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<li id="toc-Old_Comedy_(archaia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Comedy_(archaia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Old Comedy (<i>archaia</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Comedy_(archaia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Comedy_(mese)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Comedy_(mese)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Comedy (<i>mese</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Comedy_(mese)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Comedy_(nea)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Comedy_(nea)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>New Comedy (<i>nea</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Comedy_(nea)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dramatists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dramatists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dramatists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dramatists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Old Comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>New Comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Greek comedy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كوميديا إغريقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوميديا إغريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Старогръцка комедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Старогръцка комедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8dia_grega" title="Comèdia grega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comèdia grega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Kom%C3%B6die" title="Griechische Komödie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Komödie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία κωμωδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία κωμωδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedia_griega" title="Comedia griega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comedia griega" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_komedio" title="Greka komedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greka komedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_grecque_antique" title="Comédie grecque antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comédie grecque antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedia_grega_antiga" title="Comedia grega antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comedia grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%ED%9D%AC%EA%B7%B9" title="고대 그리스 희극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 그리스 희극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ատտիկյան կատակերգություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատտիկյան կատակերգություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka_komedija" title="Grčka komedija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčka komedija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi_Yunani_Kuno" title="Komedi Yunani Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komedi Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_greca" title="Commedia greca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commedia greca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graik%C5%B3_komedija" title="Graikų komedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikų komedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="ギリシア喜劇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシア喜劇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikkens_greske_komedie" title="Antikkens greske komedie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikkens greske komedie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia_starogrecka" title="Komedia starogrecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komedia starogrecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древнегреческая комедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнегреческая комедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Античка грчка комедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Античка грчка комедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka_komedija" title="Grčka komedija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčka komedija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikkalainen_komedia" title="Kreikkalainen komedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikkalainen komedia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Yunan_komedyas%C4%B1" title="Antik Yunan komedyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Yunan komedyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Давньогрецька комедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецька комедія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of ancient Greek literature</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg/260px-Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg/390px-Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg/520px-Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption>Theatrical scene with two comedic actors on a Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Red-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure">red-figure</a> calyx-<a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span>–340 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ancient Greek comedy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κωμῳδία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kōmōidía</i></span>) was one of the final three principal <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> forms in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre of classical Greece</a>; the others being <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">tragedy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a>. Greek comedy was distinguished from tragedy by its <a href="/wiki/Happy_ending" title="Happy ending">happy endings</a> and comical use of exaggeration, the latter feature being the origin of the modern concept of the <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> is conventionally divided into three periods; <a href="/wiki/Old_Comedy" title="Old Comedy">Old Comedy</a> survives today largely in the form of the eleven extant plays of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>; Middle Comedy is largely lost and preserved only in relatively short fragments by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a>; New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>. A burlesque dramatic form that blended tragic and comic elements, known as <a href="/wiki/Phlyax_play" title="Phlyax play">phlyax play</a> or hilarotragedy, developed in the Greek colonies of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> by the late 4th century BC. </p><p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> (c. 335 BC) that comedy is a representation of laughable people and involves some kind of blunder or ugliness which does not cause pain or disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._A._Trypanis" title="C. A. Trypanis">C. A. Trypanis</a> wrote that comedy is the last of the great species of poetry Greece gave to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods">Periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alexandrine_grammarians" title="Alexandrine grammarians">Alexandrine grammarians</a>, and most likely <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> in particular, seem to have been the first to divide Greek comedy into what became the canonical three periods:<sup id="cite_ref-Mastromarco94_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mastromarco94-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Comedy (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀρχαία</span></span> <i>archaía</i>), Middle Comedy (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέση</span></span> <i>mésē</i>) and New Comedy (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νέα</span></span> <i>néa</i>). These divisions appear to be largely arbitrary, and ancient comedy almost certainly developed constantly over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-Winkler2001p173_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkler2001p173-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Comedy_(archaia)"><span id="Old_Comedy_.28archaia.29"></span>Old Comedy (<i>archaia</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Comedy (archaia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Comedy" title="Old Comedy">Old Comedy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/170px-3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/255px-3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/339px-3304_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Theatre_mask_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta comic theatre mask, 3rd century BC (<a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoa of Attalus">Stoa of Attalus</a>, Athens)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The most important Old Comic dramatist is <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> (born in 446 BC). His works, with their pungent <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> and abundance of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Scatological">scatological</a> <a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">innuendo</a>, effectively define the genre today. Aristophanes lampooned the most important personalities and institutions of his day, as can be seen, for example, in his buffoonish portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i>, and in his racy anti-war farce <i><a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a></i>. He was one of a large number<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of comic poets working in Athens in the late 5th century, his most important contemporary rivals being <a href="/wiki/Hermippus" title="Hermippus">Hermippus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eupolis" title="Eupolis">Eupolis</a>. </p><p>The Old Comedy subsequently influenced later European writers such as <a href="/wiki/Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes">Cervantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. In particular, they copied the technique of disguising a political attack as buffoonery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Comedy_(mese)"><span id="Middle_Comedy_.28mese.29"></span>Middle Comedy (<i>mese</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Comedy (mese)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_comedy_first_slave_theatre_mask_NAMA3373_Athens_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_comedy_first_slave_theatre_mask_NAMA3373_Athens_Greece.jpg/170px-New_comedy_first_slave_theatre_mask_NAMA3373_Athens_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_comedy_first_slave_theatre_mask_NAMA3373_Athens_Greece.jpg/255px-New_comedy_first_slave_theatre_mask_NAMA3373_Athens_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_comedy_first_slave_theatre_mask_NAMA3373_Athens_Greece.jpg/340px-New_comedy_first_slave_theatre_mask_NAMA3373_Athens_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="3567" /></a><figcaption>Marble image of a theatre mask, 2nd-century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The line between Old and Middle Comedy is not clearly marked chronologically, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> and others of the latest writers of the Old Comedy being sometimes regarded as the earliest Middle Comic poets. For ancient scholars, the term may have meant little more than "later than Aristophanes and his contemporaries, but earlier than <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>". Middle Comedy is generally seen as differing from Old Comedy in three essential particulars: the role of the chorus was diminished to the point where it had no influence on the plot; public characters were not impersonated or personified onstage; and the objects of ridicule were general rather than personal, literary rather than political. For at least a time, mythological burlesque was popular among the Middle Comic poets. Stock characters of all sorts also emerge: courtesans, parasites, revellers, philosophers, boastful soldiers, and especially the conceited cook with his parade of culinary science. </p><p>Because no complete Middle Comic plays have been preserved, it is impossible to offer any real assessment of their literary value or "genius". But many Middle Comic plays appear to have been revived in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> in this period, suggesting that they had considerable widespread literary and social influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Comedy_(nea)"><span id="New_Comedy_.28nea.29"></span>New Comedy (<i>nea</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Comedy (nea)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figurine_actor_BM_TerrD226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Figurine_actor_BM_TerrD226.jpg/160px-Figurine_actor_BM_TerrD226.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Figurine_actor_BM_TerrD226.jpg/240px-Figurine_actor_BM_TerrD226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Figurine_actor_BM_TerrD226.jpg/319px-Figurine_actor_BM_TerrD226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption>An actor in the mask of a bald man, 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>New Comedy followed the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and lasted throughout the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> rulers, ending about 260 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Situation_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Situation comedy">situation comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">comedy of manners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winkler2001p173_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkler2001p173-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three best-known playwrights belonging to this genre are <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philemon_(poet)" title="Philemon (poet)">Philemon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diphilus" title="Diphilus">Diphilus</a>. </p><p>The playwrights of the New Comedy genre built on the legacy from their predecessors, but adapted it to the portrayal of everyday life, rather than of public affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satirical and farcical element which featured so strongly in Aristophanes' comedies was increasingly abandoned, the de-emphasis of the grotesque—whether in the form of choruses, humour or spectacle—opening the way for greater representation of daily life and the foibles of recognisable character types.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Birds_1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Birds_1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from Diphilus, the New Comedians preferred the everyday world to mythological themes, coincidences to miracles or metamorphoses; and they peopled this world with a whole series of semi-realistic, if somewhat stereotypical figures,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Birds_1998_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Birds_1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would become the stock characters of Western comedy: braggarts, the permissive <a href="/wiki/Father_figure" title="Father figure">father figure</a> and the stern father (<i><a href="/wiki/Senex_iratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Senex iratus">senex iratus</a></i>), young lovers, parasites, <a href="/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold" title="Hooker with a heart of gold">kind-hearted prostitutes</a>, and cunning servants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their largely gentle comedy of manners drew on a vast array of dramatic devices, characters and situations their predecessors had developed: prologues to shape the audience's understanding of events, messengers' speeches to announce offstage action, descriptions of feasts, the complications of love, sudden recognitions, ex machina endings were all established techniques which playwrights exploited and evoked.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new comedy depicted Athenian society and the social morality of the period, presenting it in attractive colors but making no attempt to criticize or improve it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Comedy_Period_(Ancient_Greece)_(14610356907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/New_Comedy_Period_%28Ancient_Greece%29_%2814610356907%29.jpg/140px-New_Comedy_Period_%28Ancient_Greece%29_%2814610356907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/New_Comedy_Period_%28Ancient_Greece%29_%2814610356907%29.jpg/210px-New_Comedy_Period_%28Ancient_Greece%29_%2814610356907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/New_Comedy_Period_%28Ancient_Greece%29_%2814610356907%29.jpg/280px-New_Comedy_Period_%28Ancient_Greece%29_%2814610356907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="4944" /></a><figcaption>Possible depiction of Knemon from Menander's play <i><a href="/wiki/Dyskolos" title="Dyskolos">Dyskolos</a></i> (the Grouch)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his own time, Philemon was perhaps the most successful among the New Comedy, regularly beating the younger figure of Menander in contests; but the latter would be the most highly esteemed by subsequent generations.<sup id="cite_ref-H_Nettleship_1894_p._478_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Nettleship_1894_p._478-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menander's comedies not only provided their audience with a brief respite from reality, but also gave audiences an accurate, if not greatly detailed, picture of life,<sup id="cite_ref-J_Rose,_1967_p._78_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_Rose,_1967_p._78-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading an ancient critic to ask if life influenced Menander in the writing of his plays or if the case was vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike earlier predecessors, Menander's comedies tended to centre on the fears and foibles of the ordinary man, his personal relationships, family life and social mishaps rather than politics and public life. His plays were also much less satirical than preceding comedies, being marked by a gentle, urbane tone,<sup id="cite_ref-Classical_World_1986_p._182_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classical_World_1986_p._182-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a taste for good temper and good manners (if not necessarily for good morals).<sup id="cite_ref-J_Rose,_1967_p._78_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_Rose,_1967_p._78-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human dimension of his characters was one of the strengths of Menander's plays, and perhaps his greatest legacy, through his use of these fairly stereotype characters to comment on human life and depict human folly and absurdity compassionately, with wit and subtlety.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the moral reformations he offered (not always convincingly) is Cnemon from Menander's play <i><a href="/wiki/Dyskolos" title="Dyskolos">Dyskolos</a></i>, whose objections to life suddenly fade after he was rescued from a well.<sup id="cite_ref-Classical_World_1986_p._182_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classical_World_1986_p._182-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that this character was not necessarily closed to reason makes him a character whom people can relate to. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-Relief_with_Menander_and_New_Comedy_Masks_-_Princeton_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>Roman, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Early Imperial</a>, <i>Relief of a seated poet (<a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>) with masks of New Comedy</i>, 1st century BC – early 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Philemon's comedies tended to be smarter, and broader in tone, than Menander's;<sup id="cite_ref-H_Nettleship_1894_p._478_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Nettleship_1894_p._478-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Diphilus used mythology as well as everyday life in his works.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comedies of both survive only in fragments but their plays were translated and adapted by <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>. Examples include Plautus' <i>Asinaria</i> and <i>Rudens</i>. Based on the translation and adaptation of Diphilus' comedies by Plautus, one can conclude that he was skilled in the construction of his plots. </p><p>Substantial fragments of New Comedy have survived, but no complete plays. The most substantially preserved text is the <i>Dyskolos</i> ("Difficult Man, Grouch") by Menander, discovered on a papyrus, and first published in 1958. The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Codex" title="Cairo Codex">Cairo Codex</a> (found in 1907) also preserves long sections of plays including <i><a href="/wiki/Epitrepontes" title="Epitrepontes">Epitrepontes</a></i> ("Men at Arbitration"), <i><a href="/wiki/Samia_(play)" title="Samia (play)">Samia</a></i> ("The Girl from Samos"), and <i><a href="/wiki/Perikeiromene" title="Perikeiromene">Perikeiromene</a></i> ("The Girl who had her Hair Shorn"). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Much of the rest of our knowledge of New Comedy is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adaptations by Plautus and <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence">Influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg/170px-Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg/255px-Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg/340px-Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Horace "Quintus Horatius Flaccus", by Anton von Werner</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> claimed Menander as a model for his own gentle brand of <a href="/wiki/Roman_satirists" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman satirists">Roman satire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Comedy influenced much of Western European literature, primarily through Plautus and Terence: in particular the comic drama of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Congreve_(playwright)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Congreve (playwright)">Congreve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Wycherley" title="William Wycherley">Wycherley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in France, <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 5-act structure later to be found in modern plays can first be seen in Menander's comedies. Where in comedies of previous generations there were choral interludes, there was dialogue with song. The action of his plays had breaks, the situations in them were conventional and coincidences were convenient, thus showing the smooth and effective development of his plays. </p><p>Much of contemporary romantic and situational comedy descends from the New Comedy sensibility, in particular generational comedies such as <i><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Parents" title="Meet the Parents">Meet the Parents</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatists">Dramatists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dramatists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Comedy">Old Comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Old Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susarion" title="Susarion">Susarion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> (<i>fl.</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 580 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicharmus_of_Kos" title="Epicharmus of Kos">Epicharmus of Kos</a> (<i>fl.</i> between c. 540 – c. 450 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phormis" title="Phormis">Phormis</a> (late 6th century)</li> <li>Dinolochus (<i>fl.</i> 487 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euetes_and_Euxenides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euetes and Euxenides (page does not exist)">Euetes</a> (<i>fl.</i> 485 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euetes_and_Euxenides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euetes and Euxenides (page does not exist)">Euxenides</a> (<i>fl.</i> 485 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mylus (page does not exist)">Mylus</a> (<i>fl.</i> 485 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chionides" title="Chionides">Chionides</a> (<i>fl.</i> 487 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnes_(comic_poet)" title="Magnes (comic poet)">Magnes</a> (<i>fl.</i> 472 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratinus" title="Cratinus">Cratinus</a> (519–422 BC), won a series of victories from 454 BC to 423 BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphonius (page does not exist)">Euphonius</a> (<i>fl.</i> 458 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_(comic_poet)" title="Crates (comic poet)">Crates</a> (<i>fl.</i> c. 450 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecphantides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecphantides (page does not exist)">Ecphantides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pisander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pisander (page does not exist)">Pisander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilycus" title="Epilycus">Epilycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callias_Schoenion" class="mw-redirect" title="Callias Schoenion">Callias Schoenion</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermippus" title="Hermippus">Hermippus</a> (<i>fl.</i> 435 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrtilus_(comic_poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrtilus (comic poet) (page does not exist)">Myrtilus</a> (5th century)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysimachus_(comic_poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysimachus (comic poet) (page does not exist)">Lysimachus</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hegemon_of_Thasos" title="Hegemon of Thasos">Hegemon of Thasos</a>, 413 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophron" title="Sophron">Sophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrynichus_(comic_poet)" title="Phrynichus (comic poet)">Phrynichus</a>, won 4 victories between 435 BC and 405 BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycis (page does not exist)">Lycis</a>, before 405 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucon" title="Leucon">Leucon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysippus">Lysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupolis" title="Eupolis">Eupolis</a> (c. 446–411 BC)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></b> (c. 456–386 BC), won more than 12 victories between 427 BC and 388 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameipsias" title="Ameipsias">Ameipsias</a> (c. 420 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristomenes" title="Aristomenes">Aristomenes</a>, between 431 and 388 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecleides" title="Telecleides">Telecleides</a> 5th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecrates" title="Pherecrates">Pherecrates</a> 420 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_(comic_poet)" title="Plato (comic poet)">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Phlius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocles of Phlius">Diocles of Phlius</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyrion" title="Sannyrion">Sannyrion</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyllius" title="Philyllius">Philyllius</a>, 394 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus_(poet)" title="Archippus (poet)">Archippus</a>, 415 BC</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyzelus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyzelus (page does not exist)">Polyzelus</a>, c. 364 BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philonides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philonides (page does not exist)">Philonides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenophon_(comic_poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenophon (comic poet) (page does not exist)">Xenophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocrates" title="Autocrates">Autocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunicus" title="Eunicus">Eunicus</a> 5th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a> c. 400 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a>, c. 420 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisodorus" title="Cephisodorus">Cephisodorus</a> 402 BC<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagenes" title="Metagenes">Metagenes</a>, c. 419 BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantharus_(comic_poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantharus (comic poet) (page does not exist)">Cantharus (comic poet)</a> 422 BC<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicochares" title="Nicochares">Nicochares</a> (died c. 345)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strattis" title="Strattis">Strattis</a> (c. 412–390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_(comic_poet)" title="Alcaeus (comic poet)">Alcaeus</a>, 388 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenarchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenarchus">Xenarchus</a>, around 393 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopompus_(comic_poet)" title="Theopompus (comic poet)">Theopompus</a></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Comedy">Middle Comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicophon" title="Nicophon">Nicophon</a> 5th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulus_(poet)" title="Eubulus (poet)">Eubulus</a> early 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araros" title="Araros">Araros</a>, son of Aristophanes 388, 375</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphanes_(comic_poet)" title="Antiphanes (comic poet)">Antiphanes</a> (c. 408–334 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxandrides" title="Anaxandrides">Anaxandrides</a> 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calliades_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calliades (poet) (page does not exist)">Calliades</a> 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicostratus_(comic_poet)" title="Nicostratus (comic poet)">Nicostratus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li>Phillipus, son of Aristophanes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenion_(comic_poet)" title="Athenion (comic poet)">Athenion</a> possibly 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philetarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philetarus (page does not exist)">Philetarus</a> c. 390 BC – c. 320 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxilas_(comic_poet)" title="Anaxilas (comic poet)">Anaxilas</a>, fl. 340 BC<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ophelion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ophelion (page does not exist)">Ophelion</a></li> <li>Callicrates</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclides_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraclides (poet) (page does not exist)">Heraclides</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_(poet)" title="Alexis (poet)">Alexis</a> (c. 375–275 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphis" title="Amphis">Amphis</a> mid-4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axionicus" title="Axionicus">Axionicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratinus_Junior" title="Cratinus Junior">Cratinus Junior</a></li> <li>Eriphus, plagiarist of Antiphanes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicrates_of_Ambracia" title="Epicrates of Ambracia">Epicrates of Ambracia</a> 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanus_(playwright)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanus (playwright) (page does not exist)">Stephanus</a>, 332 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straton_of_Sardis" title="Straton of Sardis">Strato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophon_(comic_poet)" title="Aristophon (comic poet)">Aristophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotades" title="Sotades">Sotades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeas" title="Augeas">Augeas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epippus (page does not exist)">Epippus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heniochus_of_Athens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heniochus of Athens (page does not exist)">Heniochus</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenes_of_Athens" title="Epigenes of Athens">Epigenes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnesimachus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnesimachus (page does not exist)">Mnesimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotheus_of_Miletus" title="Timotheus of Miletus">Timotheus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophilus (page does not exist)">Sophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidotus" title="Antidotus">Antidotus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naucrates_(comic_poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naucrates (comic poet) (page does not exist)">Naucrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenarchus_(comic_poet)" title="Xenarchus (comic poet)">Xenarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromo">Dromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crobylus" title="Crobylus">Crobylus</a>, possibly New Comedy, after 324 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocles" title="Timocles">Timocles</a> 324 BC<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damoxenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Damoxenus">Damoxenus</a> c. 370–270 BC<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Comedy">New Comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eubulus_(poet)" title="Eubulus (poet)">Eubelus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippides_of_Kephale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippides of Kephale (page does not exist)">Philippides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 335 BC, 301 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(poet)" title="Philemon (poet)">Philemon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soli,_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soli, Cilicia">Soli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> (c. 362–262 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a> (c. 342–291 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Carystus" title="Apollodorus of Carystus">Apollodorus of Carystus</a> (c. 300–260 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphilus" title="Diphilus">Diphilus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> (c. 340–290 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphron" title="Euphron">Euphron</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Chalcus" title="Dionysius Chalcus">Dionysius Chalcus</a>, after the god Archestratus</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophilus_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophilus (poet) (page does not exist)">Theophilus</a>, contemporary with Callimedon</li> <li>Sosippus, contemporary with Diphillus</li> <li>Anaxippus, 303 BC</li> <li>Demetrius, 299 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archedicus" title="Archedicus">Archedicus</a>, 302 BC</li> <li>Sopater, 282 BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenicides_of_Megara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenicides of Megara (page does not exist)">Phoenicides of Megara</a>, around 280 to 260 BC<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hegesippus</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plato_Junior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plato Junior (page does not exist)">Plato Junior</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theognetus" title="Theognetus">Theognetus</a></li> <li>Bathon</li> <li>Diodorus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machon" title="Machon">Machon</a> of Corinth/Alexandria 3rd century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidippus_(comic_poet)" title="Posidippus (comic poet)">Posidippus (comic poet)</a> (c. 316–250 BC)</li> <li>Laines or Laenes 185 BC</li> <li>Philemon 183 BC</li> <li>Chairion or Chaerion 154 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alciphron" title="Alciphron">Alciphron</a></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some dramatists overlap into more than one period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Competitions (<i><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">agon</a></i>) at the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a> (mixed audiences) and <a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a> (local Athens audience only) festivals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">Cult of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallic_processions" title="Phallic processions">Phallic processions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_de_comoedia" title="Prolegomena de comoedia">Prolegomena de comoedia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Poetics</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Aristot.+Poet.+1449a">line 1449a</a>: "Comedy, as we have said, is a representation of inferior people, not indeed in the full sense of the word bad, but the laughable is a species of the base or ugly. It consists in some blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster, an obvious example being the comic mask which is ugly and distorted but not painful."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Trypanis, <i>Greek Poetry from Homer to Seferis</i>, Chapter 4, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastromarco94-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mastromarco94_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mastromarco (1994) p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkler2001p173-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler2001p173_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler2001p173_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winkler, Martin M. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4vCQYhKCvcC&pg=RA2-PT112"><i>Classical Myth & Culture in the Cinema</i></a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Athenian Agora</i> V K 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614171954/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/LX/GreekComedy.html">"mlahanas.de"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/LX/GreekComedy.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mlahanas.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlahanas.de%2FGreeks%2FLX%2FGreekComedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H Nettleship, ed, <i>A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i> (London 1894) p. 152-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Birds_1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Birds_1998_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Birds_1998_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S Halliwell ed., <i>The Birds</i> (Oxford 1998) p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H Nettleship, ed, <i>A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i> (London 1894) p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Boardman ed., <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i> (Oxford 1986) p. 180-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H_Nettleship_1894_p._478-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H_Nettleship_1894_p._478_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_Nettleship_1894_p._478_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H Nettleship, ed, <i>A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i> (London 1894) p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J_Rose,_1967_p._78-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J_Rose,_1967_p._78_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J_Rose,_1967_p._78_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H J Rose, <i>A Handbook of Latin Literature</i> (London 1967) p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost1951" class="citation book cs1">Post, Levi Arnold (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILv1X3g3B98C&q=ancient+critics+comments+on+menander&pg=PA216"><i>From Homer to Menander</i></a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Homer+to+Menander&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Levi+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILv1X3g3B98C%26q%3Dancient%2Bcritics%2Bcomments%2Bon%2Bmenander%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauck1986" class="citation book cs1">Nauck, August (1986). <i>Aristophanis Byzantii Fragmenta</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristophanis+Byzantii+Fragmenta&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Nauck&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_World_1986_p._182-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Classical_World_1986_p._182_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Classical_World_1986_p._182_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J Boardman ed., <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i> (Oxford 1986) p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Boardman ed., <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i> (Oxford 1986) p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H Nettleship, ed, <i>A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i> (London 1894) p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Palmer ed., <i>The Satires of Horace</i> (London 1920) p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization</i>, vol. 1. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Boardman ed., <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i> (Oxford 1986) p. 450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0577.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080715215125/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0577.html">Archived</a> July 15, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Won a second prize with his Κόυνος in 423 BC and won a first prize in 414 BC with his Κωμασταί. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0150.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120041626/http://ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0150.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1016.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011202413/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1016.html">Archived</a> October 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3039.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406020553/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3039.html">Archived</a> April 6, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0677.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219064234/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0677.html">Archived</a> December 19, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0605.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616022847/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0605.html">Archived</a> June 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Edwin Arnold, <i>The Poets of Greece</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21486/page/n239">p. 221</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3470.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511184248/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3470.html">Archived</a> May 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wrote two plays, Σύντροφοι and Ἐαυτὸν πενθῶν. <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> quotes one long fragment from the former and one short fragment from the latter. He is comtempoary with Epicurus, who mentions him. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0943.html">Ancientlibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514092156/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0943.html">Archived</a> May 14, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/fastihellenici00clingoog">"Fasti Hellenici"</a>. s.n. March 12, 1834 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fasti+Hellenici&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1834-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffastihellenici00clingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231192315/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1209.html">"Ancientlibrary.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1209.html">the original</a> on 2005-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancientlibrary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F1209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenicides-bio-1">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Phoenicides</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Andrew. 1998. "Ancient Greece." In <i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.</i> Ed. Martin Banham. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 441–447. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8">0-521-43437-8</a>.</li> <li>Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. <i>History of the Theatre</i>. Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-41050-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-41050-2">0-205-41050-2</a>.</li> <li>Carlson, Marvin. 1993. <i>Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present.</i> Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8154-3">978-0-8014-8154-3</a>.</li> <li>Csapo, Eric, and William J. Slater. 1994. <i>The Context of Ancient Drama.</i> Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08275-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08275-2">0-472-08275-2</a>.</li> <li>Freund, Philip. 2003. <i>The Birth of Theatre</i>. Illustrated ed. Vol 1. of <i>Stage by Stage</i>. London: Peter Owen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1167-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1167-0">978-0-7206-1167-0</a>.</li> <li>Janko, Richard, trans. 1987. <i>Poetics with Tractatus Coislinianus, Reconstruction of Poetics II and the Fragments of the On Poets.</i> By <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. Cambridge: Hackett. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-033-7">0-87220-033-7</a>.</li> <li>Ley, Graham. 2006. <i>A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater.</i> Rev. ed. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-47761-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-47761-4">0-226-47761-4</a>.</li> <li>Olson, S. Douglas, ed. 2007. <i>Broken Laughter: Select Fragments of Greek Comedy.</i> Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928785-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928785-7">978-0-19-928785-7</a>.</li> <li>Taplin, Oliver. 1993. <i>Comic Angels and Other Approaches to Greek Drama Through Vase-Painting.</i> Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814797-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814797-X">0-19-814797-X</a>.</li> <li>Trypanis, Constantine Athanasius. 1981. <i>Greek Poetry from Homer to Seferis.</i> Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-81316-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-81316-9">0-226-81316-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Cornford" title="F. M. Cornford">Cornford, Francis Macdonald</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhE9AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Origin of Attic Comedy</i></a>, Cambridge: University Press, 1934.</li> <li>Padilla, Mark William (editor), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0JVScga2oYC&q=rites+of+passage+in+ancient+greece">"Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell University</a> Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8387-5418-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8387-5418-X">0-8387-5418-X</a></li> <li>Rozik, Eli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGG40fhg6usC"><i>The roots of theatre : rethinking ritual and other theories of origin</i></a>, Iowa City : University of Iowa Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-817-0">0-87745-817-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_comedy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/heath/Aristotle%20on%20comedy.pdf">"Aristotle on Comedy" by Malcolm Heath, University of Leeds</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060713.shtml">BBC Radio 4 <i>In Our Time</i> programme on ancient Greek Comedy, Thursday 13 July 2006</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comedy_footer" title="Template talk:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comedy299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-color_humor" title="Off-color humor">Off-color humor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Ribaldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophomoric_humor" title="Sophomoric humor">Sophomoric humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_absurd" title="Theatre of the absurd">Theatre of the absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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