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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_satire" title="Politisk satire – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politisk satire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tira_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Sátira política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sátira política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="طنز سیاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طنز سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire_politique" title="Satire politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Satire politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satir_politik" title="Satir politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Satir politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tira_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Sátira política – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sátira política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Политическая сатира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая сатира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Политичка сатира – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политичка сатира" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_satir" title="Politisk satir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk satir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_hiciv" title="Siyasi hiciv – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyasi hiciv" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%AB%B7%E5%88%BA" title="政治諷刺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政治諷刺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political commentary in a style of humor based on parody</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/300px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/450px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/600px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a> (1792–1878) was one of the first to pioneer the genre of <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoons</a>. In this 1823 depiction, the French monarch <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> fails to fit into <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s boots as his crown falls from his head. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg/220px-Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg/330px-Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg/440px-Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>A satire by <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Agostini" title="Angelo Agostini">Angelo Agostini</a> to <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_Illustrada" title="Revista Illustrada">Revista Illustrada</a></i> mocking the lack of interest from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> in politics toward the end of his reign.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Political satire</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> that specializes in gaining entertainment from <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. Political satire can also act as a tool for advancing political arguments in conditions where political speech and dissent are banned. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/220px--Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="138" data-mwtitle="Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm/Honest_Government_Ad_-_Australia_Day.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Example of contemporary Australian political satire presented as a <a href="/wiki/Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">parody advertisement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Political satire is usually distinguished from political <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">political dissent</a>, as it does not necessarily carry an agenda nor seek to influence the political process. While occasionally it may, it more commonly aims simply to provide entertainment. By its very nature, it rarely offers a constructive view in itself; when it is used as part of protest or dissent, it tends to simply establish the error of matters rather than provide solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the exaggerated<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manner of these parodies, satirical news shows can more effectively sway their audiences to believe specific ideas by overemphasizing the flaws of the critiqued subject.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be very harmful to the reputation of public figures or organizations since the satire frames them in a comical way.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_genres">Origins and genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satire can be traced back throughout history; wherever organized <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, or social categories have existed, so has satire.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest example that has survived until today is <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>. In his time, satire targeted top politicians, like Cleon,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and religion, at the time headed by Zeus. "Satire and derision progressively attacked even the fundamental and most sacred facts of faith," leading to an increased doubt towards religion by the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman period, for example, gives us the satirical poems and epigrams of <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a> philosophers often engaged in political satire. </p><p>Due to the lack of political freedom of speech in many ancient civilizations, <a href="/wiki/Covert_satire" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert satire">covert satire</a> is more common than overt satire in ancient literature of <a href="/wiki/Political_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalism">political liberalism</a>. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> was remarkably influenced by the political <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> performed by the <a href="/wiki/Comic_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic poets">comic poets</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek theatre">theatres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watching or reading satire has since ancient times been considered one of the best ways to understand a culture and a society.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th and 21st centuries, satire was found in an increasing number of media (in <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoons</a> with heavy <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> and exaggeration and <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_magazines" title="List of political magazines">political magazines</a>) and the parallel exposure of <a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">political scandals</a> to performances (including <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> shows). Examples include musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a> incorporating lyrics which targeted the army and the church,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> live performance groups like the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Steps" title="Capitol Steps">Capitol Steps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Logging_and_Ballet_Co." title="Montana Logging and Ballet Co.">Montana Logging and Ballet Co.</a>, and public television and live performer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Russell" title="Mark Russell">Mark Russell</a> who made satirist comments to both democrats and republicans alike.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional subgenres include such literary classics as <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i>, and more recently, the digital <a href="/wiki/Online_magazine" title="Online magazine">online magazine</a> and website sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Well-known_examples_of_political_satire">Well-known examples of political satire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Well-known examples of political satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early and well-known piece of political satire is a poem by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1308</span>–1320). In this piece, Dante suggests that politicians of that time in Florence should travel to hell. Another well-known form of political satire through theater is <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i>, which criticized politics and authority figures of the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One example is <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Joly" title="Maurice Joly">Maurice Joly</a>'s 1864 pamphlet entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dialogue_in_Hell_Between_Machiavelli_and_Montesquieu" title="The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu">The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu</a></i> (<i>Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu</i>), which attacks the political ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>. It was first published in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1864. The piece used the literary device of a <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> between two diabolical plotters in <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, the historical characters of <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, to cover up a direct, and illegal, attack on Napoleon's rule. The noble baron Montesquieu made the case for <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> political writer Machiavelli presented the case for cynical <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>. In this manner, Joly communicated the secret ways in which liberalism might spawn a despot like Napoleon III.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literacy rate in France was roughly 30 percent in the 19th century making it virtually impossible for people of lower classes to engage in political satire. However, visual arts could be interpreted by anyone, and a man named Charles Philipon took advantage creating two weekly magazines, La Caricature and Le Charivari – the cheaper of the two. Philipon used his papers, which had become more and more popular across France, as a threat to the King, Louis-Philippe, as the papers used satire and humor to criticize the government and King. Several attempts to suppress the two magazines were made by the monarchy which would only make the articles more critical. Philipon was eventually taken to court and sentenced to 13 months in prison following several more arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drawings that originally sent Philipon to court were drawings that turned the King into a pear over the course of the drawings. The people of France began to recognize that King Louis-Philippe really did look like a pear and could not separate the two. People began to sarcastically state that pears should be banned in the country as cutting one would be a threat towards the King, Louis-Philippe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kabarett" title="Kabarett">Kabarett</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a>, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was actually "a keen satirist".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Nietzsche's satire" was aimed at Lutheranism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kladderadatsch and Simplicissimus were two sources of political satire in Germany during the 18-19 century, both of which show how satire can be used to see cultural history in societies. Popularity in press and satirical jokes flourished in the 19th century as thousands of new magazines emerged in Germany. Magazines and newspapers began to exceed the consumption of books and became one of the most popular forms of media in Germany at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK has a long tradition of political satire, dating from the early years of English literature. In some readings, a number of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s plays can be seen – or at least performed – as satire, including <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i>. Later examples such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></i> are more outright in their satirical nature. </p><p>Through the 18th and 19th centuries <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a> developed as graphic form of satire, with dedicated satirical magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> (launched 1841) appearing in the first half of the 19th century. A local satirical newspaper, <i>The Town Crier</i>, launched in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in 1861, has been described as setting out, through humour, to compare "municipal government as it was – in incompetent hands – with municipal government as it might be".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 1960s saw the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Satire_boom" title="Satire boom">satire boom</a>", of which the most prominent products were the stage <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revue</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Fringe" title="Beyond the Fringe">Beyond the Fringe</a></i> (debuted 1960), the fortnightly magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a></i> (launched 1961) and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> TV show <i><a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a></i> (1962–1963). More recent examples have included topical television panel shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You" title="Have I Got News for You">Have I Got News for You</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mock_the_Week" title="Mock the Week">Mock the Week</a></i>, and television series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Monkeys" title="Ballot Monkeys">Ballot Monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mash_Report" title="The Mash Report">The Mash Report</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a></i>. </p><p>Key political cartoonists in the United Kingdom include people such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brookes" title="Peter Brookes">Peter Brookes</a> who has been a political cartoonist for <i>The Times</i> since 1992 and Nicola Jennings who features regularly in <i>The Guardian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comedian Tom Walker is famous for playing a political correspondent under the name of "<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pie" title="Jonathan Pie">Jonathan Pie</a>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Street_art">Street art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Street art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Street artists like <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> have used dark political humor and witty political and social commentaries, primarily through <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, to comment on various themes such as capitalism, imperialism and war.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banksy's pieces which feature street art on political satire include "Stop and Search" which illustrates the character <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> being searched by a police officer. Banksy mocks politicians opinions on <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> as innocent Dorothy is being questioned by the police which is a representation of police brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bomb Hugger" is another one of Banksy's pieces which displays a young woman hugging a bomb which was dropped by military planes.<sup id="cite_ref-hepner_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepner-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticizes the nature of war and the opinions of politicians on the subject as the woman represents innocence being directly impacted by the "dark" bomb symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-hepner_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepner-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political satire has played a role in American Politics since the 1700s. Under <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George</a>'s rule, the colonies used political cartoons to criticize the parliament and fight for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-voanews.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founding father <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was a notable political satirist. He employed satire in several essays, including <i><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires">Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One</a></i> and <i>A Witch Trial at Mount Holly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartoons continued to provide commentary on American politics. In the late 1800s, editorial cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> employed political satire to tackle issues like corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-voanews.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst other notable political satirists is well-known author <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, who used satire to criticize and comment on slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-voanews.com_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930's, political satire dominated <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>. Lyricist <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> and playwright <a href="/wiki/Moss_Hart" title="Moss Hart">Moss Hart</a> co-wrote the popular musical <i><a href="/wiki/As_Thousands_Cheer" title="As Thousands Cheer">As Thousands Cheer</a></i>. The Broadway show poked fun at politics by referencing topical news articles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satire became more visible on American television during the 1960s. Some of the early shows that used political satire include the British and American versions of the program <i><a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a></i> (airing on the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a>, or ABC, in the U.S.), <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smothers_Brothers_Comedy_Hour" title="The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour">The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rowan_and_Martin%27s_Laugh-In" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In">Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In</a></i>. During the months leading up to the 1968 presidential election, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> appeared on <i>Laugh-In</i> and repeated the program's catch-phrase "Sock it to me."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of satire of the 1960s and early 1970s typically used the sitcom format, such as the show <i><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></i>. </p><p>When <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> debuted in 1975, the show began to change the way that comedians would depict the president on television. <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase" title="Chevy Chase">Chevy Chase</a> opened the fourth episode of the show with his impersonation of a bumbling <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chase did not change his appearance to look like President Ford, and he portrayed the president by repeatedly falling down on the stage. Some of the other famous presidential impersonations on <i>Saturday Night Live</i> include <a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> caricatures, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Carvey" title="Dana Carvey">Dana Carvey</a> as <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Hammond" title="Darrell Hammond">Darrell Hammond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Hartman" title="Phil Hartman">Phil Hartman</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Ferrell" title="Will Ferrell">Will Ferrell</a> as <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Pharoah" title="Jay Pharoah">Jay Pharoah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Armisen" title="Fred Armisen">Fred Armisen</a> as <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. Hartman was the first in a long string of cast members to impersonate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, who was most famously impersonated by <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Hammond" title="Darrell Hammond">Darrell Hammond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a>, and currently <a href="/wiki/James_Austin_Johnson" title="James Austin Johnson">James Austin Johnson</a> impersonates him. Johnson also impersonates <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, who was also impersonated by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Sudeikis" title="Jason Sudeikis">Jason Sudeikis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a>. Political elites like Hillary Clinton are also famously impersonated on <i>Saturday Night Live</i>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential campaign</a>, <i>Saturday Night Live</i> gained wide attention because former cast member <a href="/wiki/Tina_Fey" title="Tina Fey">Tina Fey</a> returned to the show to satirize <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> vice presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>. In addition to Fey's striking physical resemblance to Palin, the impersonation of the vice presidential candidate was also noteworthy because of Fey's humorous use of some of exactly the same words Palin used in media interviews and campaign speeches as a way to perform political satire.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Saturday Night Live</i> also uses political satire throughout its <i><a href="/wiki/Weekend_Update" title="Weekend Update">Weekend Update</a></i> sketch. <i>Weekend Update</i> is a fake news segment on the show that satirizes politics and current events. It has been a part of <i>SNL</i> since the first episode of the show on October 11, 1975. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a></i> use stylistic formats that are similar to <i>Weekend Update</i>. On <i>The Daily Show</i>, host <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> used footage from news programs to satirize politics and the news media. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> performed in character on <i>The Colbert Report</i> as a right-wing news pundit. Both hosts' television programs were broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a>. <i>The Daily Show</i> continues to run with Stewart as the Monday host, and featured <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Trevor Noah</a> as the host from 2015–2022; Colbert became the host of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert" title="The Late Show with Stephen Colbert">The Late Show</a></i>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their shows, Stewart and Colbert helped increase public and academic discussion of the significance of political satire. <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher" title="Real Time with Bill Maher">Real Time with Bill Maher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Full_Frontal_with_Samantha_Bee" title="Full Frontal with Samantha Bee">Full Frontal with Samantha Bee</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a></i> are also examples of satirical news shows. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a> was recruited by members of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> to run a serious presidential campaign (<a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Vermin Supreme 2020 presidential campaign">Vermin Supreme 2020 presidential campaign</a>) which utilizes his satirical character to promote <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Middle_East">The Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, political satire was used to express political dissent and mobilize public opinion through shadow puppet shows, improvised folk theater and cartoons.<sup id="cite_ref-psmag.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psmag.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman Empire's first satirical magazine was called <i>Karagöz</i>, which translates to "Black eye."<sup id="cite_ref-psmag.com_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psmag.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_century">20th and 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkey is home to the political satire magazine known as <i>LeMan</i>, which published its 1000th issue in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LeMan is known for its political cartoons highlighting corruption, lampooning and shedding light on serious situations using humor. </p><p>One of the most-widely read satirists is Egyptian writer <a href="/wiki/Lenin_El-Ramly" title="Lenin El-Ramly">Lenin El-Ramly</a>, who is credited with over 30 scripts for films and television series and 12 plays. Another notable Egyptian satirist is <a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef" title="Bassem Youssef">Bassem Youssef</a>. </p><p>In Syria, in the year 2001 a satirical newspaper known as the <i>Lamplighter</i> was first published and resonated with the public as it sold out immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first independent paper in the country since 1965 and was created by cartoonist and satirist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Farzat" title="Ali Farzat">Ali Farzat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Censorship">Censorship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2002 example of censorship resulted in satirist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Farzat" title="Ali Farzat">Ali Farzat</a> having to remove two articles and a cartoon about the Prime Minister from a magazine, which was deemed insulting. Farzat's newspaper was subsequently shut down and his printing license was revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_politics">Influence in politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions">Contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the findings of the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Survey</a>, both younger and older audiences are turning to late-night comedy shows as not only a source of entertainment, but also for an opportunity to gain political awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, Geoffrey Baym suggests that shows that make use of political satire, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i>, should be considered as a form of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">alternative journalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilizing satire has shown to be an attractive feature in news programming, drawing in the audiences of less politically engaged demographic cohorts. Moreover, satire news programming can be considered alternative because satire plays an important role in dissecting and <a href="/wiki/Political_criticism" title="Political criticism">critiquing</a> power.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his article <i>The Daily Show: Discursive Integration and the Reinvention of Political Journalism</i>, Baym detailed how <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i>, then hosted by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a>, presented news stories. For the satire news show, presenting information in a comprehensive manner was used to give viewers a greater perspective of a situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, Stewart studded his segments with additional background information, or reminders of relevant and past details.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i> displayed the full video of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush's</a> comments regarding <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">Tenet's</a> resignation in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a deliberate choice by the show in attempt to give a more sincere representation of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it can be seen as a challenge and critique of what more traditional news shows failed to include.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, satire news can be seen as more informative than other news sources. Notably, research findings released by <a href="/wiki/National_Annenberg_Election_Survey" title="National Annenberg Election Survey">National Annenberg Election Survey (NAES)</a> concede that followers of satire news are more knowledgeable and consume more news than the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Joseph Faina has considered the satire used in news shows as a facilitator in developing a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">public journalism</a> practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Faina_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faina-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faina explains in his article that the nature of satire encourages viewers to become politically engaged, and a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">civic participant</a>, in which the humor exercised by hosts elicit responses in viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-Faina_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faina-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Faina has acknowledged that this model is somewhat idealistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Faina_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faina-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Faina argues that the potential still exists.<sup id="cite_ref-Faina_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faina-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not to mention, with the rise in technology and the growing ubiquity of cellular phones, it can be argued that civic participation is all the more easy to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenton_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenton-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_political_participation">Effects on political participation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effects on political participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern studies of the effects of political satire have shown that political satire has an influence on political participation,<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fact research has shown that an exposure to satire of a political nature evokes negative emotions which consequently mobilizes political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2017_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is documented that watching late-night comedy shows increases political participation due to the interpersonal discussions and online interaction that follows as a result of political satire.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2017_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, some scholars have expressed concern over the influence of political comedy shows, it is argued that rather than increase political participation it has the adverse effect. Rather than mobilize participation it can actually demobilize participation due to the negative analysis of political figures, leading to cynicism towards the government and electoral system.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2017_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that voter attitude shifts positively in relation to political figures who find humor in their ridicule.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has to do with the feeling of relating to politicians, who allow themselves to be seen as the comedians joke.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political satire may also be used to cover a presidential aspect that America has a problem with. Joe Biden utilized humor in his campaign for presidency as he joked about the concern of his age.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns">Concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though satire in news is celebrated as a vehicle toward a more informed public, such view is not universally shared among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have expressed their hesitancy toward the infiltration of lighthearted practices to cover more dire topics like political affair.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potentially off-color remarks, or vulgar comments made by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert" title="The Late Show with Stephen Colbert">The Late Show with Stephen Colbert</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Bee" title="Samantha Bee">Samantha Bee</a>, host of <i><a href="/wiki/Full_Frontal_with_Samantha_Bee" title="Full Frontal with Samantha Bee">Full Frontal with Samantha Bee</a></i>, can be used as examples of what critics are concerned about. Here, satire is believed to diminish the gravity of a topic.<sup id="cite_ref-Faina_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faina-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baym proposes that as these shows are <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">alternative</a>, they have no obligation to "abide by standard practices".<sup id="cite_ref-Baym_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baym-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike traditional news sources, which may be required to adhere to certain agendas, like political affiliation or advertising restrictions, hosts of satire news shows are free and zealous to showcase personal contributions through their mentions of disdain, qualms, and excitement. Critics of satire in news shows thus believe that the showcasing of an overly and openly frustrated host will induce or perpetuate "cynicism in viewers".<sup id="cite_ref-Young_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faina_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faina-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Financial Times argues that political satire can contribute to "media led populism",<sup id="cite_ref-FT_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is argued to be due to the mockery of politicians and public officials that is required to be accountable only to "audience maximisation",<sup id="cite_ref-FT_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is argued that this form of media led populism is more prevalent in the United States than the United Kingdom, as commentators who are both Liberal and Conservative are being used more often as the "main way" in which young viewers learn about current affairs. This is particularly troublesome when commentators use polemic and sarcasm in their satire as opposed to witty humour or impersonations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarett" title="Kabarett">Kabarett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_satire" title="News satire">News satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_frivolous_political_parties" title="List of frivolous political parties">List of frivolous political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_turtle" title="Post turtle">Post turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commentary" title="Social commentary">Social commentary</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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[...] To tell immoral and scandalous stories about the gods did not offend average religious feeling; it troubled only advanced spirits like Xenophanes and Pintar [...] and it is clear that people no longer believed either in the story or in Zeus. Satire and derision progressively attacked even the fundamental and most sacred facts of faith, above all faith in the gods' power, and it was from this that doubt began to grow.<br /> The power of the gods, whose dignity and stringth were impressively reflected in most of the tragedies, however different the religious attitudes of the tragic poets were, this same power was on the same festival days belittled and questioned by the comic poets who made fun of the gods and represented traditional and sacred forms in a starling manner.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, J. (1993) <i>Comic Hero versus Political Elite</i> pp.307-19 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerstein,_A.H.S._HalliwellJ._HendersonB._Zimmerman1993" class="citation book cs1">Sommerstein, A.H.; S. Halliwell; J. Henderson; B. Zimmerman, eds. (1993). <i>Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis</i>. 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Piscitelli (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.verizon.net/thelogos/lect-2.htm"><i>Before Socrates-Diotima</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013163231/http://mysite.verizon.net/thelogos/lect-2.htm">Archived</a> 2012-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Special Case of Aristophanes: Tribal and Civil Justice</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Life of Aristophanes</i>, pp.42-seq</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2018-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-03922-x">"Tom Lehrer at 90: a life of scientific satire"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>556</b> (7699): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.556...27R">2018Natur.556...27R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-03922-x">10.1038/d41586-018-03922-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32099219">32099219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4613295">4613295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Tom+Lehrer+at+90%3A+a+life+of+scientific+satire&rft.volume=556&rft.issue=7699&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-018-03922-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4613295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32099219&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.556...27R&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-018-03922-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalobroadcasters.com/inductee/mark-russell/">"Mark Russell"</a>. <i>Buffalo Broadcasters Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Broadcasters+Association&rft.atitle=Mark+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalobroadcasters.com%2Finductee%2Fmark-russell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolyWaggoner2002" class="citation book cs1">Joly, Maurice; Waggoner, John S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859537290"><i>The dialogue in hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu</i></a>. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5419-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5419-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-5419-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859537290">859537290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dialogue+in+hell+between+Machiavelli+and+Montesquieu&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859537290&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5419-9&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Waggoner%2C+John+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F859537290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Beard, Morgan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ouhonors1556290778710013"><i>La Satire Politique et la Liberte de la Presse au 19e Siecle (Political Satire and Freedom of the Press in 19th Century France)</i></a> (Thesis). Ohio University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=La+Satire+Politique+et+la+Liberte+de+la+Presse+au+19e+Siecle+%28Political+Satire+and+Freedom+of+the+Press+in+19th+Century+France%29&rft.inst=Ohio+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fapexprod%2Frws_olink%2Fr%2F1501%2F10%3Fclear%3D10%26p10_accession_num%3Douhonors1556290778710013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/Archives/Santayana%27s%20Criticism%20of%20Nietzsche.htm#The%20Superman">George Santayana : <i>Egotism in German Philosophy</i>. 1915. chapter 13.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kRbO4M5CB0C&dq=Nietzsche+%22Lutheran+revivalist%22&pg=PA109">Christa Davis Acampora & Ralph R. Acampora : <i>A Nietzchean Bestiary</i>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. p. 109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Ann Taylor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/901296820"><i>Satire and Society in Wilhelmine Germany</i></a>. The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-322-60152-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-322-60152-6"><bdi>978-1-322-60152-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/901296820">901296820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satire+and+Society+in+Wilhelmine+Germany&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F901296820&rft.isbn=978-1-322-60152-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Ann+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F901296820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs, Asa</a> (1993). "Birmingham: the making of a Civic Gospel". <i>Victorian Cities</i> (3rd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 184–240 (197–198).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birmingham%3A+the+making+of+a+Civic+Gospel&rft.btitle=Victorian+Cities&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=184-240+%28197-198%29&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawoodUpton2016" class="citation book cs1">Cawood, Ian; Upton, Chris (2016). "Joseph Chamberlain and the Birmingham satirical journals, 1876–1911". In Cawood, Ian; Upton, Chris (eds.). <i>Joseph Chamberlain: international statesman, national leader, local icon</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 176–210 (181–183). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137528841" title="Special:BookSources/9781137528841"><bdi>9781137528841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Chamberlain+and+the+Birmingham+satirical+journals%2C+1876%E2%80%931911&rft.btitle=Joseph+Chamberlain%3A+international+statesman%2C+national+leader%2C+local+icon&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=176-210+%28181-183%29&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137528841&rft.aulast=Cawood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Upton%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us">"News, sport and opinion from the Guardian's US edition | The Guardian"</a>. <i>www.theguardian.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theguardian.com&rft.atitle=News%2C+sport+and+opinion+from+the+Guardian%27s+US+edition+%7C+The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guyhepner.com/banksy-art-as-a-political-weapon/">"Banksy: Art as a Political Weapon | Guy Hepner NYC"</a>. <i>Guy Hepner | Art Gallery | Prints for Sale | Chelsea, New York City</i>. 2019-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guy+Hepner+%7C+Art+Gallery+%7C+Prints+for+Sale+%7C+Chelsea%2C+New+York+City&rft.atitle=Stop+and+Search+by+Banksy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guyhepner.com%2Fproduct%2Fstop-and-search-by-banksy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hepner-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hepner_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hepner_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guyhepner.com/product/bomb-love-bomb-hugger-by-banksy/">"Bomb Love (Bomb Hugger) by Banksy | Guy Hepner NYC"</a>. <i>Guy Hepner | Art Gallery | Prints for Sale | Chelsea, New York City</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guy+Hepner+%7C+Art+Gallery+%7C+Prints+for+Sale+%7C+Chelsea%2C+New+York+City&rft.atitle=Bomb+Love+%28Bomb+Hugger%29+by+Banksy+%7C+Guy+Hepner+NYC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guyhepner.com%2Fproduct%2Fbomb-love-bomb-hugger-by-banksy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voanews.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voanews.com_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voanews.com_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voanews.com_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/political-satire-as-old-as-politics/3645484.html">"Political Satire as Old as Politics"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i>. 2016-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Political+Satire+as+Old+as+Politics&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fpolitical-satire-as-old-as-politics%2F3645484.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/probing-question-how-old-political-satire/">"Probing Question: How old is political satire? | Penn State University"</a>. <i>www.psu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Has+Political+Satire+gone+Too+Far%3F&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F5784ac84-bc50-11df-8c02-00144feab49a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+satire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumerianshakespeare.com/2701.html">The Great Fatted Bull, the bull who would be king. The world's first political satire.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumerianshakespeare.com/533701/index.html">The Princess Wife. The world's second political satire.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">Physical media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influencer" title="Influencer">Influencers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7225114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7225114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7225114#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7792996-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Political satire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104430">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="politická satira"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=fd967155&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="politická satira"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136592&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563265705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641478">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&oldid=1259373456">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_satire&oldid=1259373456</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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