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style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Schwenkfelder Church</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1909 <br /><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">4 (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">2,695 (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schwenkfelderchurch.org/">schwenkfelderchurch.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anabaptism" title="Category:Anabaptism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands"><img alt="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/220px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/330px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/440px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6594" data-file-height="5283" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">A 1685 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i>, of <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willems" title="Dirk Willems">Dirk Willems</a> saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near <a href="/wiki/Asperen" title="Asperen">Asperen</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Holy kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Blaurock" title="George Blaurock">George Blaurock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffman" title="Melchior Hoffman">Melchior Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hut" title="Hans Hut">Hans Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Rink" title="Melchior Rink">Melchior Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Largest groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_World_Conference" title="Mennonite World Conference">Mennonite World Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Mennonites" title="Old Colony Mennonites">Old Colony Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_True_Inspiration" title="Community of True Inspiration">Inspirationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Anabaptism" title="Neo-Anabaptism">Neo-Anabaptism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Template:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Template talk:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Schwenkfelder Church</b> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/GT_Schwenkfelder_Church.ogg\/GT_Schwenkfelder_Church.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GT Schwenkfelder Church.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/GT_Schwenkfelder_Church.ogg/GT_Schwenkfelder_Church.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Schwenkfelder_Church.ogg" title="File:GT Schwenkfelder Church.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a small American <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> body rooted in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> teachings of <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Schwenckfeld" title="Caspar Schwenckfeld">Caspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig</a> (1489–1561).<sup id="cite_ref-Schwenckfeld1907_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwenckfeld1907-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwenkfelder_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although followers have held the teachings of Schwenckfeld since the 16th century, Schwenkfelder Church was not formed until the 20th century, due in large part to Schwenckfeld's emphasis on inner spirituality over outward form. He also labored for a fellowship of all believers and one church. </p><p>Originally calling themselves Confessors of the Glory of Christ after Schwenckfeld's 1541 book <i>Great Confession on the Glory of Christ</i>, the group later became known as Schwenkfelders. These Christians often suffered persecution like slavery, prison, and fines at the hands of the government and state churches in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-BCHS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCHS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them lived in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>. </p><p>By the beginning of the 18th century, the remaining Schwenkfelders lived around <a href="/wiki/Twardocice" title="Twardocice">Harpersdorf</a> in the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, which was part of the Bohemian Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the persecution intensified around 1719–1725, they were given refuge in 1726 by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Ludwig_Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Elector of Saxony</a> died in 1733, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">new ruler</a> to return the Schwenkfelders to Harpersdorf. With their freedom in jeopardy, they decided to look to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>; toleration was also extended to them in Silesia in 1742 by King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BCHS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCHS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church brought <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>. Schwenkfelders may have grown saffron in Europe; there is some record that at least one member of the group traded in the spice. </p><p>In 1731, a group came to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and several migrations continued until 1737. The largest group, 180 Schwenkfelders, arrived in 1734. </p><p>In 1782, the Society of Schwenkfelders was formed, and in 1909 the Schwenkfelder Church was incorporated. Though the Schwenkfelders thereafter remained largely confined to Pennsylvania, a small number later emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo County">Waterloo County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-reaman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reaman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schwenkfelder Church has remained small. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwenkfelder_Church&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are four congregations in southeastern Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these bodies are within a fifty-mile radius of Philadelphia: one in the city itself, and one each in <a href="/wiki/East_Norriton_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="East Norriton Township, Pennsylvania">East Norriton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm,_Pennsylvania" title="Palm, Pennsylvania">Palm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Worcester Township, Pennsylvania">Worcester</a>. The Schwenkfelder Church meets annually at a Spring General Conference. Sometimes Conferences are also held in the fall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwenkfelder_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church teaches that the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> is the source of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> theology. Schwenckfeld drew his theology from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and it agrees with the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Chalcedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession of Chalcedon">Confession of Chalcedon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church also recognizes the wisdom of church fathers, particularly those from the Eastern Church and Augustine. Schwenckfeld emphasized the inner work of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> (which he called the rebirth), and the new man.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church also continues his belief that <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">the Lord's Supper</a> is a spiritual partaking representing the body and blood of Christ in open communion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and both infant baptism and consecration of infants is practiced depending on the church. </p><p>Adult members are also received into church membership through transfer of memberships from other churches and denominations. Their ecclesiastical tradition is congregational with an ecumenical focus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Schwenkfelder churches recognize the right of the individual in decisions such as public service, armed combat, etc. Individual, autonomous congregations select ministers by a self-regulated search process. Ministers and church representatives gather regularly in the Schwenkfelder Ministerium, managing the church through congregational government.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schwenkfeldian theology fits broadly within the parameters of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> theology today. Each congregation remains autonomous in theology and practice. Historic statements of faith inherited by the Christian Church as a whole, including the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> and other scriptural foundations, remain the best representative statement of Schwenkfeldian theology.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_of_the_Descendants_of_the_Schwenkfeldian_Exiles">Society of the Descendants of the Schwenkfeldian Exiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwenkfelder_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Society of the Descendants of the Schwenkfeldian Exiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Society of the Descendants of the Schwenkfeldian Exiles is a lineage society for descendants of the 209 members of the Schwenkfelder Church who arrived near <a href="/wiki/Penn%27s_Landing" title="Penn's Landing">Penn's Landing</a> between 1731 and 1737 and settled in what then was the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>. It was founded in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/William_W._Porter" title="William W. Porter">William Wagener Porter</a> and had an initial membership of 125 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publications include <i>Exile Herald</i> (1924–1954) <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Der Bericht</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwenkfelder_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formulaforgovern00schw">Formula for the Government and Discipline of the Schwenkfelder Church: Being a Part of the Church Manual</a></i> (1911)</li> <li>Balthasar Heebner, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogicalreco01krie">Genealogical Record of the Descendants of the Schwenkfelders: Who Arrived in Pennsylvania in 1733, 1734, 1736, 1737 from the German</a></i> (1879)</li> <li>Samuel Kriebel Brecht, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogicalreco00unse">Genealogical Record of the Schwenkfelder Families, Seekers of Religious Liberty Who Fled from Silesia to Saxony and thence to Pennsylvania in the Years 1731–1737</a></i> (1923)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwenkfelder_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schwenckfeld1907-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwenckfeld1907_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaspar_Schwenckfeld1907" class="citation book cs1">Caspar Schwenckfeld (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR10"><i>Letters and Treaties of Caspar Schwenkfeld Von Ossig ...: A study of the earliest letters</i></a>. Breitkopf & Härtel. pp. 10–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+and+Treaties+of+Caspar+Schwenkfeld+Von+Ossig+...%3A+A+study+of+the+earliest+letters&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Caspar+Schwenckfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCoNAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchwenkfelder+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCHS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BCHS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BCHS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K6c-AAAAYAAJ"><i>A Collection of Papers Read Before the Bucks County Historical Society</i></a>. Bucks County Historical Society. 1909. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+Papers+Read+Before+the+Bucks+County+Historical+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Bucks+County+Historical+Society&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK6c-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchwenkfelder+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralschwenkfelder.com/exile/geography.htm">Geography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reaman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reaman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaman1957" class="citation book cs1">Reaman, George Elmore (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trailofblackwaln00ream/page/28"><i>The Trail of the Black Walnut</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart" title="McClelland & Stewart">McClelland & Stewart</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trailofblackwaln00ream/page/28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-7351-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-7351-8"><bdi>0-7710-7351-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trail+of+the+Black+Walnut&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-7710-7351-8&rft.aulast=Reaman&rft.aufirst=George+Elmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrailofblackwaln00ream%2Fpage%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchwenkfelder+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schwenkfelderchurch.org/churches">"Churches"</a>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schwenkfelderchurch.org%2Fchurches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchwenkfelder+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caspar Schwenckfeld, Eight Writings on Christian Beliefs. Edited by H. H. Drake Williams III. Kitchener, ON: Pandora, 2006; E. S. Gerhard, translator and editor, A Vindication of Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig: An Elucidation of his doctrine and the vicissitudes of his followers from the German of Christopher Schultz (1769). Allentown, PA: Edward Schlechter, 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. B. Eberlein, Ketzer oder Heiliger: Caspar von Schwenckfeld der schlesische Reformator und seine Botschaft. Studien zur Schlesischen und Oberlausitzer Kirchenggeschichte 6. Metzinger: Ernst Franz, 1998; E. J. Furcha, Schwenckfeld's Concept of the New Man: A Study in the Anthropology of Caspar von Schwenckfeld as Set Forth in His Major Theological Writings. Pennsburg: Board of Publication, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Kriebel, Schwenkfelders and the Sacraments. Pennsburg, PA: Board of Publication of the Schwenkfelder Church, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Rothenberger, Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig and the Ecumenical Ideal. Pennsburg, PA: Board of Publication, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianLamport2016" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (10 November 2016). <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2036. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=2036&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4432-0&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Lamport%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchwenkfelder+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caspar Schwenckfeld, Eight Writings on Christian Beliefs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schwenkfelderexilesociety.org/">Society of the Descendants of the Schwenkfeldian Exiles website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schwenkfelderexilesociety.org/about-us/table-of-contents-for-the-exile-herald/"><i>Exile Herald</i> website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schwenkfelderexilesociety.org/about-us/membership/">"Membership"</a>. <i>Society of the Descendants of the Schwenkfeldian E</i>. 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+the+Descendants+of+the+Schwenkfeldian+E&rft.atitle=Membership&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschwenkfelderexilesociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmembership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchwenkfelder+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>Encyclopedia of American Religions</i>, edited by J. Gordon Melton</li> <li><i>Handbook of Denominations in the United States</i>, by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood</li> <li><i>Profiles in Belief: the Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada</i>, by Arthur Carl Piepkorn</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Schwenckfeldians" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Schwenckfeldians">Schwenckfeldians</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schwenckfeldians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchwenkfelder+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwenkfelder_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schwenkfelderchurch.org/">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralschwenkfelder.com/">Central Schwenkfelder Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schwenkfelder.org/">Schwenkfelder Library and Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/S389.html">Schwenkfelders – Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629154728/https://www.ucc.org/about-us_hidden-histories_the-schwenkfelders">Schwenkfelders – An article from the United Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030920052109/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_582.html#3519">Schwenkfelders – Association of Religion Data Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anabaptism212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptists" title="Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptists" title="Template talk:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anabaptism212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batenburgers" title="Batenburgers">Batenburgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarian" title="Abecedarian">Abecedarians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptist–Jewish relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli#Eucharist" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Memorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> – <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />Anabaptists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rothmann" title="Bernhard Rothmann">Bernhard Rothmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Philips" title="Dirk Philips">Dirk Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich">Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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