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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhist_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Buddhist missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Christian missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maryknoll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maryknoll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Maryknoll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maryknoll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hindu missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ananda_Marga_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ananda_Marga_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Ananda Marga missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ananda_Marga_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Islamic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_missionaries_during_Muhammad's_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_missionaries_during_Muhammad's_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Early Islamic missionaries during Muhammad's era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_missionaries_during_Muhammad's_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya_Islam_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya_Islam_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Ahmadiyya Islam missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya_Islam_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Jain missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Sikh missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenrikyo_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenrikyo_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Tenrikyo missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenrikyo_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact of missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_prominent_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_prominent_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lists of prominent missionaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lists_of_prominent_missionaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lists of prominent missionaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_prominent_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>American missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Christian_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Christian_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>British Christian missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Christian_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Missionary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendeling" title="Sendeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sendeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionar" title="Missionar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Missionar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="مبشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misioneru" title="Misioneru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Misioneru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionerlik" title="Missionerlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Missionerlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="ধর্মপ্রচারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মপ্রচারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%C3%A2n-k%C3%A0u-s%C5%AB" title="Thoân-kàu-sū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thoân-kàu-sū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Місіянерства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Місіянерства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misyonero" title="Misyonero – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Misyonero" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мисионер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мисионер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missioner" title="Missioner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Missioner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mision%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Misionář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Misionář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenhadwr" title="Cenhadwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenhadwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%C3%A6r" title="Missionær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Missionær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionar" title="Missionar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Missionar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjon%C3%A4r" title="Misjonär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Misjonär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misionero" title="Misionero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Misionero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiisto" title="Misiisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Misiisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiolari" title="Misiolari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Misiolari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA_%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="مبلغ مذهبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبلغ مذهبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionnaire_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Missionnaire chrétien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Missionnaire chrétien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindeling" title="Sindeling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sindeling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miseanaraidh" title="Miseanaraidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Miseanaraidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B2n-kau-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Chhòn-kau-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhòn-kau-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EA%B5%90%EC%82%AC" title="선교사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선교사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միսիոներություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միսիոներություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="धर्मप्रचारक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्मप्रचारक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misionarstvo" title="Misionarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Misionarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misionaris" title="Misionaris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Misionaris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithunywa_sevangeli" title="Isithunywa sevangeli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithunywa sevangeli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionario" title="Missionario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Missionario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მისიონერობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მისიონერობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Миссионерлік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миссионерлік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmisionari" title="Mmisionari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmisionari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misyoner%C3%AE" title="Misyonerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Misyonerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Миссионерлик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миссионерлик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarius" title="Missionarius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Missionarius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mision%C4%81rs" title="Misionārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Misionārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionnaire" title="Missionnaire – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Missionnaire" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misionaris" title="Misionaris – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Misionaris" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitt%C3%A9r%C3%ADt%C5%91" title="Hittérítő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hittérítő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мисионер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мисионер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="धर्मप्रसारक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धर्मप्रसारक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubaligh" title="Mubaligh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mubaligh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2ng-g%C3%A1u-s%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Diòng-gáu-sê̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diòng-gáu-sê̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaris" title="Missionaris – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Missionaris" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB" title="宣教師 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宣教師" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjon%C3%A6r" title="Misjonær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Misjonær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionerlik" title="Missionerlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Missionerlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjonarz" title="Misjonarz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Misjonarz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misionar" title="Misionar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Misionar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мисионер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мисионер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Миссионерство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миссионерство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Missionary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mision%C3%A1r" title="Misionár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Misionár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misijonar" title="Misijonar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Misijonar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мисионар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мисионар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misionarstvo" title="Misionarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Misionarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%C3%A4r" title="Missionär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Missionär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misyonero" title="Misyonero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Misyonero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மறைப்பணியாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறைப்பணியாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="มิชชันนารี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิชชันนารี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misyonerlik" title="Misyonerlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Misyonerlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Місіонер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місіонер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA" title="مبلغ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مبلغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_truy%E1%BB%81n_gi%C3%A1o" title="Nhà truyền giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà truyền giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" title="传教士 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="传教士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" title="傳教士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傳教士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" title="传教士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="传教士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubaligh" title="Mubaligh – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mubaligh" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219477#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Member of a religious group sent into an area to promote their faith</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Missionary (disambiguation)">Missionary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mission partner" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mission_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mission (disambiguation)">Mission (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Partner (disambiguation)">Partner (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IVE_Missionaries_in_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/IVE_Missionaries_in_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg/300px-IVE_Missionaries_in_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/IVE_Missionaries_in_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg/450px-IVE_Missionaries_in_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/IVE_Missionaries_in_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg/600px-IVE_Missionaries_in_Papua_New_Guinea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> missionaries in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>missionary</b> is a member of a <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious group</a> who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_Hale_2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Hale_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Latin" title="Bible translations into Latin">Latin translation of the Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> says the word when he sends the disciples into areas and commands them to preach the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> in his name. The term is most commonly used in reference to <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missions</a>, but it can also be used in reference to any <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>mission</i> originated in 1598 when <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, the members of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> sent members abroad, derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">missionem</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nom.</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">missio</i></span>), meaning 'act of sending' or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mittere</i></span>, meaning 'to send'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_religion">By religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_missions">Buddhist missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buddhist missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhism_Growth_in_Hellenic_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Buddhism_Growth_in_Hellenic_World.png/220px-Buddhism_Growth_in_Hellenic_World.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Buddhism_Growth_in_Hellenic_World.png/330px-Buddhism_Growth_in_Hellenic_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Buddhism_Growth_in_Hellenic_World.png/440px-Buddhism_Growth_in_Hellenic_World.png 2x" data-file-width="20000" data-file-height="11624" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> at the time of king Ashoka (260–218 BCE), according to his <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/220px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/330px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/440px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> teaching a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> monk. <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik">Bezeklik</a>, 9th–10th century; although <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a> (1913) assumed the <a href="/wiki/Blue_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue eyes">blue-eyed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red-haired</a> monk was a <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern scholarship has identified similar <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian figures</a> of <a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" title="File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg">the same cave temple</a> (No. 9) as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gasparini_2014_pp134-163_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasparini_2014_pp134-163-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian people">Eastern Iranian people</a> who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> as an ethnic minority community during the phases of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Chinese</a> (7th–8th century) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Uyghur rule</a> (9th–13th century).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Buddhist missionaries were called "Dharma Bhanaks", and some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> see a missionary charge in the symbolism behind the Buddhist wheel, which is said to travel all over the earth bringing Buddhism with it. The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> was a significant early Buddhist missioner. In the 3rd century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dharmaraksita</a>—among others—was sent out by emperor Ashoka to proselytize<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and initially the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> tradition through the Indian <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, but later into the Mediterranean as far as Greece. Gradually, all India and the neighboring island of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> were converted. Then, in later periods, Buddhism spread eastward and southeastward to the present lands of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Welty,_Paul_Thomas_1966_pg._77_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welty,_Paul_Thomas_1966_pg._77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism was spread among the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic people</a> during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE into modern-day Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, eastern and coastal <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. It was also taken into China brought by <a href="/wiki/Kasyapa_Matanga" title="Kasyapa Matanga">Kasyapa Matanga</a> in the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokaksema</a> and <a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a> translated Buddhist sutras into Chinese. <a href="/wiki/Dharmarak%E1%B9%A3a" title="Dharmarakṣa">Dharmarakṣa</a> was one of the greatest translators of Mahayana Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. Dharmaraksa came to the Chinese capital of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> in 266 CE, where he made the first known translations of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dasabhumika_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasabhumika Sutra">Dasabhumika Sutra</a>, which were to become some of the classic texts of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 <a href="/wiki/H%C4%ABnay%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Hīnayāna">Hīnayāna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></i>, representing most of the important texts of Buddhism available in the Western Regions. His <a href="/wiki/Proselytizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytizing">proselytizing</a> is said to have converted many to Buddhism in China, and made <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, a major center of Buddhism. Buddhism expanded rapidly, especially among the common people, and by 381 most of the people of northwest China were Buddhist. Winning converts also among the rulers and scholars, by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> Buddhism was found everywhere in China.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marananta" title="Marananta">Marananta</a> brought Buddhism to the Korean Peninsula in the 4th century. <a href="/wiki/Seong_of_Baekje" title="Seong of Baekje">Seong of Baekje</a>, known as a great patron of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, built many temples and welcomed priests bringing Buddhist texts directly from India. In 528, Baekje officially adopted Buddhism as its state religion. He sent tribute missions to Liang in 534 and 541, on the second occasion requesting artisans as well as various Buddhist works and a teacher. According to Chinese records, all these requests were granted. A subsequent mission was sent in 549, only to find the Liang capital in the hands of the rebel <a href="/wiki/Hou_Jing" title="Hou Jing">Hou Jing</a>, who threw them in prison for lamenting the fall of the capital. He is credited with having sent a mission in 538 to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> that brought an image of <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni">Shakyamuni</a> and several sutras to the Japanese court. This has traditionally been considered the official introduction of Buddhism to Japan. An account of this is given in <i><a href="/wiki/Gang%C5%8Dji_Garan_Engi" title="Gangōji Garan Engi">Gangōji Garan Engi</a></i>. First supported by the Soga clan, Buddhism rose over the objections of the pro-Shinto <a href="/wiki/Mononobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononobe">Mononobe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Crim,_Keith_1989_pg._523_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crim,_Keith_1989_pg._523-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Buddhism entrenched itself in Japan with the conversion of Prince <a href="/wiki/Shotoku_Taishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotoku Taishi">Shotoku Taishi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Welty,_Paul_Thomas_1966_pg._77_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welty,_Paul_Thomas_1966_pg._77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in 710 <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shomu" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shomu">Emperor Shomu</a> established a new capital at <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a> with urban <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan#Asia_from_the_first_millennium_AD" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> modeled after the capital of China, Buddhism received official support and began to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-Crim,_Keith_1989_pg._523_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crim,_Keith_1989_pg._523-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, The Lotus Born, was a sage guru from Oḍḍiyāna who is said to have transmitted Vajrayana Buddhism to <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and neighbouring countries in the 8th century. </p><p>The use of missions, councils, and monastic institutions influenced the emergence of Christian missions and organizations, which developed similar structures in places that were formerly Buddhist missions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th and 20th centuries, Western intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> of <a href="/wiki/H.P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H.P. Blavatsky">H.P. Blavatsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#Buddhist_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Society,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Society, London">Buddhist Society, London</a> spread interest in Buddhism. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>, in the West, and the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> generation of the late 1960s and early 1970s led to a re-discovery of Buddhism. During the 20th and 21st centuries Buddhism has again been propagated by missionaries into the West such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Ananda Metteyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Daisetsu_Teitar%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki Daisetsu Teitarō">Suzuki Daisetsu Teitarō</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and monks including <a href="/wiki/Lama_Surya_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama Surya Das">Lama Surya Das</a> (Tibetan Buddhism). <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> has been significantly active and successful in the West since the Chinese takeover of Tibet in 1959. Today Buddhists make a decent proportion of several countries in the West such as <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>In Canada, the immense popularity and goodwill ushered in by <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> (who has been made honorary Canadian citizen) put Buddhism in a favourable light in the country. Many non-Asian Canadians embraced Buddhism in various traditions and some have become leaders in their respective <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sanghas</a>. </p><p>In the early 1990s, the French Buddhist Union (UBF, founded in 1986) estimated that there are 600,000 to 650,000 Buddhists in France, with 150,000 French converts among them.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, sociologist Frédéric Lenoir estimated there are 10,000 converts and up to five million "sympathizers", although other researchers have questioned these numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a> was a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhist</a> who founded numerous <a href="/wiki/Zendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zendo">zendos</a> in France. <a href="/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thich Nhat Hanh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>-nominated, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a>-born Zen Buddhist, founded the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Buddhist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Buddhist Church">Unified Buddhist Church</a> (Eglise Bouddhique Unifiée) in France in 1969. The <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Monastery" title="Plum Village Monastery">Plum Village Monastery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> in southern France was his residence and the headquarters of his international <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">sangha</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_2.JPG/250px-Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_2.JPG/375px-Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_2.JPG/500px-Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_One_Thousand_Buddhas" title="Temple of One Thousand Buddhas">Temple of One Thousand Buddhas</a>, in <a href="/wiki/La_Boulaye" title="La Boulaye">La Boulaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(French_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (French region)">Burgundy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1968 Leo Boer and Wener van de Wetering founded a <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> group, and through two books made Zen popular in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidance of the group was taken over by Erik Bruijn,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is still in charge of a flourishing community. The largest Zen group now is the Kanzeon Sangha, led by Nico Tydeman under the supervision of the American Zen master <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Genpo_Merzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Genpo Merzel">Dennis Genpo Merzel</a>, Roshi, a former student of Maezumi Roshi in Los Angeles. This group has a relatively large centre where a teacher and some students live permanently. Many other groups are also represented in the Netherlands, like the Order of Buddhist Contemplatives in Apeldoorn, the <a href="/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thich Nhat Hanh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a> Order of Interbeing and the International Zen Institute Noorderpoort<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monastery/retreat centre in Drenthe, led by Jiun Hogen Roshi. </p><p>Perhaps the most widely visible Buddhist leader in the world is <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Tenzin Gyatso</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, who first visited the United States in 1979. As the exiled political leader of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, he has become a popular cause célèbre. His early life was depicted in Hollywood films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kundun" title="Kundun">Kundun</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years_in_Tibet_(1997_film)" title="Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)">Seven Years in Tibet</a></i>. He has attracted celebrity religious followers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Yauch" title="Adam Yauch">Adam Yauch</a>. The first Western-born Tibetan Buddhist monk was <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._F._Thurman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. F. Thurman">Robert A. F. Thurman</a>, now an academic supporter of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama maintains a North American headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>. </p><p>Lewis M. Hopfe in his "Religions of the World" suggested that "Buddhism is perhaps on the verge of another great missionary outreach" (1987:170). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_missions">Christian missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christian missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_missionaries" title="List of Christian missionaries">List of Christian missionaries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit reduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missions</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Catholic_missions"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finska_Missionss%C3%A4llskapet_interior_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Finska_Missionss%C3%A4llskapet_interior_02.JPG/220px-Finska_Missionss%C3%A4llskapet_interior_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Finska_Missionss%C3%A4llskapet_interior_02.JPG/330px-Finska_Missionss%C3%A4llskapet_interior_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Finska_Missionss%C3%A4llskapet_interior_02.JPG/440px-Finska_Missionss%C3%A4llskapet_interior_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><i>Lähetyskirkko</i>, a Christian mission church in <a href="/wiki/Ullanlinna" title="Ullanlinna">Ullanlinna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> missionary can be defined as "one who is to witness across cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_Hale_2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Hale_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_International_Congress_on_World_Evangelization" title="First International Congress on World Evangelization">Lausanne Congress</a> of 1974, defined the term, related to Christian mission as, "to form a viable indigenous church-planting movement". Missionaries can be found in many countries around the world. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">the Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> is recorded as instructing the apostles to make <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> of all nations (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:19–20&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:19–20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:15–18&version=nrsv">Mark 16:15–18</a>). This verse is referred to by Christian missionaries as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> and inspires missionary work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historic">Historic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugendas_-_Aldea_des_Tapuyos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rugendas_-_Aldea_des_Tapuyos.jpg/220px-Rugendas_-_Aldea_des_Tapuyos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rugendas_-_Aldea_des_Tapuyos.jpg/330px-Rugendas_-_Aldea_des_Tapuyos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rugendas_-_Aldea_des_Tapuyos.jpg/440px-Rugendas_-_Aldea_des_Tapuyos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Village of Christianized Tapuyos Indians, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> c. 1820 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian Church expanded throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> already in New Testament times and is said by tradition to have reached even further, to Persia (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>) and to India (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>). During the Middle Ages, the Christian <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> and missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> (5th century), and <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a> (c. 956–997) propagated learning and religion beyond the European boundaries of the old Roman Empire. In 596, Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> (in office 590–604) sent the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Mission">Gregorian Mission</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>) into England. In their turn, Christians from Ireland (the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a>) and from Britain (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> (c. 675–754), and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mission" title="Anglo-Saxon mission">Anglo-Saxon mission</a>, for example) became prominent in converting the inhabitants of central Europe. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> established a number of <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">missions</a> in the Americas and in other Western colonies through the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> to spread Christianity in the New World and<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to convert the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> and other indigenous people. About the same time, missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> (1506–1552) as well as other <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans reached Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, and the Portuguese sent missions into Africa. Emblematic in many respects is <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> mission to China from 1582, which was totally peaceful and non-violent. These missionary movements should be distinguished from others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Crusades">Baltic Crusades</a> of the 12th and 13th centuries, which were arguably compromised in their motivation by designs of military conquest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Reception_of_the_Rev._J._Williams,_at_Tanna,_in_the_South_Seas,_the_Day_Before_He_Was_Massacred,_1841_(B-088-015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Reception_of_the_Rev._J._Williams%2C_at_Tanna%2C_in_the_South_Seas%2C_the_Day_Before_He_Was_Massacred%2C_1841_%28B-088-015%29.jpg/220px-The_Reception_of_the_Rev._J._Williams%2C_at_Tanna%2C_in_the_South_Seas%2C_the_Day_Before_He_Was_Massacred%2C_1841_%28B-088-015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Reception_of_the_Rev._J._Williams%2C_at_Tanna%2C_in_the_South_Seas%2C_the_Day_Before_He_Was_Massacred%2C_1841_%28B-088-015%29.jpg/330px-The_Reception_of_the_Rev._J._Williams%2C_at_Tanna%2C_in_the_South_Seas%2C_the_Day_Before_He_Was_Massacred%2C_1841_%28B-088-015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Reception_of_the_Rev._J._Williams%2C_at_Tanna%2C_in_the_South_Seas%2C_the_Day_Before_He_Was_Massacred%2C_1841_%28B-088-015%29.jpg/440px-The_Reception_of_the_Rev._J._Williams%2C_at_Tanna%2C_in_the_South_Seas%2C_the_Day_Before_He_Was_Massacred%2C_1841_%28B-088-015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3078" data-file-height="2190" /></a><figcaption>English missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(missionary)" title="John Williams (missionary)">John Williams</a>, active in the <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">South Pacific</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Much contemporary Catholic missionary work has undergone profound change since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> of 1962–1965, with an increased push for indigenization and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> issues as a constitutive part of preaching <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the Gospel</a>. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> normally organizes itself along territorial lines and had the human and material resources, religious orders, some even specializing in it, undertook most missionary work, especially in the era after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West. Over time, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> gradually established a normalized Church structure in the mission areas, often starting with special jurisdictions known as apostolic prefectures and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariates" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic vicariates">apostolic vicariates</a>. At a later stage of development these foundations are raised to regular diocesan status with a local bishops appointed. On a global front, these processes were often accelerated in the later 1960s, in part accompanying political decolonization. In some regions, however, they are still in course. </p><p>Just as the Bishop of Rome had jurisdiction also in territories later considered to be in the Eastern sphere, so the missionary efforts of the two 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">saints Cyril and Methodius</a> were largely conducted in relation to the West rather than the East, though the field of activity was central Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church of Constantinople">Orthodox Church of Constantinople</a> undertook vigorous missionary work under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and its successor the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. This had lasting effects and in some sense is at the origin of the present relations of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> with some sixteen Orthodox national churches including the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_and_Apostolic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church">Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchy)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a> (both traditionally said to have been founded by the missionary Apostle Andrew), the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> (said to have been founded by the missionary Apostle Paul). The Byzantines expanded their missionary work in Ukraine after the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus'">mass baptism in Kiev</a> in 988. The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> had its origins in the conversion by Byzantine missionaries of the Serb tribes when they arrived in the Balkans in the 7th century. Orthodox missionaries also worked successfully among the Estonians from the 10th to the 12th centuries, founding the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Estonia">Estonian Orthodox Church</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martires_de_elicura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Martires_de_elicura.jpg/190px-Martires_de_elicura.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Martires_de_elicura.jpg/285px-Martires_de_elicura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Martires_de_elicura.jpg/380px-Martires_de_elicura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> who were martyred by the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Araucanian</a> Indians in Elicura in 1612 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> of the 19th century, missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ilminsky" title="Nikolay Ilminsky">Nicholas Ilminsky</a> (1822–1891) moved into the subject lands and propagated Orthodoxy, including through <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China</a>. The Russian <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Japan" title="Nicholas of Japan">St. Nicholas of Japan</a> (1836–1912) took Eastern Orthodoxy to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Orthodox Church">Japan</a> in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> also sent missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> beginning in the 18th century, including Saint <a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Alaska" title="Herman of Alaska">Herman of Alaska</a> (died 1836), to minister to the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Natives</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a> continued missionary work outside Russia after the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a>, resulting in the establishment of many new dioceses in the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, from which numerous converts have been made in Eastern Europe, North America, and Oceania. </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> missionaries included <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a> and contemporary ministers including <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cotton (Puritan)">John Cotton</a> and Richard Bourne, who ministered to the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> natives who lived in lands claimed by representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> in the early 17th century. Quaker "publishers of truth" visited Boston and other mid-17th century colonies, but were not always well received.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Danish government began the first organized Protestant mission work through its <a href="/wiki/College_of_Missions" title="College of Missions">College of Missions</a>, established in 1714. This funded and directed <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Lutheran</a> missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Ziegenbalg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Hope">Greenland</a>. In 1732, while on a visit in 1732 to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> for the coronation of his cousin King <a href="/wiki/Christian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian VI">Christian VI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>'s patron Nicolas Ludwig, Count von <a href="/wiki/Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinzendorf">Zinzendorf</a>, was very struck by its effects, and particularly by two visiting <a href="/wiki/Kalaallit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaallit people">Inuit</a> children converted by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a>. He also got to know a slave from the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Virgin Islands">Danish colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. When he returned to <a href="/wiki/Herrnhut" title="Herrnhut">Herrnhut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, he inspired the inhabitants of the village – it had fewer than thirty houses then – to send out "messengers" to the slaves in the West Indies and to the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_missions_in_Greenland" title="Moravian missions in Greenland">Moravian missions in Greenland</a>. Within thirty years, Moravian missionaries had become active on every continent, and this at a time when there were fewer than three hundred people in Herrnhut. They are famous for their selfless work, living as slaves among the slaves and together with <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> Indian tribes. Today, the work in the former mission provinces of the worldwide Moravian Church is carried on by native workers. The fastest-growing area of the work is in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> in Eastern Africa. The Moravian work in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> and the founders of the British <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> missions. As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, seven of every ten Moravians live in a former mission field and belong to a race other than Caucasian. </p><p>Much <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> mission work came about under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="United Society">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a> (SPG, founded in 1701), the <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> (CMS, founded 1799) and of the <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Church_Society" title="Intercontinental Church Society">Intercontinental Church Society</a> (formerly the Commonwealth and Continental Church Society, originating in 1823). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon_of_the_Little_Christians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Canyon_of_the_Little_Christians.jpg/220px-Canyon_of_the_Little_Christians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Canyon_of_the_Little_Christians.jpg/330px-Canyon_of_the_Little_Christians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Canyon_of_the_Little_Christians.jpg/440px-Canyon_of_the_Little_Christians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>The first recorded baptism in <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> at <a href="/wiki/La_Christianita_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="La Christianita Canyon">La Christianita Canyon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayerhoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Mayerhoff.jpg/220px-Mayerhoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Mayerhoff.jpg/330px-Mayerhoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Mayerhoff.jpg/440px-Mayerhoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>A Christian missionary of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Lutheran Synod</a> going to the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With a dramatic increase in efforts since the 20th century, and a strong push since the <i>Lausanne I: The International Congress on World Evangelization</i> in Switzerland in 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern evangelical groups have focused efforts on sending missionaries to every ethnic group in the world. While this effort has not been completed, increased attention has brought larger numbers of people distributing <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus videos</a>, and establishing <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> churches in more remote areas. </p><p>Internationally, the focus for many years in the later 20th century was on reaching every "people group" with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> by 2000. Bill Bright's leadership with Campus Crusade, the Southern Baptist <a href="/wiki/International_Mission_Board" title="International Mission Board">International Mission Board</a>, The Joshua Project, and others brought about the need to know who these "<a href="/wiki/Unreached_people_group" title="Unreached people group">unreached people groups</a>" are and how those wanting to tell about the Christian God and share a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> could reach them. The focus for these organizations transitioned from a "country focus" to a "people group focus". (From "What is a People Group?" by Dr. Orville Boyd Jenkins: A "people group" is an ethnolinguistic group with a common self-identity that is shared by the various members. There are two parts to that word: ethno and linguistic. Language is a primary and dominant identifying factor of a people group. But there are other factors that determine or are associated with ethnicity.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_missionary_ship_%22Duff%22_arriving_(ca._1797)_at_Otaheite,_lithograph_by_Kronheim_%26_Co.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_missionary_ship_%22Duff%22_arriving_%28ca._1797%29_at_Otaheite%2C_lithograph_by_Kronheim_%26_Co.jpg/220px-The_missionary_ship_%22Duff%22_arriving_%28ca._1797%29_at_Otaheite%2C_lithograph_by_Kronheim_%26_Co.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_missionary_ship_%22Duff%22_arriving_%28ca._1797%29_at_Otaheite%2C_lithograph_by_Kronheim_%26_Co.jpg/330px-The_missionary_ship_%22Duff%22_arriving_%28ca._1797%29_at_Otaheite%2C_lithograph_by_Kronheim_%26_Co.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_missionary_ship_%22Duff%22_arriving_%28ca._1797%29_at_Otaheite%2C_lithograph_by_Kronheim_%26_Co.jpg/440px-The_missionary_ship_%22Duff%22_arriving_%28ca._1797%29_at_Otaheite%2C_lithograph_by_Kronheim_%26_Co.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>The missionary ship <i>Duff</i> arriving at <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, c. 1797</figcaption></figure> <p>What can be viewed as a success by those inside and outside the church from this focus is a higher level of cooperation and friendliness among churches and denominations. It is very common for those working on international fields to not only cooperate in efforts to share their <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel message</a>, but view the work of their groups in a similar light. Also, with the increased study and awareness of different people groups, western mission efforts have become far more sensitive to the cultural nuances of those they are going to and those they are working with in the effort. </p><p>Over the years, as indigenous churches have matured, the church of the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> (Africa, Asia, and Latin America) has become the driving force in missions. Korean and African missionaries can now be found all over the world. These missionaries represent a major shift in church history where the nations they came from were not historically Christian. Another major shift in the form of modern missionary work takes shape in the conflation of spiritual with contemporary military metaphors and practices. Missionary work as <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">spiritual warfare</a> (Ephesians, Chapter 6) weapons of a spiritual sense, is the primary concept in a long-standing relationship between Christian missions and militarization. Though when the Church establishes a governance, usually this results in a formation of a national or regional military. (Romans, Chapter 13) Despite the seeming opposition between the submissive and morally upstanding associations with prayer and violence associated with militarism, these two spheres interact in a dialectical way. Yet they when properly implemented they are entangled to support one another in the upholding of a civilizations morality and the prosecution and punishment of criminals. In some cases a nations military may fail to operate according to Godly principles and is not supported by the Church or missionaries, in other cases the military is made up of the Church congregants. The results of spiritual conflict are then present in different ways as prayer can be strategically used, for or against a military.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nigeria, and other countries have had large numbers of their Christian adherents go to other countries and start churches. These non-western missionaries often have unparalleled success; because, they need few western resources and comforts to sustain their livelihood while doing the work they have chosen among a new culture and people. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Inland_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="China Inland Mission">China Inland Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church%27s_Ministry_Among_Jewish_People" title="Church's Ministry Among Jewish People">Church's Ministry Among Jewish People</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Missionary Society">Baptist Missionary Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/220px-Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/330px-Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/440px-Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> preaching from a wagon</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first large-scale missionary endeavors of the British colonial age was the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Missionary Society">Baptist Missionary Society</a>, founded in 1792 as the Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the Gospel</a> Amongst the Heathen. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> organisation, bringing together from its inception both <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a>; it was founded in England in 1795 with missions in Africa and the islands of the South Pacific. The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Missionary_Society" title="Colonial Missionary Society">Colonial Missionary Society</a> was created in 1836, and directed its efforts towards promoting <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> among "British or other European settlers" rather than indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these merged in 1966, and the resultant organisation is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_World_Mission" title="Council for World Mission">Council for World Mission</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a>, first known as the Society for Missions to Africa and the East, was founded in 1799 by evangelical Anglicans centred around the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">anti-slavery</a> activist <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>. It bent its efforts to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Church">Ethiopian Church</a>, and India, especially <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>; it continues to this day. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Church_planting" title="Church planting">network of churches they established</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. </p><p>In 1809, the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews was founded, which pioneered mission amongst the Jewish people; it continues today as the <a href="/wiki/Church%27s_Ministry_Among_Jewish_People" title="Church's Ministry Among Jewish People">Church's Ministry Among Jewish People</a>. In 1865, the <a href="/wiki/China_Inland_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="China Inland Mission">China Inland Mission</a> was founded, going well beyond British controlled areas; it continues as the OMF, working throughout <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LDS_name_tags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LDS_name_tags.jpg/220px-LDS_name_tags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LDS_name_tags.jpg/330px-LDS_name_tags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LDS_name_tags.jpg/440px-LDS_name_tags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The iconic black name tags of <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">missionaries</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) has an active <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">missionary program</a>. Young men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five are encouraged to prepare themselves to serve a two-year, self-funded, full-time proselytizing mission. Young women who desire to serve as missionaries can serve starting at the age of nineteen, for one and a half years. Retired couples also have the option of serving a mission. Missionaries typically spend two weeks in a <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Training_Center" title="Missionary Training Center">Missionary Training Center</a> (or two to three months for those learning a new language) where they study the scriptures along with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, learn new languages when applicable, prepare themselves to teach the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, and learn more about the culture and the people they live among. As of December 2019, the LDS Church had over 67,000 full-time missionaries worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 31,000 Service Missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Maryknoll">Maryknoll</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maryknoll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maryknoll" title="Maryknoll">Maryknoll</a></div> <p>In Montreal in 1910, <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Walsh" title="James Anthony Walsh">Father James Anthony Walsh</a>, a priest from Boston, met <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frederick_Price" title="Thomas Frederick Price">Father Thomas Frederick Price</a>, from North Carolina. They agreed on the need to build a seminary for the training of young American men for the foreign Missions. Countering arguments that the Church needed workers here<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Where? Does 'here' mean Boston, North Carolina, or the entirety of the New World? (April 2024)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup>, Fathers Walsh and Price insisted the Church would not flourish until it sent missioners overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independently, the men had written extensively about the concept, Father Price in his magazine <i>Truth</i>, and Father Walsh in the pages of <i>A Field Afar</i>, an early incarnation of <i>Maryknoll Magazine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winning the approval of the American hierarchy, the two priests traveled to Rome in June 1911 to receive final approval from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> for the formation of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, now better known as the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_missions">Hindu missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hindu missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> was introduced into Java by travellers from India in ancient times. Several centuries ago, many Hindus left Java for <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> rather than convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Hinduism has survived in Bali ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dang_Hyang_Nirartha" title="Dang Hyang Nirartha">Dang Hyang Nirartha</a> was responsible for facilitating a refashioning of Balinese Hinduism. He was an important promoter of the idea of moksha in Indonesia. He founded the Shaivite priesthood that is now ubiquitous in Bali, and is now regarded as the ancestor of all Shaivite pandits.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shantidas_Adhikari" title="Shantidas Adhikari">Shantidas Adhikari</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> preacher from <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> who converted King <a href="/wiki/Pamheiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamheiba">Pamheiba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> to Hinduism in 1717.<sup id="cite_ref-SLM_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLM-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Hinduism has only recently had a large influence in western countries such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Canada. Since the 1960s, many westerners attracted by the world view presented in Asian religious systems have converted to Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many native-born Canadians of various ethnicities have converted during the last 50 years through the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> and other missionary organizations as well as due to the visits and guidance of Indian gurus such as Guru Maharaj, <a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Sai Baba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a>. The International Society for Krishna Consciousness has a presence in New Zealand, running temples in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>, an Indian <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yogi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, introduced many westerners to the teachings of meditation and <a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a> through his book, <i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission is one of the greatest Hindu missionaries to the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ananda_Marga_missions">Ananda Marga missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ananda Marga missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ānanda Mārga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizationally</a> known as Ānanda Mārga Pracaraka Samgha (AMPS), meaning the <i><a href="/wiki/Samgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samgha">samgha</a></i> (organization) for the <a href="/wiki/Wave_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave propagation">propagation</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">marga</a></i> (path) of <i><a href="/wiki/Ananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda">ananda</a></i> (bliss), is a <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> movement<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chryssides_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chryssides-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in <a href="/wiki/Jamalpur,_Munger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamalpur, Munger">Jamalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, in 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a> (1921–1990), also known by his spiritual <a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">name</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ananda Marga counts hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga#Organisation_and_Activities" title="Ananda Marga">missions</a> around the world through which its members carry out various forms of selfless service on Relief. (The social welfare and development organization under AMPS is Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team, or AMURT.)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education and women's welfare The service activities of this section founded in 1963 are focused on:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Education: creating and managing primary, post-primary, and higher <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, research institutes</li> <li>Relief: creating and managing children's and students' homes for destitute children and for poor students, cheap hostels, retiring homes, academies of light for deaf dumb and crippled, invalid homes, refugee rehabilitation</li> <li>Tribal: tribal welfare units, medical camps</li> <li>Women's welfare: women welfare units, women's homes, nursing homes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_missions">Islamic missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islamic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_missionary_activity" title="Islamic missionary activity">Islamic missionary activity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_Dawah.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/76/Mission_Dawah.gif" decoding="async" width="160" height="55" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="55" /></a><figcaption>Mission Dawah is one of the largest contemporary Islamic missionary organizations.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery_-_two_worthies_-_DSCF8405.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery_-_two_worthies_-_DSCF8405.JPG/350px-Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery_-_two_worthies_-_DSCF8405.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery_-_two_worthies_-_DSCF8405.JPG/525px-Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery_-_two_worthies_-_DSCF8405.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery_-_two_worthies_-_DSCF8405.JPG/700px-Lingshan_Islamic_Cemetery_-_two_worthies_-_DSCF8405.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The tombs of historic Islamic missionaries in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun at Mount Lingshan, <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Dawah</a> means to "invite" (in Arabic, literally "calling") to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which is the second largest religion with 2.0 billion members.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 7th century, it spread rapidly from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> to the rest of the world through the initial <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> and subsequently with traders and explorers after the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. </p><p>Initially, the spread of Islam came through the Dawah efforts of Muhammad and his followers. After his death in 632 CE, much of the expansion of the empire came through conquest such as that of North Africa and later Iberia (<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Islamic conquest of Persia</a> put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> and spread the reach of Islam to as far east as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, which would later become the cradle of Islamic civilization during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> (622–1258 CE) and a stepping-stone towards the introduction of Islam to the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic tribes">Turkic tribes</a> living in and bordering the area. </p><p>The missionary movement peaked during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, with the expansion of foreign trade routes, primarily into the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> and as far south as the isle of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> as well as the Southeastern shores of Africa. </p><p>With the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> tradition, Islamic missionary activities increased. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>' conquest of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> made it easier for missionaries to go lands that formerly belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. In the earlier stages of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> was still widely practiced in Anatolia, but soon lost ground to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> presence in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, missionary movements were taken up by people from aristocratic families hailing from the region, who had been educated in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> or other major city within the Empire such as the famed <i><a href="/wiki/Madrassah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassah">madrassahs</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kulliye" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulliye">kulliyes</a></i>. Primarily, individuals were sent back to the place of their origin and were appointed important positions in the local governing body. This approach often resulted in the building of mosques and local <i>kulliyes</i> for future generations to benefit from, as well as spreading the teachings of Islam. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Islamic_Mission_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Islamic_Mission_1.jpg/170px-World_Islamic_Mission_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Islamic_Mission_1.jpg/255px-World_Islamic_Mission_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Islamic_Mission_1.jpg/340px-World_Islamic_Mission_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="2974" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Islamic_Mission" title="World Islamic Mission">World Islamic Mission</a>'s mosque in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>The spread of Islam towards <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and West Africa had until the early 19th century has been consistent but slow. Previously, the only connection was through Trans-Saharan trade routes. The <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, consisting predominantly of African and Berber tribes, stands as a strong example of the early Islamic conversion of the Sub-Saharan region. The gateways prominently expanded to include the aforementioned trade routes through the Eastern shores of the African continent. With the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Africa">European colonization of Africa</a>, missionaries were almost in competition with the European Christian missionaries operating in the colonies. </p><p>There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's early people were animists, Hindus, and Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it was not until the end of the 13th century that the process of <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> began to spread throughout the areas local communities and port towns.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread, although at first introduced through Arab Muslim traders, continued to saturate through the Indonesian people as local rulers and royalty began to adopt the religion subsequently leading their subjects to mirror their conversion. </p><p>Recently, Muslim groups have engaged in missionary work in Malawi. Much of this is performed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Muslim_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Muslim Agency (page does not exist)">African Muslim Agency</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>-sponsored AMA has translated the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> into <a href="/wiki/Chichewa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichewa language">Chichewa</a> (Cinyanja),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the official languages of Malawi, and has engaged in other missionary work in the country. All of the major cities in the country have mosques and there are several Islamic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a>, and other Muslim agencies are active in Mozambique, with one important one being the African Muslim Agency. The spread of Islam into West Africa, beginning with ancient <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> in the 9th century, was mainly the result of the commercial activities of North African Muslims. The empires of both <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a> that followed ancient Ghana in the Western Sudan adopted the religion. Islam made its entry into the northern territories of modern Ghana around the 15th century. <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a> speakers (who in Ghana are known as <a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara</a>) traders and clerics carried the religion into the area. The northeastern sector of the country was also influenced by an influx of <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> Muslim traders from the 16th century onwards </p><p>Islamic influence first occurred in India in the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from ancient times. Even in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic era</a>, Arab traders used to visit the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a>, which linked them with the ports of <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. According to Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India_as_told_by_its_own_Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of India as told by its own Historians">The History of India as told by its own Historians</a></i>, the first ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE H. G. Rawlinson, in his book: <i>Ancient and Medieval History of India</i> claims the first <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a> settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaykh Zainuddin Makhdum's "Tuhfat al-Mujahidin" also is a reliable work.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact is corroborated, by J. Sturrock in his <i>South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also by Haridas Bhattacharya in <i>Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world. The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion, and they propagated it wherever they went.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam in Bulgaria can be traced back to the mid-ninth century when there were Islamic missionaries in Bulgaria, evidenced by a letter from Pope Nicholas to <a href="/wiki/Boris_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris of Bulgaria">Boris of Bulgaria</a> calling for the extirpation of Saracens.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pioneer Muslim missionaries to the Kenyan interior were largely <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzania Mainland">Tanganyikan</a>, who coupled their missionary work with trade, along the centres began along the railway line such as <a href="/wiki/Kibwezi" title="Kibwezi">Kibwezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makindu" title="Makindu">Makindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>. </p><p>Outstanding among them was Maalim Mtondo <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Islam in Kenya</a>, a Tanganyikan credited with being the first Muslim missionary to Nairobi. Reaching Nairobi at the close of the 19th century, he led a group of other Muslims, and enthusiastic missionaries from the coast to establish a "Swahili village" in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pumwani" title="Pumwani">Pumwani</a>. A small mosque was built to serve as a starting point and he began preaching Islam in earnest. He soon attracted several <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyus</a> and Wakambas, who became his disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-Quraishy:1987:182_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quraishy:1987:182-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1380, <a href="/wiki/Makhdum_Karim" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhdum Karim">Karim ul' Makhdum</a> the first Arabian <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Islamic missionary</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a> in the Philippines and established Islam in the country. In 1390, the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>'s Prince <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Baguinda" title="Rajah Baguinda">Rajah Baguinda</a> and his followers preached Islam on the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Karimal_Makdum_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque">Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque</a> was the first mosque established in the Philippines on <a href="/wiki/Simunul,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Simunul, Tawi-Tawi">Simunul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> in the 14th century. Subsequent settlements by Arab missionaries traveling to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> helped strengthen Islam in the Philippines and each settlement was governed by a <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah">Rajah</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>. Islamic provinces founded in the Philippines included the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>, and other parts of the southern Philippines. </p><p>Modern missionary work in the United States has increased greatly in the last one hundred years, with much of the recent demographic growth driven by conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to one-third of American Muslims are <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> who have converted to Islam during the last seventy years. <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam_in_prisons" title="Conversion to Islam in prisons">Conversion to Islam in prisons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated9_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in large <a href="/wiki/Urban_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban areas">urban areas</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also contributed to Islam's growth over the years. </p><p>An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Islamic schools in foreign countries. <i><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Yaqeen" title="Ain al-Yaqeen">Ain al-Yaqeen</a></i>, a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have contributed to building as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Islamic_missionaries_during_Muhammad's_era"><span id="Early_Islamic_missionaries_during_Muhammad.27s_era"></span>Early Islamic missionaries during Muhammad's era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early Islamic missionaries during Muhammad's era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Muhammad3044" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">Campaigns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Hamza_ibn_%27Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Hamza ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib">Al-‘Īṣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Expedition_to_Badr" title="First Expedition to Badr">Safwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_of_Buwat" title="Patrol of Buwat">Buwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_of_Zul_Al-Ushairah" title="Patrol of Zul Al-Ushairah">Dhu al-'Ushairah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_of_Waddan" title="Patrol of Waddan">Abwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Kudr_Invasion" title="Al Kudr Invasion">Kudr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sawiq" title="Invasion of Sawiq">Sawiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dhu_Amarr" title="Raid on Dhu Amarr">Dhu 'Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Buhran" title="Invasion of Buhran">Bahran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamra_al-Asad" title="Battle of Hamra al-Asad">Hamra' al-Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Badr_al-Maw%27id" title="Expedition of Badr al-Maw'id">Badr al-Maw'id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Dhat_al-Riqa" title="Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa">Dhat ar-Riqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Dumat_al-Jandal" title="Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal">1st Daumat al-Jandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Qurayza" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_al-Muraysi%27" title="Expedition of al-Muraysi'">al-Muraysi'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Lahyan" title="Invasion of Banu Lahyan">Banu Lahyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Fadak" title="Conquest of Fadak">Fidak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Expedition_of_Wadi_al_Qura" title="Third Expedition of Wadi al Qura">3rd Wadi al-Qurra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Tabuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition to Tabuk">Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autas" title="Battle of Autas">Autas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" title="Siege of Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Military career of Muhammad</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of expeditions of Muhammad</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Al_Raji" title="Expedition of Al Raji">Expedition of Al Raji</a> in 625,<sup id="cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Islamic Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> sent some men as missionaries to various different tribes. Some men came to Muhammad and requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Abdullah_Ibn_Unais" title="Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais">assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan</a> (Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Lahyan" title="Banu Lahyan">Banu Lahyan</a> tribe) by Muhammad's followers<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8 Muslim Missionaires were killed in this expedition.,<sup id="cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another version says 10 Muslims were killed<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Mosab_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Mosab-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then during the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Bir_Maona" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Bir Maona">Expedition of Bir Maona</a> in July 625<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad sent some Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._188_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._188-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Muslims were again killed as revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Abdullah_Ibn_Unais" title="Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais">assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan</a> by Muhammad's followers<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70 Muslims were killed during this expedition<sup id="cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._188_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._188-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_(Banu_Jadhimah)" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah)">Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah)</a> in January 630,<sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Khalil_226_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Khalil_226-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad sent Khalid ibn Walid to invite the Banu Jadhimah tribe to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Muir_p._135_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Muir_p._135-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/059-sbt.php#005.059.628">5:59:628</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya_Islam_missions">Ahmadiyya Islam missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya Islam missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamia_Ahmadiyya_International.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jamia_Ahmadiyya_International.jpg/350px-Jamia_Ahmadiyya_International.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jamia_Ahmadiyya_International.jpg/525px-Jamia_Ahmadiyya_International.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jamia_Ahmadiyya_International.jpg/700px-Jamia_Ahmadiyya_International.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3258" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Jamia Ahmadiyya, Ghana</figcaption></figure> <p>Missionaries belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> thought of Islam often study at International Islamic seminaries and educational institutions, known as <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia Ahmadiyya</a>. Upon completion of their degrees, they are sent to various parts of the world including South America, Africa, North America, Europe, and the Far East as appointed by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">Mirza Masroor Ahmad</a>, present head and <a href="/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatul Masih">Caliph</a> of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim community. Jamia students may be appointed by the Caliph either as Missionaries of the community (often called Murrabi, Imam, or Mawlana) or as Qadis or Muftis of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community with a specialisation in matters of fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Some Jamia alumni have also become Islamic historians such as the late Dost Muhammad Shahid, former Official Historian of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community, with a specialisation in tarikh (Islamic historiography). Missionaries stay with their careers as appointed by the Caliph for the rest of their lives, as per their commitment to the community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jain_missions">Jain missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jain missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jaina</a> tradition, Mahavira's following had swelled to 14,000 monks and 36,000 nuns by the time of his death in 527 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some two centuries the Jains remained a small community of monks and followers. However, in the 4th century BCE, they gained strength and spread from <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a>, then so <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and westwards to <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Jain communities</a> became firmly established, particularly among the mercantile classes.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan dynasty">Mauryan dynasty</a> to the 12th century was the period of Jainism's greatest growth and influence. Thereafter, the Jainas in the South and Central regions lost ground in face of rising Hindu devotional movements. Jainism retreated to the West and Northwest, which have remained its stronghold to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a> is regarded as the "Jain Ashoka" for his patronage and efforts to spreading Jainism in east India. Samprati, according to Jain historians, is considered more powerful and famous than Ashoka himself. Samprati built thousands of <a href="/wiki/Jain_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Temples">Jain Temples</a> in India, many of which remain in use, such as the Jain temples at <a href="/wiki/Viramgam" title="Viramgam">Viramgam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a> (Gujarat), <a href="/wiki/Agar_Malwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agar Malwa">Agar Malwa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>). Within three and a half years, he got one hundred and twenty-five thousand new temples built, thirty-six thousand repaired, twelve and a half million murtis, holy statues, consecrated and ninety-five thousand metal <a href="/wiki/Murtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtis">murtis</a> prepared. Samprati is said to have erected Jain temples throughout his empire. He founded Jain monasteries even in non-Aryan territory, and almost all ancient Jain temples or monuments of unknown origin are popularly attributed to him. It may be noted that all the Jain monuments of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and Gujarat, with unknown builders are also attributed to Emperor Samprati. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virachand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Virachand Gandhi">Virachand Gandhi</a> (1864–1901) from <a href="/wiki/Mahuva,_Bhavnagar" title="Mahuva, Bhavnagar">Mahuva</a> represented Jains at the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 1893 and won a silver medal. Gandhi was most likely the first Jain and the first Gujarati to travel to the United States, and his statue still stands at the Jain temple in Chicago. In his time he was a world-famous personality. Gandhi represented Jains in Chicago because the Great Jain Saint Param Pujya Acharya <a href="/wiki/Vijayanandsuri" title="Vijayanandsuri">Vijayanandsuri</a>, also known as Acharya Atmaram, was invited to represent the Jain religion at the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">World Parliament of Religions</a>. As Jain monks do not travel overseas, he recommended the bright young scholar Virchand Gandhi to be the emissary for the religion. Today there are 100,000 Jains in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also tens of thousands of Jains located in the UK and Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Missionary" title="Special:EditPage/Missionary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Missionary%22">"Missionary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Missionary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Missionary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Missionary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Missionary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Missionary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, various Jewish sects and movements have been consistent in avoiding or even forbidding <a href="/wiki/Proselytization" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytization">proselytization</a> (religion-to-religion conversion propaganda) to convert <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Jews">non-Jews</a>). They believe that gentiles do not need to convert to Judaism, due to <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> being already under the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad Lubavitch">Chabad Lubavitch</a> has a sub-sect that has engaged in an effort to spread <a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>) among non-Jews who follow none of the existing <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Judaism outreach</a> (<i>kiruv</i>) encourages non-practicing <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to become more knowledgeable and observant of <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i> (Jewish law). Outreach is done worldwide, by organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad Lubavitch">Chabad Lubavitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aish_HaTorah" title="Aish HaTorah">Aish HaTorah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohr_Somayach,_Jerusalem" title="Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem">Ohr Somayach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Partners_In_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Partners In Torah">Partners In Torah</a>. </p><p>Members of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> began a program to convert to their brand of Judaism the non-Jewish spouses of its <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">intermarried</a> members and non-Jews who have an interest in Reform Judaism. Their rationale is that so many Jews were lost during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> that newcomers must be sought out and welcomed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach has been rejected by both <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as unrealistic and posing a danger on the entire <a href="/wiki/Jewish_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish faith">Jewish faith</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_missions">Sikh missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sikh missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, when he was twenty-eight, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> went as usual down to the river to bathe and <a href="/wiki/Meditate" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditate">meditate</a>. It was said that he was gone for three days. When he reappeared, it is said he was "filled with the spirit of God". His first words after his re-emergence were: "there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim". With this <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> principle he began his missionary work.<sup id="cite_ref-Shackle_2005_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shackle_2005-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made four distinct major journeys, in the four different directions, which are called <i><a href="/wiki/Udasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Udasis">Udasis</a></i>, spanning many thousands of kilometres, preaching the message of God.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">gurdwaras in over 50 countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of missionary organizations, the most famous is probably <a href="/wiki/The_Sikh_Missionary_Society_UK" title="The Sikh Missionary Society UK">The Sikh Missionary Society UK</a>. The aim of the Sikh Missionary Society is the <i>Advancement of the Sikh faith in the U.K. and abroad</i>, engages in various activities:<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Produce and distribute books on the Sikh faith in English and Panjabi, and other languages to enlighten the younger generation of Sikhs as well as non-Sikhs.</li> <li>Advise and support young students in schools, colleges, and universities on Sikh issues and Sikh traditions.</li> <li>Arrange classes, lectures, seminars, conferences, Gurmat camps and the celebration of holy Sikh events, the basis of their achievement and interest in the field of the Sikh faith and the <a href="/wiki/Panjabi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjabi language">Panjabi language</a>.</li> <li>Make available all Sikh artifacts, posters, literature, music, educational videos, DVDs, and multimedia CD-ROMs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>There have been several Sikh missionaries: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a> (1551–1636), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> writer, historian, missionary, and religious figure; the original scribe of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> and a companion of four of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Gurus">Sikh Gurus</a><sup id="cite_ref-s_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian freedom fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Amrik_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Amrik Singh">Bhai Amrik Singh</a>, devoted much of his life to Sikh missionary activities; one of the Sikh community's most prominent leaders along with <a href="/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_Sadhu_Singh_Bhaura" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura">Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura</a> (1905–1984), Sikh missionary who rose to be the <a href="/wiki/Jathedar" title="Jathedar">Jathedar</a> or high priest of Sri <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akal Takhat">Akal Takhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li></ul> <p>Sikhs have emigrated to many countries of the world since <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian independence</a> in 1947. Sikh communities exist in Britain, East Africa, Canada, the United States, Malaysia, and most European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenrikyo_missions">Tenrikyo missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tenrikyo missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a> conducts missionary work in approximately forty countries.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first missionary was a woman named Kokan who worked on the streets of Osaka.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, it operated approximately twenty thousand mission stations worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contact of Christian missionaries with isolated tribes is asserted as a cause of the extinction of some tribes, such as extinction from infections and even simple diseases such as flu, to which many tribes have no immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-wiresen1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiresen1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wiresen2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiresen2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documented cases of European contact with isolated tribes show rapid health deterioration, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nambikwara_tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nambikwara tribe (page does not exist)">Nambikwara tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeaveAlone1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeaveAlone1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missionary work is criticized as a form of colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christian missionary thinkers have recognized complicity between colonialism and missions with roots in 'colonial paternalism'.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aspects of Christian missionary activity have come under criticism, including concerns about a lack of respect for other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential destruction of social structure among the converts is also a concern. The <a href="/wiki/Huaorani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani people">Huaorani people</a> of Amazonian Ecuador have had a well-documented <a href="/wiki/Operation_Auca" title="Operation Auca">mixed relation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">Evangelical Christian</a> missionaries and the contacts they brought to their communities, which some have argued led to the dissolving of unique Huaorani tribes and cultural practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_missions">Impact of missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impact of missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2020 study by Elena Nikolova and Jakub Polansky replicates Woodberry's analysis<sup id="cite_ref-:1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using twenty-six alternative democracy measures and extends the time period over which the democracy measures are averaged. These two simple modifications lead to the breakdown of Woodberry's results.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, no significant relationship between Protestant missions and the development of democracy can be established.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study found that areas of colonial Mexico that had Mendicant missions have higher rates of literacy and educational attainment today than regions that did not have missions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas that had Jesuit missions are today indistinct from the areas that had no missions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also found that "the share of Catholics is higher in regions where Catholic missions of any kind were a historical present."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 study found that regions in Sub-Saharan Africa that Protestant missionaries brought printing presses to are today "associated with higher newspaper readership, trust, education, and political participation."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Missionaries have also made significant contributions to linguistics and the description and documentation of many languages. "Many languages today exist only in missionary records. More than anywhere else, our knowledge of the native languages in South America has been the product of missionary activity… Without missionary documentation the reclamation [of several languages] would have been completely impossible"<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A satisfactory history of linguistics cannot be written before the impressive contribution of missionaries is recognised."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_prominent_missionaries">Lists of prominent missionaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lists of prominent missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_missionaries">American missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: American missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_Boscana" title="Gerónimo Boscana">Gerónimo Boscana</a>, (Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a>) missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Crawford" title="Isabel Crawford">Isabel Crawford</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>) missionary<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Olivares" title="Antonio de Olivares">Antonio de Olivares</a>, (Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a>) missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Docher" title="Anton Docher">Anton Docher</a>, (Roman Catholic) missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Elliot" title="Elisabeth Elliot">Elisabeth Elliot</a>, American Protestant missionary in Ecuador, author and speaker, widow of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Elliot" title="Jim Elliot">Jim Elliot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Auca" title="Operation Auca">Operation Auca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_H._Fulton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary H. Fulton">Mary H. Fulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine#Western_medicine_in_China" title="Women in medicine">female medical missionary to China</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_University_(Guangzhou)#Hackett" title="Lingnan University (Guangzhou)">Hackett Medical College for Women</a> (夏葛女子醫學院) in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-facebook.com_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facebook.com-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Judson" title="Adoniram Judson">Adoniram Judson</a>, first significant missionary in Burma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a>, (Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>) missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_Sanford_Loftis" title="Zenas Sanford Loftis">Zenas Sanford Loftis</a>, medical missionary to Tibet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Ajahn Sumedho</a>, Theravada monk and established <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> in UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Longacre" title="Robert E. Longacre">Robert E. Longacre</a>, Christian linguist missionary to Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Maheshvarananda" title="Dada Maheshvarananda">Dada Maheshvarananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> missionary</li> <li>Fred Prosper Manget, <a href="/wiki/Medical_missionary_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical missionary to China">medical missionary to China</a>, founder of Houzhou General Hospital, Houzhou, China, also a doctor with the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a> and U.S. Army in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, China, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-facebook.com_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facebook.com-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottie_Moon" title="Lottie Moon">Lottie Moon</a>, Baptist missionary to China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_Piper" title="Arthur Lewis Piper">Arthur Lewis Piper</a>, medical missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dada_Pranakrsnananda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dada Pranakrsnananda (page does not exist)">Dada Pranakrsnananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlene_Rose" title="Darlene Rose">Darlene Rose</a>, missionary in Papua New Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_(missionary)" title="John Stewart (missionary)">John Stewart</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>) missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a>, (Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>) missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Saint_Joseph_de_Betancur" title="Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur">Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur</a>, (Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a>) missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Chau" title="John Allen Chau">John Allen Chau</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christian</a>) missionary killed while attempting to convert the <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted</a> <a href="/wiki/Sentinelese" title="Sentinelese">Sentinelese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Christian_missionaries">British Christian missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: British Christian missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hobbis_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hobbis Harris">John Hobbis Harris</a>, with his wife <a href="/wiki/Alice_Seeley_Harris" title="Alice Seeley Harris">Alice Seeley</a>, he used photography to expose colonial abuses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hobson" title="Benjamin Hobson">Benjamin Hobson</a>, medical missionary to China, set up a highly successful Wai Ai Clinic (惠愛醫館)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Guangzhou, China.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-facebook.com_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facebook.com-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Kearney" title="Teresa Kearney">Teresa Kearney</a>, Sister in Uganda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Hilda_Miller" title="Olive Hilda Miller">Olive Hilda Miller</a>, missionary to Jamaica and the Cayman Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Milne_(missionary)" title="William Milne (missionary)">William Milne</a>, Bible translator to China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a>, Bible translator to China</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Piercy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Piercy (page does not exist)">George Piercy</a>, Methodist missionary to China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Pollard_(missionary)" title="Sam Pollard (missionary)">Sam Pollard</a>, Bible translator to China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hudson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hudson Taylor">James Hudson Taylor</a>, missionary to China, insist on going into the inland of China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Sparshott" title="Thomas Henry Sparshott">Thomas Henry Sparshott</a>, missionary to East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-EEA_2023_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEA_2023-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McKendree_Springer" title="John McKendree Springer">John McKendree Springer</a> – Pioneer missionary in Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_China" title="List of Protestant missionaries in China">List of Protestant missionaries in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_India" title="List of Protestant missionaries in India">List of Protestant missionaries in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic missionaries">List of Roman Catholic missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_missionaries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic missionaries in China">List of Roman Catholic missionaries in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_missionaries_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic missionaries in India">List of Roman Catholic missionaries in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_missionaries" title="List of Eastern Orthodox missionaries">List of Eastern Orthodox missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missionaries_to_Hawaii" title="List of missionaries to Hawaii">List of missionaries to Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missionaries_to_the_South_Pacific" title="List of missionaries to the South Pacific">List of missionaries to the South Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_missionaries" title="List of Slovenian missionaries">List of Slovenian missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Orthodox_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian Orthodox missionaries">List of Russian Orthodox missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_to_Southeast_Asia" title="List of Protestant missionaries to Southeast Asia">List of Protestant missionaries to Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_missions_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic missions in Africa">List of Roman Catholic missions in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_missionaries_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:Christian missionaries in New Zealand">Christian missionaries in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_missionaries_in_Oceania" title="Category:Christian missionaries in Oceania">Christian missionaries in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_colonialism" title="Christianity and colonialism">Christianity and colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christian missions">History of Christian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">Mission (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_kid" title="Missionary kid">Missionary kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_religious_institutes_and_societies" title="Missionary religious institutes and societies">Missionary religious institutes and societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition_in_Goa_and_Bombay-Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein">Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_mission" title="Short-term mission">Short-term mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/missionary">Missionary Define Missionary</a>. <i>dictionary.reference.com</i>. Retrieved on 2019-05-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Hale_2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Hale_2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Hale_2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Hale 'On Being a Missionary' 2003, William Carey Library Pub, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87808-255-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87808-255-7">0-87808-255-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> launched "the first large-scale missionary effort in the history of the world's religions" in the 3rd century BCE. (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010, p. 37 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1">978-0-230-62125-1</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mission">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en"><i>Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan</i></a>. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en">Tafel 19</a>. (Accessed 3 September 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gasparini_2014_pp134-163-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gasparini_2014_pp134-163_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gasparini, Mariachiara. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin</a>," in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), <i>Transcultural Studies</i>, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp. 134–163. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2191-6411">2191-6411</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">endnote #32</a>. (Accessed 3 September 2016.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Valerie (2012), <i>The Silk Road: A New History</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 98, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3">978-0-19-993921-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDokras2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dokras, Dr Uday (2021-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/51499705">"Greece Kingdoms in India"</a>. <i>Indo Nordic Author's Collective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo+Nordic+Author%27s+Collective&rft.atitle=Greece+Kingdoms+in+India&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Dokras&rft.aufirst=Dr+Uday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F51499705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welty,_Paul_Thomas_1966_pg._77-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welty,_Paul_Thomas_1966_pg._77_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welty,_Paul_Thomas_1966_pg._77_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Welty, Paul Thomas. The Asians: Their Heritage and Their Destiny (Rev. Ed.). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. (1966); p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welty, Paul Thomas. The Asians: Their Heritage and Their Destiny (Revised Edition). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. (1966); pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crim,_Keith_1989_pg._523-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crim,_Keith_1989_pg._523_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crim,_Keith_1989_pg._523_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: HarperCollins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212062522/http://www.sats.edu.za/userfiles/Final%20Thesis%20Joseph%20Paul%20Charles.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sats.edu.za/userfiles/Final%20Thesis%20Joseph%20Paul%20Charles.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sats.edu.za%2Fuserfiles%2FFinal%2520Thesis%2520Joseph%2520Paul%2520Charles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1998a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Harris, Dr Elizabeth J (1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh420_Harris_Ananda-Metteyya--First-British-Emissary-of-Buddhism.pdf">"Ananda Metteya, the First British Emissary of Buddhism; see note 36"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Wheel Publication</i>. 420/422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0179-8" title="Special:BookSources/955-24-0179-8"><bdi>955-24-0179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wheel+Publication&rft.atitle=Ananda+Metteya%2C+the+First+British+Emissary+of+Buddhism%3B+see+note+36&rft.volume=420%2F422&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=955-24-0179-8&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Dr+Elizabeth+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.lk%2Folib%2Fwh%2Fwh420_Harris_Ananda-Metteyya--First-British-Emissary-of-Buddhism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntesGeertzWarne2004" class="citation book cs1">Antes, Peter; Geertz, Armin W.; Warne, Randi R. 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Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017698-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017698-8"><bdi>978-3-11-017698-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Approaches+to+the+Study+of+Religion.+Volume+1+%E2%80%93+Regional%2C+Critical%2C+and+Historical+Approaches+%28p.+471+cites+Fader+1986%3A+95%2C+p.+472+cites+Humphreys+1968%3A+78%E2%80%9379%29&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017698-8&rft.aulast=Antes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Geertz%2C+Armin+W.&rft.au=Warne%2C+Randi+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Philosophy_of_Religion_(Picorino)/03%3A_Buddhism/3.08%3A_Expansion_of_Buddhism">"3.8: Expansion of Buddhism"</a>. <i>Humanities LibreTexts</i>. 2019-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanities+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=3.8%3A+Expansion+of+Buddhism&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPhilosophy%2FPhilosophy_of_Religion_%28Picorino%29%2F03%253A_Buddhism%2F3.08%253A_Expansion_of_Buddhism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022707/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/2/obadia012.html">"Tibetan Buddhism in France: A Missionary Religion?"</a>. <i>globalbuddhism.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbuddhism.org/2/obadia012.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalbuddhism.org&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Buddhism+in+France%3A+A+Missionary+Religion%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbuddhism.org%2F2%2Fobadia012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenoir, Frédéric. Le bouddhisme en France. Paris: Fayard, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janwillem van de Wetering (1973) <i>Het dagende niets</i> (The Dawning of Nothingness)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janwillem van de Wetering (1973) <i>The Empty Mirror</i> (Routledge & Kegan Paul)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erikbruijn.nl">Erik Bruijn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeninstitute.org/en/home.html">International Zen Institute – EN – home</a>. Zeninstitute.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Export controls: clarification of jurisdiction for missile technology items needed</i>. U.S. General Accounting Office. 2001. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54862406">54862406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Export+controls%3A+clarification+of+jurisdiction+for+missile+technology+items+needed.&rft.pub=U.S.+General+Accounting+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54862406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellecl1980" class="citation book cs1">Sellecl, D. (1980). <i>Quakers in Boston: 1656–1964</i>. Somerville: Fleming & Son. <q>discussed throughout Chapter 1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+in+Boston%3A+1656%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Somerville&rft.pub=Fleming+%26+Son&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Sellecl&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620162513/http://www.lausanne.org/Brix?pageID=12722">"Lausanne Movement | Connecting influencers and ideas for global mission"</a>. <i>www.lausanne.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lausanne.org/Brix?pageID=12722">the original</a> on June 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lausanne.org&rft.atitle=Lausanne+Movement+%26%23124%3B+Connecting+influencers+and+ideas+for+global+mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lausanne.org%2FBrix%3FpageID%3D12722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister2015" class="citation journal cs1">McAlister, Elizabeth (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20566093.2016.1085239">"The militarization of prayer in America: white and Native American spiritual warfare"</a>. <i>Journal of Religious and Political Practice</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20566093.2016.1085239">10.1080/20566093.2016.1085239</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+and+Political+Practice&rft.atitle=The+militarization+of+prayer+in+America%3A+white+and+Native+American+spiritual+warfare&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F20566093.2016.1085239&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F20566093.2016.1085239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBebbington1997" class="citation book cs1">Bebbington, David (1997). Rawlyk, George A (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1c_3TggbrcC&dq=%22colonial+missionary+society%22&pg=PP1"><i>A view from Britain</i></a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1547-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1547-X"><bdi>0-7735-1547-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+view+from+Britain&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7735-1547-X&rft.aulast=Bebbington&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1c_3TggbrcC%26dq%3D%2522colonial%2Bmissionary%2Bsociety%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902144551/http://research.yale.edu:8084/missionperiodicals/viewdetail.jsp?id=328"><i>Missionary Periodicals Database</i></a>. Yale University Library. 2006-09-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.yale.edu:8084/missionperiodicals/viewdetail.jsp?id=328">the original</a> on 2006-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Periodicals+Database&rft.pub=Yale+University+Library&rft.date=2006-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.yale.edu%3A8084%2Fmissionperiodicals%2Fviewdetail.jsp%3Fid%3D328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/topic/missionary-program">"Missionary Program"</a>. <i>www.newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Missionary+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopic%2Fmissionary-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/platform/amp/faith/2020/4/4/21208195/mormon-church-membership-numbers-statistical-report-lds-general-conference">"Latter-day Saint membership increased this much in 2019, according to new church statistical report"</a>. <i>www.deseret.com</i>. 4 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deseret.com&rft.atitle=Latter-day+Saint+membership+increased+this+much+in+2019%2C+according+to+new+church+statistical+report&rft.date=2020-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2Fplatform%2Famp%2Ffaith%2F2020%2F4%2F4%2F21208195%2Fmormon-church-membership-numbers-statistical-report-lds-general-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1951" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Raymond A. (1951). <i>The Early Days of Maryknoll</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Days+of+Maryknoll&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryknollmagazine.org"><i>Maryknoll Magazine</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maryknoll+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryknollmagazine.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Kroeger2013" class="citation book cs1">James H. Kroeger, ed. (2013). <i>The gift of mission: yesterday, today, tomorrow: the Maryknoll centennial symposium</i>. Orbis Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gift+of+mission%3A+yesterday%2C+today%2C+tomorrow%3A+the+Maryknoll+centennial+symposium&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hintz, Martin. Indonesia (series: Enchantment of the World). Chicago: Childrens Press (1993), pg. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLM-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SLM_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/August2002/manipurimuslimfoundation15_2.htm">Foundation of Manipuri Muslim History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043152/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/August2002/manipurimuslimfoundation15_2.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Manipur Online – August 15, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"America's Changing Religious Landscape," 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">Pew Forum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowden, p. 629</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermans,_G._ImminkA._De_JongJ._Van_Der_Lans2002" class="citation book cs1">Hermans, G. Immink, C. A. M.; A. De Jong; J. Van Der Lans (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JRen1UxLkoC"><i>Social Constructionism and Theology</i></a>. Brill. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12318-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Constructionism+and+Theology&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12318-2&rft.aulast=Hermans%2C+G.+Immink&rft.aufirst=C.+A.+M.&rft.au=A.+De+Jong&rft.au=J.+Van+Der+Lans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JRen1UxLkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chryssides-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chryssides_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" title="George D. Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> (1999). <i>Exploring New Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5959-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5959-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-5959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+New+Religions&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5959-6&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According with many Eastern and Western spiritual traditions, master and disciples often have a spiritual name in addition to that given to them by their parents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ánandamúrti, as he was called by his early disciples, is a Sanskrit word meaning "Bliss personified".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an example of AMURT activities see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amurt.org/">amurt.org</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amurt.net">amurt.net</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amurthaiti.org/AMURT-HAITI/AMURT-Haiti.html">amurthaiti</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518212515/http://amurthaiti.org/AMURT-HAITI/AMURT-Haiti.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more detailed information: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://am-bhagavatadharma.com/ananda-marga-pracaraka-sa%E1%B8%BFgha/eraws/">ERAWS</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129004529/http://eraws.com/">eraws.com</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amyogaspace.com/eraws-education-relief-and-welfare-section">amyogaspace-eraws</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526072146/http://amyogaspace.com/eraws-education-relief-and-welfare-section">Archived</a> 2013-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 18 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin._C,_Richard2004" class="citation web cs1">Martin. C, Richard (2004). "Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Vol. 2 M–Z index". Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World+Vol.+2+M%E2%80%93Z+index&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Martin.+C%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuff,_Mark2002" class="citation news cs1">Duff, Mark (25 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2357121.stm">"Islam in Indonesia"</a>. Asia-Pacific. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2002-10-25&rft.au=Duff%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F2357121.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond" class="citation web cs1">Hammond, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207001253/http://www.frontline.org.za/mission%20reports_prayer/macedonian_call_Malawi.htm">"A Macedonian Call from Malawi"</a>. <i>Frontline Fellowship</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.org.za/mission%20reports_prayer/macedonian_call_Malawi.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline+Fellowship&rft.atitle=A+Macedonian+Call+from+Malawi&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.org.za%2Fmission%2520reports_prayer%2Fmacedonian_call_Malawi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicfinder.org/cityPrayer.php?country=Malawi">"Malawi Accurate Prayer Times أوقات الصلاة, Qiblah, Qibla اتجاه القبلة Mosques (Masjids), Islamic Centers, Organizations and Muslim Owned Businesses"</a>. <i>islamicfinder.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islamicfinder.org&rft.atitle=Malawi+Accurate+Prayer+Times+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9%2C+Qiblah%2C+Qibla+%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9+Mosques+%28Masjids%29%2C+Islamic+Centers%2C+Organizations+and+Muslim+Owned+Businesses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicfinder.org%2FcityPrayer.php%3Fcountry%3DMalawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86050-79-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-86050-79-5">81-86050-79-5</a> Ancient and Medieval History of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Tuḥfat-al-mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century</i>. Islamic Book Trust. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9154-80-X" title="Special:BookSources/983-9154-80-X"><bdi>983-9154-80-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tu%E1%B8%A5fat-al-muj%C4%81hid%C4%ABn%3A+A+Historical+Epic+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Trust&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=983-9154-80-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturrock, J., South Canara and Madras District Manual (2 vols., Madras, 1894–1895)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85843-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-85843-05-8">81-85843-05-8</a> Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaihoon.com/watan/indarbmappilacommunity.htm">Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622220846/http://jaihoon.com/watan/indarbmappilacommunity.htm">Archived</a> 2006-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. T. Norris: "Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world" 1993 pp. 21–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quraishy:1987:182-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quraishy:1987:182_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quraishy, MA (1987). Text Book of Islam Book 1. Nairobi: The Islamic Foundation, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515202427/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1990/06/23/SEL/mbm.19900623.SEL18854.id.html">"Kerinduan orang-orang moro"</a>. TEMPO – Majalah Berita Mingguan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1990/06/23/SEL/mbm.19900623.SEL18854.id.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerinduan+orang-orang+moro&rft.pub=TEMPO+%E2%80%93+Majalah+Berita+Mingguan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmajalah.tempointeraktif.com%2Fid%2Farsip%2F1990%2F06%2F23%2FSEL%2Fmbm.19900623.SEL18854.id.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E2DB1F3EF931A15753C1A9679C8B63">A Nation Challenged; Islam Attracts Converts By the Thousand, Drawn Before and After Attacks</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated9-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>judiciary.senate.gov</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211816/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2719">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211816/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2719</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2719">the original</a> on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=judiciary.senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudiciary.senate.gov%2Ftestimony.cfm%3Fid%3D960%26wit_id%3D2719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E2DA1230F931A35752C0A9649C8B63">Ranks of Latinos Turning to Islam Are Increasing; Many in City Were Catholics Seeking Old Muslim Roots</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Kaplan, David E. (2003-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616161452/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031215/15terror.htm">"The Saudi Connection"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031215/15terror.htm">the original</a> on 2006-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=The+Saudi+Connection&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F031215%2F15terror.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._187_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt,_W._Montgomery1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Watt">Watt, W. Montgomery</a> (1956). <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at_Medina_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at Medina (book)"><i>Muhammad at Medina</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577307-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577307-1"><bdi>978-0-19-577307-1</bdi></a>. <q>The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+at+Medina&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577307-1&rft.au=Watt%2C+W.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr._Mosab-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Mosab_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawarey2010" class="citation book cs1">Hawarey, Mosab (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJVqNwAACAAJ&q=9789957051648"><i>The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)</i></a>. Islamic Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9957-05-164-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9957-05-164-8"><bdi>978-9957-05-164-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Prophecy%3B+Days+of+Peace+and+War+%28Arabic%29&rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Trust&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9957-05-164-8&rft.aulast=Hawarey&rft.aufirst=Mosab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJVqNwAACAAJ%26q%3D9789957051648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span>Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabari2008" class="citation cs2">Tabari, Al (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA151"><i>The foundation of the community</i></a>, State University of New York Press, p. 151, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-344-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-344-2"><bdi>978-0-88706-344-2</bdi></a>, <q>Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foundation+of+the+community&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-344-2&rft.aulast=Tabari&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dctvk-fdtklYC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._188-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._188_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mubarakpuri,_The_Sealed_Nectar_p._188_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Khalil_226-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Khalil_226_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Khalil2004" class="citation book cs1">Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA226"><i>Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks</i></a>. Dar-us-Salam. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-71-4"><bdi>978-9960-897-71-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Prophet%27s+biography%3A+places%2C+nations%2C+landmarks&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.isbn=978-9960-897-71-4&rft.aulast=Abu+Khalil&rft.aufirst=Shawqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZmBkoDa9fcC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Muir_p._135-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_Muir_p._135_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhsin Khan, The translation of the meanings of Ṣahih AL-Bukhari, Arabic-English, Volume 5, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crim, Keith (ed.). <i>The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions</i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as <i>Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions</i>, 1981; p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cavendish_(occult_writer)" title="Richard Cavendish (occult writer)">Cavendish, Richard</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Myth_%26_Magic:_An_Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_the_Supernatural" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural">Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural</a></i> (vol. 11). New York: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a> Corp. (1970); p. 1481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crim, Keith (ed.). <i>The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions</i>. San Francisco: HarperCollins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as <i>Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions</i>, 1981; p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCourt, Frank. "God in America " in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> (December 1998); p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBireley2006" class="citation cs2">Bireley, Robert (2006), "The Catholic Reform, Jews, and Judaism in Sixteenth-Century Germany", <i>Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany</i>, Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">249–</span>268, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047408857_014">10.1163/9789047408857_014</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0885-7"><bdi>978-90-474-0885-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244752108">244752108</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jews%2C+Judaism%2C+and+the+Reformation+in+Sixteenth-Century+Germany&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Reform%2C+Jews%2C+and+Judaism+in+Sixteenth-Century+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244752108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047408857_014&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0885-7&rft.aulast=Bireley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#cite_note-39">Missionary#cite note-39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackle_2005-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shackle_2005_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair,_Arvind-Pal_Singh2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). <i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i>. 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Charlesworth; Petr Pokorný; Brian Rhea (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbXP_e5gJqwC&pg=PA242"><i>Jesus Research: An International Perspective: The First Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, Prague 2005</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 242–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6353-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6353-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-6353-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/GDSI199901009.htm">the original</a> on 7 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnki.net&rft.atitle=%E5%90%88%E4%BF%A1%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8A%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E6%96%B0%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E5%A3%AB%E6%9E%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmall.cnki.net%2Fmagazine%2FArticle%2FGDSI199901009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEA_2023-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EEA_2023_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/default.asp?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=21814">"Sparshott, Thomas Henry (Rev.)"</a>. <i>europeansineastafrica.co.uk</i>. Europeans in East Africa. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europeansineastafrica.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sparshott%2C+Thomas+Henry+%28Rev.%29&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeansineastafrica.co.uk%2F_site%2Fcustom%2Fdatabase%2Fdefault.asp%3Fa%3DviewIndividual%26pid%3D2%26person%3D21814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dunch, Ryan. "Beyond cultural imperialism: Cultural theory, Christian missions, and global modernity." <i>History and Theory</i> 41.3 (2002): 301–325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590688">online</a></li> <li>Dwight, Henry Otis et al. eds., <i>The Encyclopedia of Missions</i> (2nd ed. 1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029338187">Online</a>, Global coverage Of Protestant and Catholic missions.</li> <li>Robinson, David <i>Muslim Societies in African History</i> (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53366-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53366-X">0-521-53366-X</a></li> <li>Sharma, Arvind (2014). Hinduism as a missionary religion. New Delhi: Dev Publishers & Distributors.</li> <li>Shourie, Arun. (2006). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: Rupa.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172232702" title="Special:BookSources/9788172232702">9788172232702</a></li> <li>Madhya Pradesh (India)., & Niyogi, M. B. (1956). Vindicated by time: The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities. Nagpur: Government Printing, Madhya Pradesh.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Missionaries" class="extiw" title="q:Missionaries">Missionaries</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Missionaries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Missionaries">Missionaries</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missionaryetexts.org/">Missionary eTexts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225215728/http://www.prc.utexas.edu/prec/en/data/missions/mission_stations/index.html">Project on Religion and Economic Change, Protestant Mission Stations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407072339/http://www.lefaitmissionnaire.com/">LFM. Social sciences & Missions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk/">Henry Martyn Centre for the study of mission & world Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="William Carey Library">William Carey Library</a>, Mission Resources</li> <li>Hiney, Thomas: <i>On the Missionary Trail</i>, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press (2000), pp. 5–22. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=mission&searchmode=none">EtymologyOnLine</a> (word history)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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