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</button> <ul id="toc-Historical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strabo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strabo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Strabo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strabo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_of_the_Regio_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_of_the_Regio_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cities of the <i>Regio V</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_of_the_Regio_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Picenum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Пиценум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиценум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic%C3%A8" title="Picè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Picè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Πικηνόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πικηνόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piceno" title="Piceno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizeno" title="Pizeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pizeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="پیکنوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیکنوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic%C3%A9num" title="Picénum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Picénum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikenum" title="Pikenum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pikenum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regio_V_Picenum" title="Regio V Picenum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regio V Picenum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regio_quinta_(Italia_Romana)" title="Regio quinta (Italia Romana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regio quinta (Italia Romana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenas" title="Picenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Picenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piceno" title="Piceno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пицен (Италия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пицен (Италия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenumi" title="Picenumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Picenumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Picenum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Піцен (Італія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піцен (Італія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q510990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region of Italy; territory of the Roman Republic/Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient region of Italy. For the modern province of Italy, see <a href="/wiki/Piceno_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Piceno (disambiguation)">Piceno</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/300px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/450px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/600px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">Roman expansion and conquest of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Picenum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ancient_Picenum.png/285px-Ancient_Picenum.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ancient_Picenum.png/428px-Ancient_Picenum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Ancient_Picenum.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Augustus' Regio V – Picenum, from the 1911 <i>Atlas</i> of <a href="/wiki/William_R._Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Shepherd">William R. Shepherd</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Picenum</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy"> Italy</a>. The name was assigned by the Romans, who conquered and incorporated it into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Picenum became <i>Regio V</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan</a> territorial organisation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>. It is now in <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> and the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>. </p><p>The <b>Piceni</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></b> were the native population of Picenum, but they were not of uniform ethnicity. They maintained a sanctuary to the <a href="/wiki/Sabine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine">Sabine</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Cupra_(goddess)" title="Cupra (goddess)">Cupra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cupra_Marittima" title="Cupra Marittima">Cupra Marittima</a>. </p><p>Picenum was also the birthplace of such Roman notables as <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a> and his father, <a href="/wiki/Pompeius_Strabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeius Strabo">Pompeius Strabo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_geography">Historical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Picenum and the Picentes were described in some detail by the Roman geographers:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strabo">Strabo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strabo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strabo places Picenum between the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Esino" title="Esino">Aesis River</a> southward to Castrum at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Tronto" title="Tronto">Truentinus River</a>, some 800 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (unit of length)">stadia</a>, which is 148 km (92 mi) using 185 m/stadion. For coastal cities he includes from north to south <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, Auxumum, <a href="/wiki/Septempeda" title="Septempeda">Septempeda</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Severino_Marche" title="San Severino Marche">San Severino Marche</a>), Pneuentia, <a href="/wiki/Potentia_(ancient_city)" title="Potentia (ancient city)">Potentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Firmum Picenum</a> with port at Castellum (Porto di <a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Fermo</a>), Cupra Maritima (<a href="/wiki/Cupra_Marittima" title="Cupra Marittima">Cupra Marittima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grottammare" title="Grottammare">Grottammare</a>), Truentum on the Truentinus (<a href="/wiki/Tronto" title="Tronto">Tronto</a>) and finally Castrum Novum and Matrinum on the Matrinus (<a href="/wiki/Piomba" title="Piomba">Piomba</a>), south of <a href="/wiki/Silvi,_Abruzzo" title="Silvi, Abruzzo">Silvi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>. Strabo also mentions Adria (<a href="/wiki/Atri,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Atri, Italy">Atri, Italy</a>) and Asculum Picenum (<a href="/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno" title="Ascoli Piceno">Ascoli Piceno</a>) in the interior. The width of Picenum inland varies irregularly, he says.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Picenum was first settled at the beginning of the Iron Age (1200<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liburnians" title="Liburnians">Liburnians</a> had colonies on the western Adriatic coast in Picenum from the beginning of the Iron Age and until the 6th century BC Liburninan naval supremacy meant both political and economical authority in the Adriatic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 390 BC the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senoni Gauls</a> invaded Italy from the north and occupied Picenum north of the Esino river. The archaeological evidence shows groups of Senones settled much further south of this river, in the Macerata area and even in the Ascoli area, in sites such as Filottrano, San Genesio, Matelica, Offida. In 283 BC the Romans expelled the Senones and annexed Picenum down to <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> when it became the <i><a href="/wiki/Ager_Gallicus" title="Ager Gallicus">Ager Gallicus</a></i>, part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ager_publicus" title="Ager publicus">Ager publicus</a></i> (Roman state land). </p><p>In 268 BC the Romans defeated the Picentes after they had rebelled.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the population was deported and others were given Roman citizenship without the right to vote. Thus, Picenum was annexed, except for the city of <a href="/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno" title="Ascoli Piceno">Asculum</a>, which was considered an allied city. To keep it under control, the colony of Firmum was established nearby in 264 BC. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_232_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 232 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a> (232<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC), "the Romans divided among their citizens the territory in Gaul known as Picenum, from which they had ejected the Senones when they conquered them". </p><p>Picenum sided with Rome against <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>. It also became a Roman base during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a>. Some Picentes remained loyal to Rome in the war, while others fought against them for the right of Roman citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Picentes were granted full Roman citizenship after the war. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Edict_on_Maximum_Prices" title="Edict on Maximum Prices">Edict of Diocletian</a>, it was mentioned that the wine from Picenum was considered the most expensive wine, together with Falerno.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vinum_Hadrianum" title="Vinum Hadrianum">Vinum Hadrianum</a> was produced in Picenum,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Hatria_Picena" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatria Picena"><i>Hatria</i></a> or <i>Hadria</i>, the old name of <a href="/wiki/Atri,_Abruzzo" title="Atri, Abruzzo">Atri</a>. This is also the same wine that <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> considered one of the highly-rated wines, along with a few others.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excavations in Picenum have given much insight into the region during the Iron Age. Excavated tombs in Novilara of the Molaroni and Servici cemeteries show that the Piceni laid bodies in the ground wrapped in garments they had worn in life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warriors were buried with a helmet, weapons and vessels for food and drinks. Buried beads, bone, fibulae and amber seem to demonstrate that there was an active trade in the ninth and perhaps tenth centuries on the Adriatic coast, especially in the fields of amber and beads of glass paste. In women’s graves there is a large abundance of ornaments made of bronze and iron.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Origins of these items may also show that the Piceni may have looked to the south and east for development.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warrior tombs seem to show that the Piceni were a war-like people. Every man’s grave contained more or less a complete outfit of a warrior, with the most frequent weapon being a spear. Piceni swords appear to be imported from the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/South_Picene_language" title="South Picene language">South Picene language</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene language</a></div> <p>South Picene, written in an unusual version of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic alphabet">Italic alphabet</a>, has been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Sabellic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabellic language">Sabellic language</a> that is neither <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a>. </p><p>The undeciphered North Picene, also written in a form of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a>, is probably not closely unrelated to South Picene. At present, it is generally assumed not to be an <a href="/wiki/Italic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic language">Italic language</a> (although it may have belonged to another branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_of_the_Regio_V">Cities of the <i>Regio V</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cities of the Regio V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As reported by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i>, 24 cities were placed in <i>Regio V</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Cities of <i>Regio V</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin Name</th> <th>Modern Name</th> <th>Modern Region</th> <th>Tribù </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ancona</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Lemonia </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Asculum</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno" title="Ascoli Piceno">Ascoli Piceno</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Fabia </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Auximum</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osimo" title="Osimo">Osimo</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Beregra</i></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Civitella_del_Tronto" title="Civitella del Tronto">Civitella del Tronto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Montorio_al_Vomano" title="Montorio al Vomano">Montorio al Vomano</a></td> <td>Abruzzo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Castrum Novum</i></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Giulianova" title="Giulianova">Giulianova</a></td> <td>Abruzzo</td> <td>Papiria </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Castrum Truentinum</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martinsicuro" title="Martinsicuro">Martinsicuro</a></td> <td>Abruzzo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cingulum</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cingoli" title="Cingoli">Cingoli</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cluana</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civitanova_Marche" title="Civitanova Marche">Civitanova Marche</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cupra_Maritima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupra Maritima">Cupra Maritima</a></i></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Cupra_Marittima" title="Cupra Marittima">Cupra Marittima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grottammare" title="Grottammare">Grottammare</a>)</td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cupramontana" title="Cupramontana">Cupra Montana</a></i></td> <td>near Sant'Eleuterio of <a href="/wiki/Cupramontana" title="Cupramontana">Cupramontana</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Falerio" class="mw-redirect" title="Falerio">Falerio</a></i></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Falerone" title="Falerone">Falerone</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Firmum_Picenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmum Picenum">Firmum Picenum</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Fermo</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Hadria</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atri,_Abruzzo" title="Atri, Abruzzo">Atri</a></td> <td>Abruzzo</td> <td>Maecia </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Interamnia</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teramo" title="Teramo">Teramo</a></td> <td>Abruzzo</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novana (page does not exist)">Novana</a></i></td> <td>unknown, probably in the <a href="/wiki/Aso_(river)" title="Aso (river)">Aso valley</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Numana</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numana" title="Numana">Numana</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausulae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pausulae (page does not exist)">Pausulae</a></i></td> <td>near San Claudio al Chienti, <a href="/wiki/Corridonia" title="Corridonia">Corridonia</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planina,_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planina, Italy (page does not exist)">Planina</a></i></td> <td>near San Vittore di <a href="/wiki/Cingoli" title="Cingoli">Cingoli</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Potentia_(ancient_city)" title="Potentia (ancient city)">Potentia</a></i></td> <td>near Santa Maria a Potenza, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Recanati" title="Porto Recanati">Porto Recanati</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Helvia_Recina" class="mw-redirect" title="Helvia Recina">Ricina</a></i></td> <td>Villa Potenza, <a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Septempeda" title="Septempeda">Septempeda</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Severino_Marche" title="San Severino Marche">San Severino Marche</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tolentinum</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolentino" title="Tolentino">Tolentino</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trea_(municipium)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trea (municipium) (page does not exist)">Trea</a></i></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Treia" title="Treia">Treia</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Park_of_Urbs_Salvia" title="Archaeological Park of Urbs Salvia">Urbs Salvia</a></i></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Urbisaglia" title="Urbisaglia">Urbisaglia</a></td> <td>Marche</td> <td>Velina </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrabo">Strabo</a>, Book 5, Chapter 4, Sections 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermeulen, F.: "The contribution of aerial photography and field survey to the study of urbanization in the Potenza valley.", pp. 57–82. L'Annee Philologique records.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florus, Epitome of Roman History, I.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histories</i> 2:21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScullard1970" class="citation cs2">Scullard, HH (1970), <i>From the Gracchi to Nero</i>, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Gracchi+to+Nero&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=HH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicenum" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott,_Frank_Frost" class="citation web cs1">Abbott, Frank Frost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13226/13226-h/13226-h.htm">"The Common People of Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Common+People+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Frank+Frost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F13226%2F13226-h%2F13226-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicenum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2013" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdR4jRJCxEsC&q=Pliny+hadrianum&pg=PA171"><i>Food in the Ancient World from A to Z</i></a>. Routledge. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95422-2"><bdi>978-1-135-95422-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+the+Ancient+World+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95422-2&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdR4jRJCxEsC%26q%3DPliny%2Bhadrianum%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicenum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandlerPinder2002" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Merton; Pinder, Roger (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq2W6dwJa5gC&q=hadrianum+wine&pg=PA66"><i>Wine: A Scientific Exploration</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-36138-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-36138-2"><bdi>978-0-203-36138-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine%3A+A+Scientific+Exploration&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-36138-2&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Merton&rft.au=Pinder%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyq2W6dwJa5gC%26q%3Dhadrianum%2Bwine%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicenum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandall-MacIver1927">Randall-MacIver 1927</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandall-MacIver1927">Randall-MacIver 1927</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandall-MacIver1927">Randall-MacIver 1927</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandall-MacIver1927">Randall-MacIver 1927</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archeologia nelle Marche, Mario Luni, 2003, p. 136, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0744-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0744-9">88-392-0744-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Φίρμον Πικενόν, in STRABONE, <i>Chr. estomathiae</i>, 241 (citato in ROCCI, <i>Vocabolario Greco-Italiano</i>, Città di Castello, 1974, pag. 1969)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Federica Boschi, Enrico Giorgi, Frank Vermeulen, Picenum and the Ager Gallicus at the Dawn of the Roman Conquest, Landscape Archaeology and Material Culture, Archaeopress 2020 ISBN 978-1-78969-699-8</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicenum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall-MacIver1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Randall-MacIver" title="David Randall-MacIver">Randall-MacIver, David</a> (1927). <i>The Iron Age in Italy. A Study of Those Aspects of the Early Civilizations Which Are Neither Villanovan or Etruscan</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Age+in+Italy.+A+Study+of+Those+Aspects+of+the+Early+Civilizations+Which+Are+Neither+Villanovan+or+Etruscan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Randall-MacIver&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicenum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picenum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regio_V_Picenum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regio V Picenum">Regio V Picenum</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastore" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pastore, Paolo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Italici/Piceni.html">"Piceni"</a> (in Italian). Inwind<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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