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<span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sparks_in_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sparks_in_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sparks in air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sparks_in_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Scientific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrostatic_generators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrostatic_generators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Electrostatic generators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrostatic_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tesla_coils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tesla_coils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tesla coils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tesla_coils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arc_flash_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arc_flash_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Arc flash hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arc_flash_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosion_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosion_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Explosion hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosion_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxic_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxic_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Toxic gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxic_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lightning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Lightning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جهد عال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهد عال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_tensi%C3%B3" title="Alta tensió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alta tensió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysok%C3%A9_nap%C4%9Bt%C3%AD" title="Vysoké napětí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vysoké napětí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jsp%C3%A6nding" title="Højspænding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højspænding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochspannung" title="Hochspannung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochspannung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgepinge" title="Kõrgepinge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrgepinge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_tensi%C3%B3n_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Alta tensión eléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alta tensión eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_tensio" title="Alta tensio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alta tensio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%98_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ولتاژ بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولتاژ بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_tension" title="Haute tension – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haute tension" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_tensi%C3%B3n_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Alta tensión eléctrica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alta tensión eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%95%95" title="고전압 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고전압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="उच्च वोल्टता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उच्च वोल्टता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegangan_tinggi" title="Tegangan tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tegangan tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_tensione" title="Alta tensione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alta tensione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo_tansyon" title="Wo tansyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wo tansyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyfesz%C3%BClts%C3%A9g" title="Nagyfeszültség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagyfeszültség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogspanning_(elektriciteit)" title="Hoogspanning (elektriciteit) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogspanning (elektriciteit)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%A7_(%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97)" title="高圧 (電気) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高圧 (電気)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yspenning" title="Høyspenning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyspenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysokie_napi%C4%99cie" title="Wysokie napięcie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wysokie napięcie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_tens%C3%A3o" title="Alta tensão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alta tensão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Высокое напряжение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высокое напряжение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High voltage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysok%C3%A9_nap%C3%A4tie" title="Vysoké napätie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vysoké napätie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoka_napetost" title="Visoka napetost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Visoka napetost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gsp%C3%A4nning" title="Högspänning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Högspänning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataas_na_boltahe" title="Mataas na boltahe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mataas na boltahe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_gerilim" title="Yüksek gerilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüksek gerilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_cao_th%E1%BA%BF" title="Điện cao thế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện cao thế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E9%9B%BB" title="高壓電 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高壓電" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1139740#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electrical potential that is large enough to cause damage or injury</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/High_Voltage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="High Voltage (disambiguation)">High Voltage (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"High tension" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/High_Tension_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="High Tension (disambiguation)">High Tension (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasma-filaments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Plasma-filaments.jpg/300px-Plasma-filaments.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Plasma-filaments.jpg/450px-Plasma-filaments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Plasma-filaments.jpg/600px-Plasma-filaments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>High voltages may lead to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_breakdown" title="Electrical breakdown">electrical breakdown</a>, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical discharge">electrical discharge</a> as illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> filaments streaming from a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>High voltage</b> <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical potential">electrical potential</a> large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, <i>high voltage</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> above a certain threshold. Equipment and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductors</a> that carry high voltage warrant special <a href="/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards" title="Electrical safety standards">safety requirements and procedures</a>. </p><p>High voltage is used in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power distribution">electrical power distribution</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a>, to generate <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_beam" title="Particle beam">particle beams</a>, to produce electrical <a href="/wiki/Arcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcing">arcs</a>, for ignition, in <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier tubes</a>, and in high-power <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, as well as other industrial, military and scientific applications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>IEC voltage range </th> <th>AC <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">RMS<br />voltage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>) </th> <th>DC voltage (V) </th> <th>Defining risk </th></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High voltage</a></td> <td>> 1,000</td> <td>> 1,500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_arcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical arcing">Electrical arcing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Low_voltage" title="Low voltage">Low voltage</a></td> <td>50 to 1,000</td> <td>120 to 1,500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical shock">Electrical shock</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extra-low_voltage" title="Extra-low voltage">Extra-low voltage</a></td> <td>< 50</td> <td>< 120</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical fire">Electrical fire</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The numerical definition of <em>high voltage</em> depends on context. Two factors considered in classifying a voltage as high voltage are the possibility of causing a spark in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> and its national counterparts (<a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">IET</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/VDE_e.V." title="VDE e.V.">VDE</a>, etc.) define <i>high voltage</i> as above 1000 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> for <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>, and at least 1500 V for <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) establishes nominal voltage ratings for <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">60 Hz</a> electric power systems over 100 V. Specifically, ANSI C84.1-2020 defines <i>high voltage</i> as 115 kV to 230 kV, <i>extra-high voltage</i> as 345 kV to 765 kV, and <i>ultra-high voltage</i> as 1,100 kV.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Standard <a href="/wiki/BS_7671" title="BS 7671">BS 7671</a>:2008 defines <i>high voltage</i> as any voltage difference between conductors that is higher than 1000 VAC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 VAC or 900 V ripple-free DC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electricians</a> may only be licensed for particular voltage classes in some jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an electrical license for a specialized sub-trade such as installation of <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire alarm">fire alarm</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit-television systems</a> may be authorized to install systems energized up to only 30 volts between conductors, and may not be permitted to work on mains-voltage circuits. The general public may consider household <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains</a> circuits (100 to 250 VAC), which carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be <i>high voltage</i>. </p><p>Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of current to flow through a human being who touches two points of a circuit, so safety standards are more restrictive around such circuits. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">automotive engineering</a>, high voltage is defined as voltage in range 30 to 1000 VAC or 60 to 1500 VDC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="EHV"></span> The definition of <i>extra-high voltage</i> (EHV) again depends on context. In electric power transmission engineering, EHV is classified as voltages in the range of 345,000– 765,000 V.<sup id="cite_ref-TGonen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGonen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In electronics systems, a power supply that provides greater than 275,000 volts is called an <i>EHV Power Supply</i>, and is often used in experiments in physics. The accelerating voltage for a television cathode ray tube may be described as <i>extra-high voltage</i> or <i>extra-high tension</i> (EHT), compared to other voltage supplies within the equipment. This type of supply ranges from 5 kV to about 30 kV. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> text character representing "high voltage" is U+26A1, <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">the symbol "⚡︎"</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common <a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">static electric sparks</a> seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20,000 V.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_generator" title="Electrostatic generator">Electrostatic generators</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator">Van de Graaff generators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wimshurst_machine" title="Wimshurst machine">Wimshurst machines</a> can produce voltages approaching one million volts at several amps, but typically don't last long enough to cause damage. <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">Induction coils</a> operate on the flyback effect resulting in voltages greater than the turns ratio multiplied by the input voltage. They typically produce higher currents than electrostatic machines, but each doubling of desired output voltage roughly doubles the weight due to the amount of wire required in the secondary winding. Thus scaling them to higher voltages by adding more turns of wire can become impractical. The <a href="/wiki/Cockcroft-Walton_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockcroft-Walton generator">Cockcroft-Walton multiplier</a> can be used to multiply the voltage produced by an induction coil. It generates DC using diode switches to charge a ladder of capacitors. <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coils</a> utilize resonance, are lightweight, and do not require semiconductors. </p><p>The largest scale sparks are those produced naturally by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>. An average bolt of negative lightning carries a current of 30 to 50 kiloamperes, transfers a charge of 5 <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a>, and dissipates 500 <a href="/wiki/Joule#History" title="Joule">megajoules</a> of energy (120 kg <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNT equivalent</a>, or enough to light a 100-watt light bulb for approximately 2 months). However, an average bolt of positive lightning (from the top of a thunderstorm) may carry a current of 300 to 500 kiloamperes, transfer a charge of up to 300 coulombs, have a potential difference up to 1 gigavolt (a billion volts), and may dissipate 300 GJ of energy (72 tons TNT, or enough energy to light a 100-watt light bulb for up to 95 years). A negative lightning strike typically lasts for only tens of microseconds, but multiple strikes are common. A positive lightning stroke is typically a single event, but the larger peak current may flow for hundreds of milliseconds, making it considerably more energetic than negative lightning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sparks_in_air">Sparks in air</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sparks in air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrostatic-discharge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electrostatic-discharge.jpg/200px-Electrostatic-discharge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electrostatic-discharge.jpg/300px-Electrostatic-discharge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Electrostatic-discharge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Long exposure photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a> showing the repeated <a href="/wiki/Electric_discharge" title="Electric discharge">electric discharges</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric breakdown">dielectric breakdown</a> strength of dry air, at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Temperature_and_Pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Temperature and Pressure">Standard Temperature and Pressure</a> (STP), between spherical electrodes is approximately 33 kV/cm.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is only a rough guide, since the actual breakdown voltage is highly dependent upon the electrode shape and size. Strong <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a> (from high voltages applied to small or pointed conductors) often produce violet-colored <a href="/wiki/Corona_discharge" title="Corona discharge">corona discharges</a> in air, as well as visible sparks. Voltages below about 500–700 volts cannot produce easily visible <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">sparks</a> or glows in air at atmospheric pressure, so by this rule these voltages are "low". However, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure (such as in high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>), or in an environment of <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, sparks appear at much lower voltages. 500 to 700 volts is not a fixed minimum for producing spark breakdown, but it is a rule-of-thumb. For air at STP, the minimum sparkover voltage is around 327 volts, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paschen" title="Friedrich Paschen">Friedrich Paschen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While lower voltages do not, in general, jump a gap that is present before the voltage is applied, interrupting an existing current flow with a gap often produces a low-voltage spark or <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a>. As the contacts are separated, a few small points of contact become the last to separate. The current becomes constricted to these small <i>hot spots</i>, causing them to become incandescent, so that they emit electrons (through <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a>). Even a small <a href="/wiki/9_V_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="9 V battery">9 V battery</a> can spark noticeably by this mechanism in a darkened room. The ionized air and metal vapour (from the contacts) form <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, which temporarily bridges the widening gap. If the power supply and load allow sufficient current to flow, a self-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a> may form. Once formed, an arc may be extended to a significant length before breaking the circuit. Attempting to open an inductive circuit often forms an arc, since the <a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">inductance</a> provides a high-voltage pulse whenever the current is interrupted. <a href="/wiki/Alternating_Current" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternating Current">AC</a> systems make sustained arcing somewhat less likely, since the current returns to zero twice per cycle. The arc is extinguished every time the current goes through a <a href="/wiki/Zero_crossing" title="Zero crossing">zero crossing</a>, and must reignite during the next half-cycle to maintain the arc. </p><p>Unlike an ohmic conductor, the resistance of an arc decreases as the current increases. This makes unintentional arcs in an electrical apparatus dangerous since even a small arc can grow large enough to damage equipment and start fires if sufficient current is available. Intentionally produced arcs, such as used in lighting or <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, require some element in the circuit to stabilize the arc's current/voltage characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_cable" title="High-voltage cable">High-voltage cable</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg/220px-HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg/330px-HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg/440px-HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Power lines with high voltage warning sign.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electrical transmission and distribution lines for <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> typically use voltages between tens and hundreds of kilovolts. The lines may be overhead or underground. High voltage is used in power distribution to reduce ohmic losses when transporting electricity long distance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is used in the production of semiconductors to <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputter</a> thin layers of metal films on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafer</a>. It is also used for electrostatic flocking to coat objects with small fibers that stand on edge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific">Scientific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spark gaps were used historically as an early form of radio transmission. Similarly, lightning discharges in the atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> are thought to be the source of the planet's powerful <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> frequency emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High voltages have been used in landmark chemistry and particle physics experiments and discoveries. Electric arcs were used in the isolation and discovery of the element <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> from atmospheric air. <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">Induction coils</a> powered early X-ray tubes. Moseley used an X-ray tube to determine the <a href="/wiki/Moseley%27s_law" title="Moseley's law">atomic number</a> of a selection of metallic elements by the spectrum emitted when used as anodes. High voltage is used for generating electron beams for <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">microscopy</a>. Cockcroft and Walton invented the <a href="/wiki/Cockcroft%E2%80%93Walton_generator" title="Cockcroft–Walton generator">voltage multiplier</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutate</a> lithium atoms in lithium oxide into helium by accelerating hydrogen atoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISO_7010_W012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ISO_7010_W012.svg/220px-ISO_7010_W012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ISO_7010_W012.svg/330px-ISO_7010_W012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ISO_7010_W012.svg/440px-ISO_7010_W012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Electric shock <a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">hazard symbol</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">ISO 7010</a> W012), also known as <i>high voltage symbol</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a></div> <p>Voltages greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin can cause heart <a href="/wiki/Fibrillation" title="Fibrillation">fibrillation</a> if they produce <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric currents</a> in body tissues that happen to pass through the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a> area. The voltage at which there is the danger of <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electrocution</a> depends on the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> of dry human skin. Living human tissue can be protected from damage by the insulating characteristics of dry skin up to around 50 volts. If the same skin becomes wet, if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal. </p><p>Accidental contact with any high voltage supplying sufficient energy may result in severe injury or death. This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow, causing tissue damage and heart failure. Other injuries can include burns from the arc generated by the accidental contact. These burns can be especially dangerous if the victim's airway is affected. Injuries may also be suffered as a result of the physical forces experienced by people who fall from a great height or are thrown a considerable distance. </p><p>Low-energy exposure to high voltage may be harmless, such as the spark produced in a dry climate when touching a doorknob after walking across a carpeted floor. The <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">voltage</a> can be in the thousand-volt range, but the average <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> is low. </p><p>The standard precautions to avoid injury include working under conditions that would avoid having electrical energy flow through the body, particularly through the heart region, such as between the arms, or between an arm and a leg. Electricity can flow between two conductors in high voltage equipment and the body can complete the circuit. To avoid that from happening, the worker should wear insulating clothing such as rubber gloves, use insulated tools, and avoid touching the equipment with more than one hand at a time. An electrical current can also flow between the equipment and the earth ground. To prevent that, the worker should stand on an insulated surface such as on rubber mats. Safety equipment is tested regularly to ensure it is still protecting the user. Test regulations vary according to country. Testing companies can test at up 300,000 volts and offer services from glove testing to <a href="/wiki/Aerial_work_platform" title="Aerial work platform">Elevated Working Platform</a> (or EWP) testing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_2">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg/220px-Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg/330px-Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg/440px-Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>High-voltage substation in <a href="/wiki/Kaanaa" title="Kaanaa">Kaanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Contact with or close approach to line conductors presents a danger of <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electrocution</a>. Contact with <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead wires</a> can result in injury or death. Metal ladders, farm equipment, boat masts, construction machinery, aerial <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a>, and similar objects are frequently involved in fatal contact with overhead wires. Unauthorized persons climbing on power pylons or electrical apparatus are also frequently the victims of electrocution.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At very high transmission voltages even a close approach can be hazardous, since the high voltage may arc across a significant air gap. </p><p>Digging into a buried cable can also be dangerous to workers at an excavation site. Digging equipment (either hand tools or machine driven) that contacts a buried cable may energize piping or the ground in the area, resulting in electrocution of nearby workers. A <a href="/wiki/Fault_(power_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault (power engineering)">fault</a> in a high-voltage transmission line or substation may result in high currents flowing along the surface of the earth, producing an <a href="/wiki/Earth_potential_rise" title="Earth potential rise">earth potential rise</a> that also presents a danger of electric shock. </p><p>For high voltage and extra-high voltage transmission lines, specially trained personnel use "<a href="/wiki/Live-line_working" title="Live-line working">live line</a>" techniques to allow hands-on contact with energized equipment. In this case the worker is electrically connected to the <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-voltage line">high-voltage line</a> but thoroughly insulated from the earth so that he is at the same electrical potential as that of the line. Since training for such operations is lengthy, and still presents a danger to personnel, only very important transmission lines are subject to maintenance while live. Outside these properly engineered situations, insulation from earth does not guarantee that no current flows to earth—as grounding or arcing to ground can occur in unexpected ways, and high-frequency currents can burn even an ungrounded person. Touching a transmitting <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> is dangerous for this reason, and a high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a> can sustain a spark with only one endpoint. </p><p>Protective equipment on high-voltage transmission lines normally prevents formation of an unwanted arc, or ensures that it is quenched within tens of milliseconds. Electrical apparatus that interrupts high-voltage circuits is designed to safely direct the resulting arc so that it dissipates without damage. High voltage <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit breakers">circuit breakers</a> often use a blast of high pressure air, a special <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_gas" title="Dielectric gas">dielectric gas</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/SF6" class="mw-redirect" title="SF6">SF<sub>6</sub></a> under pressure), or immersion in <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> to quench the arc when the high voltage circuit is broken. </p><p>Wiring in equipment such as X-ray machines and lasers requires care. The high voltage section is kept physically distant from the low voltage side to reduce the possibility of an arc forming between the two. To avoid coronal losses, conductors are kept as short as possible and free of sharp points. If insulated, the plastic coating should be free of air bubbles which result in coronal discharges within the bubbles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrostatic_generators">Electrostatic generators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electrostatic generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_generator" title="Electrostatic generator">Electrostatic generator</a></div> <p>A high voltage is not necessarily dangerous if it cannot deliver substantial <a href="/wiki/Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">current</a>. Despite electrostatic machines such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines producing voltages approaching one million volts, they deliver a brief sting. That is because the current is low, i.e. only a relatively few electrons move. These devices have a limited amount of stored energy, so the average current produced is low and usually for a short time, with impulses peaking in the 1 A range for a nanosecond.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discharge may involve extremely high voltage over very short periods, but to produce heart fibrillation, an electric <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> must produce a significant current in the heart muscle continuing for many <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>, and must deposit a total energy in the range of at least millijoules or higher. Relatively high current at anything more than about fifty volts can therefore be medically significant and potentially fatal. </p><p>During the discharge, these machines apply high voltage to the body for only a millionth of a second or less. So a low current is applied for a very short time, and the number of electrons involved is very small. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tesla_coils">Tesla coils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tesla coils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil#Health_hazards" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil § Health hazards</a></div> <p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coils</a> superficially appearing similar to Van de Graaff generators, they are not electrostatic machines and can produce significant <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> currents continuously. The current supplied to a human body will be relatively constant as long as contact is maintained, unlike with electrostatic machines which generally take longer to build up charges, and the voltage will be much higher than the break-down voltage of human skin. As a consequence, the output of a Tesla coil can be dangerous or even fatal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arc_flash_hazard">Arc flash hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arc flash hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arc_flash" title="Arc flash">Arc flash</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg/220px-High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg/330px-High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg/440px-High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption> High voltage testing arrangement with large capacitor and test transformer </figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Prospective_short-circuit_current" title="Prospective short-circuit current">prospective short-circuit current</a> available at a <a href="/wiki/Switchgear" title="Switchgear">switchgear</a> line-up, a hazard is presented to maintenance and operating personnel due to the possibility of a high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a>. Maximum temperature of an arc can exceed 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>, and the radiant heat, expanding hot air, and explosive vaporization of metal and insulation material can cause severe injury to unprotected workers. Such switchgear line-ups and high-energy arc sources are commonly present in electric power utility substations and generating stations, industrial plants and large commercial buildings. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> has published a guideline standard <a href="/wiki/NFPA_70E" title="NFPA 70E">NFPA 70E</a> for evaluating and calculating <i>arc flash hazard</i>, and provides standards for the protective clothing required for electrical workers exposed to such hazards in the workplace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosion_hazard">Explosion hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Explosion hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_equipment_in_hazardous_areas" title="Electrical equipment in hazardous areas">Electrical equipment in hazardous areas</a></div> <p>Even voltages insufficient to break down air can supply enough energy to ignite atmospheres containing flammable gases or vapours, or suspended dust. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, or petrol/<a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> vapor mixed with air can be ignited by sparks produced by electrical apparatus. Examples of industrial facilities with hazardous areas are <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> refineries, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mines</a>. </p><p>Measures taken to prevent such explosions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_safety" title="Intrinsic safety">Intrinsic safety</a> by the use of apparatus designed not to accumulate enough stored electrical energy to trigger an explosion</li> <li>Increased safety, which applies to devices using measures such as oil-filled enclosures to prevent sparks</li> <li>Explosion-proof (flame-proof) enclosures, which are designed so that an explosion within the enclosure cannot escape and ignite a surrounding explosive atmosphere (this designation does not imply that the apparatus can survive an internal or external explosion)</li></ul> <p>In recent years, standards for explosion hazard protection have become more uniform between European and North American practice. The "zone" system of classification is now used in modified form in U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Code_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Electrical Code (US)">National Electrical Code</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electrical_Code" title="Canadian Electrical Code">Canadian Electrical Code</a>. Intrinsic safety apparatus is now approved for use in North American applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxic_gases">Toxic gases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Toxic gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrical discharges, including partial discharge and <a href="/wiki/Corona_discharge" title="Corona discharge">corona</a>, can produce small quantities of toxic gases, which in a confined space can be a health hazard. These gases include oxidizers such as <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">oxides of nitrogen</a>. They are readily identified by their characteristic odor or color, and thus contact time can be minimized. <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> is invisible but has a sweet odor. It oxidizes to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> within a few minutes, which has a yellow or reddish-brown color depending on concentration and smells of chlorine gas like a swimming pool. Ozone is invisible but has a pungent smell like that of the air after a lightning storm. It is a short-lived species and half of it breaks down into <span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> within a day at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lightning">Lightning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lightning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hazards due to lightning obviously include a direct strike on persons or property. However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">electromagnetic pulse</a>, and can charge extended metal objects such as <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike. Although many of these objects are not normally conductive, very high voltage can cause the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_breakdown" title="Electrical breakdown">electrical breakdown</a> of such insulators, causing them to act as conductors. These transferred potentials are dangerous to people, livestock, and electronic apparatus. Lightning strikes also start fires and explosions, which result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage. For example, each year in North America, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fires</a> are started by lightning strikes. </p><p>Measures to control lightning can mitigate the hazard; these include <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rods</a>, shielding wires, and bonding of electrical and structural parts of buildings to form a continuous enclosure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_transformer" title="Voltage transformer">Voltage transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">Charging station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a> (includes a 'Health 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822180609/http://www.electrical-installation.org/wiki/Electrical_installation_rules,_standards">"Electrical installation rules, standards"</a>. 22 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electrical-installation.org/wiki/Electrical_installation_rules,_standards">the original</a> on 22 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrical+installation+rules%2C+standards&rft.date=2010-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electrical-installation.org%2Fwiki%2FElectrical_installation_rules%2C_standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+voltage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.globalspec.com/std/154965/ANSI%20C84.1">"ANSI C84.1 - Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) | Engineering360"</a>. <i>standards.globalspec.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=standards.globalspec.com&rft.atitle=ANSI+C84.1+-+Electric+Power+Systems+and+Equipment+-+Voltage+Ratings+%2860+Hertz%29+%7C+Engineering360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.globalspec.com%2Fstd%2F154965%2FANSI%2520C84.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+voltage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.scot/resource/buildingstandards/2013NonDomestic/chunks/ch05s06.html">"Electrical safety"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrical+safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.scot%2Fresource%2Fbuildingstandards%2F2013NonDomestic%2Fchunks%2Fch05s06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+voltage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One such jurisdiction is <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, where the <i>Electrician's Licence Act, CCSM E50</i> establishes classes of electrician's licences by voltage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNECE regulation No 100 (revision 2, 12 August 2013), paragraph 2.17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2013/R100r2e.pdf">http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2013/R100r2e.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGonen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TGonen_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGönen,_T.2014" class="citation book cs1">Gönen, T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KbNBQAAQBAJ"><i>Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design</i></a> (3 ed.). CRC Press. p. 3,36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482232233" title="Special:BookSources/9781482232233"><bdi>9781482232233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Power+Transmission+System+Engineering%3A+Analysis+and+Design&rft.pages=3%2C36&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781482232233&rft.au=G%C3%B6nen%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KbNBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+voltage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208202200/http://www.jci.co.uk/Carseats2.html">"John Chubb, "Control of body voltage getting out of a car," IOP Annual Congress, Brighton, 1998"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jci.co.uk/Carseats2.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Chubb%2C+%22Control+of+body+voltage+getting+out+of+a+car%2C%22+IOP+Annual+Congress%2C+Brighton%2C+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jci.co.uk%2FCarseats2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+voltage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Howatson, "An Introduction to Gas Discharges", Pergamom Press, Oxford, 1965, page 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Paschen1889" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrich Paschen (1889). "Ueber die zum Funkenübergang in Luft, Wasserstoff und Kohlensäure bei verschiedenen Drucken erforderliche Potentialdifferenz". <i>Annalen der Physik</i>. <b>273</b> (5): 69–75. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1889AnP...273...69P">1889AnP...273...69P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18892730505">10.1002/andp.18892730505</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.%24b624756">2027/uc1.$b624756</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+zum+Funken%C3%BCbergang+in+Luft%2C+Wasserstoff+und+Kohlens%C3%A4ure+bei+verschiedenen+Drucken+erforderliche+Potentialdifferenz&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=69-75&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.%24b624756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18892730505&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1889AnP...273...69P&rft.au=Friedrich+Paschen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+voltage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Rinnert et al., <i>Measurements of radio frequency signals from lightning in Jupiter's atmosphere</i>, J. Geophys. Res., 103(E10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIOSH-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2a.cdc.gov/NIOSH-FACE/state.asp?state=ALL&Incident_Year=ALL&Category2=0006&Submit=Submit">Cases of high-voltage related casualties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030749/http://www2a.cdc.gov/NIOSH-FACE/state.asp?state=ALL&Incident_Year=ALL&Category2=0006&Submit=Submit">Archived</a> 28 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 24 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4368466/Understanding-and-comparing-the-differences-in-ESD-testing">EDN - Understanding and comparing the differences in ESD testing</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaty1998" class="citation web cs1">Beaty, William J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amasci.com/emotor/vdgdesc.html">"Van de Graaff Generators Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. amasci.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Van+de+Graaff+Generators+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=amasci.com&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Beaty&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amasci.com%2Femotor%2Fvdgdesc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+voltage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_voltage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/"><i>NFPA 70E</i>: Electrical Safety in the Workplace, USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standards.doe.gov/standards-documents/1000/1092-BHdbk-2013/@@images/file">USA Department of Energy <i>electrical safety handbook</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/DC/DC_3.html"><i>Electrical Safety</i></a> chapter from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/DC/index.html"><i>Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC</i></a> book and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/">series</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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