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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commedia_dell'arte_and_Shakespearean,_Elizabethan_comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commedia_dell'arte_and_Shakespearean,_Elizabethan_comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Commedia dell'arte and Shakespearean, Elizabethan comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commedia_dell'arte_and_Shakespearean,_Elizabethan_comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_to_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_to_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>19th to early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_to_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_theatre_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_theatre_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>20th century theatre and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_theatre_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_film,_records,_radio,_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_film,_records,_radio,_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>20th century film, records, radio, and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_film,_records,_radio,_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eastern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_aesthetics_and_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_aesthetics_and_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Indian aesthetics and drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_aesthetics_and_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_on_comic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_on_comic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Studies on comic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_on_comic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historical forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvisational_comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvisational_comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Improvisational comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvisational_comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Jokes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stand-up_comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stand-up_comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Stand-up comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stand-up_comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Events and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_comedians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_comedians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lists of comedians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_comedians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mass media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mass_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mass media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Audio recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Television and radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comedy_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Comedy networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comedy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Komedie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B6die" title="Komödie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Komödie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كوميديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوميديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedia" title="Comedia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Comedia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կատակերգութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կատակերգութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedia" title="Comedia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comedia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komediya" title="Komediya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Komediya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کومدی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کومدی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="হাস্যরসাত্মক সৃষ্টিকর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাস্যরসাত্মক সৃষ্টিকর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Камедыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камедыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Камэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камэдыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedya" title="Komedya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Komedya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedija" title="Komedija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Komedija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentc%27hoari" title="Fentc'hoari – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fentc'hoari" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8dia" title="Comèdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comèdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komedie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedi" title="Comedi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Comedi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komedie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B6die" title="Komödie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Komödie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B6%C3%B6dia" title="Komöödia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Komöödia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κωμωδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωμωδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedia" title="Comedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedio" title="Komedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia" title="Komedia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komedia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کمدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die" title="Comédie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comédie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeedzje" title="Komeedzje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Komeedzje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komediya" title="Komediya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Komediya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedia" title="Comedia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comedia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="喜劇 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="喜劇" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%AC%EA%B7%B9" title="희극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="희극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkwanci" title="Barkwanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Barkwanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կատակերգություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատակերգություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रहसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रहसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedija" title="Komedija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komedija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedio" title="Komedio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komedio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi" title="Komedi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komedi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Комеди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Комеди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia" title="Commedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="קומדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi" title="Komedi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komedi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ವೈನೋದಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈನೋದಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კომედია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომედია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichekesho" title="Vichekesho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vichekesho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9di" title="Komédi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Komédi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAkenok" title="Pêkenok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêkenok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoedia" title="Comoedia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Comoedia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C4%93dija" title="Komēdija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komēdija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedija" title="Komedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis%C9%9Bkisi" title="Lisɛkisi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisɛkisi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9dia" title="Komédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Komédia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Комедија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комедија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6" title="തമാശ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമാശ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კომედია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კომედია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كوميديا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوميديا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi" title="Komedi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komedi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasa" title="Lasa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lasa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komedie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="ख्यालः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ख्यालः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="喜劇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="喜劇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Komedie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komedie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8dia" title="Comèdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comèdia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komediya" title="Komediya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Komediya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹਾਸਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਸਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamedi" title="Kamedi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kamedi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia" title="Komedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komedia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9dia" title="Comédia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comédia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedie" title="Comedie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comedie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Комедія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Комедія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faleaitu" title="Faleaitu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faleaitu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B6die" title="Komödie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Komödie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia" title="Komedia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komedia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummedia" title="Cummedia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cummedia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comedy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9dia" title="Komédia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komédia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedija" title="Komedija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komedija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaajilo" title="Majaajilo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Majaajilo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کۆمیدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمیدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Комедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedija" title="Komedija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komedija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9di" title="Komédi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Komédi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia" title="Komedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Komedia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi" title="Komedi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Komedi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedya" title="Komedya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komedya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="நகைச்சுவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகைச்சுவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="สุขนาฏกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุขนาฏกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комедия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Комедия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi" title="Komedi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Komedi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Комедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комедія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%81" title="طربیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طربیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0i_k%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Hài kịch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hài kịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedeye" title="Comedeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Comedeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedya" title="Komedya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komedya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%89%A7" title="喜剧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喜剧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קאמעדיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמעדיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="喜劇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喜劇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomed%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Kuomedėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuomedėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="喜劇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喜劇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40831#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of dramatic works intended to be humorous</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genre of dramatic works. For the performing art, see <a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Comedy (drama)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Comedy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Comedy (disambiguation)">Comedy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Comedy</b> is a genre that consists of discourses or works intended to be <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humorous</a> or amusing by inducing <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">stand-up comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">or any other entertainment medium.</a> The term originated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> of voters was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> performed by <a href="/wiki/Comic_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic poets">comic poets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek theatre">theaters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatrical genre of <a href="/wiki/Greek_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comedy">Greek comedy</a> can be described as a dramatic performance pitting two groups, ages, genders, or societies against each other in an amusing <i><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">agon</a></i> or conflict. <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a> depicted these two opposing sides as a "Society of Youth" and a "Society of the Old".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions posing obstacles to his hopes. In this struggle, the youth then becomes constrained by his lack of social authority, and is left with little choice but to resort to ruses which engender dramatic <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, which provokes laughter.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a> and political satire use comedy to portray people or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor. <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">Parody</a> subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. </p><p>Other forms of comedy include <a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">screwball comedy</a>, which derives its humor largely from bizarre, surprising (and improbable) situations or characters, and <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a>, which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature. Similarly <a href="/wiki/Toilet_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Toilet humor">scatological humor</a>, sexual humor, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">race humor</a> create comedy by violating <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">social conventions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> in comic ways, which can often be taken as offensive by the subjects of the joke. A <a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">comedy of manners</a> typically takes as its subject a particular part of society (usually upper-class society) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members. <a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic comedy</a> is a popular genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms and focuses on the foibles of those who are falling in love. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/220px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/330px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/440px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tragic Comic Masks of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek Theatre</a> represented in the <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a> mosaic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dean Rubin says the word "comedy" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Classical Greek</a> κωμῳδία <i>kōmōidía</i>, which is a compound of <a href="/wiki/Komos" title="Komos">κῶμος</a> <i>kômos</i> (revel) and ᾠδή <i>ōidḗ</i> (singing; ode).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adjective "comic" (Greek κωμικός <i>kōmikós),</i> which strictly means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage, generally confined to the sense of "laughter-provoking".<sup id="cite_ref-Cornford1934pn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornford1934pn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of this, the word came into modern usage through the Latin <i>comoedia</i> and Italian <i>commedia</i> and has, over time, passed through various shades of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> confined their use of the <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> "comedy" to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average (where <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> was an imitation of men better than the average). However, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others; the mask, for instance, that excites laughter is something ugly and distorted without causing pain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> used the term in the title of his poem, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">La Commedia</a></i>. </p><p>As time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Ages, the term "comedy" became synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, and later with <a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">humour</a> in general. </p><p>Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)"><i>Poetics</i></a> was translated into <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, where it was elaborated upon by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Abu Bishr</a>, and his pupils <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>. They disassociated comedy from <a href="/wiki/Greek_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek drama">Greek dramatic</a> representation and instead identified it with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetic</a> themes and forms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">hija</a></i> (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension", and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a>, the term "comedy" gained a more general meaning in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century, many scholars preferred to use the term <i><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a></i> to refer to the whole <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> of the comic, in order to avoid the use of ambiguous and problematically defined genres such as the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_history">Western history</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dionysiac_origins,_Aristophanes_and_Aristotle"><span id="Dionysiac_origins.2C_Aristophanes_and_Aristotle"></span>Dionysiac origins, Aristophanes and Aristotle</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Comedy" title="Old Comedy">Old Comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samia_(Girl_from_Samos)_Mytilene_3cAD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Samia_%28Girl_from_Samos%29_Mytilene_3cAD.jpg/170px-Samia_%28Girl_from_Samos%29_Mytilene_3cAD.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Samia_%28Girl_from_Samos%29_Mytilene_3cAD.jpg/255px-Samia_%28Girl_from_Samos%29_Mytilene_3cAD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Samia_%28Girl_from_Samos%29_Mytilene_3cAD.jpg/340px-Samia_%28Girl_from_Samos%29_Mytilene_3cAD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman-era mosaic</a> depicting a scene from <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>'s comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Samia_(play)" title="Samia (play)">Samia</a></i> ("The Woman from Samos")</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from 425 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, a comic play and satirical author of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek Theater</a>, wrote 40 comedies, 11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Satyr_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyr plays">satyr plays</a>, which were often highly <a href="/wiki/Obscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene">obscene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only surviving examples of the satyr plays are by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, which are much later examples and not representative of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Greece, comedy originated in bawdy and <a href="/wiki/Ribald" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribald">ribald</a> songs or recitations apropos of <a href="/wiki/Phallic_processions" title="Phallic processions">phallic processions</a> and fertility festivals or gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornford1934p3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornford1934p3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 335 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, stated that comedy originated in <a href="/wiki/Phallic_processions" title="Phallic processions">phallic processions</a> and the light treatment of the otherwise base and ugly. He also adds that the origins of comedy are obscure because it was not treated seriously from its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, comedy had its own <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thalia_(muse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalia (muse)">Thalia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> taught that comedy was generally positive for society, since it brings forth happiness, which for <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was the ideal state, the final goal in any activity. For Aristotle, a comedy did not need to involve sexual humor. A comedy is about the fortunate rise of a sympathetic character. Aristotle divides comedy into three categories or subgenres: <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">romantic comedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> taught that comedy is a destruction to the self. He believed that it produces an emotion that overrides rational self-control and learning. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i>, he says that the guardians of the state should avoid laughter, "for ordinarily when one abandons himself to violent laughter, his condition provokes a violent reaction." Plato says comedy should be tightly controlled if one wants to achieve the ideal state. </p><p>Also in <i>Poetics</i>, Aristotle defined comedy as one of the original four genres of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>. The other three genres are <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>. Literature, in general, is defined by Aristotle as a <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a>, or imitation of life. Comedy is the third form of literature, being the most divorced from a true mimesis. Tragedy is the truest mimesis, followed by epic poetry, comedy, and lyric poetry. The genre of comedy is defined by a certain pattern according to Aristotle's definition. Comedies begin with low or base characters seeking insignificant aims and end with some accomplishment of the aims which either lightens the initial baseness or reveals the insignificance of the aims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commedia_dell'arte_and_Shakespearean,_Elizabethan_comedy"><span id="Commedia_dell.27arte_and_Shakespearean.2C_Elizabethan_comedy"></span>Commedia dell'arte and Shakespearean, Elizabethan comedy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MND_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MND_title_page.jpg/170px-MND_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MND_title_page.jpg/255px-MND_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MND_title_page.jpg/340px-MND_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the <a href="/wiki/First_quarto" class="mw-redirect" title="First quarto">first quarto</a> of Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" class="mw-redirect" title="Midsummer Night's Dream">Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i> (1600)</figcaption></figure> <p>"Comedy", in its <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> usage, had a very different meaning from modern comedy. A Shakespearean comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeare's other plays.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Punch_and_Judy" title="Punch and Judy">Punch and Judy</a> show has roots in the 16th-century Italian <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>. The figure of Punch derives from the Neapolitan stock character of <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911-punch_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-punch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figure who later became Mr. Punch made his first recorded appearance in England in 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-British_seaside_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_seaside-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punch and Judy are performed in the spirit of outrageous comedy — often provoking shocked laughter — and are dominated by the anarchic clowning of Mr. Punch.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appearing at a significant period in British history, professor Glyn Edwards states: "[Pulcinella] went down particularly well with Restoration British audiences, fun-starved after years of <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>. We soon changed Punch's name, transformed him from a marionette to a hand puppet, and he became, really, a spirit of Britain — a subversive maverick who defies authority, a kind of puppet equivalent to our <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoons</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-British_seaside_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_seaside-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_to_early_20th_century">19th to early 20th century</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></div> <p>In early 19th century England, <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> acquired its present form which includes slapstick comedy and featured the first mainstream clown <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grimaldi" title="Joseph Grimaldi">Joseph Grimaldi</a>, while comedy routines also featured heavily in British <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> theatre which became popular in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British <a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">comedians</a> who honed their skills in music hall sketches include <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Leno" title="Dan Leno">Dan Leno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karno_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karno-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English music hall comedian and theatre impresario <a href="/wiki/Fred_Karno" title="Fred Karno">Fred Karno</a> developed a form of sketch comedy without dialogue in the 1890s, and Chaplin and Laurel were among the comedians who worked for his company.<sup id="cite_ref-Karno_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karno-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karno was a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a>, and in his biography, Laurel stated, "Fred Karno didn't teach Charlie [Chaplin] and me all we know about comedy. He just taught us most of it".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film producer <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> stated: "Fred Karno is not only a genius, he is the man who originated slapstick comedy. We in Hollywood owe much to him."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> emerged in the 1880s and remained popular until the 1930s, and featured comedians such as <a href="/wiki/W._C._Fields" title="W. C. Fields">W. C. Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marx_Brothers" title="Marx Brothers">Marx Brothers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_theatre_and_art">20th century theatre and art</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal humour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absurdist_fiction" title="Absurdist fiction">Absurdist fiction</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal humour</a> (also known as 'absurdist humour'), or 'surreal comedy', is a form of <a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">humour</a> predicated on deliberate violations of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal</a> reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously <a href="/wiki/Illogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Illogical">illogical</a>. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, incongruity, <a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur_(literary_device)" title="Non sequitur (literary device)">non-sequiturs</a>, irrational or absurd situations and expressions of <a href="/wiki/Nonsense" title="Nonsense">nonsense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stockwell_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockwell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The humour arises from a subversion of audience's expectations, so that amusement is founded on <a href="/wiki/Predictability" title="Predictability">unpredictability</a>, separate from a logical analysis of the situation. The humour derived gets its appeal from the ridiculousness and unlikeliness of the situation. The genre has roots in <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> in the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-stockwell_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockwell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Lear_and_His_Cat_Foss_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Edward_Lear_and_His_Cat_Foss_1885.jpg/220px-Edward_Lear_and_His_Cat_Foss_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Edward_Lear_and_His_Cat_Foss_1885.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption><i>Edward Lear, Aged 73 and a Half and His Cat Foss, Aged 16</i>, an 1885 lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Surreal humour is the effect of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">illogic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absurdity" title="Absurdity">absurdity</a> being used for humorous effect. Under such premises, people can identify precursors and early examples of surreal humour at least since the 19th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i>, which both use illogic and absurdity (<a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a>-smoking <a href="/wiki/Caterpillars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillars">caterpillars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> matches using live <a href="/wiki/Flamingos" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingos">flamingos</a> as mallets, etc.) for humorous effect. Many of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a>'s children stories and poems contain <a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">nonsense</a> and are basically surreal in approach. For example, <i>The Story of the Four Little Children Who Went Round the World</i> (1871) is filled with contradictory statements and odd images intended to provoke amusement, such as the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After a time they saw some land at a distance; and when they came to it, they found it was an island made of water quite surrounded by earth. Besides that, it was bordered by evanescent isthmuses with a great Gulf-stream running about all over it, so that it was perfectly beautiful, and contained only a single tree, 503 feet high.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the early 20th century, several <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">dadaists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">futurists</a>, began to argue for an art that was random, jarring and illogical.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goals of these movements were in some sense serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity and self-satisfaction of the contemporary artistic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/establishment" class="extiw" title="wikt:establishment">establishment</a>. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing. </p><p>A famous example is <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> (1917), an inverted urinal signed "R. Mutt". This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history, and one of the earliest examples of the <a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found object</a> movement. It is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the item's function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_film,_records,_radio,_and_television"><span id="20th_century_film.2C_records.2C_radio.2C_and_television"></span>20th century film, records, radio, and television</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/220px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/330px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/440px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> as "<a href="/wiki/The_Tramp" title="The Tramp">The Tramp</a>" (1921)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Cosby_Don_Knotts_New_Bill_Cosby_Show_1973.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bill_Cosby_Don_Knotts_New_Bill_Cosby_Show_1973.JPG/170px-Bill_Cosby_Don_Knotts_New_Bill_Cosby_Show_1973.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bill_Cosby_Don_Knotts_New_Bill_Cosby_Show_1973.JPG/255px-Bill_Cosby_Don_Knotts_New_Bill_Cosby_Show_1973.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bill_Cosby_Don_Knotts_New_Bill_Cosby_Show_1973.JPG/340px-Bill_Cosby_Don_Knotts_New_Bill_Cosby_Show_1973.JPG 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Don_Knotts" title="Don Knotts">Don Knotts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> (1973)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim-Carrey-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jim-Carrey-2008.jpg/170px-Jim-Carrey-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jim-Carrey-2008.jpg/255px-Jim-Carrey-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jim-Carrey-2008.jpg/340px-Jim-Carrey-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> mugs for the camera.</figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of cinema in the late 19th century, and later radio and television in the 20th century broadened the access of comedians to the general public. <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, through silent film, became one of the best-known faces on Earth. The silent tradition lived on well into the late 20th century through mime artists like <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Marceau" title="Marcel Marceau">Marcel Marceau</a>, and the slapstick comedy of artists like <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Mr._Bean" title="Mr. Bean">Mr. Bean</a>). The tradition of the circus clown also continued, with such as <a href="/wiki/Bozo_the_Clown" title="Bozo the Clown">Bozo the Clown</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Popov" title="Oleg Popov">Oleg Popov</a> in Russia. Radio provided new possibilities — with Britain producing the influential <a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">surreal humour</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Goon_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Goon Show">Goon Show</a> after the Second World War. The Goons' influence spread to the American radio and <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording">recording</a> troupe <a href="/wiki/The_Firesign_Theatre" title="The Firesign Theatre">the Firesign Theatre</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="American cinema">American cinema</a> has produced a great number of globally renowned comedy artists, from <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Stooges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Stooges">Three Stooges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello" title="Abbott and Costello">Abbott and Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_and_Lewis" title="Martin and Lewis">Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Diller" title="Phyllis Diller">Phyllis Diller</a> during the mid-20th century, to performers like <a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> toward the end of the century. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> attracted many international talents like the British comics <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen" title="Sacha Baron Cohen">Sacha Baron Cohen</a>, Canadian comics <a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Myers" title="Mike Myers">Mike Myers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_comedy" title="Australian comedy">Australian comedian</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hogan" title="Paul Hogan">Paul Hogan</a>, famous for <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee" title="Crocodile Dundee">Crocodile Dundee</a></i>. Other centres of creative comic activity have been the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">cinema of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>, and French <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a>. </p><p>American television has also been an influential force in world comedy: with American series like <i><a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> achieving large followings around the world. British television comedy also remains influential, with quintessential works including <i><a href="/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" title="Fawlty Towers">Fawlty Towers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dad%27s_Army" title="Dad's Army">Dad's Army</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder" title="Blackadder">Blackadder</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Office (UK TV series)">The Office</a></i>. Australian satirist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Humphries" title="Barry Humphries">Barry Humphries</a>, whose comic creations include the housewife and "gigastar" Dame <a href="/wiki/Edna_Everage" class="mw-redirect" title="Edna Everage">Edna Everage</a>, for his delivery of Dadaist and <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurdist</a> humour to millions, was described by biographer Anne Pender in 2010 as not only "the most significant theatrical figure of our time ... [but] the most significant comedian to emerge since <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_history">Eastern history</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_aesthetics_and_drama">Indian aesthetics and drama</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81sya" title="Hāsya">Hāsya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_drama" title="Indian classical drama">Indian classical drama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratnavali" title="Ratnavali">Ratnavali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mrichakatika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrichakatika">Mrichakatika</a></div> <p>By 200 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> defined humour (<i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81sya" title="Hāsya">hāsyam</a></i>) as one of the nine <i><a href="/wiki/Nava_rasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nava rasas">nava rasas</a></i>, or principle <i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">rasas</a></i> (emotional responses), which can be inspired in the audience by <i><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">bhavas</a></i>, the imitations of emotions that the actors perform. Each <i>rasa</i> was associated with a specific <i>bhavas</i> portrayed on stage. In the case of humour, it was associated with mirth (<i>hasya</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies_on_comic_theory">Studies on comic theory</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Julien_Toussait_Roux_-_La_Com%C3%A9die_-_PA00085992_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Julien_Toussait_Roux_-_La_Com%C3%A9die_-_PA00085992_-_001.jpg/220px-Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Julien_Toussait_Roux_-_La_Com%C3%A9die_-_PA00085992_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Julien_Toussait_Roux_-_La_Com%C3%A9die_-_PA00085992_-_001.jpg/330px-Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Julien_Toussait_Roux_-_La_Com%C3%A9die_-_PA00085992_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Julien_Toussait_Roux_-_La_Com%C3%A9die_-_PA00085992_-_001.jpg/440px-Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Julien_Toussait_Roux_-_La_Com%C3%A9die_-_PA00085992_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <i>La Comedie</i> by Jules Toussaint Roux, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The phenomena connected with <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a> and that which provokes it have been carefully investigated by psychologists. They agree the predominant characteristics are incongruity or contrast in the object and shock or emotional seizure on the part of the subject. It has also been held that the feeling of superiority is an essential factor: thus <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> speaks of laughter as a "sudden glory". Modern investigators have paid much attention to the origin both of laughter and of smiling, as well as the development of the "play instinct" and its emotional expression. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Meredith" title="George Meredith">George Meredith</a> said that "One excellent test of the civilization of a country ... I take to be the flourishing of the Comic idea and Comedy, and the test of true Comedy is that it shall awaken thoughtful laughter." Laughter is said to be the cure for being sick. Studies show that people who laugh more often get sick less.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Kenneth Burke</a> writes that the "comic frame" in rhetoric is "neither wholly euphemistic, nor wholly debunking—hence it provides the charitable attitude towards people that is required for purposes of persuasion and co-operation, but at the same time maintains our shrewdness concerning the simplicities of 'cashing in.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the comic frame is to satirize a given circumstance and promote change by doing so. The comic frame makes fun of situations and people, while simultaneously provoking thought.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comic frame does not aim to vilify in its analysis, but rather, rebuke the stupidity and foolery of those involved in the circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> uses the "comic frame" to intervene in political arguments, often offering crude humor in sudden contrast to serious news. In a segment on <a href="/wiki/President_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Obama">President Obama</a>'s trip to China, Stewart remarks on America's debt to the Chinese government while also having a weak relationship with the country. After depicting this dismal situation, Stewart shifts to speak directly to President Obama, calling upon him to "shine that turd up."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Stewart and his audience, introducing coarse language into what is otherwise a serious commentary on the state of foreign relations serves to frame the segment comically, creating a serious tone underlying the comedic agenda presented by Stewart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Comedic genres</a></div> <p>Comedy may be divided into multiple <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> based on the source of humor, the method of delivery, and the context in which it is delivered. The different forms of comedy often overlap, and most comedy can fit into multiple genres. Some of the subgenres of comedy are <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">comedy of manners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. </p><p>Some comedy apes certain cultural forms: for instance, parody and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> often imitate the conventions of the genre they are parodying or satirizing. For example, in the United States, parodies of newspapers and television news include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a></i>; in Australia, shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kath_%26_Kim" title="Kath & Kim">Kath & Kim</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Utopia (Australian TV series)"><i>Utopia</i></a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Micallef%27s_Mad_as_Hell" title="Shaun Micallef's Mad as Hell">Shaun Micallef's Mad As Hell</a></i> perform the same role. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Self-deprecation" title="Self-deprecation">Self-deprecation</a> is a technique of comedy used by many comedians who focus on their misfortunes and foibles in order to entertain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Comedy (drama)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_forms">Historical forms</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman comedy">Ancient Roman comedy</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">Burlesque</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a> to <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_comedy" title="City comedy">Citizen comedy</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dekker (poet)">Thomas Dekker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clowns</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tarlton" title="Richard Tarlton">Richard Tarlton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kempe" title="William Kempe">William Kempe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Armin" title="Robert Armin">Robert Armin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_intrigue" title="Comedy of intrigue">Comedy of intrigue</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wycherley" title="William Wycherley">William Wycherley</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">William Congreve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/David_Campton" title="David Campton">David Campton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">comédie larmoyante</a></i> or 'tearful comedy', as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Claude_Nivelle_de_La_Chauss%C3%A9e" title="Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée">Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier" title="Louis-Sébastien Mercier">Louis-Sébastien Mercier</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kom%C3%B6dianten_18Jh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kom%C3%B6dianten_18Jh.png/220px-Kom%C3%B6dianten_18Jh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kom%C3%B6dianten_18Jh.png/330px-Kom%C3%B6dianten_18Jh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kom%C3%B6dianten_18Jh.png/440px-Kom%C3%B6dianten_18Jh.png 2x" data-file-width="4695" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></i> in the 18th century</figcaption></figure></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></i>, as practiced in the twentieth century by <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold">Vsevolod Meyerhold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Copeau" title="Jacques Copeau">Jacques Copeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Georges_Feydeau" title="Georges Feydeau">Georges Feydeau</a> to <a href="/wiki/Joe_Orton" title="Joe Orton">Joe Orton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">Jester</a></li> <li>Laughing comedy, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/George_Etherege" title="George Etherege">George Etherege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh">John Vanbrugh</a></li> <li>Sentimental comedy, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a>, as practiced by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealist</a> performance, usually in <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>, used by some critics to describe <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Comic theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical comedy">Musical comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">Comic opera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improvisational_comedy">Improvisational comedy</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouffon" title="Bouffon">Bouffon</a> comedy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Clowns">Clowns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jokes">Jokes</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-liner_joke" class="mw-redirect" title="One-liner joke">One-liner joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonde_jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blonde jokes">Blonde jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy-dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Englishman,_an_Irishman_and_a_Scotsman" title="An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman">Paddy Irishman joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish jokes">Polish jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_bulb_jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb jokes">Light bulb jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock-knock_joke" title="Knock-knock joke">Knock-knock joke</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stand-up_comedy">Stand-up comedy</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a> is a mode of comic performance in which the performer addresses the audience directly, usually speaking in their own person rather than as a dramatic <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">character</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist (entertainment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_and_awards">Events and awards</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Comedy_Awards" title="American Comedy Awards">American Comedy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Comedy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="British Comedy Awards">British Comedy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comedy_Awards" title="Canadian Comedy Awards">Canadian Comedy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Laughs" title="Cat Laughs">Cat Laughs Comedy Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Festival" title="The Comedy Festival">The Comedy Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</a>, formerly the HBO Comedy Arts Festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Comedy_Festival" title="Edinburgh Comedy Festival">Edinburgh Comedy Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Comedy_Festival" title="Halifax Comedy Festival">Halifax Comedy Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_for_Laughs" title="Just for Laughs">Just for Laughs</a> festival, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Comedy_Festival" title="Leicester Comedy Festival">Leicester Comedy Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain_Prize_for_American_Humor" title="Mark Twain Prize for American Humor">Mark Twain Prize for American Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Comedy_Festival" title="Melbourne International Comedy Festival">Melbourne International Comedy Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_International_Comedy_Festival" title="New Zealand International Comedy Festival">New Zealand International Comedy Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Underground_Comedy_Festival" title="New York Underground Comedy Festival">New York Underground Comedy Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HK_International_Comedy_Festival" title="HK International Comedy Festival">HK International Comedy Festival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_comedians">Lists of comedians</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedians" title="List of comedians">List of comedians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedians#Comedy_groups" title="List of comedians">List of comedians#Comedy groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stand-up_comedians" title="List of stand-up comedians">List of stand-up comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">List of musical comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comedians" title="List of Australian comedians">List of Australian comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_comedians" title="List of British comedians">List of British comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comedians" title="List of Canadian comedians">List of Canadian comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comedians" title="List of Filipino comedians">List of Filipino comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_comedians" title="List of Finnish comedians">List of Finnish comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_language_comedians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German language comedians">List of German language comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comedians" title="List of Indian comedians">List of Indian comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comedians" title="List of Italian comedians">List of Italian comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_comedians" title="List of Mexican comedians">List of Mexican comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_comedians" title="List of Puerto Rican comedians">List of Puerto Rican comedians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_media">Mass media</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_poetry" title="Light poetry">Light poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_journalism" title="Comedic journalism">Comedic journalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchic_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchic comedy film">Anarchic comedy film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-out_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-out film">Gross-out film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwball comedy film">Screwball comedy film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick film</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_recording">Audio recording</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Comedy album</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_radio">Television and radio</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Situation_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Situation comedy">Situation comedy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio comedy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comedy_networks">Comedy networks</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_sitcom" title="British sitcom">British sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy" title="British comedy">British comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a> – television channel devoted strictly to comedy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Nights_with_Kapil" title="Comedy Nights with Kapil">Comedy Nights with Kapil</a> – Indian television program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_television_comedy" title="German television comedy">German television comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_TV_shows_remade_for_the_American_market" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British TV shows remade for the American market">List of British TV shows remade for the American market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Comedy_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Comedy (Spain)">Paramount Comedy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Paramount Comedy</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Comedy_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Comedy 1">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Comedy_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Comedy 2">2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBS_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TBS (TV network)">TBS (TV network)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel" title="The Comedy Channel">The Comedy Channel</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Comedy Channel (UK)">The Comedy Channel (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Comedy Channel (United States)">The Comedy Channel (United States)</a> – merged into <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha!_(TV_channel)" title="Ha! (TV channel)">HA!</a> – merged into <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_Comedy_Channel" title="CTV Comedy Channel">CTV Comedy Channel</a> – Canadian TV channel formerly known as The Comedy Network.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_(UK_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold (UK TV channel)">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Comedy" title="Sky Comedy">Sky Comedy</a> – British comedy network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Gold_(TV_channel)" title="Comedy Gold (TV channel)">Comedy Gold</a> – a Canadian comedy channel, the <a href="/wiki/CTV_Comedy_Channel" title="CTV Comedy Channel">CTV Comedy Channel</a> is a sister to it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bip_(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="Bip (Israeli TV channel)">Bip</a> – Israeli comedy channel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMirC-laugh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/28px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/42px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/56px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Comedy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_television_series" title="List of comedy television series">List of comedy television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List of genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comedy_films" title="Lists of comedy films">Lists of comedy films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_humor" title="Theories of humor">Theories of humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_comedy" title="Women in comedy">Women in comedy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, J. (1993) <i>Comic Hero versus Political Elite</i> pp. 307–19 in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSommerstein,_A.H.S._HalliwellJ._HendersonB._Zimmerman1993" class="citation book cs1">Sommerstein, A.H.; S. Halliwell; J. Henderson; B. Zimmerman, eds. (1993). <i>Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis</i>. Bari: Levante Editori.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedy%2C+Comedy+and+the+Polis&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=Levante+Editori&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism" title="Anatomy of Criticism">Anatomy of Criticism</a>, 1957)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marteinson, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/comedy">comedy (n.)</a> "The old derivation from <i>kome</i> "village" is not now regarded."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornford1934pn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornford1934pn_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornford (1934)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_McKeon" title="Richard McKeon">McKeon, Richard</a>. <i>The Basic Works Of Aristotle</i>, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001, p. 1459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber1958" class="citation journal cs1">Webber, Edwin J. (January 1958). "Comedy as Satire in Hispano-Arabic Spain". <i>Hispanic Review</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F470561">10.2307/470561</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/470561">470561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.atitle=Comedy+as+Satire+in+Hispano-Arabic+Spain&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1958-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F470561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F470561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=Edwin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman Braet, Guido Latré, Werner Verbeke (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mqDEpy0YUsC&pg=PA1"><i>Risus mediaevalis: laughter in medieval literature and art</i></a> p.1 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The deliberate use by Menard of the term 'le rire' rather than 'l'humour' reflects accurately the current evidency to incorporate all instances of the comic in the analysis, while the classification in genres and fields such as grotesque, humour and even irony or satire always poses problems. The terms humour and laughter are therefore pragmatically used in recent historiography to cover the entire spectrum.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ménard, Philippe (1988) <i>Le rire et le sourire au Moyen Age dans la littérature et les arts. Essai de problématique</i> in Bouché, T. and Charpentier H. (eds., 1988) <i>Le rire au Moyen Âge, Actes du colloque international de Bordeaux</i>, pp. 7–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristophanes (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhaawA_m9SEC&pg=PR9"><i>Lysistrata</i></a>, Introduction, p.ix, published by Nick Hern Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reckford, Kenneth J. (1987)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9MSdTvbOFAC&pg=PA105"><i>Aristophanes' Old-and-new Comedy: Six essays in perspective</i></a> p.105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornford1934p3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornford1934p3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_MacDonald_Cornford" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis MacDonald Cornford">Cornford, F.M.</a> (1934) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhE9AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Origin of Attic Comedy</i></a> pp.3–4 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That Comedy sprang up and took shape in connection with Dionysiac or Phallic ritual has never been doubted.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Aristot.+Poet.+1449a">"Aristotle, Poetics, lines beginning at 1449a"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Poetics%2C+lines+beginning+at+1449a&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DAristot.%2BPoet.%2B1449a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regan, Richard. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/rjregan/rrScom.htm">Shakespearean comedy</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911-punch-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb1911-punch_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wheeler, R. Mortimer (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Punch (puppet)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Punch_(puppet)">"Punch (puppet)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 648–649.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punch+%28puppet%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=648-649&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=R.+Mortimer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_seaside-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_seaside_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_seaside_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/7949781/Punch-and-Judy-around-the-world.html">"Punch and Judy around the world"</a></span>. The Telegraph. 11 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/7949781/Punch-and-Judy-around-the-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Punch+and+Judy+around+the+world&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2Fexpatlife%2F7949781%2FPunch-and-Judy-around-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17895716">"Mr Punch celebrates 350 years of puppet anarchy"</a>. BBC. 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mr+Punch+celebrates+350+years+of+puppet+anarchy&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-17895716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Richards (2014). "The Golden Age of Pantomime: Slapstick, Spectacle and Subversion in Victorian England". I.B.Tauris,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karno-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karno_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karno_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCabe, John. "Comedy World of Stan Laurel". p. 143. London: Robson Books, 2005, First edition 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2000" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Alan (2000). <i>Pimple, pranks & pratfalls: British film comedy before 1930</i>. Flicks Books. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pimple%2C+pranks+%26+pratfalls%3A+British+film+comedy+before+1930&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Flicks+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. P. Gallagher (1971). "Fred Karno: master of mirth and tears". p. 165. Hale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stockwell-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stockwell_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stockwell_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockwell2016" class="citation book cs1">Stockwell, Peter (1 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZhNDQAAQBAJ&q=Surreal+humour&pg=PA177"><i>The Language of Surrealism</i></a>. Macmillan Education UK. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39219-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39219-0"><bdi>978-1-137-39219-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Surrealism&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-137-39219-0&rft.aulast=Stockwell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZhNDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSurreal%2Bhumour%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLear2004" class="citation book cs1">Lear, Edward (2004-10-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13650/13650-h/13650-h.htm#children"><i>Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany, and Alphabets</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonsense+Songs%2C+Stories%2C+Botany%2C+and+Alphabets&rft.date=2004-10-08&rft.aulast=Lear&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F13650%2F13650-h%2F13650-h.htm%23children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuelensHendrixJansen2012" class="citation book cs1">Buelens, Geert; Hendrix, Harald; Jansen, Monica, eds. (2012). <i>The History of Futurism: The Precursors, Protagonists, and Legacies</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7387-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-7387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Futurism%3A+The+Precursors%2C+Protagonists%2C+and+Legacies&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7387-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayford2008" class="citation news cs1">Gayford, Martin (16 February 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3671180/Duchamps-Fountain-The-practical-joke-that-launched-an-artistic-revolution.html">"Duchamp's Fountain: The practical joke that launched an artistic revolution"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3671180/Duchamps-Fountain-The-practical-joke-that-launched-an-artistic-revolution.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Duchamp%27s+Fountain%3A+The+practical+joke+that+launched+an+artistic+revolution&rft.date=2008-02-16&rft.aulast=Gayford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fart%2F3671180%2FDuchamps-Fountain-The-practical-joke-that-launched-an-artistic-revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2010" class="citation web cs1">Meacham, Steve (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/books/absurd-moments-in-the-frocks-of-the-dame-20100914-15ar3.html">"Absurd moments: in the frocks of the dame"</a>. Brisbanetimes.com.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Absurd+moments%3A+in+the+frocks+of+the+dame&rft.pub=Brisbanetimes.com.au&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fabsurd-moments-in-the-frocks-of-the-dame-20100914-15ar3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Barton,_Annie_McGregor2014" class="citation book cs1">Robert Barton, Annie McGregor (3 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeUbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA218"><i>Theatre in Your Life</i></a>. CengageBrain. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-46348-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-46348-3"><bdi>978-1-285-46348-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+in+Your+Life&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=CengageBrain&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.isbn=978-1-285-46348-3&rft.au=Robert+Barton%2C+Annie+McGregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeUbCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ep.tc/realist/15/03.html">"An impolite interview with Lenny Bruce"</a>. <i>The Realist</i> (15): 3. February 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Realist&rft.atitle=An+impolite+interview+with+Lenny+Bruce&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1960-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ep.tc%2Frealist%2F15%2F03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith1987" class="citation web cs1">Meredith, George (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emotional-literacy-education.com/classic-books-online-b/esycm10.htm">"Essay on Comedy, Comic Spirit"</a>. Encyclopedia of the Self, by Mark Zimmerman<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essay+on+Comedy%2C+Comic+Spirit&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+the+Self%2C+by+Mark+Zimmerman&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femotional-literacy-education.com%2Fclassic-books-online-b%2Fesycm10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233322/http://newantichoicerhetoric.web.unc.edu/the-comedic-frame/">"The Comic Frame"</a>. <i>newantichoicerhetoric.web.unc.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newantichoicerhetoric.web.unc.edu/the-comedic-frame/">the original</a> on 2013-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newantichoicerhetoric.web.unc.edu&rft.atitle=The+Comic+Frame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewantichoicerhetoric.web.unc.edu%2Fthe-comedic-frame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kbjournal.org/biebel">"Standing Up for Comedy: Kenneth Burke and The Office – KB Journal"</a>. <i>www.kbjournal.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kbjournal.org&rft.atitle=Standing+Up+for+Comedy%3A+Kenneth+Burke+and+The+Office+%E2%80%93+KB+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kbjournal.org%2Fbiebel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ithaca.edu/hs/history/journal/papers/sp02comedyandtragedy.html">"History – School of Humanities and Sciences"</a>. <i>www.ithaca.edu</i>. Ithaca College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ithaca.edu&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+School+of+Humanities+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ithaca.edu%2Fhs%2Fhistory%2Fjournal%2Fpapers%2Fsp02comedyandtragedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trischa Goodnow Knapp (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ9Gu4-tYsQC&pg=PA237"><i>The Daily Show and Rhetoric: Arguments, Issues, and Strategies</i></a>. p. 327. Lexington Books, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This list was compiled with reference to <i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i> (1998).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckham1827" class="citation book cs1">Buckham, Philip Wentworth (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IjAZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Theatre of the Greeks</i></a>. J. Smith. <q>The Theatre of the Greeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+of+the+Greeks&rft.pub=J.+Smith&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Buckham&rft.aufirst=Philip+Wentworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_IjAZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern1980" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Edith G. (1980). <i>The Absolute Comic</i> (First ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231049085" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231049085"><bdi>978-0231049085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Absolute+Comic&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0231049085&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Edith+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarteinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Marteinson, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321015313/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/french/as-sa/editors/origins.html"><i>On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter</i></a>. Ottawa: Legas Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/french/as-sa/editors/origins.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Problem+of+the+Comic%3A+A+Philosophical+Study+on+the+Origins+of+Laughter&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Legas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Marteinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chass.utoronto.ca%2Ffrench%2Fas-sa%2Feditors%2Forigins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/as-sa/editors/origins.html">The Origins of Laughter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716142240/http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/as-sa/editors/origins.html">Archived</a> 2020-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Pickard-Cambridge, Sir Arthur Wallace <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyramb</a>, Tragedy, and Comedy </i>, 1927.</li> <li><i>The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens</i>, 1946.</li> <li><i>The Dramatic Festivals of Athens</i>, 1953.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaskin1985" class="citation book cs1">Raskin, Victor (1985). <i>The Semantic Mechanisms of Humor</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1821-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1821-1"><bdi>978-90-277-1821-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semantic+Mechanisms+of+Humor&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-90-277-1821-1&rft.aulast=Raskin&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiu1999" class="citation journal cs1">Riu, Xavier (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-06-13.html">"Dionysism and Comedy"</a>. <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Dionysism+and+Comedy&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Riu&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fbmcr%2F2000%2F2000-06-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSourvinou-Inwood2003" class="citation book cs1">Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane (2003). <i>Tragedy and Athenian Religion</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0400-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedy+and+Athenian+Religion&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0400-2&rft.aulast=Sourvinou-Inwood&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrypanis1981" class="citation book cs1">Trypanis, C.A. (1981). <i>Greek Poetry from Homer to Seferis</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Poetry+from+Homer+to+Seferis&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Trypanis&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles1991" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, David (1991). <i>The Masked Menander: Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40135-7"><bdi>978-0-521-40135-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masked+Menander%3A+Sign+and+Meaning+in+Greek+and+Roman+Performance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40135-7&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComedy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbu.edu/mitchell/comedydi.htm">A Vocabulary for Comedy</a> (definitions are taken from Harmon, William & C. Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. 7th ed.)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Collaborative_play_writing" class="extiw" title="v:Collaborative play writing">Collaborative play writing</a> at Wikiversity</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Comedy" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Comedy">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comedy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Comedy">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comedy_footer" title="Template talk:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy" title="Category:Comedy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatre" title="Template:Theatre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theatre" title="Template talk:Theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Medieval</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age#Lope_de_Vega_and_Spanish_drama" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">French Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_drama" title="Augustan drama">Augustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theatre" title="Postmodern theatre">Postmodern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth-century_theatre" title="Nineteenth-century theatre">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre" title="Twentieth-century theatre">20th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_twentieth-century_theatre" title="Timeline of twentieth-century theatre">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">Radio drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">Variety show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">Stagecraft</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">Scenography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cue_(theatrical)" title="Cue (theatrical)">Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtain Call">Curtain Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_(theatre)" title="Stage (theatre)">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater (structure)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_constraints" title="Theatrical constraints">Theatrical constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_rehearsal" title="Technical rehearsal">Technical rehearsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_week" title="Technical week">Technical week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">Set construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">Theatrical property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume construction">Costume construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatre_personnel" title="List of theatre personnel">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_management_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Production management (theater)">Production management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Company management">Company management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)" title="Carpenter (theatre)">Carpenter (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician_(theatre)" title="Electrician (theatre)">Electrician (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnician" title="Pyrotechnician">Pyrotechnician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_crew" title="Running crew">Running crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_operator" title="Spotlight operator">Spotlight operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical Technician">Theatrical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_crew" title="Technical crew">Technical crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting designer">Lighting designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenic designer">Scenic designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_crew" title="Running crew">Running crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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