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id="toc-Physical_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Physical geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynastic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dynastic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynastic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acquisition_by_Cyrus_the_Great_(circa_540_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_by_Cyrus_the_Great_(circa_540_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Acquisition by Cyrus the Great (circa 540 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_by_Cyrus_the_Great_(circa_540_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Harpagid_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Harpagid_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>The Harpagid theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Harpagid_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lycian_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lycian_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>The Lycian monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lycian_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ally_of_Athens_in_the_Delian_League_(c._470–430_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ally_of_Athens_in_the_Delian_League_(c._470–430_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Ally of Athens in the Delian League (c. 470–430 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ally_of_Athens_in_the_Delian_League_(c._470–430_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_Achaemenid_control_(c._430–333_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_Achaemenid_control_(c._430–333_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Renewed Achaemenid control (c. 430–333 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_Achaemenid_control_(c._430–333_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(333–168_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period_(333–168_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hellenistic period (333–168 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(333–168_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lycian_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lycian_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Lycian League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lycian_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Byzantine era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Turkish era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Greek mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisi%C3%AB" title="Lisië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lisië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licia" title="Licia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Licia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likiya" title="Likiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Likiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лікія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лікія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ликия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ликия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likia" title="Likia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Likia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADcia" title="Lícia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDkie" title="Lýkie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lýkie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykien" title="Lykien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lykien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykien" title="Lykien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lykien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC%C3%BCkia" title="Lüükia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lüükia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λυκία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λυκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licia" title="Licia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Licia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likio" title="Likio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Likio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizia" title="Lizia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lizia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="لیکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycie" title="Lycie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lycie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licia" title="Licia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Licia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="리키아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լիկիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիկիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licija" title="Licija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Licija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likia" title="Likia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Likia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licia" title="Licia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Licia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="ליקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykia" title="Lykia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lykia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEkya" title="Lîkya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîkya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lycia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABkija" title="Līkija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Līkija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likija" title="Likija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Likija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCkia" title="Lükia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lükia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ликија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ликија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyci%C3%AB" title="Lycië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lycië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="リュキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リュキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykia" title="Lykia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lykia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likiya" title="Likiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Likiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licja" title="Licja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Licja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADcia" title="Lícia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lícia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licia" title="Licia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Licia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ликия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ликия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDkia" title="Lýkia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lýkia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likija" title="Likija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Likija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ликија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ликија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likija" title="Likija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Likija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyykia" title="Lyykia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyykia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykien" title="Lykien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lykien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="லைசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லைசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ลิเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likya" title="Likya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Likya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лікія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лікія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیکیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیکیا" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lycia&params=36_44_N_29_54_E_region:TR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°44′N</span> <span class="longitude">29°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.733°N 29.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.733; 29.900</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient geopolitical region of Anatolia (Turkey)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lycia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lycia (disambiguation)">Lycia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#DEB887;">Lycia<br /><i>Lukka</i><br /><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Likya</i></span><br /><span title="Lycian-language text"><span lang="xlc">𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖</span></span> (<i>Trm̃mis</i>)<br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λυκία</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Lykia</i></span>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Ancient Region of Anatolia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_tombs_(1091851058).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan"><img alt="Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rock_tombs_%281091851058%29.jpg/330px-Rock_tombs_%281091851058%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rock_tombs_%281091851058%29.jpg/500px-Rock_tombs_%281091851058%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rock_tombs_%281091851058%29.jpg/960px-Rock_tombs_%281091851058%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Teke_Peninsula" title="Teke Peninsula">Teke Peninsula</a>, Western Taurus Range, Southern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successive <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capitals</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a> (Kınık) <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a> (Gelemiş)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia (Satrapy)">Cilicia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(Satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydia (Satrapy)">Lydia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman protectorate</th><td class="infobox-data">Lycian League</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">Roman province</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lycia, then Lycia with other states</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Byzantine eparchy</th><td class="infobox-data">Lykia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lycia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_Lycia.jpg/330px-Map_of_Lycia.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_Lycia.jpg/500px-Map_of_Lycia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_Lycia.jpg/960px-Map_of_Lycia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6167" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption>Location of Lycia. <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> in the Greco-Roman period. The classical regions, including Lycia, and their main settlements</figcaption></figure></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Lycia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ancient_Lycia.png/350px-Ancient_Lycia.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ancient_Lycia.png/525px-Ancient_Lycia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ancient_Lycia.png/700px-Ancient_Lycia.png 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lycia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a>: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 <i>Trm̃mis</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Λυκία</span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Lykia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Likya</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> from 15–14th centuries BC (as <a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a>) to 546 BC. It bordered the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in what is today the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> as well some inland parts of <a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur Province</a>. The region was known to history from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> records of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>. </p><p>Lycia was populated by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Luwic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwic languages">Luwic languages</a>. Written records began to be inscribed in stone in the <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian language</a> after Lycia's involuntary incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. At that time (546 BC) the Luwian speakers were displaced as Lycia received an influx of Persian speakers. </p><p>The many cities in Lycia were wealthy as shown by their elaborate architecture starting at least from the 5th century BC and extending to the Roman period. </p><p>Lycia fought for the Persians in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a>, but on the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> by the Greeks, it became intermittently a free agent. After a brief membership in the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Empire">Athenian Empire</a>, it seceded and became independent (its treaty with Athens had omitted the usual non-secession clause), was under the Persians again, revolted again, was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Mausolus" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, returned to the Persians, and finally fell under <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> upon the defeat of the Persians by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Due to the influx of Greek speakers and the sparsity of the remaining Lycian speakers, Lycia was rapidly <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> under the Macedonians, and the Lycian language disappeared from inscriptions and coinage. </p><p>On defeating <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> in 188 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> gave Lycia to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> for 20 years, taking it back in 168 BC. In these latter stages of the Roman Republic, Lycia came to enjoy freedom as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. The Romans validated <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> officially under the Lycian League in 168 BC. This native government was an early <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> with republican principles; these later came to the attention of the framers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, influencing their thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite home rule, Lycia was not a sovereign state and had not been since its defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a>. In 43 AD the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> dissolved the league, and Lycia was incorporated into the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a>. In 395, the province was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. It lost the region to the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> in the early 13th century, which itself collapsed in 1308. It was then absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Teke" title="Beylik of Teke">Beylik of Teke</a> and came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1423. Lycia was inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg/220px-Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg/330px-Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg/440px-Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Partial reconstruction of the Nereid Monument at <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a> in Lycia, c. 390–380 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The borders of Lycia varied over time, but at its centre was the <a href="/wiki/Teke_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke peninsula">Teke peninsula</a> of southwestern Turkey, which juts southward into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, bounded on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fethiye" title="Gulf of Fethiye">Gulf of Fethiye</a>, and on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Antalya" title="Gulf of Antalya">Gulf of Antalya</a>. Lycia comprised what is now the westernmost portion of <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> Province, the easternmost portion of <a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla Province</a>, and the southernmost portion of <a href="/wiki/Burdur" title="Burdur">Burdur</a> Province. In ancient times the surrounding districts were, from west to east, <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>, all equally as ancient, and each speaking its own <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian language</a>. </p><p>The name of the Teke Peninsula comes from the former name of Antalya Province, which was <a href="/wiki/Teke_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke Province">Teke Province</a>, named from the Turkish tribe that settled in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four ridges extend from northeast to southwest, roughly, forming the western extremity of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>. Furthest west of the four are Boncuk Dağlari, or 'the Boncuk Mountains', extending from about <a href="/wiki/Altinyayla,_Burdur" class="mw-redirect" title="Altinyayla, Burdur">Altinyayla, Burdur</a>, southwest to about Oren north of <a href="/wiki/Fethiye" title="Fethiye">Fethiye</a>. This is a fairly low range peaking at about 2,340 m (7,680 ft). To the west of it the steep gorges of <a href="/wiki/Dalaman_River" title="Dalaman River">Dalaman Çayi</a> ('the Dalaman River'), the ancient Indus, formed the traditional border between Caria and Lycia. The stream, 229 km (142 mi) long, enters the Mediterranean to the west of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Dalaman" title="Dalaman">Dalaman</a>. Upstream it is dammed in four places, after an origin in the vicinity of Sarikavak in <a href="/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a> Province. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthos_inschriftenpfeiler_axb01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Xanthos_inschriftenpfeiler_axb01.jpg/250px-Xanthos_inschriftenpfeiler_axb01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Xanthos_inschriftenpfeiler_axb01.jpg/330px-Xanthos_inschriftenpfeiler_axb01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Xanthos_inschriftenpfeiler_axb01.jpg/500px-Xanthos_inschriftenpfeiler_axb01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Inscribed <a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a> (c. 400 BC), a funerary pillar for a sarcophagus that probably belonged to Dynast <a href="/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Kheriga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4Ig4KJySudYCpgPA130_130]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4Ig4KJySudYCpgPA130_130]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The next ridge to the east is Akdağlari, 'the White Mountains', about 150 km (93 mi) long, with a high point at Uyluktepe, "Uyluk Peak", of 3,024 m (9,921 ft). This massif may have been ancient Mount Cragus. Along its western side flows Eşen Çayi, "the Esen River", anciently the <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a>, Lycian Arñna, originating in the Boncuk Mountains, flowing south, and transecting the several-mile-long beach at <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a>. The Xanthos Valley was the country called Tŗmmis in dynastic Lycia, from which the people were the Termilae or Tremilae, or Kragos in the coin inscriptions of Greek Lycia: Kr or Ksan Kr. The name of western Lycia was given by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fellows" title="Charles Fellows">Charles Fellows</a> to it and points of Lycia west of it. </p><p>The next ridge to the east, Beydağlari, 'the Bey Mountains', peaks at Kizlarsevrisi, 3,086 m (10,125 ft), the highest point of the Teke Peninsula. It is most likely the ancient Masicytus range. Between Beydağlari and Akdağlari is an upland plateau, Elmali, where ancient Milyas was located. The elevation of the town of Elmali, which means 'Apple Town,' from the density of fruit-bearing groves in the region, is 1,100 m (3,600 ft), which is the highest part of the valley below it. Fellows considered the valley to be central Lycia. </p><p>The Akçay, or 'White River', the ancient Aedesa, brought water from the slopes to the plain, where it pooled in two lakes below the town, Karagöl and Avlangöl. Currently the two lakes are dry, the waters being captured on an ongoing basis by irrigation systems for the trees. The Aedesa once drained the plain through a chasm to the east, but now flows entirely through pipelines covering the same route, but emptying into the water supplies of Arycanda and Arif. An effort has been made to restore some of the cedar forests cleared in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The easternmost ridge extends along the east coast of the Teke Peninsula, and is called, generally, Tahtali Dağlari, "The Tahtali Mountains." The high point within them is Tahtali Dağ, elevation 2,366 m (7,762 ft), dubbed "Mount Olympus" in antiquity by the Greeks, remembering <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a> in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mountains create a rugged coastline called by Fellows eastern Lycia. Much of it has been reserved as Olimpos Beydağlari Parki. Within the park on the slopes of Mount Olympus is a U-shaped outcrop, <a href="/wiki/Yanarta%C5%9F" title="Yanartaş">Yanartaş</a>, above <a href="/wiki/Cirali" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirali">Cirali</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> gas, naturally perpetually escaping from below through the rocks, feeds eternal flames. This is the location of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mount_Chimaera" title="Mount Chimaera">Mount Chimaera</a>. </p><p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Cul-de-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cul-de-sac">cul-de-sac</a> between Baydağlari and Tahtalidağlari, the Alakir Çay ('Alakir River'), the ancient Limyra, flows to the south trickling from the broad valley under superhighway D400 near downtown <a href="/wiki/Kumluca" title="Kumluca">Kumluca</a> across a barrier beach into the Mediterranean. This configuration is entirely modern. Upstream the river is impounded behind Alakir Dam to form an urban-size reservoir. Below the reservoir a braided stream alternates with a single, small channel flowing through irrigated land. The wide bed gives an indication of the former size of the river. Upstream from the reservoir the stream lies in an unaltered gorge, flowing from the slopes of Baydağlari. The ancient route to Antalya goes up the valley and over the cul-de-sac, as the coast itself is impassible except by boat. The valley was the seat of ancient Solymus, home of the Solymi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are at least 381 ancient settlements in the broader region of Lycia-Pamphylia, with the vast majority of these in Lycia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are situated either along the coastal strip in the protecting coves or on the slopes and hills of the mountain ranges. They are often difficult to access, which in ancient times was a defensive feature. The rugged coastline favored well-defended ports from which, in troubled times, Lycian pirate fleets sallied forth. </p><p>The principal cities of ancient Lycia were <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympos_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympos (Lycia)">Olympos</a> (each entitled to three votes in the Lycian League) and <a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a>. Cities such as <a href="/wiki/Telmessos" title="Telmessos">Telmessos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krya">Krya</a> were sometimes listed by Classical authors as Carian and sometimes as Lycian. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lycian_place_names" title="List of Lycian place names">List of Lycian place names</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Tourism">Modern Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:373px;max-width:373px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Rock-cut Temple-like tombs</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_Kings_Tombs-Dalyan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lycian_Kings_Tombs-Dalyan.JPG/209px-Lycian_Kings_Tombs-Dalyan.JPG" decoding="async" width="209" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lycian_Kings_Tombs-Dalyan.JPG/314px-Lycian_Kings_Tombs-Dalyan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lycian_Kings_Tombs-Dalyan.JPG/418px-Lycian_Kings_Tombs-Dalyan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Lycian rock cut tombs of <a href="/wiki/Dalyan" title="Dalyan">Dalyan</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1911_Britannica-Architecture-Telmessus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1911_Britannica-Architecture-Telmessus.png/156px-1911_Britannica-Architecture-Telmessus.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1911_Britannica-Architecture-Telmessus.png/234px-1911_Britannica-Architecture-Telmessus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1911_Britannica-Architecture-Telmessus.png/312px-1911_Britannica-Architecture-Telmessus.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rock-cut tomb at <a href="/wiki/Telmessus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telmessus">Telmessus</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">Tombs at Xanthos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycian_Way" title="Lycian Way">Lycian Way</a></div> <p>Although the 2nd-century BC dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Er%C5%8Dtes_(Lucian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erōtes (Lucian)">Erōtes</a></i> found the cities of Lycia "interesting more for their history than for their monuments, since they have retained none of their former splendor," many relics of the <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a> remain visible today. These relics include the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-cut tombs">rock-cut tombs</a> in the sides of cliffs. The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> contains one of the best collections of Lycian artifacts. <a href="/wiki/Letoon" title="Letoon">Letoon</a>, an important center in Hellenic times of worship for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a> and her twin children, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, and nearby Xanthos, ancient capital of Lycia, constitute a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey's first <a href="/wiki/Waymarking#Waymarking_signage" class="mw-redirect" title="Waymarking">waymarked</a> long-distance footpath, the <a href="/wiki/Lycian_Way" title="Lycian Way">Lycian Way</a>, follows part of the coast of the region. The establishment of the path was a private initiative by a British/Turkish woman called Kate Clow. It is intended to support <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a> in smaller mountain villages which are in the process of depopulation. Since it is mainly walked in March – June and Sept–Nov, it also has lengthened the tourism season. The Turkish Culture and Tourism Ministry promotes the Lycian coast as part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a> or the Turquoise Coast, but the most important part of this is further west near Bodrum. This coast features rocky or sandy beaches at the bases of cliffs and settlements in protected coves that cater to the yachting industry. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye%C5%9Fil%C3%BCz%C3%BCml%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeşilüzümlü (page does not exist)">Yeşilüzümlü</a> village is a popular touristic attraction among the tourists beyond the Lycian Way due to its historic architecture and narrow cobblestone streets. The village is also located near the <a href="/wiki/Cadyanda" title="Cadyanda">Cadyanda</a> ruins, which date back to 3000 BCE, that are also popular among the tourists. The inhabitants are also known for their weavings called "Dastar", which Turkish Patent Institute granted a geographical indication status in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Telmessos_rock_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Telmessos rock tomb. The sign on site says the tombs date from about 400 BC"><img alt="Telmessos rock tomb. The sign on site says the tombs date from about 400 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Telmessos_rock_tomb.jpg/120px-Telmessos_rock_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Telmessos_rock_tomb.jpg/250px-Telmessos_rock_tomb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Telmessos rock tomb. The sign on site says the tombs date from about 400 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myra_Tombs_Temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock-cut tombs in Myra"><img alt="Rock-cut tombs in Myra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Myra_Tombs_Temples.jpg/120px-Myra_Tombs_Temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Myra_Tombs_Temples.jpg/250px-Myra_Tombs_Temples.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4446" data-file-height="2086" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rock-cut tombs in <a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinara_Ancient_Lycian_City_Fethiye_Turkey_several_Rock_Tombs_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ogival rock-cut tomb at Pinara, 4th century BC"><img alt="Ogival rock-cut tomb at Pinara, 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pinara_Ancient_Lycian_City_Fethiye_Turkey_several_Rock_Tombs_detail.jpg/88px-Pinara_Ancient_Lycian_City_Fethiye_Turkey_several_Rock_Tombs_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pinara_Ancient_Lycian_City_Fethiye_Turkey_several_Rock_Tombs_detail.jpg/132px-Pinara_Ancient_Lycian_City_Fethiye_Turkey_several_Rock_Tombs_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pinara_Ancient_Lycian_City_Fethiye_Turkey_several_Rock_Tombs_detail.jpg/176px-Pinara_Ancient_Lycian_City_Fethiye_Turkey_several_Rock_Tombs_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="2078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ogival rock-cut tomb at <a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a>, 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kash_95_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Lycian tomb in Kaş"><img alt="Ancient Lycian tomb in Kaş" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kash_95_019.jpg/82px-Kash_95_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kash_95_019.jpg/123px-Kash_95_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kash_95_019.jpg/164px-Kash_95_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4159" data-file-height="6064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Lycian tomb in <a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9F" title="Kaş">Kaş</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Amyntas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tomb of Amyntas in Fethiye"><img alt="The Tomb of Amyntas in Fethiye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tomb_of_Amyntas.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Amyntas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tomb_of_Amyntas.jpg/250px-Tomb_of_Amyntas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Amyntas" title="Tomb of Amyntas">Tomb of Amyntas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fethiye" title="Fethiye">Fethiye</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oinoanda_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek theater at Oinoanda"><img alt="Ancient Greek theater at Oinoanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Oinoanda_3.JPG/120px-Oinoanda_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Oinoanda_3.JPG/250px-Oinoanda_3.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Greek theater at <a href="/wiki/Oinoanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinoanda">Oinoanda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lycian tomb in Kaş"><img alt="Lycian tomb in Kaş" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg/120px-Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg/250px-Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lycian tomb in <a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9F" title="Kaş">Kaş</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:185A7263.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lycian tomb in Fethiye"><img alt="Lycian tomb in Fethiye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/185A7263.jpg/120px-185A7263.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/185A7263.jpg/180px-185A7263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/185A7263.jpg/240px-185A7263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lycian tomb in Fethiye</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lycian tomb in Kastellorizo"><img alt="Lycian tomb in Kastellorizo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/120px-%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/250px-%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lycian tomb in <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_language">Ancient language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg/250px-Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg/500px-Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Lycian <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Payava</a> as depicted on his tomb, with inscription.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Payava_tomb_front_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Payava_tomb_front_inscription.jpg/250px-Payava_tomb_front_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Payava_tomb_front_inscription.jpg/330px-Payava_tomb_front_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Payava_tomb_front_inscription.jpg/500px-Payava_tomb_front_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The inscription on the front of the tomb of Payava.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Lydian inscription runs: “Payava, son of Ed[...], acquired [this grave] in the sacred [burial] area of the acropolis(?) of <a href="/wiki/Artumpara" title="Artumpara">A[rttumba]ra</a> (a Lycian ruler), when Lycia saw(?) S[alas](??) [as governor(?)]. This tomb I made, a 10 year <i>iti</i> (project?), by means of Xanthian <i>ahama</i>s.”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 375–360 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The eponymous inhabitants of Lycia, the <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a>, spoke Lycian, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>, a subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family. Lycian has been attested only between about 500 BC and no later than 300 BC, in a <a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">unique alphabet</a> devised for the purpose from the Greek alphabet of Rhodes. However, the Luwian languages originated in Anatolia during the 2nd millennium BC. The country was known by the name of <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">Lukka</a> then, and was sometimes under Hittite rule. </p><p>At about 535 BC, before the first appearance of attested Lycian, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> overran Lycia. Despite its resistance, because of which the population of Xanthos was decimated, Lycia became part of the Persian Empire. The first coins with Lycian letters on them appeared not long before 500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lycia prospered under a monarchy set up by the Persians. Subsequently, the Lycians were verbose in stone, carving memorial, historical and governmental inscriptions. Not all of these can yet be entirely understood, due to remaining ignorance of the language. The term "dynastic period" is used. If the government was any sort of federal democracy, there is no evidence of it, as the term "dynastic" suggests. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_tomb_relief_at_Myra_4th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lycian_tomb_relief_at_Myra_4th_century_BCE.jpg/250px-Lycian_tomb_relief_at_Myra_4th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lycian_tomb_relief_at_Myra_4th_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Lycian_tomb_relief_at_Myra_4th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lycian_tomb_relief_at_Myra_4th_century_BCE.jpg/500px-Lycian_tomb_relief_at_Myra_4th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Warrior in Lycian tomb relief at <a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a>, 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myra_tomb_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Myra_tomb_relief.jpg/250px-Myra_tomb_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Myra_tomb_relief.jpg/330px-Myra_tomb_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Myra_tomb_relief.jpg/500px-Myra_tomb_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Drawing of the complete tomb relief, Myra.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Lycia hosted a small enclave of Dorian Greeks for some centuries and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> was mainly inhabited by Dorians at the time. After the defeat of the Persians by the Greeks, Lycia became open to further Greek settlement. During this period, inscriptions in Lycian diminished, while those in Greek multiplied. Complete assimilation to Greek occurred sometime in the 4th century, after Lycia had come under the control of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and his fellow Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no agreement yet on which inscription in the Lycian language is the very last, but nothing dated after the year 300 BC has yet been found. </p><p>Subsequently, the Lycians were vassalized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, which allowed the Lycians home rule under their own language, which at that point was Greek. Lycia continued to exist as a vassal state under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> until its final division after the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> at which point it became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>. After the fall of the Byzantines in the 15th century, Lycia fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>; Turkish colonization of the area soon followed. Turkish and Greek settlements existed side-by-side, each speaking their own language. </p><p>All Greek-speaking enclaves in Anatolia were exchanged for Turkish speakers in Greece during the final settlement of the border with Greece at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a> in 1923. The Turks had won wars against both Greece and Armenia in the preceding few years, settling the issue of whether the coast of Anatolia was going to be Greek or Turkish. The intent of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a> was to define borders that would not leave substantial populations of one country in another. Some population transfers were enforced. Former Greek villages still stand as ghost towns in Lycia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka lands</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, Lycia was part of the <i>Lukka lands</i> known from <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">ancient Egyptian</a> records. The toponyms Lukka and Lycia are believed to be cognate, as are the names of numerous Lukkan and Lycian settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lukka lands were never a unified kingdom, instead having a decentralized political structure. Archaeological remains of the Lukka people are sparse. The Lukka people were famously fractious, with Hittite and Egyptian records describing them as raiders, rebels, and pirates. Lukka people fought against the Hittites as part of the <a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa confederation</a>, later fought for the Hittites in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a>, and are listed among the groups known to modern scholars as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea People">Sea People</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynastic_period">Dynastic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dynastic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquisition_by_Cyrus_the_Great_(circa_540_BC)"><span id="Acquisition_by_Cyrus_the_Great_.28circa_540_BC.29"></span>Acquisition by Cyrus the Great (circa 540 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acquisition by Cyrus the Great (circa 540 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_charioteer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_charioteer.jpg/250px-Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_charioteer.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_charioteer.jpg/330px-Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_charioteer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Charioteers on a tomb at Kizilbel near <a href="/wiki/Elmali" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmali">Elmali</a>, Lycia, c. 525 BC</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_warrior.jpg/143px-Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_warrior.jpg/215px-Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_warrior.jpg/286px-Kizilbel_Elmali_tomb_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Detail of the frescoe: Lycian warrior painted in <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek">Archaic Greek</a> style.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Herodotus writes more credibly of contemporaneous events, especially where they concerned his native land. Asia Minor had been partly conquered by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, first the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>. The latter were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, who incorporated them and their lands into the new <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> dynasty, resolved to complete the conquest of Anatolia as a prelude to operations further west, to be carried out by his successors. He assigned the task to <a href="/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a>, a Median general, who proceeded to subdue the various states of Anatolia, one by one, some by convincing them to submit, others through military action. </p><p>Arriving at the southern coast of Anatolia in 546 BC, the army of Harpagus encountered no problem with the Carians and their immediate Greek neighbors and alien populations, who submitted peacefully. In the <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a> Valley an army of Xanthian Greeks sallied out to meet them, fighting determinedly, although vastly outnumbered. Driven into the citadel, they collected all their property, dependents and slaves into a central building, and burned them up. Then, after taking an oath not to surrender, they died to a man fighting the Persians, foreshadowing and perhaps setting an example for Spartan conduct at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a> a few generations later. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg/220px-Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg/330px-Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg/440px-Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Probable depiction of the Lycian ruler <a href="/wiki/Kybernis" title="Kybernis">Kybernis</a> (520–480 BC), <a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek">Archaic Greek</a> style.</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence indicates there was a major fire on the acropolis of Xanthos in the mid-6th century BC but, as Antony Keen points out, there is no way to connect that fire with the event presented by Herodotus. It might have been another fire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caunians, says Herodotus, followed a similar example immediately after.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there was an attempt by any of the states of Lycia to join forces, as happened in Greece 50 years later, there is no record of it, suggesting that no central government existed. Each country awaited its own fate alone. </p><p>Herodotus also says or implies that 80 Xanthian families were away at the time, perhaps with the herd animals in alpine summer pastures (pure speculation), but helped repopulate the place. However, he reports, the Xanthians of his time were mainly descended from non-Xanthians. Looking for any nuance that might shed light on the repopulation of Xanthos, Keen interprets Herodotus' "those Lycians who now say that they are Xanthians" to mean that Xanthos was repopulated by other Lycians (and not by Iranians or other foreigners).<sup id="cite_ref-Keen76_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen76-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus said nothing of the remainder of Lycia; presumably, that is true because they submitted without further incident. Lycia was well populated and flourished as a Persian satrapy; moreover, they spoke mainly Lycian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Harpagid_theory">The Harpagid theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Harpagid theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Harpagid Theory was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fellows" title="Charles Fellows">Charles Fellows</a>, discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a>, and person responsible for the transportation of the Xanthian Marbles from Lycia to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Fellows could not read the Lycian inscription, except for one line identifying a person of illegible name, to whom the monument was erected, termed the son of Arppakhu in Lycian, equivalent to Greek <a href="/wiki/Harpagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpagos">Harpagos</a>. Concluding that this person was the conqueror of Lycia in 546, Fellows conjectured that Harpagos had been made permanent satrap of Lycia for his services; moreover, the position was hereditary, creating a Harpagid Dynasty. This theory prevailed nearly without question for several generations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthos_sarcophagus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xanthos_sarcophagus_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Xanthos_sarcophagus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xanthos_sarcophagus_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Xanthos_sarcophagus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xanthos_sarcophagus_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Xanthos_sarcophagus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Kybernis" title="Kybernis">Kybernis</a>, a solid sandstone pillar with the sarcophagus of Kybernis on top (c. 480 BC).</figcaption></figure> <p>To the inscriptions of the Xanthian Obelisk were added those of the <a href="/wiki/Letoon_trilingual" title="Letoon trilingual">Letoon trilingual</a>, which gave a sequel, as it were, to the names on the obelisk. Studies of coin legends, initiated by Fellows, went on. Currently, most (but not all) of the Harpagid Theory has been rejected. The Achaemenids utilized no permanent satrapies; the political circumstances changed too often. The conqueror of new lands was seldom made their satrap; he went on to other conquests. It was not the Persian custom to grant hereditary satrapies; satrap was only a step in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>. And finally, a destitute mountain country would have been a poor reward for Cyrus' best general.<sup id="cite_ref-Keen76_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen76-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main evidence against the Harpagid Theory (as Keen calls it) is the reconstruction of the name of the Xanthian Obelisk's deceased as Lycian Kheriga, Greek Gergis (<a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a>), a king reigning approximately 440–410 BC, over a century later than the conqueror of Lycia. </p><p>The next logical possibility is that Kheriga's father, Arppakhu, was a descendant of the conqueror. In opposition, Keen reconstructs the dynastic sequence from coin inscriptions as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kheriga had two grandfathers, Kuprlli and Kheriga. The younger Kheriga was the successor of Kuprlli. The latter's son, therefore, Kheziga, who was Kheriga's uncle, must have predeceased Kuprlli. Arppakhu is listed as regnant on two other inscriptions, but he did not succeed Kuprlli. He must therefore have married a daughter of Kuprlli, and have also predeceased the long-lived Kuprlli. The latter then was too old to reign de facto. On the contemporaneous deaths of both him and his son-in-law, Kheriga, named after his paternal grandfather, acquired the throne. </p><p>Kuprlli was the first king recorded for certain (there was an earlier possible) in the coin legends. He reigned approximately 480–440. Harpagos was not related by blood. The conqueror, therefore, was not the founder of the line, which was not Harpagid. An Iranian family, however, producing some other Harpagids, did live in Lycia and was of sufficient rank to marry the king's daughter. As to whether the Iranian family were related to any satrap, probably not. Herodotus said that Satrapy 1 (the satrapies were numbered) consisted of Ionia, Magnesia, Aeolia, Caria, Lycia, Milya, and Pamphylia, who together paid a tax of 400 silver talents. This satrapy was later broken up and recombined.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keen hypothesizes that since Caria had responsibility for the King's Highway through Lycia, Lycia and Caria were a satrapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_1998_84_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen_1998_84-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Lycian_monarchy">The Lycian monarchy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Lycian monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karaburun_Elmali_dignitary_470_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Karaburun_Elmali_dignitary_470_BCE.jpg/300px-Karaburun_Elmali_dignitary_470_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Karaburun_Elmali_dignitary_470_BCE.jpg/450px-Karaburun_Elmali_dignitary_470_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Karaburun_Elmali_dignitary_470_BCE.jpg/600px-Karaburun_Elmali_dignitary_470_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Lycian dignitary in Achaemenid style, at the Karaburun tomb near <a href="/wiki/Elmal%C4%B1" title="Elmalı">Elmalı</a>, Lycia, c. 475 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenids" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenids">Achaemenid Persian</a> policy toward Lycia was hands-off.<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_1998_84_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen_1998_84-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was not even a satrap stationed in the country. The reason for this tolerance after such a determined initial resistance is that the Iranians were utilizing another method of control: the placement of aristocratic Persian families in a region to exercise putative home rule. There is some evidence that the Lycian population was not as docile as the Persian hand-off policy would suggest. A section of the <a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a> called the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, regarding the redistribution of goods and services in the Persepolis <a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">palace economy</a>, mentions some redistributed prisoners of war, among whom were the Turmirla or Turmirliya, Lycian Trm̃mili, "Lycians." They lived during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (522–486), the tablets dating from 509.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Ogival tombs</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tomb_of_Payava,_a_Lykian_aristocrat,_about_375-360_BC,_from_Xanthos,_British_Museum_(9504934234).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg/139px-The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg/209px-The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg/278px-The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">tomb of Payava</a>, a Lykian aristocrat, about 375–360 BC, from <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_at_Pinara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tomb_at_Pinara.jpg/145px-Tomb_at_Pinara.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tomb_at_Pinara.jpg/218px-Tomb_at_Pinara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tomb_at_Pinara.jpg/290px-Tomb_at_Pinara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ogival (pointed <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaulted</a>) rock-cut tomb at <a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a>, Lycia, highly reminiscent of Indian <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a> arches.<sup id="cite_ref-GHA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>For closer attention to their conquered, the Persian government preferred to establish a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>, setting up a monarchy under their control. The term "<a href="/wiki/Dynast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynast">dynast</a>" has come into use among English-speaking scholars, but that is not a native term. The Lycian inscriptions indicate the monarch was titled xñtawati, more phonetically khñtawati. The holders of this title can be traced in coin legends, having been given the right to coin. Lycia had a single monarch, who ruled the entire country from a palace at Xanthos. The monarchy was hereditary, hence the term "dynast." It was utilized by Persia as a means of transmitting Persian policy. It must have been they who put down local resistance and transported the prisoners to Persepolis, or ordered them transported. Some members of the dynasty were Iranian, but mainly it was native Lycian. If the survivors of 546 were in fact herdsmen (speculation), then all the Xanthian nobility had perished, and the Persians must have designated some other Lycian noble, whom they could trust.<sup id="cite_ref-Keen87_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen87-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first dynast is believed to be the person mentioned in the last line of the Greek epigram inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a>, which says "this monument has brought glory to the family (genos) of ka[]ika," which has a letter missing. It is probably not *karikas, for Kherika, as the latter is translated in the <a href="/wiki/Letoon_trilingual" title="Letoon trilingual">Letoon trilingual</a> as Gergis. A more likely possibility is *kasikas for Kheziga, the same as Kheriga's uncle, the successor to Kuprlli, who predeceased him.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herodotus mentioned that the leader of the Lycian fleet under <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Persian War">Second Persian War</a> of 480 BC was <i>Kuberniskos Sika</i>, previously interpreted as "Cyberniscus, the son of Sicas," two non-Lycian names.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slight regrouping of the letters obtains <i>kubernis kosika</i>, "Cybernis, son of Cosicas," where Cosicas is for Kheziga.<sup id="cite_ref-Keen87_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen87-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cybernis went to the bottom of the Straits of Salamis with the entire Lycian fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>, but he may be commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a>. According to this theory, Cybernis was the KUB of the first coin legends, dated to the window, 520–500.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date would have been more towards 500.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a gap, however, between him and Kuprlli, who should have had a father named the same as his son, Kheziga. The name Kubernis does not appear again. Keen suggests that <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> created the kingship on reorganizing the satrapies in 525, and that on the intestate death of Kubernis in battle, the Persians chose another relative named Kheziga, who was the father of Kuprlli. The Lycian dynasty may therefore be summarized as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">Greek Name</th> <th>Lycian "Kings" (at Xanthos)</th> <th>Local Lycian rulers</th> <th>Coinage</th> <th width="35%">Status</th> <th>Date BC </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pre-dynastic period (c.540–c.530 BC)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LYCIA,_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg/60px-LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg/120px-LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Initial Achaemenid control since circa 542/539 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>c.540–c.530 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosikas</td> <td>Kheziga I</td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg/60px-Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg/90px-Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg/120px-Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>First of the line.</td> <td>c.525 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubernis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubernis">Kubernis</a></td> <td>KUB</td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg/50px-Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg/75px-Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg/100px-Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Second in succession, son of the former.</td> <td>c.520–480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosikas</td> <td></td> <td>Kheziga II</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Uncertain_dynast_coinage._Circa_490-80-440-30_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Uncertain_dynast_coinage._Circa_490-80-440-30_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Uncertain_dynast_coinage._Circa_490-80-440-30_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Uncertain_dynast_coinage._Circa_490-80-440-30_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Uncertain_dynast_coinage._Circa_490-80-440-30_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Third in succession, unknown relative (possibly son of Kheziga I ?).</td> <td>fl. c.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">?</td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Kuprlli" title="Kuprlli">Kuprlli</a> (ΚΟ𐊓, pronounced "coupe")</td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Kuprlli, son of Kheziga II, was fourth in succession. First monarch identifiable through coin legends.</td> <td>480–c.440 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">During Kuprlli's long reign at least a dozen local Lycian rulers started to mint their own coins,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teththiweibi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teththiweibi (page does not exist)">Teththiweibi</a>:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teththiweibi</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Teththiweibi,_dynast_of_Achaemenid_Lycia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coin_of_Teththiweibi%2C_dynast_of_Achaemenid_Lycia.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Teththiweibi%2C_dynast_of_Achaemenid_Lycia.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coin_of_Teththiweibi%2C_dynast_of_Achaemenid_Lycia.jpg/120px-Coin_of_Teththiweibi%2C_dynast_of_Achaemenid_Lycia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td></td> <td>c.450–430/20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosikas</td> <td>(Kheziga III: heir-apparent)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Son of Kuprlli, first in line to succeed him, but died young.</td> <td>† c.460 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harpagus (Iranian name)</td> <td>(Arppakhu: regent for Kuprlli)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Son-in-law of Kuprlli. The elderly Kuprlli, when he became incapacitated, remained nominal king, but real power rested with Arpakkhu as his regent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>fl. c.450 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Gergis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Kheriga</a></td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kheriga._Circa_450-410_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kheriga._Circa_450-410_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kheriga._Circa_450-410_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kheriga._Circa_450-410_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kheriga._Circa_450-410_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Fifth in succession, son of Arppakhu. Probably regent for Kuprlli in his last years, after his death Kheriga became king himself.</td> <td>c.440-c.410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kherei" title="Kherei">Kherei</a></td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Sixth in succession, brother of Kheriga.</td> <td>c.410–c.390 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Arbinas</a> (Iranian name)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Erbbina</a></td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg/90px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Seventh in succession, son of Kheriga. The last known of the line.</td> <td>c.390–c.380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Artembares (Iranian name, *Rtambura, self-identified as "the Mede.")</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artumpara" title="Artumpara">Arttum̃para</a></td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Artumpara._Circa_400-370_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Artumpara._Circa_400-370_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Artumpara._Circa_400-370_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Artumpara._Circa_400-370_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Artumpara._Circa_400-370_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Ruler of western Lycia from Telmessos. Ousted by Perikle.</td> <td>c.380–c.360 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mithrapata</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mithrapata" title="Mithrapata">Mithrapata</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg/90px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Ruler in eastern Lycia.</td> <td>c.390–c.370 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pericles (Greek name)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikle</a></td> <td></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/60px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/90px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>At first ruler of eastern Lycia from Limyra, then victor over Arttum̃para, rebel in the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Satraps">Revolt of the Satraps</a>, last Lycian king.</td> <td>c.360 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ally_of_Athens_in_the_Delian_League_(c._470–430_BC)"><span id="Ally_of_Athens_in_the_Delian_League_.28c._470.E2.80.93430_BC.29"></span>Ally of Athens in the Delian League (c. 470–430 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ally of Athens in the Delian League (c. 470–430 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg/250px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg/330px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg/500px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kuprilli._Circa_480-440_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuprlli" title="Kuprlli">Kuprlli</a> (480–440 BC) ruled at the time of the Athenian alliance. Head of Karneios or <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>-Ammon and <a href="/wiki/Triskeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Triskeles">Triskeles</a>. KO-𐊓-P(ΛΛE) around.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Achaemenid defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Persian War">Greco-Persian War</a> (479 BC), the Lycians may have temporarily joined the Greek side during the counter-attacks of the Spartan <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausanias (general)">Pausanias</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean circa 478 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-AK97_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK97-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Lycian were still on the Persian side during the expeditions of <a href="/wiki/Kimon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimon">Kimon</a> circa 470 BC, who finally persuaded the Lycian to join the Athenian alliance, the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus">Diodorus</a> relates that Kimon "persuaded those of Lycia and took them into his allegiance".<sup id="cite_ref-AK97_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK97-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the power of Athens weakened and Athens and Sparta fought the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesian war">Peloponnesian wars</a> (431–404 BC), the majority of Lycian cities defaulted from the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, with the exception of Telmessos and Phaselis. In 429 BC, Athens sent an expedition against Lycia to try to force it to rejoin the League. This failed when Lycia's leader Gergis/<a href="/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Kheriga</a> of Xanthos defeated Athenian General Melesander.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renewed_Achaemenid_control_(c._430–333_BC)"><span id="Renewed_Achaemenid_control_.28c._430.E2.80.93333_BC.29"></span>Renewed Achaemenid control (c. 430–333 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renewed Achaemenid control (c. 430–333 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:357px;max-width:357px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Stand-alone Temple-like tombs</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_102.jpg/152px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_102.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_102.jpg/228px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_102.jpg/304px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1929" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Illustration of the original <a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a>, tomb of King <a href="/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Arbinas</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg/197px-Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg/296px-Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg/394px-Reconstruction_Nereid_Monument_BM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Reconstruction of the Nereid Monument, British Museum. This was a new "Greek Temple" type of tomb for Lycia, adopted circa 380 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Lycians once again fell under Persian domination, and by 412 BC, Lycia is documented as fighting on the winning side of Persia. The Persian <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satraps</a> were re-installed, but (as the coinage of the time attests) they allowed local dynasts the freedom to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last known dynast of Lycia was <a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikles</a>. He ruled 380–360 BC over eastern Lycia from <a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a>, at a time when Western Lycia was directly under Persian domination.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pericles took an active part in the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Satraps">Revolt of the Satraps</a> against Achaemenid power, but lost his territory when defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BT_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Perikles, Persian rule was reestablished firmly in Lycia in 366 or 362 BC. Control was taken by <a href="/wiki/Mausolus" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a>, the satrap of nearby <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, who moved the satrap's residence to <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lycia was also ruled directly by the Carian dynast <a href="/wiki/Pixodarus" title="Pixodarus">Pixodarus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hecatomnus" title="Hecatomnus">Hecatomnus</a>, as shown in the <a href="/wiki/Xanthos_trilingual_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthos trilingual inscription">Xanthos trilingual inscription</a>. </p><p>Lycia was also ruled by men such as <a href="/wiki/Mithrapata" title="Mithrapata">Mithrapata</a> (late 4th century BC), whose name was Persian. Persia held Lycia until it was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III (the Great)</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">of Macedon</a> during 334–333 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Alexander the Great period, <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> was appointed viceroy of Lycia and of the land adjacent to it as far as mount Taurus.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Dynastic portraiture on coinage</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">Coins</a></div> <p>Although many of the first <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Antiquity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Antiquity">Antiquity</a> illustrated the images of various gods, the first portraiture of actual rulers appears with the coinage of Lycia in the late 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No ruler had dared to illustrate his own portrait on coinage until that time.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Achaemenids had been the first to illustrate the person of their king or a hero in a stereotypical undifferentiated manner, showing a bust or the full body, but never an actual portrait, on their <a href="/wiki/Sigloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigloi">Sigloi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a> coinage from circa 500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Root_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Root-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of the dynast of Lycia, Kherei, with Athena on the obverse, and himself wearing the Persian cap on the reverse. 410–390 BC."><img alt="Coin of the dynast of Lycia, Kherei, with Athena on the obverse, and himself wearing the Persian cap on the reverse. 410–390 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg/250px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of the dynast of Lycia, <a href="/wiki/Kherei" title="Kherei">Kherei</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> on the obverse, and himself wearing the <a href="/wiki/Bashlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashlik">Persian cap</a> on the reverse. 410–390 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_receiving_Visitors,_Xanthos,_Nereid_Monument,_Frieze_II,_Block_879.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dynast Arbinas, in Persian dress, receiving emissaries. Scene from the upper podium frieze of the Nereid Monument, c. 380 BC."><img alt="Dynast Arbinas, in Persian dress, receiving emissaries. Scene from the upper podium frieze of the Nereid Monument, c. 380 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Official_receiving_Visitors%2C_Xanthos%2C_Nereid_Monument%2C_Frieze_II%2C_Block_879.jpg/120px-Official_receiving_Visitors%2C_Xanthos%2C_Nereid_Monument%2C_Frieze_II%2C_Block_879.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Official_receiving_Visitors%2C_Xanthos%2C_Nereid_Monument%2C_Frieze_II%2C_Block_879.jpg/250px-Official_receiving_Visitors%2C_Xanthos%2C_Nereid_Monument%2C_Frieze_II%2C_Block_879.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dynast <a href="/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Arbinas</a>, in Persian dress, receiving emissaries. Scene from the upper podium frieze of the <a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a>, c. 380 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_stater_of_Mithrapata_of_Lycia_(c._390%E2%80%93370_BC).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Lycian ruler Mithrapata (ruled 390–370 BC)."><img alt="Portrait of Lycian ruler Mithrapata (ruled 390–370 BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Silver_stater_of_Mithrapata_of_Lycia_%28c._390%E2%80%93370_BC%29.jpg/120px-Silver_stater_of_Mithrapata_of_Lycia_%28c._390%E2%80%93370_BC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Silver_stater_of_Mithrapata_of_Lycia_%28c._390%E2%80%93370_BC%29.jpg/250px-Silver_stater_of_Mithrapata_of_Lycia_%28c._390%E2%80%93370_BC%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Lycian ruler <a href="/wiki/Mithrapata" title="Mithrapata">Mithrapata</a> (ruled 390–370 BC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Perikles, last king of Lycia. Circa 380–360 BC."><img alt="Coin of Perikles, last king of Lycia. Circa 380–360 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/180px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/240px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikles</a>, last king of Lycia. Circa 380–360 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_sarcophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon", Sidon, end of 5th century BC."><img alt=""Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon", Sidon, end of 5th century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lycian_sarcophagus.jpg/120px-Lycian_sarcophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lycian_sarcophagus.jpg/250px-Lycian_sarcophagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Lycian_sarcophagus_of_Sidon" title="Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon">Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon</a>", <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, end of 5th century BC. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period_(333–168_BC)"><span id="Hellenistic_period_.28333.E2.80.93168_BC.29"></span>Hellenistic period (333–168 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period (333–168 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:357px;max-width:357px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i>Ptolemaion</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lymira" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymira">Lymira</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limyra,_Ptolemaion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion.jpg/250px-Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion.jpg/500px-Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ptolemaion in <a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a>, c. 270 BC.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limyra,_Ptolemaion,_lady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion%2C_lady.jpg/120px-Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion%2C_lady.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion%2C_lady.jpg/250px-Limyra%2C_Ptolemaion%2C_lady.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ptolemaion sculpture of a lady.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Death of Alexander the Great">death of Alexander the Great</a> in 323 BC, <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">his generals</a> fought amongst themselves over the succession. Lycia fell into the hands of the general <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a> by 304 BC. In 301 BC Antigonus was killed by an alliance of the other successors of Alexander, and Lycia became a part of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, who ruled until he was killed in battle in 281 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaywood2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaywood2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control then passed to the Ptolemaic Kingdom, centre on Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphos">Ptolemy II Philadelphos</a> (ruled 285–246 BC), who supported the Limyrans of Lycia when they were threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a> (a Celtic tribe that had invaded <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>). The citizens of Limyra in return dedicated a monument to Ptolemy, called the <i>Ptolemaion</i> circa 270 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 240 BC Lycia was firmly part of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>, centred on Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained in their control through 200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It had apparently come under <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> control by 190 BC, when the Seleucids' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnesia" title="Battle of Magnesia">Battle of Magnesia</a> resulted in Lycia being awarded to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Apamea" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Apamea">Peace of Apamea</a> in 188 BC. </p><p>In 181 BC, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Seleucid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Seleucid War">Roman-Seleucid War</a>, the consul <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Manlius_Vulso_(consul_189_BC)" title="Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (consul 189 BC)">Gnaeus Manlius Vulso</a> decided to fight the <a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a> (189 BC) against the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>. He was supported by <a href="/wiki/Attalus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalus II">Attalus II</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>. The two leaders marched inland and reached Pamphylia levying soldiers from local rulers. They then got to the territory of Cibyra, ruled by another tyrant called Moagetes. When Roman envoys went to the city he begged them not to ravage his lands as he was a friend of Rome and promised a paltry sum of money, fifteen talents. Moagetes sent his envoys to Manlius' camp. Polybius had Manlius say that he was the worst enemy of Rome and that he deserved punishment rather than friendship. Moagetes and his friends went to meet Manlius dressed in humble clothing, bewailing the weakness of his town and begging to accept the fifteen talents. Manlius was 'amazed at his impudence' and said that if he did not pay 500 talents, he would lay his lands to waste and sack the city. Moagetes successfully persuaded him to reduce the sum to 100 talents and promised an amount of grain, and Manlius moved on. Polybius described Moagetes as "cruel and treacherous man and worthy of more than a passing notice."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lycian_League">Lycian League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lycian League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="2" style="font-size:75%; margin: 0 0 10px 15px;" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" align="right"> <caption><b>LYCIAN LEAGUE</b><br />τὸ Λυκιακοῦ σύστημα </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd;"> <th align="left">City</th> <th>Votes </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Olympos_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympos (Lycia)">Olympos</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td>Sympolity of <a href="/wiki/Aperlae" title="Aperlae">Aperlae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simena" title="Simena">Simena</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)" title="Isinda (Lycia)">Isinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)" title="Apollonia (Lycia)">Apollonia</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amelas" title="Amelas">Amelas</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiphellus" title="Antiphellus">Antiphellus</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Arycanda" title="Arycanda">Arycanda</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:##fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Cyaneae</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)" title="Dias (Lycia)">Dias</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gagae" title="Gagae">Gagae</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Idebessos" title="Idebessos">Idebessos</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Oenoanda" title="Oenoanda">Oenoanda</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Phellus" title="Phellus">Phellus</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)" title="Podalia (Lycia)">Podalia</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodiapolis" title="Rhodiapolis">Rhodiapolis</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidyma" title="Sidyma">Sidyma</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Telmessus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telmessus">Telmessus</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Trebenna" title="Trebenna">Trebenna</a></td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lycian League</b> of independent city-states was the first such democratic union in history and the league remained strong in spite of the mountainous terrain, invasions of foreign powers and attempts of tyrants to take power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation">Formation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lycian League (<i>Lykiakon systema</i> in Strabo's Greek transliterated, a "standing together") is first known from two inscriptions of the early 2nd century BC in which it honors two citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryce hypothesizes that it was formed as an agent to convince Rome to rescind the annexation of Lycia to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. It is not known for certain whether it was formed before or after Lycia was removed from Rhodian control. According to <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, the consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Scipio_Asiaticus" title="Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus">Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus</a> put Lycia under Rhodian control in 190 BC. He wrote that a Lycian embassy complained about the cruel tyranny of the Rhodians and that when they were under king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> they had been in liberty in comparison. It was slavery, rather that just political oppression: "they, their wives and children were the victims of violence; their oppressors vented their rage on their persons and their backs, their good name was besmirched and dishonoured, their condition rendered detestable in order that their tyrants might openly assert a legal right over them and reduce them to the status of slaves bought with money.. the senate gave them a letter to and to the Rhodians that ...it was not the pleasure of the senate that either the Lycians or any other men born free should be handed over as slaves to the Rhodians or any one else. The Lycians possessed the same rights under the suzerainty and protection of Rhodes that friendly states possessed under the suzerainty of Rome."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> wrote that the Romans sent envoys to Rhodes to say that "the Lycians had not been handed over to Rhodes as a gift, but to be treated like friends and allies."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rhodians claimed that king Eumenes of Pergamon had stirred up the Lycians against them.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 169 BC, during the Third Macedonian War, the relationship between Rome and Rhodes became strained and the Roman senate issued a decree which gave the Carians and the Lycians their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polybius recorded a decree “freeing” the Carians and Lycians in 168–7 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strabo wrote that there were twenty-three cities which came together for a general assembly and had a share in its votes "after choosing whatever city they approve of". The last statement is unclear. The largest cities had three votes, the medium-sized ones two, and the rest one. He noted that the League did not have freedom over matters of war and peace: "Formerly they deliberated about war and peace, and alliances, but this is not now permitted, as these things are under the control of the Romans. It is only done by their consent, or when it may be for their own advantage." However, they had the freedom to choose a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyciarch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyciarch (page does not exist)">Lyciarch</a> as the head of the league and to designate general courts. He also noted "since they lived under such a good government, they remained ever free under the Romans, thus retaining their ancestral usages [i.e ancestral laws and customs]."<sup id="cite_ref-14.3.3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14.3.3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Composition">Composition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strabo wrote that according to a source the six largest were <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympos_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympos (Lycia)">Olympos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a>. Tlos was near the pass that leads over into Cibyra.<sup id="cite_ref-14.3.3_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14.3.3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of the other cities has been identified by a study of the coins and mention in other texts.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins recognize two districts, termed, for want of a better term, "monetary districts:" Masicytus and Cragus, both named after mountain ranges, in the shadow of which, presumably, the communities lived and conducted business.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where coinage before the Lycian League had often been stamped LY for Lycia, it was now stamped KP (kr) or MA. </p><p>In 81 BC <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Murena_(propraetor_in_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)">Lucius Licinius Murena</a>, the Roman commander who fought the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second Mithridatic War</a> (83–81 BC) in Anatolia deposed Moagetes, a tyrant of the tetrapolis (four towns) in the Cibyratis (northern Lycia). It had been formed by the city of <a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Cibyra Megale</a>, (Greater Cibyra, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Cibyra_Mikra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibyra Mikra">Cibyra Mikra</a>, Little Cibyra, of the coast, not too far from modern <a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Side</a>). It was in the Cibyratis region, in today's <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Lakes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Lakes Region">Turkish Lake Region</a>. According to Strabo, Cibyra had two votes, while the other three cities had one and the tetrarchy was ruled by a benign tyrant. When Murena ended the tyranny he included the cities of <a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a> within the territory of the Lycians.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lycia was granted autonomy as a protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 168 BC and remained so until becoming a Roman province in 43 AD under Claudius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarraclough2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarraclough2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Rome got involved in the eastern Mediterranean the Lycians allied with Rome. An inscription found in Tyberissos provides the first record of such an alliance treaty (foedus). The dating is uncertain. It precedes the treaty of 46 BC (see below) and could go back to the second or first century BC. The context in which this treaty was made in unknown. It could have been concluded during the expansionist moves by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a>, the Seleucid king, in Anatolia prior to the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Seleucid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Seleucid War">Roman-Seleucid War</a> (192–188 BC), or during or after this war. Alternatively, it could have been concluded in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> in Anatolia in the first century BC. The preamble stated: "There will be peace and loyal alliance between the People of the Romans and the cities of Lycia and the assembly of the Lycians by land and sea for all time.” There were four clauses which stipulated that: 1) the Lycian League was not to allow enemies of Rome to cross all territory over which they had authority so that they could bring war on Rome or her subjects and was not to give them aid; 2) Rome was not to allow enemies of the Lycians to pass through territory they controlled or had authority over so that they might bring war on the Lycian League or the people subject to them and was not to give them aid; 3) if anyone started a war against the Lycian people first, Rome was to come to her aid as soon as possible and if anyone started a war against Rome, the Lycian league was to aid Rome as soon as possible provided that this was allowed to Rome and the Lycian League in accordance with the agreements and oath; 4) Additions and subtractions to the agreements were possible if each side agreed though a joint decision.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theater_Pinara_T%C3%BCrkei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Theater_Pinara_T%C3%BCrkei.JPG/250px-Theater_Pinara_T%C3%BCrkei.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Theater_Pinara_T%C3%BCrkei.JPG/330px-Theater_Pinara_T%C3%BCrkei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Theater_Pinara_T%C3%BCrkei.JPG/500px-Theater_Pinara_T%C3%BCrkei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4025" data-file-height="2375" /></a><figcaption>The Roman theater in <a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympos_R%C3%B6misches_Bad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympos_R%C3%B6misches_Bad.JPG/250px-Olympos_R%C3%B6misches_Bad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympos_R%C3%B6misches_Bad.JPG/330px-Olympos_R%C3%B6misches_Bad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympos_R%C3%B6misches_Bad.JPG/500px-Olympos_R%C3%B6misches_Bad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Roman baths in <a href="/wiki/Olympos_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympos (Lycia)">Olympos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_near_Limyra._Pic_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bridge_near_Limyra._Pic_04.jpg/220px-Bridge_near_Limyra._Pic_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bridge_near_Limyra._Pic_04.jpg/330px-Bridge_near_Limyra._Pic_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bridge_near_Limyra._Pic_04.jpg/440px-Bridge_near_Limyra._Pic_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Roman <a href="/wiki/Bridge_near_Limyra" title="Bridge near Limyra">Bridge near Limyra</a> in Lycia, one of the oldest segmental arch bridges in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>An inscription found on a statue-base found in Thespiae attests that in 46 BC Julius Caesar signed a treaty with the Lycian league. It had nine articles. The first article stipulated "Friendship, alliance and peace both by land and sea in perpetuity "Let the Lycians observe the power and preeminence of the Romans as is proper in all circumstances." The other articles stipulated: 2) Neutrality of each party to the other's enemy; 3) mutual help in case of an attack on either party; 4) anyone charged with import or export of contraband goods was to be charged by the highest official of the two parties; 5) Romans accused of a capital crime in Lycia were to be judged in Rome by her own laws and Lycians accused of these crimes were to be judged in Lycia by her own laws; 6) Romans in a dispute with Lycians were to be judged in Lycia according to her own laws, if Lycians were brought to court by Romans the case was to be heard by whatever official the disputants chose for the case to be dealt with justly; 7) No person was to be taken as a surety, Roman and Lycian war prisoners were to be returned to their own countries, captured horses, slaves or ships were to be restored; 8) named cities, ports and territories which were restored to the Lycians were to belong to them; 9) both parties agreed to abide by the terms of this oath and the treaty. Details could be amended if both parties agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 43 AD the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> annexed Lycia. <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> wrote that Claudius ‘reduced the Lycians to servitude because they had revolted and slain some Romans and he incorporated them in the prefecture of Pamphylia." He also provided some details of the investigation of this affair conducted in the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> wrote that Claudius "deprived the Lycians of their independence because of deadly intestine feuds."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an inscription found at <a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perge</a> which has been dated to late 46/early 45 BC the Lycians, who described themselves as 'faithful allies’, praised Claudius for freeing them from disturbances, lawlessness and brigandage and for the restoration of the ancestral laws. It makes a reference to the transfer of power from the multitude to the councillors, selected from among the best. Therefore, it seems that there might have been a revolutionary popular uprising which could have overturned the established order. The annexation of Lycia seems to fit the common reason for annexing Roman client states or allies in this period: the loss on stability due to internal strife or, in some cases, the weakening or end of a ruling dynasty. The restoration of ancestral law was probably linked to the Roman practice of respecting and guaranteeing the ancestral laws, customs and privileges of city-states or leagues of city-states it made alliance agreements with in the eastern Mediterranean. Lycia was annexed, but the Lycian League was retained as so were self-governance regarding most local matters according to local traditional laws and the League's authority over local courts. The treaty concluded by Caesar in 46 BC had already established a framework for the distinction of judicial areas under the competence of the Lycian League and those under the Roman praetor peregrino (chief justice for foreigners) and could be used to define the assignment of legal areas between the Roman provincial governor and the League. The Romans re-established stability in Lycia and retained friendly relations with the Lycians and Lycian rights to their traditional laws, customs and privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 74 AD the emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> joined the Roman provinces of Lycia and <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> into the province of <a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cassius Dio's statement that Claudius incorporated Lycia into Phampylia (which he had as governed by a prefect, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Propraetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propraetor">propraetor</a>, see above) is refuted by the existence of legati Augusti pro praetore Lyciae (imperial provincial governors of Lycia with propraetorial rank). The adoptive son and heir of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a>, died in Lycia in 4 AD after being wounded during a campaign in Artagira, Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_Drachm_of_Lycia,_98-99_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silver Drachm of Trajan from Lycia, minted during Roman rule." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trajan_Drachm_of_Lycia%2C_98-99_AD.jpg/250px-Trajan_Drachm_of_Lycia%2C_98-99_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trajan_Drachm_of_Lycia%2C_98-99_AD.jpg/330px-Trajan_Drachm_of_Lycia%2C_98-99_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trajan_Drachm_of_Lycia%2C_98-99_AD.jpg/500px-Trajan_Drachm_of_Lycia%2C_98-99_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Silver Drachm of Trajan from Lycia, 98–99 AD, minted during Roman rule.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_era">Byzantine era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Byzantine era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot Theme</a></div> <p>During the Byzantine period Lycia and Pamphylia came under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a> (the mainstay of the Byzantine navy from the mid-7th century until the early 8th century). After the Karabisianoi were disbanded (between c. 719/720 and c. 727) they became the <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of the Cibyrrhaeots">Theme of the Cibyrrhaeots</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_era">Turkish era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Turkish era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayak%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kayaköyü.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Kayak%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/220px-Kayak%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Kayak%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/330px-Kayak%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Kayak%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/440px-Kayak%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Abandoned Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y" title="Kayaköy">Kayaköy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lycia was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire and eventually became part of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Lycia was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">kingdom of Italy</a> according to the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupazione_italiana_di_Adalia" class="extiw" title="it:Occupazione italiana di Adalia">occupied for a few years</a>, but in 1923 was assigned to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Lycia hosted both Turkish and Greek communities. The substantial <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> lived in Lycia until the 1920s, when they were forced to migrate to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Darke,_Diana_1986_160_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke,_Diana_1986_160-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abandoned Greek villages in the region are a striking reminder of this exodus. Abandoned Greek houses can still be seen in the region, and <a href="/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y" title="Kayaköy">Kaya</a> is a Greek <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Darke,_Diana_1986_160_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke,_Diana_1986_160-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small population of Turkish farmers moved into the region when the Lycian Greeks migrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Darke,_Diana_1986_160_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke,_Diana_1986_160-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is now one of the key centres of domestic and foreign tourism in Turkey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Greek_mythology">In Greek mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In Greek mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milyas" title="Milyas">Milyas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg/220px-Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg/330px-Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg/440px-Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Lycia coin, c. 520–470 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the earliest known name for the area was <a href="/wiki/Milyas" title="Milyas">Milyas</a>, and its original inhabitants, who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan language</a>, were the <a href="/wiki/Milyae" class="mw-redirect" title="Milyae">Milyae</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μιλύαι</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Milyans, also known by the <a href="/wiki/Exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonyms">exonyms</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sólymoi</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σόλυμοι</span></span>), Solymi, and Solymians. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <b>Solymus</b> or <b>Solymos</b> was the ancestral hero and <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> of the Solymi. He was a son of either <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>; his mother's name is variously given as <a href="/wiki/Chaldene" title="Chaldene">Chaldene</a>, Caldene ("daughter of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pisidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pisidus (page does not exist)">Pisidus</a>"), Calchedonia, or Chalcea "the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a> had (at least) two sons, <a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(brother_of_Minos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarpedon (brother of Minos)">Sarpedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>, who vied for the kingship of their native land, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. Minos drove Sarpedon and his people, the <a href="/wiki/Termilae" class="mw-redirect" title="Termilae">Termilae</a>, into exile and they settled in Milyas. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Lycus_(son_of_Pandion_II)" title="Lycus (son of Pandion II)">Lycus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Pandion_II" title="Pandion II">Pandion II</a>), who was driven into exile by his brother, King <a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a>, settled in Milyas among the Termilae. The name Lycia was adopted subsequently in honor of Lycus. (It had in fact been around much longer under the name <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">Lukka</a>, probably derived from the same root as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lucus" class="extiw" title="wikt:lucus">lucus</a></i> (grove, bright space)). Herodotus ends his tale with the observation that the Lycians were <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lycia appears elsewhere in Greek myth, such as in the story of <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a>, who eventually succeeded to the throne of the Lycian king <a href="/wiki/Iobates" title="Iobates">Iobates</a> (or Amphianax). Lycia was frequently mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> as an ally of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>. In Homer's <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, the Lycian contingent was said to have been led by two esteemed warriors: <a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laodamia" title="Laodamia">Laodamia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Glaucus_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucus (soldier)">Glaucus</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Hippolochus_(mythology)" title="Hippolochus (mythology)">Hippolochus</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Ancient regions of Anatolia">Ancient regions of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycian script">Lycian script</a></li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_of_the_Jordan" title="Gerasimus of the Jordan">Gerasimus of the Jordan</a>, 5th-century Christian saint born in Lycia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>, Christian saint said to have been born in Patara, Lycia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Christopher" title="Saint Christopher">Saint Christopher</a>, Christian saint said to have been of the region of Lycia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lycia">"Lycia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2005" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Richard (19 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905123826/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/international/europe/19patara.html?_r=1">"A Congress, Buried in 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/international/europe/19patara.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Congress%2C+Buried+in+Turkey%27s+Sand&rft.date=2005-09-19&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F19%2Finternational%2Feurope%2F19patara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4Ig4KJySudYCpgPA130_130]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4Ig4KJySudYCpgPA130_130]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ig4KJySudYC&pg=PA130">130</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Martin; Young, Wendy (2001). <i>Mountain and plain: from the Lycian coast to the Phrygian plateau in the late Roman and early Byzantine period</i>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+and+plain%3A+from+the+Lycian+coast+to+the+Phrygian+plateau+in+the+late+Roman+and+early+Byzantine+period&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Young%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825212131/http://www.antalya-ws.com/english/mountain/tahtali.asp">"Tahtali Dagi (2366 m.)"</a>. <i>Antalya Website</i>. antalyaonline.net. 1996–2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antalya+Website&rft.atitle=Tahtali+Dagi+%282366+m.%29&rft.date=1996%2F2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antalya-ws.com%2Fenglish%2Fmountain%2Ftahtali.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonPickettGascoigneFleitmann2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, Matthew J.; Pickett, Jordan; Gascoigne, Alison L.; Fleitmann, Dominik; Elton, Hugh (27 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9236232">"Settlement, environment, and climate change in SW Anatolia: Dynamics of regional variation and the end of Antiquity"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (6): e0270295. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1770295J">2022PLoSO..1770295J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0270295">10.1371/journal.pone.0270295</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9236232">9236232</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35759500">35759500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Settlement%2C+environment%2C+and+climate+change+in+SW+Anatolia%3A+Dynamics+of+regional+variation+and+the+end+of+Antiquity&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0270295&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9236232%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1770295J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35759500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0270295&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Pickett%2C+Jordan&rft.au=Gascoigne%2C+Alison+L.&rft.au=Fleitmann%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Elton%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9236232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/484/">"Xanthos-Letoon"</a>. <i>World Heritage – The List</i>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+%E2%80%93+The+List&rft.atitle=Xanthos-Letoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://villages.goturkiye.com/uzumlu">"Üzümlü Villages - GoTürkiye Destinations"</a>. <i>goturkiyevillages.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goturkiyevillages.com&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cz%C3%BCml%C3%BC+Villages+-+GoT%C3%BCrkiye+Destinations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvillages.goturkiye.com%2Fuzumlu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchürr" class="citation web cs1">Schürr, Diether. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274519945">"Der lykische Dynast Arttumbara und seine Anhänger"</a>. Akademie Verlag<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+lykische+Dynast+Arttumbara+und+seine+Anh%C3%A4nger&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Diether&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274519945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> = <i>Klio</i> 94/1 (2012) 18-44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=461543&partId=1"><i>The Payava Tomb</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Payava+Tomb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D461543%26partId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFantReddish2003" class="citation book cs1">Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Mitchell G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPDXFPxKBzIC&pg=PT485"><i>A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199881451" title="Special:BookSources/9780199881451"><bdi>9780199881451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Biblical+Sites+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199881451&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=Clyde+E.&rft.au=Reddish%2C+Mitchell+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPDXFPxKBzIC%26pg%3DPT485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Trevor Bryce</a> (2005) <i>The Kingdom of the Hittites</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2VnjMAwNqUC&pg=PA54&dq=lukka&sig=lPpSxJc0_GPkX92TAdcjXczuKJ8#PPA54,M1">p. 54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilya Yakubovich (2010) <i>Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language</i>, Leiden: Brill, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2005). <i>The Trojans and their Neighbours</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34959-8"><bdi>978-0-415-34959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trojans+and+their+Neighbours&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34959-8&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012" class="citation book cs1">Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). <i>The Ahhiyawa Texts</i>. Brill. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589832688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589832688"><bdi>978-1589832688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ahhiyawa+Texts&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1589832688&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Bryce%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2005). <i>The Trojans and their Neighbours</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 82, <span class="nowrap">148–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34959-8"><bdi>978-0-415-34959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trojans+and+their+Neighbours&rft.pages=82%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34959-8&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryce 2005, p. 336; Yakubovich 2010, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histories</i>, Book I, Section 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keen76-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keen76_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keen76_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, pp. 78, 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, The Histories, 3.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keen_1998_84-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keen_1998_84_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keen_1998_84_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndré-Salvini2005" class="citation book cs1">André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC&pg=PA46"><i>Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247314" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247314"><bdi>9780520247314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Empire%3A+The+World+of+Ancient+Persia&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520247314&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9-Salvini&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJnaKu9DdNEC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHA-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GHA_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChingJarzombekPrakash2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ching" title="Frank Ching">Ching, Francis D.K</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Jarzombek" title="Mark Jarzombek">Jarzombek, Mark M.</a>; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT707"><i>A Global History of Architecture</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118981603" title="Special:BookSources/9781118981603"><bdi>9781118981603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.pages=707&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781118981603&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K&rft.au=Jarzombek%2C+Mark+M.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Vikramaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPqKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoomaraswamy1972" class="citation book cs1">Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349"><i>History of Indian and Indonesian art</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349/page/n313">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+and+Indonesian+art&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Coomaraswamy&rft.aufirst=Ananda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.52349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBombay1974" class="citation book cs1">Bombay, Asiatic Society of (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NW1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay</i></a>. Asiatic Society of Bombay. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bombay&rft.aufirst=Asiatic+Society+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NW1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoveau-Dubreuil1976" class="citation book cs1">Joveau-Dubreuil, Gabriel (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YcEtAQAAIAAJ"><i>Vedic antiquites</i></a>. Akshara. p. 4. <q>The Lydian tombs at Pinara and Xanthos, on the south-coast of Asia Minor, were excavated like the early Indian rock-hewn chaitya-hall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+antiquites&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Akshara&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Joveau-Dubreuil&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYcEtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keen87-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keen87_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keen87_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, The Histories, 7.98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1897">Hill 1897</a>, p. xxvi. – Coin Series I of the British Museum, bearing the KUB, is dated by Hill to the window 520–480, somewhat less precisely than the 520–500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AK97-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AK97_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AK97_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1998">Keen 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ig4KJySudYC&pg=PA97">97–</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9E_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA173"><i>The History of the Peloponnesian War: Translated from the Greek of Thucydides. To which are Annexed, Three Preliminary Discourses. I. On the Life of Thucydides. II. On His Qualifications as a Historian. III. A Survey of the History</i></a>. Edward Earle T.H. Palmer, printer. 1818. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Peloponnesian+War%3A+Translated+from+the+Greek+of+Thucydides.+To+which+are+Annexed%2C+Three+Preliminary+Discourses.+I.+On+the+Life+of+Thucydides.+II.+On+His+Qualifications+as+a+Historian.+III.+A+Survey+of+the+History&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Edward+Earle+T.H.+Palmer%2C+printer&rft.date=1818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9E_AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuplin2007" class="citation book cs1">Tuplin, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwFPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150"><i>Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire</i></a>. ISD LLC. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910589465" title="Special:BookSources/9781910589465"><bdi>9781910589465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Responses%3A+Political+and+Cultural+Interaction+with%28in%29+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=ISD+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781910589465&rft.aulast=Tuplin&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwFPDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMortensenPoulsen2017" class="citation book cs1">Mortensen, Eva; Poulsen, Birte (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yU5mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273"><i>Cityscapes and Monuments of Western Asia Minor: Memories and Identities</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785708398" title="Special:BookSources/9781785708398"><bdi>9781785708398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cityscapes+and+Monuments+of+Western+Asia+Minor%3A+Memories+and+Identities&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785708398&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Poulsen%2C+Birte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyU5mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=262">"Lycian Dynasts"</a>. <i>www.AsiaMinorCoins.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.AsiaMinorCoins.com&rft.atitle=Lycian+Dynasts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaminorcoins.com%2Fgallery%2Fthumbnails.php%3Falbum%3D262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PC_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHouwink_ten_Cate1961" class="citation book cs1">Houwink ten Cate, Philo Hendrik Jan (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12"><i>The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luwian+Population+Groups+of+Lycia+and+Cilicia+Aspera+During+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Houwink+ten+Cate&rft.aufirst=Philo+Hendrik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNM3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA673"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 673. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061207" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061207"><bdi>9781575061207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781575061207&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26pg%3DPA673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BT_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2009" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA419"><i>The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Routledge. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134159079" title="Special:BookSources/9781134159079"><bdi>9781134159079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia%3A+The+Near+East+from+the+Early+Bronze+Age+to+the+fall+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134159079&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwwNS0diXP4C%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaywood2002" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, John; et al. (2002). <i>Historical Atlas of the Classical World: 500 BC – AD 600</i>. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. Plate 2.09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Classical+World%3A+500+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+600&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Plate+2.09&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0074.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.6">"Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 3.6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrian%2C+Anabasis+of+Alexander%2C+3.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0074.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A3.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarradice1978" class="citation book cs1">Carradice, Ian (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient Greek Portrait Coins</i></a>. British Museum Publications. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714108490" title="Special:BookSources/9780714108490"><bdi>9780714108490</bdi></a>. <q>The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Portrait+Coins&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780714108490&rft.aulast=Carradice&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4FdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestBirmingham2004" class="citation book cs1">West, Shearer; Birmingham, Shearer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3sRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Portraiture</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192842589" title="Special:BookSources/9780192842589"><bdi>9780192842589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraiture&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780192842589&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Shearer&rft.au=Birmingham%2C+Shearer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3sRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Root-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Root_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoot1989" class="citation journal cs1">Root, Margaret Cool (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1989_num_91_1_4361">"The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism"</a>. <i>Revue des Études Anciennes</i>. <b>91</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frea.1989.4361">10.3406/rea.1989.4361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Anciennes&rft.atitle=The+Persian+archer+at+Persepolis+%3A+aspects+of+chronology%2C+style+and+symbolism&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frea.1989.4361&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Cool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frea_0035-2004_1989_num_91_1_4361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.vcoins.com/thecelator/The-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf">"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Celator</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 20. February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161656/https://community.vcoins.com/thecelator/The-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Celator&rft.atitle=Half-figure+of+the+King%3A+unravelling+the+mysteries+of+the+earliest+Sigloi+of+Darius+I&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.vcoins.com%2Fthecelator%2FThe-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaywood2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaywood2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaywood2002">Haywood 2002</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaelkensLoots2000" class="citation book cs1">Waelkens, Marc; Loots, Lieven (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs5xuX231MoC&pg=PA497"><i>Sagalassos Five</i></a>. Leuven University Press. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058670793" title="Special:BookSources/9789058670793"><bdi>9789058670793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagalassos+Five&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789058670793&rft.aulast=Waelkens&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Loots%2C+Lieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZs5xuX231MoC%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough2003" class="citation book cs1">Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed. (2003). <i>Collins Atlas of World History</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Borders Press. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+Atlas+of+World+History&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Borders+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2000" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy, ed. (2000). <i>World History Atlas</i>. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+Atlas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/21*.html">"Polybius, The histories, 21.34"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polybius%2C+The+histories%2C+21.34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPolybius%2F21%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryceZahle1986">Bryce & Zahle 1986</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0167%3Abook%3D41%3Achapter%3D6">"Livy, The History of Rome, 41.6.8–12"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livy%2C+The+History+of+Rome%2C+41.6.8%E2%80%9312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0167%253Abook%253D41%253Achapter%253D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/25*.html">"Polybius, The Histories, 25.3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polybius%2C+The+Histories%2C+25.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPolybius%2F25%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0167%3Abook%3D42%3Achapter%3D14">"Livy, The History of Rome, 42.14.8"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livy%2C+The+History+of+Rome%2C+42.14.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0167%253Abook%253D42%253Achapter%253D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0168%3Abook%3D44%3Achapter%3D40">"Livy, The History of Rome, 44.15.1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livy%2C+The+History+of+Rome%2C+44.15.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0168%253Abook%253D44%253Achapter%253D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/30*.html">"Polybius, The Histories, 30.5.12"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polybius%2C+The+Histories%2C+30.5.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPolybius%2F30%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14.3.3-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-14.3.3_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-14.3.3_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/14C*.html">"Strabo, Geographia, 14.3.3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geographia%2C+14.3.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F14C%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=491">"Lycian League cities and coins"</a>. <i>www.AsiaMinorCoins.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.AsiaMinorCoins.com&rft.atitle=Lycian+League+cities+and+coins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaminorcoins.com%2Fgallery%2Fthumbnails.php%3Falbum%3D491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1897">Hill 1897</a>, p. xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html">"Strabo Geographia, 13.4.17"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo+Geographia%2C+13.4.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F13D%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1897">Hill 1897</a>, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarraclough2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarraclough2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarraclough2003">Barraclough 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDerowChristopher_John_SmithLiv_Mariah_Yarrow2012" class="citation book cs1">Derow, Peter; Christopher John Smith; Liv Mariah Yarrow (2012). <i>Imperialism, cultural politics, and polybius</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism%2C+cultural+politics%2C+and+polybius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Derow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Christopher+John+Smith&rft.au=Liv+Mariah+Yarrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164736/http://lycianturkey.com/roman-lycian-treaty.htm">"Roman-Lycian Friendship and Reciprocal Military Alliance 46 AD"</a>. <i>Lycian Turkey - Discover the Beauty of Ancient Lycia</i>. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lycian+Turkey+-+Discover+the+Beauty+of+Ancient+Lycia&rft.atitle=Roman-Lycian+Friendship+and+Reciprocal+Military+Alliance+46+AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flycianturkey.com%2Froman-lycian-treaty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> – Note that the given date is mistaken. It should be 46 BC instead of 46 AD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, Roman History, 60.17.3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars; The Life of Claudius, 23.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKantor2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Kantor, Georgy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball1674/lycian_text.rtf"><i>Ancestral laws under the Roman rule: The case of Lycia</i></a> (PhD). Balliol College, University of Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ancestral+laws+under+the+Roman+rule%3A+The+case+of+Lycia&rft.inst=Balliol+College%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~ball1674%2Flycian_text.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Şahin, S. and M. Adak, <i>Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae</i>. İstanbul 2007; F. Onur, Two Procuratorian Inscriptions from Perge, <i>Gephyra</i> 5 (2008), 53–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme R., Pamphylia from Augustus to Vespasian, ibid., XXX, 1937, pp. 227–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mommsen, Theodore, A History of Rome Under the Emperors, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/10/sykes-picot-treaty-of-sevres-modern-turkey-middle-east-borders-turkey/">"Treaty of Sevres"</a>. 10 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Sevres&rft.date=2015-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F08%2F10%2Fsykes-picot-treaty-of-sevres-modern-turkey-middle-east-borders-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darke,_Diana_1986_160-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darke,_Diana_1986_160_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darke,_Diana_1986_160_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darke,_Diana_1986_160_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarke,_Diana1986" class="citation book cs1">Darke, Diana (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoaegeanmed00dark/page/160"><i>Guide to Aegean and Mediterranean Turkey</i></a></span>. M. Haag. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoaegeanmed00dark/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780902743342" title="Special:BookSources/9780902743342"><bdi>9780902743342</bdi></a>. <q>The Lycians were essentially Greeks so they were moved to Greece, leaving a small population of Turkish farmers to move in behind them. The Greek ghost town of Kaya in the hills behind Fethiye is the most dramatic reminder of this exodus, but derelict Greek houses can also be seen at Kalkan, Kas and Demre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Aegean+and+Mediterranean+Turkey&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=M.+Haag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780902743342&rft.au=Darke%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoaegeanmed00dark%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herod. vii. 77; Strab. xiv. p. 667; Plin. v. 25, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>, s. v. <i>Pisidia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Etymologicum_Magnum" title="Etymologicum Magnum">Etymologicum Magnum</a></i>, 721. 43, under <i>Solymoi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antimachus" title="Antimachus">Antimachus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, 5. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufinus of Aquileia">Rufinus of Aquileia</a>, <i>Recognitiones</i>, 10. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, The Histories, 1.173.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Poem on the Battle of Kadesh" 305–313, Ramesses II</li> <li>"Great Karnak Inscription" 572–592, Merneptah <dl><dd>Breasted, J. H. 1906. <i>Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. III.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</dd></dl></li> <li>"Plague Prayers of Mursilis" A1–11, b, Mursilis <dl><dd>Pritchard, J. B. 1969. <i>Ancient Near Eastern Texts.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press.</dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvidius_Naso1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovidius Naso, Publius</a> (1997). <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1-5</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806128948" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806128948"><bdi>978-0806128948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%27s+Metamorphoses%2C+Books+1-5&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0806128948&rft.aulast=Ovidius+Naso&rft.aufirst=Publius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuerbachHoffenberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Auerbach, Jeffrey; Hoffenberg, Peter (2013). <i>Britain, the Empire, and the World at the Great Exhibition of 1851</i>. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409480082" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409480082"><bdi>978-1409480082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+the+Empire%2C+and+the+World+at+the+Great+Exhibition+of+1851&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409480082&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Hoffenberg%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryceZahle1986" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, T.; Zahle, J. (1986). <i>The Lycians</i>. Vol. 1. Copenhagen: <a href="/wiki/Museum_Tusculanum_Press" title="Museum Tusculanum Press">Museum Tusculanum Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lycians&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Zahle%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> – Covers the Lycians and where they lived, their history, language, culture, cults, and their language.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill1897" class="citation book cs1">Hill, George Francis (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2wCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5">"Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia"</a>. <i>A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum</i>. London: Trustees of the British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catalogue+of+the+Greek+Coins+of+Lycia%2C+Pamphylia%2C+and+Pisidia&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+the+Greek+Coins+in+the+British+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=George+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2wCAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> – A presentation of the history of Lycia during the time of its minting coins, and the coins.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeen1998" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Antony G. (1998) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ig4KJySudYC"><i>Dynastic Lycia: A Political History of the Lycians & Their Relations with Foreign Powers, c. 545 – 362 BC</i></a>. Mnemosyne: bibliotheca classica Batavia. Supplementum. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004109560" title="Special:BookSources/9004109560"><bdi>9004109560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+Lycia%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Lycians+%26+Their+Relations+with+Foreign+Powers%2C+c.+545+%E2%80%93+362+BC&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston%3B+K%C3%B6ln&rft.series=Mnemosyne%3A+bibliotheca+classica+Batavia.+Supplementum&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9004109560&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Antony+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Ig4KJySudYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpratt1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abel_Brimage_Spratt" title="Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt">Spratt, Thomas</a> (1847). <i>Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis</i>. London: J. Van Voorst. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/582161294">582161294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Lycia%2C+Milyas%2C+and+the+Cibyratis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Van+Voorst&rft.date=1847&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F582161294&rft.aulast=Spratt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Barnett, R. D. (1975). "The Sea Peoples". In <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>; S. A. Cook; F. E. Adcock (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. II, part 2. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Pressbarne</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">362–</span>366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sea+Peoples&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Pressbarne&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> – Refers to many different <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">sea peoples</a> and their contact with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Also tells about the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Bryce">Bryce, T.</a> (1993). "Lukka Revisited". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>51</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373535">10.1086/373535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222441745">222441745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Lukka+Revisited&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222441745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> – Discusses Lukka's relations to other regions (like <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>) and where they inhabited.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrews1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, R.</a> (1995). <i>The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+Changes+in+Warfare+and+the+Catastrophe+ca.+1200+B.C.&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> – A description of the Egyptian evidence on the Sea Peoples.</li> <li>Jacobson MJ, Pickett J, Gascoigne AL, <a href="/wiki/Dominik_Fleitmann" title="Dominik Fleitmann">Fleitmann</a> D, Elton H (2022) Settlement, environment, and climate change in SW Anatolia: Dynamics of regional variation and the end of Antiquity. PLoS ONE 17(6): e0270295. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270295">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270295</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKılıç_Aslan2023" class="citation book cs1">Kılıç Aslan, Selen (2023). <i>Lycian families in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. A regional study of inscriptions: towards a social and legal framework</i>. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004548411" title="Special:BookSources/9789004548411"><bdi>9789004548411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lycian+families+in+the+Hellenistic+and+Roman+periods.+A+regional+study+of+inscriptions%3A+towards+a+social+and+legal+framework&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9789004548411&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7+Aslan&rft.aufirst=Selen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lycia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lycia">Lycia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lycia#Q18927" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Lycia">Lycia</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lycia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lycia">Lycia</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSatyurekSatyurek" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Satyurek, Patty; Satyurek, Kemal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045045/http://www.lycianturkey.com/">"Lycian Turkey"</a>. lycianturkey.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lycian+Turkey&rft.pub=lycianturkey.com&rft.aulast=Satyurek&rft.aufirst=Patty&rft.au=Satyurek%2C+Kemal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lycianturkey.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalkerAnderson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Christopher; Anderson, Thorne (Photographer) (September–October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200705/splendid.ruins.of.an.excellent.republic..htm">"Splendid Ruins for an 'Excellent Republic'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Splendid+Ruins+for+an+%27Excellent+Republic%27&rft.date=2007-09%2F2007-10&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Thorne+%28Photographer%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200705%2Fsplendid.ruins.of.an.excellent.republic..htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoss" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foss, Pedar W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226204856/http://people.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Lycia/lycia.html">"Lycia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces (ERP)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Lycia/lycia.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lycia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces+%28ERP%29&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Pedar+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.usd.edu%2F~clehmann%2Ferp%2FLycia%2Flycia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.360pano.eu/turkey/">"Virtual Tours / Myra, Mahmutlar, Lara (Turkey)"</a>. EDS Systems.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Tours+%2F+Myra%2C+Mahmutlar%2C+Lara+%28Turkey%29&rft.pub=EDS+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.360pano.eu%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span> Fullscreen panoramas of the rock-cut tombs of the ancient Lycian necropolis at Myra</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apeskov.ru/images/stories/Lycia/demre.html">"Virtual Tour—Demre. Myra (Lycia)"</a>. Alexander Peskov Photography. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Tour%E2%80%94Demre.+Myra+%28Lycia%29&rft.pub=Alexander+Peskov+Photography&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apeskov.ru%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FLycia%2Fdemre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClow" class="citation web cs1">Clow, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trekkinginturkey.com/">"Lycian Way guidebook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lycian+Way+guidebook&rft.aulast=Clow&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trekkinginturkey.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711234522/https://www.notitiadignitatum.org/613-map.htm">Map of the Roman state according to the Compilation notitia dignitatum</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks 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href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a 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coords="306,26,370,47" title="Medes" alt="Medes" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tuwanuwa" coords="252,26,333,47" title="Tuwanuwa" alt="Tuwanuwa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hittite_New_Kingdom" coords="180,26,277,47" title="Hittite New Kingdom" alt="Hittite New Kingdom" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hittite_Old_Kingdom" coords="118,26,226,47" title="Hittite Old Kingdom" alt="Hittite Old Kingdom" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" coords="338,268,546,289" title="Argead dynasty" alt="Argead dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rise_of_Nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" coords="736,256,833,277" title="Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire" alt="Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Constantinople" coords="481,239,595,259" title="Constantinople" alt="Constantinople" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cimmerian" coords="307,222,393,242" title="Cimmerian" alt="Cimmerian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Timurids" coords="660,320,740,341" title="Timurids" alt="Timurids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" coords="662,308,787,329" title="Battle of Ankara" alt="Battle of Ankara" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" coords="606,291,748,311" title="Battle of Manzikert" alt="Battle of Manzikert" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syllaeum" coords="540,273,676,294" title="Battle of Syllaeum" alt="Battle of Syllaeum" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" coords="370,256,489,277" title="Battle of Issus" alt="Battle of Issus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" coords="334,239,459,259" title="Battle of Pteria" alt="Battle of Pteria" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" coords="211,222,336,242" title="Battle of Kadesh" alt="Battle of Kadesh" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" coords="670,222,829,242" title="Fall of Constantinople" alt="Fall of Constantinople" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" coords="312,345,497,369" title="List of archaeological periods" alt="List of archaeological periods" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" coords="282,12,527,36" title="History of Anatolia" alt="History of Anatolia" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)239" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template talk:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#The_Roman_provinces_in_117" title="Roman province">Provinces of the early Roman Empire <small>(117 AD)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/250px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/330px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)660" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lycian_League89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lycian_League" title="Template:Lycian League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lycian_League" title="Template talk:Lycian League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lycian_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lycian League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lycian_League89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lycian_League">Lycian League</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Votes: 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympos_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympos (Lycia)">Olympos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Votes: 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">-</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Votes: 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sympolity of <a href="/wiki/Aperlae" title="Aperlae">Aperlae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simena" title="Simena">Simena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)" title="Isinda (Lycia)">Isinda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)" title="Apollonia (Lycia)">Apollonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Votes: ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelas" title="Amelas">Amelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphellus" title="Antiphellus">Antiphellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arycanda" title="Arycanda">Arycanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)" title="Dias (Lycia)">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagae" title="Gagae">Gagae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idebessos" title="Idebessos">Idebessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoanda" title="Oenoanda">Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellus" title="Phellus">Phellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)" title="Podalia (Lycia)">Podalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodiapolis" title="Rhodiapolis">Rhodiapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidyma" title="Sidyma">Sidyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telmessus">Telmessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebenna" title="Trebenna">Trebenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letoon" title="Letoon">Letoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18927#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036748-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lýkie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge272761&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/638965">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lycia&oldid=1271914997">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lycia&oldid=1271914997</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lycia" title="Category:Lycia">Lycia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_geography" title="Category:Ancient Greek geography">Ancient Greek geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Late_Roman_provinces" title="Category:Late Roman provinces">Late Roman provinces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Antalya_Province" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Antalya Province">Buildings and structures in Antalya Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Category:Historical regions of Anatolia">Historical regions of Anatolia</a></li><li><a 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title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 14th century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 14th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_13th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 13th century BC">States and territories established in the 13th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_6th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Category:Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lycia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lycia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18927","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18927","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-09T16:10:41Z","dateModified":"2025-01-26T09:08:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/21\/Rock_tombs_%281091851058%29.jpg","headline":"geopolitical region in Anatolia"}</script> </body> </html>