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aria-controls="toc-Family_and_youth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family and youth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family_and_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Public life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Caligula_(AD_41)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Caligula_(AD_41)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Assassination of Caligula (AD 41)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Caligula_(AD_41)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As emperor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As emperor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Expansion of the Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_and_legislative_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_and_legislative_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Judicial and legislative affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_and_legislative_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Public works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plots_and_coup_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plots_and_coup_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Plots and coup attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plots_and_coup_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretariat_and_centralization_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretariat_and_centralization_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Secretariat and centralization of powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretariat_and_centralization_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Religious reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_games_and_entertainments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_games_and_entertainments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Public games and entertainments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_games_and_entertainments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marriages and personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages_and_personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriages and personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plautia_Urgulanilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plautia_Urgulanilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Plautia Urgulanilla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plautia_Urgulanilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aelia_Paetina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aelia_Paetina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aelia Paetina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aelia_Paetina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valeria_Messalina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valeria_Messalina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Valeria Messalina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valeria_Messalina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agrippina_the_Younger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agrippina_the_Younger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Agrippina the Younger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agrippina_the_Younger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affliction_and_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affliction_and_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Affliction and personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affliction_and_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_works_and_their_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_works_and_their_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scholarly works and their impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_works_and_their_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divine_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Divine honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_the_new_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_the_new_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Views of the new regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_the_new_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavian_and_later_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavian_and_later_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Flavian and later perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavian_and_later_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_ancient_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_ancient_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Views of ancient historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_ancient_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In modern media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Claudius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كلوديوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلوديوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio" title="Claudio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Claudio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiu" title="Claudiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Claudiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavdi" title="Klavdi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klavdi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کلودیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلودیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ক্লডিয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লডিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Клаўдзій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клаўдзій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Кляўдыюс (імпэратар рымскі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кляўдыюс (імпэратар рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Клавдий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клавдий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudije" title="Klaudije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klaudije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaoda_Ia%C3%B1" title="Glaoda Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glaoda Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudi" title="Claudi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Claudi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Клавдий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Клавдий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κλαύδιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλαύδιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio" title="Claudio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Claudio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kla%C5%ADdio" title="Klaŭdio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klaŭdio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudio" title="Klaudio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klaudio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کلودیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلودیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(empereur_romain)" title="Claude (empereur romain) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Claude (empereur romain)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudius" title="Klaudius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klaudius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1idias" title="Cláidias – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cláidias" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio" title="Claudio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Claudio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="클라우디우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클라우디우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Կլավդիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլավդիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudije" title="Klaudije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klaudije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio" title="Claudio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Claudio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claud%C3%ADus" title="Claudíus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Claudíus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio" title="Claudio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Claudio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קלאודיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלאודיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კლავდიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლავდიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisari_Klaudio" title="Kaisari Klaudio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaisari Klaudio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudius" title="Klaudius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Klaudius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_(imperator)" title="Claudius (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Claudius (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudijs" title="Klaudijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klaudijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudijus" title="Klaudijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klaudijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Claudius római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Claudius római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Клавдиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клавдиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaodio_(emperora)" title="Klaodio (emperora) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Klaodio (emperora)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8" title="क्लॉडिअस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लॉडिअस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კლავდიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლავდიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="كلاوديوس الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلاوديوس الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کلادیوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلادیوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Клавдий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Клавдий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_I" title="Claudius I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Claudius I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="クラウディウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラウディウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_I" title="Claudius I – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Claudius I" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudi_(emperaire_roman)" title="Claudi (emperaire roman) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Claudi (emperaire roman)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavdiy" title="Klavdiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Klavdiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کلودیوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلودیوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0udi" title="Clàudi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Clàudi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudiusz_(cesarz)" title="Klaudiusz (cesarz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klaudiusz (cesarz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio" title="Cláudio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cláudio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Клавдий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клавдий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="قیصر کلاڈئیس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قیصر کلاڈئیس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudi" title="Klaudi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klaudi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiu" title="Claudiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Claudiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavdij_I." title="Klavdij I. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klavdij I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کلاودیوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلاودیوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Клаудије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клаудије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudije" title="Klaudije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klaudije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_(emperador)" title="Claudio (emperador) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Claudio (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குளோடியசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளோடியசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิเกลาดิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิเกลาดิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Клавдій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клавдій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کلاودیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلاودیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_(emperador)" title="Claudius (emperador) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Claudius (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="克劳狄一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克劳狄一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E7%8B%84" title="克勞狄 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克勞狄" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Claudius" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E7%8B%84%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="克勞狄一世 – Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from AD 41 to 54</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other people named Claudius, see <a href="/wiki/Claudius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Claudius (disambiguation)">Claudius (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Claudias" title="Claudias">Claudias</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Claudius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grey bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Claudius_crop.jpg/220px-Claudius_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Claudius_crop.jpg/330px-Claudius_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Claudius_crop.jpg/440px-Claudius_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="3092" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 41 – 13 October 54</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Tiberius Claudius Drusus<br />1 August 10 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 October AD 54 (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautia_Urgulanilla" title="Plautia Urgulanilla">Plautia Urgulanilla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Paetina" title="Aelia Paetina">Aelia Paetina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Messalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Agrippina" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Agrippina">Julia Agrippina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_personal_life">among<br />others</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Drusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Drusus">Claudius Drusus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Antonia" title="Claudia Antonia">Claudia Antonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (adopted)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian">Julio-Claudian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonia the Younger">Antonia the Younger</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049;text-align:center;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/150px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/225px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/300px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">Great Cameo of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <b><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div> <div style="float:right;">27 BC – AD 14</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 14–37</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 37–41</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Claudius</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 41–54</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 54–68</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Template:Julio-Claudian dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Template talk:Julio-Claudian dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julio-Claudian dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p><b>Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KLAW</span>-dee-əs</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Classical Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[tɪˈbɛri.ʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɫau̯di.ʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkae̯sar<span class="wrap"> </span>au̯ˈɡʊstʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɛrˈmaːnɪkʊs]</a></span>; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>, Claudius was born to <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>, where his father was stationed as a military legate. He was the first Roman emperor to be born outside <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>. </p><p>As he had a limp and slight deafness due to an illness he suffered when young, he was ostracised by his family and was excluded from public office until his <a href="/wiki/Consulship" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulship">consulship</a> (which was shared with his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, in 37). Claudius's infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges throughout the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> and Caligula, as potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to his being declared emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family. </p><p>Despite his lack of experience, Claudius was an able and efficient administrator. He expanded the imperial bureaucracy to include freedmen, and helped restore the empire's finances after the excesses of Caligula's reign. He was also an ambitious builder, constructing new roads, aqueducts, and canals across the Empire. During his reign, the Empire started its successful <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquest of Britain</a>. Having a personal interest in <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">law</a>, he presided at public trials, and issued edicts daily. He was seen as vulnerable throughout his reign, particularly by elements of the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position, which resulted in the deaths of many <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a>. Those events damaged his reputation among the ancient writers, though more recent historians have revised that opinion. Many authors contend that he was murdered by his own wife, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>. After his death at the age of 63, his grandnephew and <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">legally adopted</a> step-son, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, succeeded him as emperor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman customs</a>, society, and personal preference, Claudius' full name varied throughout his life: </p> <ul><li><b>Tiberius Claudius D. f. Ti. n. Drusus</b>, the cognomen <b>Drusus</b> being inherited from his <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">father</a> as his brother <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, as the eldest son, inherited the cognomen <b>Nero</b> when their uncle the future Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Julii Caesares</a> and the victory name (<a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomen</a>) <b>Germanicus</b> from their father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2.1;_"Claudius_was_born_at_Lugdunum_on_the_Kalends_of_Augustus_in_the_consulship_of_[[Iullus_Antonius]]_and_[[Africanus_Fabius_Maximus|Fabius_Africanus]],_the_very_day_when_an_altar_was_first_dedicated_to_Augustus_in_that_town,_and_he_received_the_name_of_Tiberius_Claudius_Drusus._Later,_on_the_adoption_of_his_elder_brother_into_the_Julian_family,_he_took_the_surname_[of]_[[Germanicus]]"_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2.1;_"Claudius_was_born_at_Lugdunum_on_the_Kalends_of_Augustus_in_the_consulship_of_[[Iullus_Antonius]]_and_[[Africanus_Fabius_Maximus|Fabius_Africanus]],_the_very_day_when_an_altar_was_first_dedicated_to_Augustus_in_that_town,_and_he_received_the_name_of_Tiberius_Claudius_Drusus._Later,_on_the_adoption_of_his_elder_brother_into_the_Julian_family,_he_took_the_surname_[of]_[[Germanicus]]"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tiberius Claudius D. f. Ti. n. Nero</b>, the cognomen <b>Nero</b> devolved to Claudius as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Claudia_gens#Claudii_Nerones" title="Claudia gens">Claudii Nerones</a> after his elder brother was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> as required by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Julii Caesares</a> in AD 9. Germanicus kept the victory title <b>Germanicus</b> as a praenomen, becoming Germanicus Julius Caesar. His son, <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, was known as Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, keeping the victory title, and later was known as Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Some authorities consider that his full name may have been Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</b> While Claudius had never been formally adopted either by Augustus or his successors, he was nevertheless the grandson of Augustus's sister Octavia, and so he felt that he had the right of family. He also adopted the name "Augustus" as the two previous emperors had done at their accessions. He kept the honorific "Germanicus" to display the connection with his heroic brother and father. He deified his paternal grandmother Livia to highlight her position as wife of the divine Augustus. Claudius frequently used the term "filius Drusi" (son of Drusus) in his titles, to remind the people of his legendary father and lay claim to his reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201551_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201551-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_youth">Family and youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg/170px-Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg/255px-Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg/340px-Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Claudius's mother, <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Claudius was born on 1 August 10 BC at <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lyon,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon, France">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>). He had two older siblings, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a>. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a>, may have had two other children who died young. Claudius's maternal grandparents were <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavia Minor">Octavia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s sister, and he was therefore the great-great-grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>. His paternal grandparents were <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, Augustus's third wife, and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(father_of_Tiberius_Caesar)" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a>. During his reign, Claudius revived the rumour that his father <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> was actually the illegitimate son of Augustus, to give the appearance that Augustus was Claudius's paternal grandfather. </p><p>In 9 BC, Claudius's father Drusus died on campaign in Germania from a fall from a horse. Claudius was then raised by his mother, who never remarried. When his disability became evident, the relationship with his family turned sour. Antonia referred to him as a monster, and used him as a standard for stupidity. She seems to have passed her son off to his grandmother Livia for a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60,_2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60,_2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livia was a little kinder, but nevertheless sent Claudius short, angry letters of reproof. He was put under the care of a former mule-driver<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to keep him disciplined, under the logic that his condition was due to laziness and a lack of willpower. However, by the time he reached his teenage years, his symptoms apparently waned and his family began to take some notice of his scholarly interests. In AD 7, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> was hired to tutor Claudius in history, with the assistance of Sulpicius Flavus. He spent a lot of his time with the latter, as well as the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Athenodoros_Cananites" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenodoros Cananites">Athenodorus</a>. Augustus, according to a letter, was surprised at the clarity of Claudius's oratory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_life">Public life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claudius' work as a historian damaged his prospects for advancement in public life. According to Vincent Scramuzza and others, he began work on a history of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">Civil Wars</a> that was either too truthful or too critical of Octavian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194039_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194039-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then reigning as <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>. In either case, it was far too early for such an account, and may have only served to remind Augustus that Claudius was Antony's descendant. His mother and grandmother quickly put a stop to it, and this may have convinced them that Claudius was not fit for public office, since he could not be trusted to toe the existing <a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">party line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Claudius returned to the narrative later in life, he skipped over the wars of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> altogether; but the damage was done, and his family pushed him into the background. When the <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">Arch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> was erected to honour the Imperial clan in AD 8, Claudius's name (now Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus after his elevation to <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">pater familias</a></i> of the Claudii Nerones on the adoption of his brother) was inscribed on the edge, past the deceased princes, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a>, and Germanicus's children. There is some speculation that the inscription was added by Claudius himself decades later, and that he originally did not appear at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Augustus died in AD 14, Claudius – then aged 23 – appealed to his uncle <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> to allow him to begin the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>. Tiberius, the new Emperor, responded by granting Claudius consular ornaments. Claudius requested office once more and was snubbed. Since the new emperor was no more generous than the old, Claudius gave up hope of public office and retired to a scholarly, private life. </p><p>Despite the disdain of the Imperial family, it seems that from very early on the general public respected Claudius. At Augustus's death, the <i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equites</a></i>, or knights, chose Claudius to head their delegation. When his house burned down, the Senate demanded it be rebuilt at public expense. They also requested that Claudius be allowed to debate in the Senate. Tiberius turned down both motions, but the sentiment remained. </p><p>During the period immediately after the death of Tiberius's son, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus</a>, Claudius was pushed by some quarters as a potential heir to the throne. This again suggests the political nature of his exclusion from public life. However, as this was also the period during which the power and terror of the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>, was at its peak, Claudius chose to downplay this possibility. After the death of Tiberius, the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (the son of Claudius's brother <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>) recognized Claudius to be of some use. He appointed Claudius his co-consul in 37 to emphasize the memory of Caligula's deceased father Germanicus. </p><p>Despite this, Caligula tormented his uncle: playing practical jokes, charging him enormous sums of money, humiliating him before the Senate, and the like. According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Claudius became sickly and thin by the end of Caligula's reign, most likely due to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible surviving portrait of Claudius from this period may support this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Caligula_(AD_41)"><span id="Assassination_of_Caligula_.28AD_41.29"></span>Assassination of Caligula (AD 41)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assassination of Caligula (AD 41)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Herod_of_Chalcis_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coin_of_Herod_of_Chalcis_%28obverse%29.jpg/170px-Coin_of_Herod_of_Chalcis_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coin_of_Herod_of_Chalcis_%28obverse%29.jpg/255px-Coin_of_Herod_of_Chalcis_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coin_of_Herod_of_Chalcis_%28obverse%29.jpg/340px-Coin_of_Herod_of_Chalcis_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>A coin of <a href="/wiki/Herod_of_Chalcis" title="Herod of Chalcis">Herod of Chalcis</a>, showing him with his brother <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod Agrippa I">Agrippa of Judaea</a> crowning Claudius, AD 43.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 January 41, Caligula was assassinated in a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Chaerea" title="Cassius Chaerea">Cassius Chaerea</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">military tribune</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> – and several <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a>. There is no evidence that Claudius had a direct hand in the assassination, although it has been argued that he knew about the plot – particularly since he left the scene of the crime shortly before his nephew was murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajor1992_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajor1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Caligula's wife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla_(daughter_of_Caligula)" title="Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula)">daughter</a>, it became apparent that Cassius intended to go beyond the terms of the conspiracy and wipe out the Imperial family.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png/197px-Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png/296px-Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png/394px-Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Proclaiming Claudius Emperor</i>, 1867.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Roman_Emperor_AD41_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/A_Roman_Emperor_AD41_detail.jpg/187px-A_Roman_Emperor_AD41_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/A_Roman_Emperor_AD41_detail.jpg/281px-A_Roman_Emperor_AD41_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/A_Roman_Emperor_AD41_detail.jpg/374px-A_Roman_Emperor_AD41_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail from <i>A Roman Emperor 41 AD</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1871</span>.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two drastically different oil paintings by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> of Claudius being proclaimed emperor by <a href="/wiki/Gratus" title="Gratus">Gratus</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>In the chaos following the murder, Claudius witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Numerus_Batavorum" title="Numerus Batavorum">German guard</a> cut down several uninvolved noblemen, including many of his friends. He fled to the palace to hide. According to tradition, a Praetorian named <a href="/wiki/Gratus" title="Gratus">Gratus</a> found him hiding behind a curtain and suddenly declared him <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius was spirited away to the <a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Praetorian camp</a> and put under their protection. </p><p>The Senate met and debated a change of government, but this devolved into an argument over which of them would be the new <i>princeps</i>. When they heard of the Praetorians' claim, they demanded that Claudius be delivered to them for approval, but he refused, sensing the danger that would come with complying. Some historians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claim that Claudius was directed in his actions by the <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judaean</a> King <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a>. However, an earlier version of events by the same ancient author downplays Agrippa's role<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it remains uncertain. Eventually the Senate was forced to give in. In return, Claudius granted a general amnesty, although he executed a few junior officers involved in the conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual assassins, including Cassius Chaerea and Julius Lupus, the murderer of Caligula's wife and daughter, were put to death to ensure Claudius's own safety and as a future deterrent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX,_268–269_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX,_268–269-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50_3,_4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50_3,_4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_emperor">As emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_emperor_Claudius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aureus_of_emperor_Claudius.jpg/300px-Aureus_of_emperor_Claudius.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aureus_of_emperor_Claudius.jpg/450px-Aureus_of_emperor_Claudius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aureus_of_emperor_Claudius.jpg/600px-Aureus_of_emperor_Claudius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a></i> struck at the <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (Lyon) mint, AD 41. The reverse commemorates the "reception of the emperor" (<i>imperator receptus</i>) at the Praetorian Camp and the protection the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> afforded him in the days following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>. Issued over a number of years in both gold and silver, these type of coins were struck to serve as part of the annual military payments Claudius had promised the Guard in return for their role in raising him to the throne. Caption: TI. CLAVD. CAESAR AVG. P. M., TR. P. / IMPER. RECEPT.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_RIC_111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Claudius_RIC_111.jpg/300px-Claudius_RIC_111.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Claudius_RIC_111.jpg/450px-Claudius_RIC_111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Claudius_RIC_111.jpg/600px-Claudius_RIC_111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i> emphasizes Claudius' <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> after Caligula's murder. The depiction of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Pax-Nemesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax-Nemesis">Pax-Nemesis</a>, representing subdued vengeance, would be used by many later emperors; she is depicted holding a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a> over a serpent. Caption: TI. CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG. P. M. TR. P. IMP. P. P. / CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI. The letters "S C" mean <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">senatus consultum</a></i> ('decree of the senate').</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Claudius took several steps to legitimize his rule against potential usurpers, most of them emphasizing his place within the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian family</a>. He adopted the name "Caesar" as a <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a>, as the name still carried great weight with the populace. To do so, he dropped the cognomen "Nero", which he had adopted as <i>pater familias</i> of the Claudii Nerones when his brother Germanicus was adopted. As Pharaoh of Egypt, Claudius adopted the royal titulary <i>Tiberios Klaudios, <a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a> Heqaheqau Meryasetptah, Kanakht Djediakhshuemakhet</i> ("Tiberius Claudius, Emperor and ruler of rulers, beloved of Isis and Ptah, the strong bull of the stable moon on the horizon").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Claudius had never been formally adopted either by Augustus or his successors, he was nevertheless the grandson of Augustus's sister Octavia, and so he felt that he had the right of family. He also adopted the name "Augustus" as the two previous emperors had done at their accessions. He kept the honorific "Germanicus" to display the connection with his heroic brother. He deified his paternal grandmother Livia to highlight her position as wife of the divine Augustus. Claudius frequently used the term "filius Drusi" (son of Drusus) in his titles, to remind the people of his legendary father and lay claim to his reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201551_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201551-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Claudius was the first emperor proclaimed on the initiative of the Praetorian Guard instead of the Senate, his repute suffered at the hands of commentators (such as <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>). Moreover, he was the first emperor who resorted to bribery as a means to secure army loyalty and rewarded the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard that had elevated him with 15,000 sesterces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_10_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiberius and Augustus had both left gifts to the army and guard in their <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">wills</a>, and upon Caligula's death the same would have been expected, even if no will existed. Claudius remained grateful to the guard, issuing coins with tributes to the Praetorians in the early part of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> noted, according to the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> translation by Harris Rackham, "... many people do not allow any gems in a signet-ring, and seal with the gold itself; this was a fashion invented when Claudius Cæsar was emperor."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpswwwloebclassicscomviewpliny_elder-natural_history1938pb_LCL39421xml_Book_33,6_]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpswwwloebclassicscomviewpliny_elder-natural_history1938pb_LCL39421xml_Book_33,6_]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claudius restored the status of the peaceful Imperial Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> as <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial provinces">senatorial provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.24_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.24-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_the_Empire">Expansion of the Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion of the Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Claudius_or_Nero_BM_1965,1201.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Head_of_Claudius_or_Nero_BM_1965%2C1201.1.jpg/260px-Head_of_Claudius_or_Nero_BM_1965%2C1201.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Head_of_Claudius_or_Nero_BM_1965%2C1201.1.jpg/390px-Head_of_Claudius_or_Nero_BM_1965%2C1201.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Head_of_Claudius_or_Nero_BM_1965%2C1201.1.jpg/520px-Head_of_Claudius_or_Nero_BM_1965%2C1201.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze head of Claudius found in the <a href="/wiki/River_Alde" title="River Alde">River Alde</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rendham" title="Rendham">Rendham</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Saxmundham" title="Saxmundham">Saxmundham</a>, Suffolk (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>). Potentially taken from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Temple of Claudius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colonia Victricensis</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Under Claudius, the Empire underwent its first major expansion since the reign of Augustus. The provinces of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> were <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> (or put under direct rule) under various circumstances during his term. The annexation of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, begun under Caligula, was completed after the defeat of rebel forces, as well as the official division of the former client kingdom into two Imperial provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder5.1–5.2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder5.1–5.2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.8,_60.9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.8,_60.9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most far-reaching conquest was <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">that of Britannia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 43, Claudius sent <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Plautius" title="Aulus Plautius">Aulus Plautius</a> with four <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> to Britain (<i>Britannia</i>) after an appeal from an ousted tribal ally. Britain was an attractive target for Rome because of its material wealth: mines and the potential of slave labor, as well as being a haven for <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> rebels. Claudius himself traveled to the island after the completion of initial offensives, bringing with him reinforcements and elephants. The Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i> of <i>Colonia Claudia Victricensis</i> was established as the provincial capital of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">province of Britannia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a>, where a large <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">temple was dedicated in his honour</a>. </p><p>He left Britain after 16 days, but remained in the provinces for some time. The Senate granted him a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> for his efforts. Only members of the Imperial family were allowed such honours, but Claudius subsequently lifted this restriction for some of his conquering generals. He was granted the honorific "Britannicus" but only accepted it on behalf of his son, never using the title himself. When the British general <a href="/wiki/Caractacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caractacus">Caractacus</a> was captured in 50, Claudius granted him clemency. Caractacus lived out his days on land provided by the Roman state, an unusual end for an enemy commander. </p><p>Claudius conducted a census in 48 that found 5,984,072 (adult male) Roman citizens<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940Chap._7,_p._142_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940Chap._7,_p._142-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (women, children, slaves, and free adult males without Roman citizenship were not counted), an increase of around a million since the census conducted at Augustus's death. He had helped increase this number through the foundation of Roman colonies that were granted blanket <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizenship</a>. These colonies were often made out of existing communities, especially those with elites who could rally the populace to the Roman cause. Several colonies were placed in new provinces or on the border of the Empire to secure Roman holdings as quickly as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_and_legislative_affairs">Judicial and legislative affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial and legislative affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claudius personally judged many of the legal cases tried during his reign. Ancient historians have many complaints about this, stating that his judgments were variable and sometimes did not follow the law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio61,_33_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio61,_33-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also easily swayed. Nevertheless, Claudius paid detailed attention to the operation of the judicial system. He extended the summer court session, as well as the winter term, by shortening the traditional breaks. Claudius also made a law requiring plaintiffs to remain in the city while their cases were pending, as defendants had previously been required to do. These measures had the effect of clearing out the docket. The minimum age for jurors was also raised to 25 to ensure a more experienced jury pool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claudius also settled disputes in the provinces. He freed the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> from Roman rule for their good faith and exempted Ilium (<a href="/wiki/Troy#Classical_Ilium_(Ilion)" title="Troy">Troy</a>) from taxes. Early in his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Alexandria">Jews of Alexandria</a> each sent him embassies after riots broke out between the two communities. This resulted in the famous "Letter to the Alexandrians", which reaffirmed Jewish rights in the city but forbade them to move in more families en masse. According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, he then reaffirmed the rights and freedoms of all the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Jews in the Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX.5.3_(287)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX.5.3_(287)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Claudius's investigators discovered that many old Roman citizens based in the city of Tridentum (modern <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>) were not in fact citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7,_p._129_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7,_p._129-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor issued a declaration, contained in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_clesiana" title="Tabula clesiana">Tabula clesiana</a></i>, that they would be allowed to hold citizenship from then on, since to strip them of their status would cause major problems. However, in individual cases, Claudius punished the false assumption of citizenship harshly, making it a capital offense. Similarly, any freedmen found to be laying false claim to membership of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman equestrian order">Roman equestrian order</a> were sold back into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous edicts were issued throughout Claudius's reign. These were on a number of topics, everything from medical advice to moral judgments. A famous medical example is one promoting <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> juice as a cure for <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suetonius wrote that he is even said to have thought of an edict allowing public flatulence for good health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_32_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_32-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the more famous edicts concerned the status of sick slaves. Masters had been abandoning ailing slaves at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Asclepius,_Rome" title="Temple of Asclepius, Rome">temple of Aesculapius</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a> to die instead of providing them with medical assistance and care, and then reclaiming them if they lived. Claudius ruled that slaves who were thus abandoned and recovered after such treatment would be free. Furthermore, masters who chose to kill slaves rather than take care of them were liable to be charged with murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_works">Public works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porta_Maggiore_030106.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Porta_Maggiore_030106.JPG/220px-Porta_Maggiore_030106.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Porta_Maggiore_030106.JPG/330px-Porta_Maggiore_030106.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Porta_Maggiore_030106.JPG/440px-Porta_Maggiore_030106.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Porta Maggiore</a> in Rome: remains of aqueducts <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Claudius embarked on many public works throughout his reign, both in the capital and in the provinces. He built or finished two <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (Roman)">aqueducts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a>, begun by Caligula, and the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These entered the city in 52 and met at the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Porta Maggiore</a>. He also restored a third, the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a>. </p><p>He paid special attention to transportation. Throughout Italy and the provinces he built roads and canals. Among these was a large canal leading from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the sea, as well as <a href="/wiki/Via_Claudia_Augusta" title="Via Claudia Augusta">a road from Italy to Germany</a> – both begun by his father, <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a>. Closer to Rome, he built a navigable canal on the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Portus" title="Portus">Portus</a>, his new port just north of <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia Antica (archaeological site)">Ostia</a>. This port was constructed in a semicircle with two <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">moles</a> and a lighthouse at its mouth, reducing flooding in Rome. </p><p>The port at Ostia was part of Claudius's solution to the constant grain shortages that occurred in winter, after the Roman shipping season. The other part of his solution was to <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insure</a> the ships of grain merchants who were willing to risk travelling to Egypt in the off-season. He also granted their sailors special privileges, including citizenship and exemption from the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a>, a law that regulated marriage. In addition, he repealed the taxes that Caligula had instituted on food, and further reduced taxes on communities suffering drought or <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. </p><p>The last part of Claudius's plan to avoid famine was to increase the amount of arable land in Italy. This was to be achieved by draining the <a href="/wiki/Fucine_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Fucine lake">Fucine lake</a>, also making the nearby river navigable year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXII,_57_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXII,_57-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A serious famine is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">book of Acts</a> as taking place during Claudius' reign, and had been prophesied by a Christian called <a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a> while visiting <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tunnel was dug through the lake bed, but the plan was a failure. The tunnel was crooked and not large enough to carry the water, which caused it to back up when opened. The resultant flood washed out a large gladiatorial exhibition held to commemorate the opening, causing Claudius to run for his life along with the other spectators. The draining of the lake continued to present a problem well into the Middle Ages. It was finally achieved by the Prince <a href="/wiki/Torlonia" title="Torlonia">Torlonia</a> in the 19th century, producing over 160,000 acres (650 km<sup>2</sup>) of new arable land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9,_pp._173–174_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9,_pp._173–174-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expanded the <a href="/wiki/Tunnels_of_Claudius" title="Tunnels of Claudius">Claudian tunnel</a> to three times its original size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the circumstances of his accession, Claudius took great pains to please the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>. During regular sessions, the Emperor sat among the Senate body, speaking in turn. When introducing a law, he sat on a bench between the consuls in his position as holder of the power of <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a>, (the Emperor could not officially serve as a Tribune of the Plebes since he was a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>, but this was a power taken by previous rulers, which he continued). He refused to accept all his predecessors' titles (including <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a>) at the beginning of his reign, preferring to earn them in due course. He allowed the Senate to issue its own bronze coinage for the first time since Augustus. He also put the Imperial provinces of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> back under Senate control. </p><p>Claudius set about remodeling the Senate into a more efficient, representative body. He chided the senators about their reluctance to debate bills introduced by himself, as noted in the fragments of a surviving speech: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If you accept these proposals, Conscript Fathers, say so at once and simply, in accordance with your convictions. If you do not accept them, find alternatives, but do so here and now; or if you wish to take time for consideration, take it, provided you do not forget that you must be ready to pronounce your opinion whenever you may be summoned to meet. It ill befits the dignity of the Senate that the consul designate should repeat the phrases of the consuls word for word as his opinion, and that every one else should merely say 'I approve', and that then, after leaving, the assembly should announce 'We debated'.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 47, he assumed the office of <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Vitellius">Lucius Vitellius</a>, which had been allowed to lapse for some time. He struck out the names of many senators and <i>equites</i> who no longer met qualifications, but showed respect by allowing them to resign in advance. At the same time, he sought to admit to the senate eligible men from the provinces. The <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Tablet" title="Lyon Tablet">Lyon Tablet</a> preserves his speech on the admittance of Gallic senators, in which he addresses the Senate with reverence but also with criticism for their disdain of these men. He even joked about how the Senate had admitted members from beyond <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons">Lyons</a>), i.e. himself. He also increased the number of patricians by adding new families to the dwindling number of noble lines. Here he followed the precedent of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. </p><p>Nevertheless, many in the Senate remained hostile to Claudius, and many plots were made on his life. This hostility carried over into the historical accounts. As a result, Claudius reduced the Senate's power for the sake of efficiency. The administration of Ostia was turned over to an Imperial <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">procurator</a> after construction of the port. Administration of many of the empire's financial concerns was turned over to Imperial appointees and freedmen. This led to further resentment and suggestions that these same freedmen were ruling the Emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plots_and_coup_attempts">Plots and coup attempts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plots and coup attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several coup attempts were made during Claudius's reign, resulting in the deaths of many senators. <a href="/wiki/Appius_Silanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Appius Silanus">Appius Silanus</a> was executed early in Claudius's reign under questionable circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after this, a large rebellion was undertaken by the Senator <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annius_Vinicianus" title="Lucius Annius Vinicianus">Vinicianus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Arruntius_Camillus_Scribonianus" title="Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus">Scribonianus</a> - governor of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> - and gained quite a few senatorial supporters. It ultimately failed because of the reluctance of Scribonianus' troops, which led to the suicide of the main conspirators. </p><p>Many other senators tried different conspiracies and were condemned. Claudius's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(husband_of_Claudia_Antonia)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (husband of Claudia Antonia)">Pompeius Magnus</a> was executed for his part in a conspiracy with his father <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Frugi_(consul_27)" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi (consul 27)">Crassus Frugi</a>. Another plot involved the consulars <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Futius_Lusius_Saturninus" title="Quintus Futius Lusius Saturninus">Lusius Saturninus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lupus" title="Cornelius Lupus">Cornelius Lupus</a>, and Pompeius Pedo. </p><p>In 46, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Gallus_Saloninus#Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus">Asinius Gallus</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio_(consul_40_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)">Asinius Pollio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Statilius_Taurus_Corvinus" title="Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus">Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus</a> were exiled for a plot hatched with several of Claudius's own freedmen. <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Asiaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerius Asiaticus">Valerius Asiaticus</a> was executed without public trial for unknown reasons. Ancient sources say the charge was <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, and that Claudius was tricked into issuing the punishment. However, Claudius singles out Asiaticus for special damnation in his speech on the Gauls, which dates over a year later, suggesting that the charge must have been much more serious. </p><p>Asiaticus had been a claimant to the throne in the chaos following Caligula's death and a co-consul with Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus. Most of these conspiracies took place before Claudius's term as <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a>, and may have induced him to review the Senatorial rolls. The conspiracy of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Silius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Silius">Gaius Silius</a> in the year after his Censorship, 48, is detailed in book 11 of Tacitus' Annals. This section of Tacitus' history narrates the alleged conspiracy of Claudius's third wife, <a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a>. Suetonius states that a total of 35 senators and 300 knights were executed for offenses during Claudius's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Needless to say, the responses to these conspiracies could not have helped Senate–emperor relations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretariat_and_centralization_of_powers">Secretariat and centralization of powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secretariat and centralization of powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claudius was hardly the first emperor to use <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> to help with the day-to-day running of the Empire. He was, however, forced to increase their role as the powers of the <i>princeps</i> became more centralized and the burden of running the government became larger. Claudius did not want free-born magistrates to serve under him as if they were not peers. </p><p>The secretariat was divided into bureaus, with each being placed under the leadership of one freedman. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Narcissus" title="Tiberius Claudius Narcissus">Narcissus</a> was the secretary of correspondence. <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(freedman)" title="Pallas (freedman)">Pallas</a> became the secretary of the treasury. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Callistus" title="Gaius Julius Callistus">Callistus</a> became secretary of justice. There was a fourth bureau for miscellaneous issues, which was put under <a href="/wiki/Polybius_(freedman)" title="Polybius (freedman)">Polybius</a> until his execution for treason. The freedmen could also officially speak for the Emperor, as when Narcissus addressed the troops in Claudius's stead before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquest of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tac_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tac-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since these were important positions, the senators were aghast at their being placed in the hands of former slaves and "well-known <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If freedmen had total control of money, letters and law, it seemed it would not be hard for them to manipulate the Emperor. This is exactly the accusation put forth by ancient sources. However, these same sources admit that the freedmen were loyal to Claudius.<sup id="cite_ref-Tac_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tac-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was similarly appreciative of them and gave them due credit for policies where he had used their advice. However, if they showed treasonous inclinations, the Emperor punished them with just force, as in the case of Polybius and Pallas's brother, <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a>. There is no evidence that the character of Claudius's policies and edicts changed with the rise and fall of the various freedmen, suggesting that he was firmly in control throughout. </p><p>Regardless of the extent of their political power, the freedmen did manage to amass wealth through their positions. Pliny the Elder notes that several of them were richer than <a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a>, the richest man of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderXXXIII_xlvii_133–137_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderXXXIII_xlvii_133–137-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_reforms">Religious reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_the_Roman_Emperor_Claudius,_37-64_CE._Marble._From_Acerra_near_Formia,_Italy._Altes_Museum,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bust_of_the_Roman_Emperor_Claudius%2C_37-64_CE._Marble._From_Acerra_near_Formia%2C_Italy._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/170px-Bust_of_the_Roman_Emperor_Claudius%2C_37-64_CE._Marble._From_Acerra_near_Formia%2C_Italy._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bust_of_the_Roman_Emperor_Claudius%2C_37-64_CE._Marble._From_Acerra_near_Formia%2C_Italy._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/255px-Bust_of_the_Roman_Emperor_Claudius%2C_37-64_CE._Marble._From_Acerra_near_Formia%2C_Italy._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bust_of_the_Roman_Emperor_Claudius%2C_37-64_CE._Marble._From_Acerra_near_Formia%2C_Italy._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/340px-Bust_of_the_Roman_Emperor_Claudius%2C_37-64_CE._Marble._From_Acerra_near_Formia%2C_Italy._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="4783" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Claudius, <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a>, Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Claudius, as the author of a treatise on Augustus's religious reforms, felt himself in a good position to institute some of his own. He had strong opinions about the proper form for state religion. He refused the request of Alexandrian Greeks to dedicate a temple to his divinity, saying that only gods may choose new gods. He restored lost days to festivals and got rid of many extraneous celebrations added by Caligula. He re-instituted old observances and archaic language. </p><p>Claudius was concerned with the spread of eastern mysteries within the city and searched for more Roman replacements. He emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>, which had been practiced by so many during the Republic. He expelled foreign astrologers, and at the same time rehabilitated the old Roman soothsayers (known as <a href="/wiki/Haruspices" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruspices">haruspices</a>) as a replacement. He was especially hard on <a href="/wiki/Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Druidism">Druidism</a>, because of its incompatibility with the Roman state religion and its <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytizing</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_games_and_entertainments">Public games and entertainments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public games and entertainments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Suetonius, Claudius was extraordinarily fond of games. He is said to have risen with the crowd after gladiatorial matches and given unrestrained praise to the fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_12_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius also presided over many new and original events. Soon after coming into power, Claudius instituted games to be held in honor of his father on the latter's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_11_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual games were also held in honour of his accession, and took place at the Praetorian camp where Claudius had first been proclaimed Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claudius organised a performance of the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Games" title="Secular Games">Secular Games</a>, marking the 800th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a>. Augustus had performed the same games less than a century prior. Augustus's excuse was that the interval for the games was 110 years, not 100, but his date actually did not qualify under either reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius also presented staged naval battles to mark the attempted draining of the <a href="/wiki/Fucine_Lake" title="Fucine Lake">Fucine Lake</a>, as well as many other public games and shows. </p><p>At Ostia, in front of a crowd of spectators, Claudius fought an <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> which was trapped in the harbour. The event was witnessed by Pliny the Elder: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A killer whale was actually seen in the harbour of Ostia in battle with the Emperor Claudius; it had come at the time when he was engaged in completing the structure of the harbour, being tempted by the wreck of a cargo of hides imported from Gaul, and in glutting itself for a number of days had furrowed a hollow in the shallow bottom and had been banked up with sand by the waves so high that it was quite unable to turn round, and while it was pursuing its food which was driven forward to the shore by the waves its back projected far above the water like a capsized boat. Caesar gave orders for a barrier of nets to be stretched between the mouths of the harbour and setting out in person with the praetorian cohorts afforded a show to the Roman public, the soldiery hurling lances from the vessels against the creatures when they leapt up alongside, and we saw one of the boats sunk from being filled with water owing to a beast's snorting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderBook_IX,_14–15_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderBook_IX,_14–15-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Claudius also restored and adorned many public venues in Rome. At the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, the turning posts and starting stalls were replaced in marble and embellished, and an embankment was probably added to prevent flooding of the track.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphrey1986100–101_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphrey1986100–101-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius also reinforced or extended the seating rules that reserved front seating at the Circus for senators. He rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's Theatre">Pompey's Theatre</a> after it had been destroyed by fire, organising special fights at the re-dedication, which he observed from a special platform in the orchestra box.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_personal_life">Marriages and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marriages and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suetonius and the other ancient authors accused Claudius of being dominated by women and wives, and of being a <a href="/wiki/Womanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Womanizing">womanizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.5,_29.1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.5,_29.1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.2.4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.2.4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claudius married four times, after two failed betrothals. The first betrothal was to his distant cousin <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_Lepida_(fiancee_of_Claudius)" title="Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius)">Aemilia Lepida</a>, but was broken for political reasons. The second was to <a href="/wiki/Livia_Medullina_Camilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Livia Medullina Camilla">Livia Medullina Camilla</a>, which ended with Medullina's sudden death on their wedding day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plautia_Urgulanilla">Plautia Urgulanilla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plautia Urgulanilla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plautia_Urgulanilla" title="Plautia Urgulanilla">Plautia Urgulanilla</a> was the granddaughter of Livia's confidant <a href="/wiki/Urgulania" title="Urgulania">Urgulania</a>. During their marriage she gave birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Drusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Drusus">Claudius Drusus</a>. Drusus died of asphyxiation in his early teens, shortly after becoming engaged to Junilla, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>. </p><p>Claudius later divorced Urgulanilla for adultery and on suspicion of murdering her sister-in-law Apronia. When Urgulanilla gave birth after the divorce, Claudius <a href="/wiki/Repudiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Repudiate">repudiated</a> the baby girl, Claudia, as the father was allegedly one of his own freedmen. Later, this action made him the target of criticism by his enemies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aelia_Paetina">Aelia Paetina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aelia Paetina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after, (possibly in 28) Claudius married <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Paetina" title="Aelia Paetina">Aelia Paetina</a>, a relative of Sejanus, if not Sejanus's adoptive sister. During their marriage, Claudius and Paetina had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Antonia" title="Claudia Antonia">Claudia Antonia</a>. He later divorced her after the marriage became a political liability. One version suggests that it may have been due to emotional and mental abuse by Paetina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeon1948_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeon1948-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valeria_Messalina">Valeria Messalina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Valeria Messalina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messalinaandbritannicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Messalinaandbritannicus.jpg/170px-Messalinaandbritannicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Messalinaandbritannicus.jpg/255px-Messalinaandbritannicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Messalinaandbritannicus.jpg/340px-Messalinaandbritannicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Messalina holding her son Britannicus, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Messalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a>, who was his first cousin once removed (Claudius's grandmother, Octavia the Younger, was Valeria's great-grandmother on both her mother and father's side) and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly thereafter, she gave birth to a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a>. A son, first named Tiberius Claudius Germanicus, and later known as <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, was born just after Claudius's accession. </p><p>This marriage ended in tragedy. The ancient historians allege that Messalina was a <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">nymphomaniac</a> who was regularly unfaithful to Claudius—<a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> states she went so far as to compete with a prostitute to see who could have more sexual partners in a night<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and manipulated his policies to amass wealth. In 48, Messalina married her lover <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Silius_(consul_designatus_49_AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Silius (consul designatus 49 AD)">Gaius Silius</a> in a public ceremony while Claudius was at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia Antica (archaeological site)">Ostia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Antoine_Rochegrosse_The_Death_of_Messalina_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georges_Antoine_Rochegrosse_The_Death_of_Messalina_1916.jpg/220px-Georges_Antoine_Rochegrosse_The_Death_of_Messalina_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georges_Antoine_Rochegrosse_The_Death_of_Messalina_1916.jpg/330px-Georges_Antoine_Rochegrosse_The_Death_of_Messalina_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georges_Antoine_Rochegrosse_The_Death_of_Messalina_1916.jpg/440px-Georges_Antoine_Rochegrosse_The_Death_of_Messalina_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><i>The Death of Messalina</i> by Georges-Antoine Rochegrosse, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Sources disagree as to whether or not she divorced the Emperor first, and whether the intention was to usurp the throne. Under Roman law, the spouse needed to be informed that he or she had been divorced before a new marriage could take place; the sources state that Claudius was in total ignorance until after the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201574_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201574-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scramuzza, in his biography, suggests that Silius may have convinced Messalina that Claudius was doomed, and the union was her only hope of retaining her rank and protecting her children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194090_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194090-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19346–7_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19346–7-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201573_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201573-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Tacitus suggests that Claudius's ongoing term as Censor may have prevented him from noticing the affair before it reached such a critical point, after which she was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXI._25–38._65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXI._25–38.-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agrippina_the_Younger">Agrippina the Younger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agrippina the Younger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claudius married once more. Ancient sources tell that his freedmen put forward three candidates, Caligula's third wife <a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a>, Claudius's divorced second wife <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Paetina" title="Aelia Paetina">Aelia Paetina</a> and Claudius's niece <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>. According to Suetonius, Agrippina won out through her feminine wiles. She gradually seized power from Claudius and successfully conspired to eliminate his son's rivals, opening the way for her son to become emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_26_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_26-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ner%C3%B3n_y_Agripina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ner%C3%B3n_y_Agripina.jpg/170px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_Agripina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ner%C3%B3n_y_Agripina.jpg/255px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_Agripina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ner%C3%B3n_y_Agripina.jpg/340px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_Agripina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Agrippina crowning her young son Nero (c. AD 54–59)</figcaption></figure> <p>The truth is probably more political. The attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by Silius and Messalina probably made Claudius realize the weakness of his position as a member of the Claudian (but not the Julian) family. This weakness was compounded by the fact that he did not yet have an obvious adult heir, Britannicus being just a boy. Agrippina was one of the few remaining descendants of Augustus, and her son <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> (the future <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>) was one of the last males of the Imperial family. Coup attempts might rally around the pair and Agrippina was already showing such ambition. It has been suggested that the Senate may have pushed for the marriage, an attempt to end the feud between the Julian and Claudian branches.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This feud dated back to Agrippina's <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">mother's</a> actions against Tiberius after the death of her husband <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> (Claudius's brother), actions that Tiberius had punished. In any case, Claudius accepted Agrippina and later adopted the mature Ahenobarbus as his son, renaming him as 'Nero Claudius Caesar'. </p><p>Nero was married to Claudius's daughter Octavia, made joint heir with the underage <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, and promoted; Augustus had similarly named his grandson <a href="/wiki/Postumus_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Postumus Agrippa">Postumus Agrippa</a> and his stepson <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> as joint heirs,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tiberius had named Caligula as his joint heir with his grandson <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a> of adults or near adults was an old tradition in Rome when a suitable natural adult heir was unavailable, as was the case during Britannicus's minority. Claudius may have previously looked to adopt one of his sons-in-law to protect his own reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOost1958_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOost1958-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_Felix" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix">Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix</a>, who was married to Claudius's daughter <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Antonia" title="Claudia Antonia">Claudia Antonia</a>, was only descended from Octavia and Antony on one side – not close enough to the Imperial family to ensure his right to be Emperor (although that did not stop others from making him the object of a coup attempt against Nero a few years later), besides being the half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Messalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a>, which told against him. Nero was more popular with the general public as both the grandson of Germanicus and the direct descendant of Augustus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affliction_and_personality">Affliction and personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Affliction and personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> describes the physical manifestations of Claudius's condition in relatively good detail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_30_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_30-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His knees were weak and gave way under him and his head shook. He stammered and his speech was confused. He slobbered and his nose ran when he was excited. The <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> states in his <i><a href="/wiki/Apocolocyntosis" title="Apocolocyntosis">Apocolocyntosis</a></i> that Claudius's voice belonged to no land animal, and that his hands were weak as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeneca_the_Younger5,_6_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeneca_the_Younger5,_6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Suetonius also described Claudius to have his mouth slightly open, causing him to drool. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_as_Jupiter,_1st_C._AD,_Round_Hall_by_Michelangelo_Simonetti,_Vatican_Museum_(48465336326).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Claudius_as_Jupiter%2C_1st_C._AD%2C_Round_Hall_by_Michelangelo_Simonetti%2C_Vatican_Museum_%2848465336326%29.jpg/170px-Claudius_as_Jupiter%2C_1st_C._AD%2C_Round_Hall_by_Michelangelo_Simonetti%2C_Vatican_Museum_%2848465336326%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Claudius_as_Jupiter%2C_1st_C._AD%2C_Round_Hall_by_Michelangelo_Simonetti%2C_Vatican_Museum_%2848465336326%29.jpg/255px-Claudius_as_Jupiter%2C_1st_C._AD%2C_Round_Hall_by_Michelangelo_Simonetti%2C_Vatican_Museum_%2848465336326%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Claudius_as_Jupiter%2C_1st_C._AD%2C_Round_Hall_by_Michelangelo_Simonetti%2C_Vatican_Museum_%2848465336326%29.jpg/340px-Claudius_as_Jupiter%2C_1st_C._AD%2C_Round_Hall_by_Michelangelo_Simonetti%2C_Vatican_Museum_%2848465336326%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4864" /></a><figcaption>Claudius depicted as the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Roman god Jupiter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, he showed no physical deformity, as Suetonius notes that when calm and seated he was a tall, well-built figure of <i><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">dignitas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_30_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_30-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When angered or stressed, his symptoms became worse. Historians agree that this condition improved upon his accession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_31_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_31-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius himself claimed that he had exaggerated his ailments to save his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_38_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_38-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern assessments of his health have changed several times in the past century. Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infantile_paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantile paralysis">infantile paralysis</a> (or polio) was widely accepted as the cause. This is the diagnosis used in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Claudius_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius (novel)">Claudius novels</a>, first published in the 1930s. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote in 1934 that Claudius suffered from infantile paralysis (which led to his limp state) and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> (which made him deaf) at seven months of age, among several other ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polio does not explain many of the described symptoms, however, and a more recent theory implicates <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a> as the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeon1948_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeon1948-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a> has also been considered a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a person, ancient historians described Claudius as generous and lowbrow, a man who sometimes lunched with the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_5,_21,_40_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_5,_21,_40-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,_5,_12,_31_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,_5,_12,_31-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also paint him as bloodthirsty and cruel, over-fond of <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> combat and executions, and very quick to anger; Claudius himself acknowledged the latter trait, and apologized publicly for his temper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_34,_38_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_34,_38-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_20_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_20-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ancient historians he was also excessively trusting, and easily manipulated by his wives and freedmen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,8_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,8-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at the same time they portray him as paranoid and apathetic, dull and easily confused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius,_35–37,_39–40_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius,_35–37,_39–40-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50,_2–3_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50,_2–3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claudius's extant works present a different view, painting a picture of an intelligent, scholarly, well-read, and conscientious administrator with an eye to detail and justice. Thus, Claudius becomes an enigma. Since the discovery of his "Letter to the Alexandrians", much work has been done to rehabilitate Claudius and determine the truth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_works_and_their_impact">Scholarly works and their impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scholarly works and their impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claudius wrote copiously throughout his life. <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> states that during the reign of Tiberius, which covers the peak of Claudius's literary career, it became impolitic to speak of republican Rome. The trend among the young historians was either to write about the new empire or about obscure antiquarian topics. Claudius was the rare scholar who covered both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19344–6_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19344–6-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides his history of Augustus' reign that caused him so much grief, his major works included <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenika" title="Tyrrhenika">Tyrrhenika</a></i>, a twenty-book <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> history, and <i>Carchedonica</i>, an eight-volume history of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> dictionary. He also wrote a <a href="/wiki/De_arte_aleae" title="De arte aleae">book on dice-playing</a>. Despite the general avoidance of the topic of the Republican era, he penned a defense of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> against the charges of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Gallus_Saloninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus">Asinius Gallus</a>. Modern historians have used this to determine the nature of his politics and of the aborted chapters of his civil war history. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudian_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Claudian_letters.svg/220px-Claudian_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Claudian_letters.svg/330px-Claudian_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Claudian_letters.svg/440px-Claudian_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Claudian_letters" title="Claudian letters">Claudian letters</a></figcaption></figure> <p>He proposed a reform of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Claudian_letters" title="Claudian letters">three new letters</a>; he officially instituted the change during his censorship but they did not survive his reign. Claudius also tried to revive <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">the old custom of putting dots</a> between successive words (Classical Latin was written with no spacing). Finally, he wrote an eight-volume autobiography that Suetonius describes as lacking in taste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_41_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_41-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius (like most of the members of his dynasty) harshly criticized his predecessors and relatives in surviving speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the works survived, but other sources' reference to him provide material for the surviving histories of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Suetonius quotes Claudius's autobiography once and must have used it as a source numerous times. Tacitus uses Claudius's arguments for the orthographical innovations mentioned above and may have used him for some of the more antiquarian passages in his annals. Claudius is the source for numerous passages of Pliny's <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of historical study on Claudius is obvious. In his speech on Gallic senators, he uses a version of the founding of Rome identical to that of Livy, his tutor in adolescence. The speech is meticulous in details, a common mark of all his extant works, and he goes into long digressions on related matters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This indicates a deep knowledge of a variety of historical subjects that he shared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of the public works instituted in his reign were based on plans first suggested by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Levick believes this emulation of Caesar may have spread to all aspects of his policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick1978_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1978-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His censorship seems to have been based on those of his ancestors, particularly <a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caecus" title="Appius Claudius Caecus">Appius Claudius Caecus</a>, and he used the office to put into place many policies based on those of Republican times. This is when many of his religious reforms took effect; also, his building efforts greatly increased during his tenure. In fact, his assumption of the office of Censor may have been motivated by a desire to see his academic labors bear fruit. For example, he believed (as most Romans did) that Caecus had used the power of the censorship office to introduce <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">the letter "R"</a> and so used his own term to introduce his new letters.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Domus_Romana_Mdina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Claudius_Domus_Romana_Mdina.jpg/220px-Claudius_Domus_Romana_Mdina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Claudius_Domus_Romana_Mdina.jpg/330px-Claudius_Domus_Romana_Mdina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Claudius_Domus_Romana_Mdina.jpg/440px-Claudius_Domus_Romana_Mdina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Claudius at the <a href="/wiki/Domvs_Romana" title="Domvs Romana">Domvs Romana</a>, Malta</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient historians agree that Claudius was murdered by poison – possibly contained in mushrooms or on a feather (ostensibly put down his throat to induce vomiting) – and died in the early hours of 13 October 54.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_66–67_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_66–67-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all implicate his final and powerful wife, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a>, as the instigator. Agrippina and Claudius had become more combative in the months leading up to his death. This carried on to the point where Claudius openly lamented his bad wives, and began to comment on <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>' approaching manhood with an eye towards restoring his status within the imperial family. Agrippina had motive in ensuring the succession of Nero before Britannicus could gain power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_43_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_43-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some implicate either his taster <a href="/wiki/Halotus" title="Halotus">Halotus</a>, his doctor <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Stertinius_Xenophon" title="Gaius Stertinius Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, or the infamous poisoner <a href="/wiki/Locusta" title="Locusta">Locusta</a> as the administrator of the fatal substance.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some say he died after prolonged suffering following a single dose at dinner, and some have him recovering only to be poisoned again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius44_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius44-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his contemporary sources, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> ascribed the emperor's death to natural causes, while Josephus only spoke of rumors of his poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant_Iud.''_19:67;_20:148_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant_Iud.''_19:67;_20:148-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have cast doubt on whether Claudius was murdered or merely died from illness or old age.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence against his murder include his serious illnesses in his last years, his unhealthy lifestyle and the fact that his taster Halotus continued to serve in the same position under Nero. Claudius had been so ill the year before that Nero vowed games for his recovery and the year of 54 seems to have been such an unhealthy year that one sitting member of each magistracy died within the span of a few months. He may even have died by eating a naturally poisonous mushroom, possibly <a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some modern scholars claim the near universality of the accusations in ancient texts lends credence to the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius's ashes were interred in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a> on 24 October 54, after a funeral similar to that of his great-uncle Augustus 40 years earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_honours">Divine honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Divine honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Already, while alive, he received the widespread private worship of a living <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> in his own <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">temple in Camulodunum</a>. </p><p>Claudius was deified by Nero and the Senate almost immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_9]_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_9]-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_the_new_regime">Views of the new regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Views of the new regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agrippina had sent <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Narcissus" title="Tiberius Claudius Narcissus">Narcissus</a> away shortly before Claudius's death, and now had the freedman murdered. </p><p>The last act of this secretary of letters was to burn all of Claudius's correspondence – most likely so it could not be used against him and others in an already hostile new regime. Thus Claudius's private words about his own policies and motives were lost to history. Just as Claudius had criticized his predecessors in official edicts, Nero often criticized the deceased Emperor, and many Claudian laws and edicts were disregarded under the reasoning that he was too stupid and senile to have meant them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_33]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_33]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apocolocyntosis" title="Apocolocyntosis">Apocolocyntosis</a> mocks the deification of Claudius and reinforces the view of Claudius as an unpleasant fool; this remained the official view for the duration of Nero's reign. Eventually Nero stopped referring to his deified adoptive father at all. Claudius's temple was left unfinished after only some of the foundation had been laid down. Eventually the site was overtaken by Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Golden House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick2015_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick2015-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavian_and_later_perspectives">Flavian and later perspectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Flavian and later perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavians">Flavians</a>, who had risen to prominence under Claudius, took a different tack. They needed to shore up their legitimacy, but also justify the fall of the Julio-Claudians. They reached back to Claudius in contrast with Nero, to show that they were associated with a good regime. Commemorative coins were issued of Claudius and his son <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, who had been a friend of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (Titus was born in 39, Britannicus was born in 41). When Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Golden House</a> was burned, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius" title="Temple of Claudius">Temple of Claudius</a> was finally completed on the Caelian Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick2015_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick2015-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as the Flavians became established, they needed to emphasize their own credentials more, and their references to Claudius ceased. Instead, he was lumped with the other emperors of the fallen dynasty. His state-cult in Rome probably continued until the abolition of all cults of dead Emperors by <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a> in 237–238.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradel_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradel-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a></i>, probably identical to the festival calendars of every regular army unit, assigns him a sacrifice of a <a href="/wiki/Cattle#Terminology" title="Cattle">steer</a> on his birthday, the <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">Kalends</a> of August.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And such commemoration (and consequent feasting) probably continued until the Christianization and disintegration of the army in the late 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradel_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradel-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_ancient_historians">Views of ancient historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Views of ancient historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient historians Tacitus, Suetonius (in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> all wrote after the last of the Flavians had gone. All three were senators or <i>equites</i>. They took the side of the Senate in most conflicts with the Princeps, invariably viewing him as being in the wrong. This resulted in biases, both conscious and unconscious. Suetonius lost access to the official archives shortly after beginning his work. He was forced to rely on second-hand accounts when it came to Claudius (with the exception of Augustus's letters, which had been gathered earlier). Suetonius painted Claudius as a ridiculous figure, belittling many of his acts and crediting his good works to his retinue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194029_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194029-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus wrote a narrative for his fellow senators and fitted each of the emperors into a simple mold of his choosing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVessey1971_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVessey1971-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote of Claudius as a passive pawn and an idiot in affairs relating to the palace and public life. During his Censorship of 47–48 Tacitus allows the reader a glimpse of a Claudius who is more statesmanlike (XI.23–25), but it is a mere glimpse. Tacitus is usually held to have 'hidden' his use of Claudius's writings and to have omitted Claudius's character from his works.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even his version of Claudius's Lyons tablet speech is edited to be devoid of the emperor's personality. Dio was less biased, but seems to have used Suetonius and Tacitus as sources. Thus, the conception of Claudius as a weak fool, controlled by those he supposedly ruled, was preserved for the ages. </p><p>As time passed, Claudius was mostly forgotten outside of the historians' accounts. His books were lost first, as their antiquarian subjects became unfashionable. In the 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>, who shared his birthday, became emperor, overshadowing commemoration of Claudius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick2015229_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick2015229-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_media">In modern media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In modern media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The best known fictional representation of the Emperor Claudius was contained in the books <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_the_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius the God">Claudius the God</a></i> (published in 1934 and 1935, respectively) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>, both written in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first-person</a> to give the reader the impression that they are Claudius's autobiography. Graves employed a fictive artifice to suggest that they were recently discovered, genuine translations of Claudius's writings. Claudius's extant letters, speeches, and sayings were incorporated into the text (mostly in the second book, <i>Claudius the God</i>), to add authenticity. <ul><li>In 1937, director <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Josef von Sternberg</a> attempted a film version of <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius_(film)" title="I, Claudius (film)">I, Claudius</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> as Claudius. However, the lead actress, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Oberon" title="Merle Oberon">Merle Oberon</a>, had a near-fatal car accident and the movie was never finished. The surviving reels were featured in the BBC documentary <i>The Epic That Never Was</i> (1965). The motion picture rights for a new film eventually passed to producer <a href="/wiki/Scott_Rudin" title="Scott Rudin">Scott Rudin</a> (b. 1958).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Graves's two books were the basis for a British television adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)" title="I, Claudius (TV series)">I, Claudius</a></i>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a>. The series starred <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> as Claudius and was broadcast in 1976 on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a substantial critical success, and won several <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTA</a> awards. The series was later broadcast in the United States on <i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece Theatre">Masterpiece Theatre</a></i> in 1977. The 1996 7-VHS release and the later DVD release of the television series, include <i>The Epic That Never Was</i> documentary.</li> <li>A radio adaptation of the Graves novels by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Brooks" title="Robin Brooks">Robin Brooks</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Jonquil_Panting" title="Jonquil Panting">Jonquil Panting</a>, was broadcast in six one-hour episodes on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> beginning 4 December 2010. The cast featured <a href="/wiki/Tom_Goodman-Hill" title="Tom Goodman-Hill">Tom Goodman-Hill</a> as Claudius, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> as Augustus, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Walter" title="Harriet Walter">Harriet Walter</a> as Livia, <a href="/wiki/Tim_McInnerny" title="Tim McInnerny">Tim McInnerny</a> as Tiberius and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barnett_(actor)" title="Samuel Barnett (actor)">Samuel Barnett</a> as Caligula.</li> <li>In 2011, it was announced rights for a miniseries adaptation passed to HBO and BBC Two. Anne Thomopoulos and Jane Tranter, producers of the popular HBO–BBC2 <i><a href="/wiki/Rome_(TV_series)" title="Rome (TV series)">Rome</a></i> miniseries, were attached to the <i>I, Claudius</i> project. However, as of 2018, it has yet to be produced, and no release date is pending.</li></ul></li> <li>The 1954 film <i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_and_the_Gladiators" title="Demetrius and the Gladiators">Demetrius and the Gladiators</a></i> also portrayed him sympathetically, played by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Jones_(actor)" title="Barry Jones (actor)">Barry Jones</a>.</li> <li>In the 1960 film <i><a href="/wiki/Messalina_(1960_film)" title="Messalina (1960 film)">Messalina</a></i>, Claudius is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Mino_Doro" title="Mino Doro">Mino Doro</a>.</li> <li>On television, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Jones" title="Freddie Jones">Freddie Jones</a> portrayed Claudius in the 1968 British television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Caesars_(TV_series)" title="The Caesars (TV series)">The Caesars</a></i>.</li> <li>The 1975 TV Special <i>Further Up Pompeii!</i> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Howerd" title="Frankie Howerd">Frankie Howerd</a> sit-com <i><a href="/wiki/Up_Pompeii!" title="Up Pompeii!">Up Pompeii!</a></i>) featured <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Appleton" title="Cyril Appleton">Cyril Appleton</a> as Claudius.</li> <li>In the 1979 motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/Caligula_(film)" title="Caligula (film)">Caligula</a></i>, where the role was performed by <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Badessi" title="Giancarlo Badessi">Giancarlo Badessi</a>, Claudius is depicted as an idiot, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>' portrait of Claudius as a cunning and deeply intelligent man, who is perceived by others to be an idiot.</li> <li>In the 1981 Franco-Italian film <i>Caligula and Messalina</i>, he was portrayed by Gino Turini (as John Turner).</li> <li>The 1985 made-for-television <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <i>A.D.</i> features actor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kiley" title="Richard Kiley">Richard Kiley</a> as Claudius. Kiley portrays him as thoughtful, but willing to cater to public opinion as well as being under the influence of Agrippina.</li> <li>In the 2004 TV film <i><a href="/wiki/Nero_(2004_film)" title="Nero (2004 film)">Imperium: Nero</a></i>, Claudius is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Dapporto" title="Massimo Dapporto">Massimo Dapporto</a>.</li> <li>He is portrayed in Season 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire_(TV_series)" title="Roman Empire (TV series)">Roman Empire</a></i>, which focused on the reign of Caligula, by Kelson Henderson. The series concludes with Claudius's accession.</li> <li>There is also a reference to Claudius's suppression of a coup in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a></i>, though that incident is entirely fictional.</li> <li>In the series Britannia (2018), Claudius visits Britannia, played by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Pemberton" title="Steve Pemberton">Steve Pemberton</a> as a fool who is drugged by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Plautius" title="Aulus Plautius">Aulus Plautius</a>.</li> <li>He is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> in the 2019 BBC film <a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories:_The_Movie_%E2%80%93_Rotten_Romans" title="Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans">Horrible Histories: The Movie - Rotten Romans</a></li></ul> <p>In literature, Claudius and his contemporaries appear in the historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roman" title="The Roman">The Roman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a>. Canadian-born science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt" title="A. E. van Vogt">A. E. van Vogt</a> reimagined Robert Graves's Claudius story, in his two novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Atom" title="Empire of the Atom">Empire of the Atom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Linn" title="The Wizard of Linn">The Wizard of Linn</a></i>. </p><p>The historical novel <i>Chariot of the Soul</i> by <a href="/wiki/Linda_Proud" title="Linda Proud">Linda Proud</a> features Claudius as host and mentor of the young Togidubnus, son of King Verica of the Atrebates, during his ten-year stay in Rome. When Togidubnus returns to Britain in advance of the Roman army, it is with a mission given to him by Claudius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_family_tree" title="Julio-Claudian family tree">Julio-Claudian family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius" title="Temple of Claudius">Temple of Claudius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudius was born as 'Tiberius Claudius Drusus' and changed his name after his elder brother was adopted into the <a href="/wiki/Julii" class="mw-redirect" title="Julii">Julii</a> following <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a>' death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2.1;_"Claudius_was_born_at_Lugdunum_on_the_Kalends_of_Augustus_in_the_consulship_of_[[Iullus_Antonius]]_and_[[Africanus_Fabius_Maximus|Fabius_Africanus]],_the_very_day_when_an_altar_was_first_dedicated_to_Augustus_in_that_town,_and_he_received_the_name_of_Tiberius_Claudius_Drusus._Later,_on_the_adoption_of_his_elder_brother_into_the_Julian_family,_he_took_the_surname_[of]_[[Germanicus]]"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2.1;_"Claudius_was_born_at_Lugdunum_on_the_Kalends_of_Augustus_in_the_consulship_of_[[Iullus_Antonius]]_and_[[Africanus_Fabius_Maximus|Fabius_Africanus]],_the_very_day_when_an_altar_was_first_dedicated_to_Augustus_in_that_town,_and_he_received_the_name_of_Tiberius_Claudius_Drusus._Later,_on_the_adoption_of_his_elder_brother_into_the_Julian_family,_he_took_the_surname_[of]_[[Germanicus]]"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simpson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson365–366_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson365–366-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hurley<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley68_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurley68-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest that he added the 'Germanicus' in 9 BC by senatorial decree and switched 'Drusus' for 'Nero' when he became head of the family <a href="/wiki/Claudii_Nerones" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudii Nerones">Claudii Nerones</a> in AD 4. Stuart<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart318_(note_7)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart318_(note_7)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Levick<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201511,_21–22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201511,_21–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> somewhat ignore Suetonius and propose that his name was always Ti. Claudius Nero, and that he added Germanicus only in AD 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes referred to as <b>Claudius I</b>, in reference to the later emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a> (Claudius II).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson365–366_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson365–366-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hurley<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley68_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurley68-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest that he added the 'Germanicus' in 9 BC by senatorial decree and switched 'Drusus' for 'Nero' when he became head of the family <a href="/wiki/Claudii_Nerones" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudii Nerones">Claudii Nerones</a> in AD 4. Stuart<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart318_(note_7)_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart318_(note_7)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Levick<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201511,_21–22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201511,_21–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> somewhat ignore Suetonius and propose that his name was always Ti. Claudius Nero, and that he added Germanicus only in AD 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, pp. 92–93 says that tradition makes every emperor the victim of foul play, so we can't know if Claudius was truly murdered. The Emperor appears to have been seriously ill since at least 53. <a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>, pp. 76–77 raises the possibility that Claudius was killed by the stress of fighting with Agrippina over the succession, but concludes that the timing makes murder the most likely cause.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_11" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 11"><i>Annales</i> XI 14</a> is often thought to be a good example: the digression on the history of writing is actually Claudius's own argument for his new letters, and fits in with his personality and extant writings. Tacitus makes no explicit attribution – and so there exists the possibility that the digression is Tacitus's own work or derivative of another source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin1990_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1990-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2.1;_"Claudius_was_born_at_Lugdunum_on_the_Kalends_of_Augustus_in_the_consulship_of_[[Iullus_Antonius]]_and_[[Africanus_Fabius_Maximus|Fabius_Africanus]],_the_very_day_when_an_altar_was_first_dedicated_to_Augustus_in_that_town,_and_he_received_the_name_of_Tiberius_Claudius_Drusus._Later,_on_the_adoption_of_his_elder_brother_into_the_Julian_family,_he_took_the_surname_[of]_[[Germanicus]]"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2.1;_"Claudius_was_born_at_Lugdunum_on_the_Kalends_of_Augustus_in_the_consulship_of_[[Iullus_Antonius]]_and_[[Africanus_Fabius_Maximus|Fabius_Africanus]],_the_very_day_when_an_altar_was_first_dedicated_to_Augustus_in_that_town,_and_he_received_the_name_of_Tiberius_Claudius_Drusus._Later,_on_the_adoption_of_his_elder_brother_into_the_Julian_family,_he_took_the_surname_[of]_[[Germanicus]]"_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2.1;_"Claudius_was_born_at_Lugdunum_on_the_Kalends_of_Augustus_in_the_consulship_of_[[Iullus_Antonius]]_and_[[Africanus_Fabius_Maximus|Fabius_Africanus]],_the_very_day_when_an_altar_was_first_dedicated_to_Augustus_in_that_town,_and_he_received_the_name_of_Tiberius_Claudius_Drusus._Later,_on_the_adoption_of_his_elder_brother_into_the_Julian_family,_he_took_the_surname_[of]_[[Germanicus]]"_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 2.1; "Claudius was born at Lugdunum on the Kalends of Augustus in the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus Antonius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africanus_Fabius_Maximus" title="Africanus Fabius Maximus">Fabius Africanus</a>, the very day when an altar was first dedicated to Augustus in that town, and he received the name of Tiberius Claudius Drusus. Later, on the adoption of his elder brother into the Julian family, he took the surname [of] <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson365–366-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson365–366_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson365–366_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson">Simpson</a>, pp. 365–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurley68-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley68_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurley68_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurley">Hurley</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart318_(note_7)-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart318_(note_7)_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart318_(note_7)_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart">Stuart</a>, p. 318 (note 7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201511,_21–22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201511,_21–22_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201511,_21–22_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>, pp. 11, 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201551-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201551_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201551_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60,_2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60,_2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 60, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194039-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194039_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart">Stuart</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 60, 2; <a href="#CITEREFSuhr1955">Suhr 1955</a> suggests that this must refer to before Claudius came to power.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajor1992-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajor1992_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajor1992">Major 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Antiquitates Iudiacae</i> XIX. <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Historia Romana</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html#1">60 1.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Ant. Iud.</i> XIX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Judaicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellum Judaicum">Bellum Judaicum</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book II">II</a>, 204–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_11-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_11_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_11_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX,_268–269-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX,_268–269_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Ant. Iud.</i> XIX, 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50_3,_4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50_3,_4_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 50 3, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pharaoh.se/roman-emperor/Claudius">"Claudius"</a>. <i>The Royal Titulary of Ancient Egypt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Titulary+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.atitle=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpharaoh.se%2Froman-emperor%2FClaudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_10-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_10_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1216117&partId=1">"Coin, Museum No. R1874,0715.4"</a>. <i>British Museum Online Collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum+Online+Collection&rft.atitle=Coin%2C+Museum+No.+R1874%2C0715.4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D1216117%26partId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpswwwloebclassicscomviewpliny_elder-natural_history1938pb_LCL39421xml_Book_33,6_]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpswwwloebclassicscomviewpliny_elder-natural_history1938pb_LCL39421xml_Book_33,6_]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.21.xml">Book 33,6 </a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 25.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.24-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.24_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 60.24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/b/bronze_head_of_claudius.aspx">"Head of the Emperor Claudius"</a>. British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Head+of+the+Emperor+Claudius&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fpe_prb%2Fb%2Fbronze_head_of_claudius.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder5.1–5.2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder5.1–5.2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, 5.1–5.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.8,_60.9-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.8,_60.9_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 60.8, 60.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940Chap._7,_p._142-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940Chap._7,_p._142_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, Chap. 7, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_15-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_15_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio61,_33-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio61,_33_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 61, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_6-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_6_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX.5.3_(287)-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant._Iud.''_XIX.5.3_(287)_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Ant. Iud.</i> XIX.5.3 (287).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7,_p._129-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7,_p._129_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, chapter 7, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_7_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, chapter 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_16-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_16_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_32-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_32_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_29_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaius Tranquillus Suetonius, Graves, R., & Grant, M. (2006). <i>The Twelve Caesars</i> (p. 190). Penguin. "Claudius also completed a task begun by Gaius: he brought cool and abundant springs called the Caerulean and the Curtian or Albudignan, as well as the New Anio, into Rome;..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXII,_57-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXII,_57_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, XII, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaius Tranquillus Suetonius, Graves, R., & Grant, M. (2006). <i>The Twelve Caesars</i> (p. 190). Penguin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acts 11:28 KJV <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AKJV_1772_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._2.djvu/370">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AKJV_1772_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._2.djvu/370</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9,_pp._173–174-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza1940chapter_9,_pp._173–174_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, chapter 9, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation of Berlin papyrus by W.D. Hogarth, in <a href="#CITEREFMomigliano1934">Momigliano 1934</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tac-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tac_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tac_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, XII 65. Seneca <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Of_Consolation:_To_Polybius" class="extiw" title="s:Of Consolation: To Polybius">Ad Polybium</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz2001" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Piotr O. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KikEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History</i></a>. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-200-8"><bdi>978-1-55876-200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eunuchs+and+Castrati%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-200-8&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKikEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderXXXIII_xlvii_133–137-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderXXXIII_xlvii_133–137_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, XXXIII xlvii 133–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_12-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_12_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_21_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderBook_IX,_14–15-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_ElderBook_IX,_14–15_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, Book IX, 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphrey1986100–101-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphrey1986100–101_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphrey1986">Humphrey 1986</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.5,_29.1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_25.5,_29.1_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 25.5, 29.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.2.4-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio60.2.4_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 60.2.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeon1948-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeon1948_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeon1948_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeon1948">Leon 1948</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, IX 10; <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 61.31; <a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, X 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201574-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201574_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194090-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194090_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19346–7-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19346–7_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomigliano1934">Momigliano 1934</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick201573-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick201573_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXI._25–38.-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXI._25–38._65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, XI. 25–38..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_26-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_26_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, pp. 91–92. See also <a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, XII 6, 7 and <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>, pp. 80–81. See also <a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOost1958-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOost1958_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOost1958">Oost 1958</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_30-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_30_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_30_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeneca_the_Younger5,_6-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeneca_the_Younger5,_6_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeneca_the_Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, 5, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_31-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_31_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_38-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_38_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack1934" class="citation news cs1">Jack, Peter Monro (10 June 1934). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proquest.com/docview/100916416">"Robert Graves's Story of a Flagrant Age in Rome: 'I, Claudius' Is a Brilliant Picture of Rome During the Reigns of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. BR4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Graves%27s+Story+of+a+Flagrant+Age+in+Rome%3A+%27I%2C+Claudius%27+Is+a+Brilliant+Picture+of+Rome+During+the+Reigns+of+Augustus%2C+Tiberius+and+Caligula&rft.pages=BR4&rft.date=1934-06-10&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Peter+Monro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproquest.com%2Fdocview%2F100916416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burden, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-tor1.html">The Imperial Gene</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010611131717/http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-tor1.html">Archived</a> 11 June 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Medical Post</i>, 16 July 1996. Retrieved 24 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurad2010" class="citation journal cs1">Murad, Ali (2010). "A Neurological Mystery from History: The Case of Claudius Caesar". <i>Journal of the History of the Neurosciences</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 221–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09647040902872775">10.1080/09647040902872775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20628951">20628951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205664150">205664150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=A+Neurological+Mystery+from+History%3A+The+Case+of+Claudius+Caesar&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-227&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205664150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20628951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09647040902872775&rft.aulast=Murad&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_5,_21,_40-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_5,_21,_40_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 5, 21, 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,_5,_12,_31-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,_5,_12,_31_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 50.2, 5, 12, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_34,_38-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_34,_38_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 34, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_20-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_20_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, XII 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,8-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50.2,8_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 50.2,8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius,_35–37,_39–40-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius,_35–37,_39–40_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius, 35–37, 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50,_2–3-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio50,_2–3_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 50, 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19344–6-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano19344–6_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomigliano1934">Momigliano 1934</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey_Sir_Paul1937" class="citation book cs1">Harvey Sir Paul (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont030316mbp/page/106">"Claudius"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion To Classical Literature</i>. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Claudius&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+To+Classical+Literature&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Oxford+At+The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Harvey+Sir+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont030316mbp%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_41-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_41_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Claudius's <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_clesiana" title="Tabula clesiana">Tabula clesiana</a></i>, in which he refers to the "obstinate retirement" of Tiberius. See also <a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Ant Iud.</i> XIX, where an edict of Claudius refers to Caligula's "madness and lack of understanding."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFMomigliano1934">Momigliano 1934</a>, Chap. 1, note 20 (p. 83). <a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> credits him by name in Book VII 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1978-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick1978_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1978">Levick 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan1993">Ryan 1993</a> refers to the historian <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>'s account of the introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_66–67-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitusXII_66–67_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, XII 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_43-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusClaudius_43_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accounts of his death: <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Claudius 43, 44; <a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, XII 64, 66–67; <a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Ant. Iud.</i> 19.148, 151; <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 61, 34; <a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, II xxiii 92, XI lxxiii 189, XXII xlvi 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius44-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius44_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant_Iud.''_19:67;_20:148-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Ant_Iud.''_19:67;_20:148_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Ant Iud.</i> 19:67; 20:148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAveline2004">Aveline 2004</a>, pp. 473–474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a> also as opposed to the murder of Augustus, which is only found in Tacitus and Dio where he quotes Tacitus. Suetonius, an inveterate gossip, doesn't mention it at all.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gradel I. <i>Emperor worship and Roman religion</i>. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927548-9">978-0-19-927548-9</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_9]-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_9]_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html">Nero, 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_33]-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml_Nero,_33]_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html">Nero, 33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick2015-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick2015_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick2015_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gradel-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gradel_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gradel_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gradel I. <i>Emperor worship and Roman religion</i>. Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927548-9">978-0-19-927548-9</a> pp. 356–341, 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHekster2008" class="citation book cs1">Hekster, Olivier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mce147Z_EEC&q=Feriale+Duranum&pg=PA127"><i>Rome and Its Empire, AD 193–284</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2304-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-2304-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Its+Empire%2C+AD+193%E2%80%93284&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2304-4&rft.aulast=Hekster&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mce147Z_EEC%26q%3DFeriale%2BDuranum%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194029-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScramuzza194029_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScramuzza1940">Scramuzza 1940</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVessey1971-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVessey1971_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVessey1971">Vessey 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1990-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin1990_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1990">Griffin 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick2015229-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick2015229_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2015">Levick 2015</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105213022/http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-synopsis/i-claudius.1/">"I, Claudius (2009) – Synopsis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-synopsis/i-claudius.1/">the original</a> on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%2C+Claudius+%282009%29+%E2%80%93+Synopsis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.msn.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-synopsis%2Fi-claudius.1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074006/"><i>I, Claudius</i></a>, 6 November 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%2C+Claudius&rft.date=1977-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0074006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneca_the_Younger" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger">Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger</a> (1902) [1st century]. <i><a href="/wiki/Apocolocyntosis_divi_Claudii" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii">Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii</a></i>. Translated by Allan Perley Ball. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocolocyntosis+divi+Claudii&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Lucius+Annaeus+Seneca+the+Younger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Plinius_Secundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Plinius Secundus">Gaius Plinius Secundus</a> (1961) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 77 AD]. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>. Translated by H. Rackham; W.H.S. Jones; D.E. Eichholz. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Gaius+Plinius+Secundus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (1737) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 96 AD]. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XIX">"Chapters XIX–XX"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+XIX%E2%80%93XX&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1737&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Antiquities_of_the_Jews%2FBook_XIX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</a> (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 110]. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_11">"Books 11–11"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annals">The Annals</a></i>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+11%E2%80%9311&rft.btitle=The+Annals&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Publius+Cornelius+Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Annals_%28Tacitus%29%2FBook_11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus</a> (1914) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 121]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html">"Life of Claudius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Rolfe" title="John Carew Rolfe">John Carew Rolfe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Claudius&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Caesars&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Gaius+Suetonius+Tranquillus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FSuetonius%2F12Caesars%2FClaudius%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Dio" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cassius Dio">Lucius Cassius Dio</a> (1927) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html">"Books 60–61"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_History_(Cassius_Dio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman History (Cassius Dio)">Roman History</a></i>. Translated by Earnest Cary. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+60%E2%80%9361&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Lucius+Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F60%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAveline2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aveline, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436743">"The Death of Claudius"</a>. <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 453–475. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436743">4436743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Claudius&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=453-475&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft.aulast=Aveline&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1990" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin, Miriam (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639107">"Claudius in Tacitus"</a>. <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 482–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800043056">10.1017/S0009838800043056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639107">639107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170810972">170810972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Claudius+in+Tacitus&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=482-501&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170810972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800043056&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1986" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, John H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=couetXBQO9AC"><i>Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04921-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04921-5"><bdi>978-0-520-04921-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Circuses%3A+Arenas+for+Chariot+Racing&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04921-5&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcouetXBQO9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Donna W., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yVR5Fac278C"><i>Suetonius: Diuus Claudius</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59325-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59325-5"><bdi>0-521-59325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suetonius%3A+Diuus+Claudius&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-59325-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9yVR5Fac278C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick1978" class="citation journal cs1">Levick, B. M. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293870">"Antiquarian or Revolutionary? Claudius Caesar's Conception of His Principate"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>99</b> (1): 79–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F293870">10.2307/293870</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293870">293870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Antiquarian+or+Revolutionary%3F+Claudius+Caesar%27s+Conception+of+His+Principate&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-105&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F293870&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (2015) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mVSu05jH1MC"><i>Claudius</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-70357-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-70357-4"><bdi>978-0-415-70357-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudius&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-70357-4&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mVSu05jH1MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon1948" class="citation journal cs1">Leon, Ernestine F. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283354">"The Imbecillitas of the Emperor Claudius"</a>. <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>79</b>: 79–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283354">10.2307/283354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9711">0065-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283354">283354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Imbecillitas+of+the+Emperor+Claudius&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=79-86&rft.date=1948&rft.issn=0065-9711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283354&rft.aulast=Leon&rft.aufirst=Ernestine+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1992" class="citation journal cs1">Major, Ann (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/13ad054c1076778faf69fcb69e9dedd4/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1976614">"Was He Pushed or Did He Leap? Claudius' Ascent to Power"</a>. <i>Ancient History</i>. <b>22</b>: 25–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+History&rft.atitle=Was+He+Pushed+or+Did+He+Leap%3F+Claudius%27+Ascent+to+Power&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F13ad054c1076778faf69fcb69e9dedd4%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1976614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1934" class="citation book cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gq7PAAAAMAAJ"><i>Claudius, the Emperor and His Achievement</i></a>. Translated by W.D. Hogarth. W. Heffer and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudius%2C+the+Emperor+and+His+Achievement&rft.pub=W.+Heffer+and+Sons&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgq7PAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOost1958" class="citation journal cs1">Oost, Stewart Irvin (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/292103">"The Career of M. Antonius Pallas"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>79</b> (2): 113–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F292103">10.2307/292103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/292103">292103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Career+of+M.+Antonius+Pallas&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-139&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F292103%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F292103&rft.aulast=Oost&rft.aufirst=Stewart+Irvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F292103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth1916" class="citation book cs1">Ruth, Thomas De Coursey (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJigAAAAMAAJ"><i>The problem of Claudius: Some aspects of a character study</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+problem+of+Claudius%3A+Some+aspects+of+a+character+study&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Ruth&rft.aufirst=Thomas+De+Coursey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJigAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, F. X. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295428">"Some Observations on the Censorship of Claudius and Vitellius, A.D. 47-48"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>114</b> (4): 611–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295428">10.2307/295428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295428">295428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Censorship+of+Claudius+and+Vitellius%2C+A.D.+47-48&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-618&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295428%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F295428&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=F.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScramuzza1940" class="citation book cs1">Scramuzza, Vincent (1940). <i>The Emperor Claudius</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598740687" title="Special:BookSources/9780598740687"><bdi>9780598740687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Claudius&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780598740687&rft.aulast=Scramuzza&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, C.J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-j.mtak.hu/424/1/ACTAANTIQUA_29.pdf">"The Early Name of the Emperor Claudius"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>29</b>: 363–368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Early+Name+of+the+Emperor+Claudius&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=363-368&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F424%2F1%2FACTAANTIQUA_29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Meriwether (1936). "The Date of the Inscription of Claudius on the Arch of Ticinum". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 314–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F498692">10.2307/498692</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/498692">498692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191396418">191396418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+Inscription+of+Claudius+on+the+Arch+of+Ticinum&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-322&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191396418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F498692%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F498692&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Meriwether&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhr1955" class="citation journal cs1">Suhr, Elmer G. (1955). "A Portrait of Claudius". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 319–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F500799">10.2307/500799</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/500799">500799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192971087">192971087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+Claudius&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=319-322&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192971087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F500799%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F500799&rft.aulast=Suhr&rft.aufirst=Elmer+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVessey1971" class="citation journal cs1">Vessey, D. W. T. C. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/292801">"Thoughts on Tacitus' Portrayal of Claudius"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>92</b> (3): 385–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F292801">10.2307/292801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/292801">292801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+Tacitus%27+Portrayal+of+Claudius&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-409&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F292801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F292801&rft.aulast=Vessey&rft.aufirst=D.+W.+T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F292801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaudius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Claudius" class="extiw" title="commons:Claudius"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Claudius</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Claudius" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Claudius">Claudius</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><b>Works by Claudius</b> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/claualex.html">Claudius' Letter to the Alexandrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_Tablet" title="Lyon Tablet">Lyon Tablet</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/48claudius.html">Second half of the Lyons Tablet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/tacitus-ann11a.html">Tacitus' version of the Lyons Tablet speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_clesiana" title="Tabula clesiana">Edict confirming the rights of the people of Trent</a>. Full Latin text <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_clesiana" class="extiw" title="it:Tabula clesiana">here</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/claudius.htm">Biography from De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091019213016/http://geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/7094/claudius.html">Claudius Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/claudius.shtml">Claudius I</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/">BBC History</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Claudius </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1 August 10 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 13 October AD 54</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperors</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />41–54 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Acerronius_Proculus" title="Gnaeus Acerronius Proculus">Gn. Acerronius Proculus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Petronius_Pontius_Nigrinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Petronius Pontius Nigrinus">G. Petronius Pontius Nigrinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />37 (suffect)<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Caecina_Paetus" title="Aulus Caecina Paetus">A. Caecina Paetus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caninius_Rebilus_(consul_37)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Caninius Rebilus (consul 37)">G. Caninius Rebilus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Sentius_Saturninus_(consul_41)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus (consul 41)">Gn. Sentius Saturninus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> II </b><br />42–43<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caecina_Largus_(consul_42)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Caecina Largus (consul 42)">G. Caecina Largus</a> (42)</i> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_(consul_34)" title="Lucius Vitellius (consul 34)">L. Vitellius</a> II (43)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Statilius_Taurus_(consul_44)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 44)">T. Statilius Taurus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sallustius_Passienus_Crispus" title="Gaius Sallustius Passienus Crispus">G. Sallustius Passienus Crispus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Silanus_(consul_46)" title="Marcus Junius Silanus (consul 46)">M. Junius Silanus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Terentius_Tullius_Geminus" title="Gaius Terentius Tullius Geminus">G. Terentius Tullius Geminus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> III </b><br />47<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_(consul_34)" title="Lucius Vitellius (consul 34)">L. Vitellius</a> III</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">A. Vitellius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vipstanus_Poplicola" title="Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola">L. Vipstanus Poplicola Messalla</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Camerinus_Antistius_Vetus" title="Camerinus Antistius Vetus">Camerinus Antistius Vetus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Suillius_Nerullinus" title="Marcus Suillius Nerullinus">M. Suillius Nerullinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> IV </b><br />51<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Servius_Cornelius_Scipio_Salvidienus_Orfitus_(consul_51)" title="Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (consul 51)">Ser. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_Felix" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix">Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Salvius_Otho_Titianus" title="Lucius Salvius Otho Titianus">L. Salvius Otho Titianus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/578159474209927661728">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14083/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4hpHFCvpwwdk8hrMVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118521063">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041157">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120494712">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120494712">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700310&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1413331">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070849765">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90609419">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000275715&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=50496">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqt0nv0v0b06w">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810597376905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44229">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259591605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000104007">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511806506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/20728492">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19710023?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115695">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118521063.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118521063">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028715063">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010316">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span 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