Theory&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780202309699&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(secondary) <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/">history</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224134153/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/">Archived</a> 2019-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(secondary) M. Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf2VQgAACAAJ&q=China+Hidden+Cloak+and+Dagger+History+of+MI5">V. Gollancz, 1996</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185525/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf2VQgAACAAJ&dq=China+Hidden+Cloak+and+Dagger+History+of+MI5&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z6DsT-yYE8LO8QOSkqXCBQ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-06150-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-06150-2">0-575-06150-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/eu-position-in-world-trade/">"EU position in world trade"</a>. European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305234014/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/eu-position-in-world-trade/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+position+in+world+trade&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftrade%2Fpolicy%2Feu-position-in-world-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/free-trade-zone">"Free-trade zone | international trade | Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216152423/https://www.britannica.com/topic/free-trade-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free-trade+zone+%26%23124%3B+international+trade+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ffree-trade-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nomani1994">Nomani & Rahnema (1994)</a>, p. ?. "I want nine out of ten people from my Ummah (nation) as traders" and "Trader, who did trading in truth, and sold the right quantity and quality of goods, he will stand along with Prophets and Martyrs, on Judgment day".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=29">4:29</a>: "O believers! Do not devour one another’s wealth illegally, but rather trade by mutual consent."<br /> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=275">2:275</a>: "But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019:13&version=nrsv">Leviticus 19:13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019:35&version=nrsv">Leviticus 19:35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051128090830/http://www.foodrevolution.org/slavery_chocolate.htm">"Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodrevolution.org/slavery_chocolate.htm">the original</a> on November 28, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+There+Slavery+In+Your+Chocolate%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodrevolution.org%2Fslavery_chocolate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-originsofmoney-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-originsofmoney_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gold was an especially common form of early money, as described in <a href="#Davies2002">Davies (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm">"WTO | The Doha Round"</a>. <i>www.wto.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wto.org&rft.atitle=WTO+%7C+The+Doha+Round&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdda_e%2Fdda_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/home">"Documents & Reports – The World Bank"</a>. <i>documents.worldbank.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526022036/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/home">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documents.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Documents+%26+Reports+%E2%80%93+The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivision" class="citation web cs1">Division, US Census Bureau Foreign Trade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html">"Foreign Trade: Data"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011510/https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Trade%3A+Data&rft.aulast=Division&rft.aufirst=US+Census+Bureau+Foreign+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fforeign-trade%2Fbalance%2Fc5700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies">"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928160451/http://apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+and+the+WTO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fcountries_e%2Fchina_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorper2000" class="citation journal cs1">Storper, Michael (2000). "Globalization, localization and trade". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography</i>: 146–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Economic+Geography&rft.atitle=Globalization%2C+localization+and+trade.&rft.pages=146-165&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Storper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511123927/http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113">"U.S.–Cuba Relations"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113">the original</a> on 2015-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=U.S.%E2%80%93Cuba+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fcuba%2Fus-cuba-relations%2Fp11113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLLC" class="citation web cs1">LLC, Helix Consulting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9840/">"On temporary ban on imports of goods having Turkish origin"</a>. <i>www.gov.am</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225325/https://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9840/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.am&rft.atitle=On+temporary+ban+on+imports+of+goods+having+Turkish+origin&rft.aulast=LLC&rft.aufirst=Helix+Consulting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.am%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F9840%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429004458/http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/523">"Should trade be considered a human right?"</a>. COPLA. 9 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/523">the original</a> on 29 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+trade+be+considered+a+human+right%3F&rft.pub=COPLA&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cop-la.net%2Fen%2Fnode%2F523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fairtrade.es/mm/file/FCM-Guidelines-Final_2011-11_low.pdf">"FAIRTRADE Certification Mark. Guidelines Issue 1 – Autumn 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323102658/https://fairtrade.es/mm/file/FCM-Guidelines-Final_2011-11_low.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAIRTRADE+Certification+Mark.+Guidelines+Issue+1+%E2%80%93+Autumn+2011&rft.pub=Fairtrade+Labelling+Organizations+International+e.V.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffairtrade.es%2Fmm%2Ffile%2FFCM-Guidelines-Final_2011-11_low.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenportLow2012" class="citation journal cs1">Davenport, Eileen; Low, Will (1 January 2012). "The labour behind the (Fair Trade) label". <i>Critical Perspectives on International Business</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 329–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17422041211274200">10.1108/17422041211274200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-2043">1742-2043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Perspectives+on+International+Business&rft.atitle=The+labour+behind+the+%28Fair+Trade%29+label&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=329-348&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17422041211274200&rft.issn=1742-2043&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Low%2C+Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Beckwith2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I</a> (2011) [2009]. <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>. Princeton: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15034-5"><bdi>978-0-691-15034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15034-5&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bernstein" title="William J. Bernstein">Bernstein, William J.</a> (2008). <i>A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World</i>. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4416-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-4416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Splendid+Exchange%3A+How+Trade+Shaped+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-4416-4&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Davies2002" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Glyn (2002) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223074703/http://www.ex.ac.uk/%7ERDavies/arian/origins.html"><i>Ideas: A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Cardiff, Wales: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1773-0"><bdi>978-0-7083-1773-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/origins.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas%3A+A+History+of+Money+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Cardiff%2C+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1773-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ex.ac.uk%2F~RDavies%2Farian%2Forigins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nomani1994" class="citation book cs1">Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali (1994). <i>Islamic Economic Systems</i>. New Jersey: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-058-0"><bdi>978-1-85649-058-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Economic+Systems&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-058-0&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Rahnema%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2013" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Lincoln (2013). <i>The Sea and Civilisation: a Maritime History of the World</i>. Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+Civilisation%3A+a+Maritime+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span> (Covers sea-trading over the whole world from ancient times),</li> <li>Rössner, Philipp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/economy-trade/philipp-roessner-economy-trade?set_language=en&-C="><i>Economy / Trade</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a>, Mainz, Germany: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, 2017, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1149296941/34">pdf</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Watson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Watson_(intellectual_historian)" title="Peter Watson (intellectual historian)">Watson, Peter</a> (2005). <i>Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud</i>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621064-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621064-3"><bdi>978-0-06-621064-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas%3A+A+History+of+Thought+and+Invention+from+Fire+to+Freud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-621064-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Trade" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Trade">Trade</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/trade" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/trade">trade</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trading" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trading">Trading</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agritrade.cta.int/">Agritrade</a> Resource material on trade by ACP countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/">World Bank's</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Integrated_Trade_Solution" title="World Integrated Trade Solution">World Integrated Trade Solution</a> provides summary trade statistics and custom query features</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0041745">World Bank's</a> Preferential Trade Agreement Database</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6rvejen" title="Hærvejen">Hærvejen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_trade_cycle" title="Hiri trade cycle">Hiri trade cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laluan_Penarikan" title="Laluan Penarikan">Penarikan Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Rome-India routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">Salt road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">Sea lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Route" title="Siberian Route">Siberian Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brouwer_Route" title="Brouwer Route">Brouwer Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Horse_Road" title="Tea Horse Road">Tea Horse Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">Trepanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">Via Maris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians to the Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Way of the Patriarchs">Way of the Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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