CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Essex - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cd1804b5-6387-4c95-96ab-cea4aeeac4fc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Essex","wgTitle":"Essex","wgCurRevisionId":1280009472,"wgRevisionId":1280009472,"wgArticleId":40100758,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from May 2020","Use dmy dates from October 2023","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Commons link from Wikidata","Essex","Non-metropolitan counties","NUTS 2 statistical regions of the United Kingdom","English royal forests","Home counties","Counties of England established in antiquity"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Essex","wgRelevantArticleId":40100758,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":51.75,"lon":0.5833333333333334},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q23240","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg/1200px-The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="894"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg/800px-The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="596"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg/640px-The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="477"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Essex - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Essex rootpage-Essex skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Essex" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Essex" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Essex" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Essex" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Saxon_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Anglo-Saxon period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Norman_Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Norman_Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>After the Norman Conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Norman_Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peasants_Revolt,_1381" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peasants_Revolt,_1381"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Peasants Revolt, 1381</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peasants_Revolt,_1381-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_of_the_Roses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_of_the_Roses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Wars of the Roses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_of_the_Roses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Armada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essex_and_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essex_and_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Essex and the Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essex_and_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_county" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_county"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historic county</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_county-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_county" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_county"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Administrative county</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_county-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonial_county" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial_county"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ceremonial county</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial_county-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_county" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_county"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Postal county</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_county-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Settlement patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_County_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_County_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Before the County Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_County_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_Councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_Councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>County Councils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_Councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_London_established" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_London_established"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Greater London established</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_London_established-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_unitary_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_unitary_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Two unitary authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_unitary_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County-wide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County-wide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>County-wide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County-wide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-County_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>County Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borough_and_district_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borough_and_district_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Borough and district level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borough_and_district_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Youth_councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Youth councils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_and_parish_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_and_parish_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Town and parish level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_and_parish_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_and_waterborne_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_waterborne_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ports and waterborne transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_waterborne_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture and community</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and community subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patron_saint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_saint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Patron saint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patron_saint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks_and_places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks_and_places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Landmarks and places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks_and_places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_counties_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_counties_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sister counties and regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_counties_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Essex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3" title="إسكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="এসেক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসেক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эсекс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эсекс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эсэкс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эсэкс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Есекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Есекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontelezh_Essex" title="Kontelezh Essex – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kontelezh Essex" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BE" title="Έσσεξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έσσεξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="اسکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esseks_(greefskip)" title="Esseks (greefskip) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Esseks (greefskip)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8B%9D%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC" title="에식스주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에식스주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Էսսեքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էսսեքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एसेक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एसेक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(grofovija)" title="Essex (grofovija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Essex (grofovija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эссекс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эссекс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="אסקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexia" title="Essexia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Essexia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseksa" title="Eseksa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eseksa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grofschaft_Essex_(England)" title="Grofschaft Essex (England) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Grofschaft Essex (England)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseksas" title="Eseksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eseksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एसेक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एसेक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ايسيكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايسيكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(graafschap)" title="Essex (graafschap) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Essex (graafschap)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="エセックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エセックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эссекс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эссекс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(Graafskap)" title="Essex (Graafskap) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Essex (Graafskap)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ایسکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایسکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эссекс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эссекс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(gr%C3%B3fstvo)" title="Essex (grófstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Essex (grófstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(grofija)" title="Essex (grofija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Essex (grofija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ئێسێکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسێکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Есекс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Есекс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เอสเซกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอสเซกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эссекс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эссекс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Ессекс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ессекс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ایسیکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایسیکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ss%C3%A9ks" title="Ésséks – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Ésséks" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Essex" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="埃塞克斯郡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃塞克斯郡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="עסעקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עסעקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E6%81%AF%E5%A3%AB%E9%83%A1" title="雅息士郡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雅息士郡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="埃塞克斯郡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃塞克斯郡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23240#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Essex" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Essex"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Essex"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Essex" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Essex" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&oldid=1280009472" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Essex&id=1280009472&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEssex"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEssex"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Essex&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Essex" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Essex_(England)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23240" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Essex&params=51_45_N_0_35_E_region:GB_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°35′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.750°N 0.583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.750; 0.583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ceremonial county in the East of England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the county in England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Essex_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Essex (disambiguation)">Essex (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-metropolitan and ceremonial county in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Essex</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hythe,_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg/258px-The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg/387px-The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg/516px-The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1207" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cater_House,_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2648271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cater_House%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2648271.jpg/120px-Cater_House%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2648271.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cater_House%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2648271.jpg/250px-Cater_House%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2648271.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saffron_Walden_-_Sun_Inn_(former),_Church_St_from_W.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saffron_Walden_-_Sun_Inn_%28former%29%2C_Church_St_from_W.jpg/141px-Saffron_Walden_-_Sun_Inn_%28former%29%2C_Church_St_from_W.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saffron_Walden_-_Sun_Inn_%28former%29%2C_Church_St_from_W.jpg/212px-Saffron_Walden_-_Sun_Inn_%28former%29%2C_Church_St_from_W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saffron_Walden_-_Sun_Inn_%28former%29%2C_Church_St_from_W.jpg/282px-Saffron_Walden_-_Sun_Inn_%28former%29%2C_Church_St_from_W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="3392" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Upper</b>: the Hythe, <a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Maldon</a> <b>Lower</b>: Cater House in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a> (left); and the former Sun Inn, <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a>, displaying <a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">pargeting</a> (right)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essex_UK_locator_map_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Essex_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/250px-Essex_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Essex_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/375px-Essex_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Essex_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/500px-Essex_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span><br />Ceremonial Essex within England<hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Essex&params=51_45_N_0_35_E_region:GB_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°35′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.750°N 0.583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.750; 0.583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Ancient</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Time in the United Kingdom">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UK Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Essex">18 Members of Parliament</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Con</a>: 10</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Lab</a>: 5</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform</a>: 2</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Lib Dem</a>: 1</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Police</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex Police</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Essex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Essex">Lord Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Tolhurst" title="Jennifer Tolhurst">Jennifer Tolhurst</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3,664 km<sup>2</sup> (1,415 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">11th of 48</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<span class="nowrap"> </span><div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,877,301</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">6th of 48</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">512/km<sup>2</sup> (1,330/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>90.8% White British</li><li>3.6% Other White</li><li>2.5% Asian</li><li>1.3% Black</li><li>1.5% Mixed</li><li>0.3% Other</li><li>(2011)</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">County council</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admin HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3,458 km<sup>2</sup> (1,335 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_two-tier_counties_of_England" title="List of two-tier counties of England">7th of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<span class="nowrap"> </span><div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,519,509</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_two-tier_counties_of_England" title="List of two-tier counties of England">2nd of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">439/km<sup>2</sup> (1,140/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO 3166-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GB-ESS</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E10000012</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level" title="International Territorial Level">ITL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">UKH33</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essex.gov.uk">essex<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Councils</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea City Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock Council</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;">Districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essex_numbered_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essex_numbered_districts.svg/200px-Essex_numbered_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essex_numbered_districts.svg/300px-Essex_numbered_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essex_numbered_districts.svg/400px-Essex_numbered_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><br />Districts of Essex<br /><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#fefe77"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#FEFE77;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Unitary <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#fec1e9"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#FEC1E9;color:inherit;"> </span></span> County council area </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li></ol> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Essex</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ESS</span>-iks</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a>, and one of the <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">home counties</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> to the south-west, and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> to the west. The largest settlement is <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> is <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>. </p><p>The county has an area of 3,670 km<sup>2</sup> (1,420 sq mi) and a population of 1,832,751. After Southend-on-Sea (182,305), the largest settlements are <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> (130,245), <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a> (115,955) and Chelmsford (110,625).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The south of the county is very densely populated, and the remainder, besides Colchester and Chelmsford, is largely rural. For local government purposes Essex comprises a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan county</a>, with twelve districts, and two unitary authority areas: <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea</a>. The districts of Chelmsford, Colchester and Southend have city status. The county <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historically</a> included north-east Greater London, the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a> forming its western border. </p><p>Essex is a low-lying county with a flat coastline. It contains pockets of ancient woodland, including <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a> in the south-west, and in the north-east shares <a href="/wiki/Dedham_Vale_National_Landscape" title="Dedham Vale National Landscape">Dedham Vale</a> <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">area of outstanding natural beauty</a> with Suffolk. The coast is one of the longest of any English county, at 562 miles (905 km). It is deeply indented by estuaries, the largest being those of the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">Stour</a>, which forms the Suffolk border, the <a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Essex" title="River Colne, Essex">Colne</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex" title="River Blackwater, Essex">Blackwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Crouch" title="River Crouch">Crouch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> in the south. Parts of the coast are wetland and salt marsh, including a large expanse at <a href="/wiki/Hamford_Water" title="Hamford Water">Hamford Water</a>, and it contains several large beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is now Essex was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a> tribe during the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. They established a settlement at Colchester, which is the oldest recorded town in Britain. The town was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a> but subsequently sacked by the Trinovantes during the <a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a>. In the Early Middle Ages the region was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of Essex</a>; they were followed by the Vikings, who after winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a> were able to extract the first <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a> from King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred</a>. After the Norman Conquest much of the county became a <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Essex" title="Forest of Essex">royal forest</a>, and in 1381 the populace of the county were heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a>. The subsequent centuries were more settled, and the county's economy became increasingly tied to that of London; in the nineteenth century the railways allowed coastal resorts such as <a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a> to develop and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London" title="Port of London">Port of London</a> to shift downriver to <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Tilbury</a>. Subsequent development has included the new towns of Basildon and <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a>, the development of the <a href="/wiki/Harwich_International_Port" title="Harwich International Port">Harwich International Port</a>, and petroleum industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Essex" title="History of Essex">History of Essex</a></div> <p>Essex evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of the East Saxons</a>, a polity which is likely to have its roots in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Iron Age, Essex and parts of southern Suffolk were controlled by the local <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a> tribe. Their production of their own coinage marks them out as one of the more advanced tribes on the island, this advantage (in common with other tribes in the south-east) is probably due to the <a href="/wiki/Belgae#Britain" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> element within their elite. Their capital was the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum (a type of town)</a> of Colchester, Britain's oldest recorded town, which had its own mint. The tribe were in extended conflict with their western neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a>, and steadily lost ground. By AD 10 they had come under the complete control of the Catuvellauni, who took Colchester as their own capital.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman invasion</a> of AD 43 began with a landing on the south coast, probably in the <a href="/wiki/Richborough" title="Richborough">Richborough</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. After some initial successes against the Britons, they paused to await reinforcements, and the arrival of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>. The combined army then proceeded to the capital of the Catevellauni-Trinovantes at <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, and took it. </p><p>Claudius held a review of his invasion force on <a href="/wiki/Lexden" title="Lexden">Lexden</a> Heath where the army formally proclaimed him <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a>. The invasion force that assembled before him included four <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>, mounted auxiliaries and an elephant corps – a force of around 30,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Colchester, the kings of 11 British tribes surrendered to Claudius.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colchester became a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman Colonia</a>, with the official name Colonia Claudia Victricensis ('the City of Claudius' Victory'). It was initially the most important city in Roman Britain and in it they <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">established a temple</a> to the God-Emperor Claudius. This was the largest building of its kind in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of the Colonia is thought to have involved extensive appropriation of land from local people, this and other grievances led to the Trinovantes joining their northern neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Boudicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudicca">Boudiccan revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels entered the city, and after a Roman last stand at the temple of Claudius, methodically destroyed it, massacring many thousands. A significant Roman force attempting to relieve Colchester was destroyed in pitched battle, known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camulodunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Camulodunum">Massacre of the Ninth Legion</a>. </p><p>The rebels then proceeded to sack <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> estimating that 70–80,000 people were killed in the destruction of the three cities. Boudicca was defeated in battle, somewhere in the west midlands, and the Romans are likely to have ravaged the lands of the rebel tribes,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so Essex will have suffered greatly. </p><p>Despite this, the Trinovantes' identity persisted. Roman provinces were divided into <i>civitas</i> for local government purposes – with a civitas for the Trinovantes strongly implied by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity is thought to have been flourishing among the Trinovantes in the fourth century, indications include the remains of a probable church at Colchester,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the church dates from sometime after 320, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">granted freedom of worship</a> to Christians in 313. Other archaeological evidence include a <a href="/wiki/Chi_rho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi rho">chi-rho</a> symbol etched on a tile at a site in <a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a>, and a gold ring inscribed with a chi-rho monogram found at <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late Roman period, and the period shortly after, was the setting for the <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen#Colchester_Legend" title="Coel Hen">King Cole</a> legends based around <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One version of the legend concerns <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">St Helena</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. The legend makes her the daughter of Coel, Duke of the Britons (<a href="/wiki/King_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cole">King Cole</a>) and in it she gives birth to Constantine in Colchester. This, and <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus#British_legends" title="Constantius Chlorus">related legends</a>, are at variance with biographical details as they are now known, but it is likely that Constantine, and his father, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> spent time in Colchester during their years in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of St Helena in the country is less certain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_period">Anglo-Saxon period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of Essex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peters_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/St_Peters_Chapel.jpg/250px-St_Peters_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/St_Peters_Chapel.jpg/330px-St_Peters_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/St_Peters_Chapel.jpg/500px-St_Peters_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3374" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Peter-on-the-Wall" title="Chapel of St Peter-on-the-Wall">St Peters Chapel, Bradwell</a>. Established by St Cedd, the patron saint of Essex around 662, built on the site of the abandoned Roman fort of <a href="/wiki/Othona" title="Othona">Othona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Essex</i> originates in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> period of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> and has its root in the Anglo-Saxon (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>) name <i>Ēastseaxe</i> ("East Saxons"), the eastern kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxons</a> who had come from the continent and settled in Britain. Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Mucking" title="Mucking">Mucking</a> have demonstrated the presence of Anglo-Saxon settlers in the early fifth century, however the way in which these settlers became ascendent in the territory of the Trinovantes is not known. Studies suggest a pattern of typically peaceful co-existence, with the structure of the Romano-British landscape being maintained, and with the Saxon settlers believed to have been in the minority.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known king of the East Saxons was <a href="/wiki/Sledd_of_Essex" title="Sledd of Essex">Sledd</a> in 587, though there are less reliable sources giving an account of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86scwine_of_Essex" title="Æscwine of Essex">Aescwine</a> (other versions call him Erkenwine) founding the kingdom in 527. The early kings of the East Saxons were pagan and uniquely amongst the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms traced their lineage back to <a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Seaxnēat</a>, god of the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Woden" class="mw-redirect" title="Woden">Woden</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex#List_of_kings" title="Kingdom of Essex">kings of Essex</a> are notable for their S-nomenclature, nearly all of them begin with the letter S. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_East_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the East Saxons">Kingdom of the East Saxons</a> included not just the subsequent county of Essex, but also Middlesex (including the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>), much of <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> and at times also the <a href="/wiki/Surrey#Formation_of_Surrey" title="Surrey">sub-Kingdom of Surrey</a>. The Middlesex and Hertfordshire parts were known as the <i>Province of the Middle Saxons</i> since at least the early eighth century but it is not known if the province was previously an independent unit that came under East Saxon control. Charter evidence shows that the Kings of Essex appear to have had a greater control in the core area, east of the Lea and Stort, that would subsequently become the county of Essex. In the core area they granted charters freely, but further west they did so while also making reference to their <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercian</a> overlords. </p><p>The early kings were pagan, together with much and perhaps by this time all of the population. Sledd's son <a href="/wiki/Saebert_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Saebert of Essex">Sebert</a> converted to Christianity around 604 and <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London was established. On Sebert's death in 616 his sons renounced Christianity and drove out <a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>. The kingdom re-converted after <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">St Cedd</a>, a monk from <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> and now the patron saint of Essex, converted <a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_II_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigeberht II of Essex">Sigeberht II the Good</a> around 653. </p><p>In AD 824, <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a>, the King of the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, defeated the Mercians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ellandun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ellandun">Battle of Ellandun</a> in Wiltshire, fundamentally changing the balance of power in southern England. The small kingdoms of Essex, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, previously independent albeit under Mercian overlordship, were subsequently fully absorbed into Wessex. </p><p>The later Anglo-Saxon period shows three major battles fought with the Norse recorded in Essex; the <a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet#Battle_of_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> in 894, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a> in 991 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a> (probably at either <a href="/wiki/Ashingdon" title="Ashingdon">Ashingdon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ashdon" title="Ashdon">Ashdon</a>) in 1016. The county of Essex was formed from the core area, east of the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the former Kingdom of the East Saxons in the 9th or 10th centuries and divided into groupings called <a href="/wiki/Hundreds_of_Essex" title="Hundreds of Essex">Hundreds</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a> the East Saxons were subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Norman_Conquest">After the Norman Conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After the Norman Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having conquered England, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> initially based himself at <a href="/wiki/Barking_Abbey" title="Barking Abbey">Barking Abbey</a>, an already ancient nunnery, for several months while a secure base, which eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> could be established in the city. While at Barking William received the submission of some of England's leading nobles. The invaders established a number of castles in the county, to help protect the new elites in a hostile country. There were castles at <a href="/wiki/Colchester_Castle" title="Colchester Castle">Colchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedingham_Castle" title="Hedingham Castle">Castle Hedingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_Castle" title="Rayleigh Castle">Rayleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleshey" title="Pleshey">Pleshey</a> and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Castle" title="Hadleigh Castle">Hadleigh Castle</a> was developed much later, in the thirteenth century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Hedingham,_The_Norman_keep_from_the_other_side_of_the_lake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4538760.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Castle_Hedingham%2C_The_Norman_keep_from_the_other_side_of_the_lake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4538760.jpg/220px-Castle_Hedingham%2C_The_Norman_keep_from_the_other_side_of_the_lake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4538760.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Castle_Hedingham%2C_The_Norman_keep_from_the_other_side_of_the_lake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4538760.jpg/330px-Castle_Hedingham%2C_The_Norman_keep_from_the_other_side_of_the_lake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4538760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Castle_Hedingham%2C_The_Norman_keep_from_the_other_side_of_the_lake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4538760.jpg/440px-Castle_Hedingham%2C_The_Norman_keep_from_the_other_side_of_the_lake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4538760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3678" data-file-height="2455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hedingham_Castle" title="Hedingham Castle">Hedingham Castle</a> and garden</figcaption></figure> <p>After the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Essex" title="Forest of Essex">Forest of Essex</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">royal forest</a>, however, at that time, the term<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a legal term. There was a weak correlation between the area covered by the <i>Forest of Essex</i> (the large majority of the county) and the much smaller area covered by woodland. An analysis of <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday</a> returns for Essex has shown that the <i>Forest of Essex</i> was mostly farmland, and that the county as a whole was 20% wooded in 1086.<sup id="cite_ref-Phoenix_Press_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Press-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that point population growth caused the proportion of woodland to fall steadily until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, in 1348, killed between a third and a half of England's population, leading to a long term stabilisation of the extent of woodland. Similarly, various pressures led to areas being removed from the legal <i>Forest of Essex</i> and it ceased to exist as a legal entity after 1327,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after that time <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest#Forest_law" title="Royal forest">Forest Law</a> applied to smaller areas: the forests of <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>), long lost Kingswood (near Colchester),<sup id="cite_ref-Phoenix_Press_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Press-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Forest" title="Hatfield Forest">Hatfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Forest_(Legal_Forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltham Forest (Legal Forest)">Waltham Forest</a>. </p><p>Waltham Forest had covered parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundreds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hundreds_of_Essex" title="Hundreds of Essex">Waltham, Becontree and Ongar</a>. It also included the physical woodland areas subsequently legally afforested (designated as a legal forest) and known as <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainault_Forest" title="Hainault Forest">Hainault Forest</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peasants_Revolt,_1381"><span id="Peasants_Revolt.2C_1381"></span>Peasants Revolt, 1381</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peasants Revolt, 1381"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Black Death significantly reduced England's population, leading to a change in the balance of power between the working population on one hand, and their masters and employers on the other. Over a period of several decades, national government brought in legislation to reverse the situation, but it was only partially successful and led to simmering resentment. </p><p>By 1381, England's economic situation was very poor due to the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">war with France</a>, so a new <a href="/wiki/Poll_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll Tax">Poll Tax</a> was levied with commissioners being sent round the country to interrogate local officials in an attempt to ensure tax evasion was reduced and more money extracted. This was hugely unpopular and the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> broke out in <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a> on 1 June 1381. The revolt was partly inspired by the egalitarian preaching of the radical Essex priest <a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(priest)" title="John Ball (priest)">John Ball</a>. </p><p>Several thousand Essex rebels gathered at <a href="/wiki/Bocking,_Essex" title="Bocking, Essex">Bocking</a> on 4 June, and then divided. Some heading to <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> to raise rebellion there, with the rest heading to London, some directly – via <a href="/wiki/Bow_Bridge_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow Bridge (London)">Bow Bridge</a> and others may have gone via Kent. A large force of Kentish rebels under <a href="/wiki/Wat_Tyler" title="Wat Tyler">Wat Tyler</a>, who may himself have been from Essex, also advanced on London while revolt also spread to a number of other parts of the country. </p><p>The rebels gained access to the walled <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. They carried out extensive looting in the capital and executed a number of their enemies, but the revolt began to dissipate after the events at <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_London" title="Smithfield, London">West Smithfield</a> on 15 June, when the Mayor of London, <a href="/wiki/William_Walworth" title="William Walworth">William Walworth</a>, killed the rebel leader Wat Tyler. The rebels prepared to fire arrows at the royal party but the 15 year old <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">King Richard II</a> rode toward the crowd and spoke to them, defusing the situation, in part by making a series of promises he did not subsequently keep.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having bought himself time, Richard was able to receive reinforcements and then crush the rebellion in Essex and elsewhere. His forces defeated rebels in battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Billericay" title="Battle of Billericay">Billericay</a> on 28 June, and there were mass executions including hangings and disembowellings at Chelmsford and Colchester.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_the_Roses">Wars of the Roses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wars of the Roses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1471, during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> a force of around 2,000 Essex supporters of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> cause crossed <a href="/wiki/Bow_Bridge_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow Bridge (London)">Bow Bridge</a> to join with 3,000 Kentish Lancastrian supporters under the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Bastard of Fauconberg</a>. </p><p>The Essex men joined with their allies in attempting to storm <a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a> during an assault known as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a>. The Lancastrians were defeated, and the Essex contingent retreated back over the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">Lea</a> with heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armada">Armada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Armada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essexia_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Essexia_Atlas.jpg/330px-Essexia_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Essexia_Atlas.jpg/500px-Essexia_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Essexia_Atlas.jpg/960px-Essexia_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9455" data-file-height="7397" /></a><figcaption>Hand-drawn map of Essex by Christopher Saxton in 1576</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1588 <a href="/wiki/Tilbury_Fort" title="Tilbury Fort">Tilbury Fort</a> was chosen as the focal point of the English defences against <a href="/wiki/King_Philip_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Philip II of Spain">King Philip II's</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, and the large veteran army he had ordered to invade England. The English believed that the Spanish would land near the Fort,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a>'s small and relatively poorly trained forces gathered at Tilbury, where the Queen made her <a href="/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury" title="Speech to the Troops at Tilbury">famous speech to the troops</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I know I have the body of a weak, feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Parma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Spain</a>, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essex_and_the_Netherlands">Essex and the Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Essex and the Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tradition of generally friendly relations between England and the Netherlands is reflected in the history of Essex. In the 16th century, many Dutch and Flemish refugees came to Essex and the name of the <a href="/wiki/Colchester#Medieval_and_Tudor_periods" title="Colchester">Dutch Quarter in Colchester</a> is a legacy of that time. In the 17th century Dutch engineers would be used to drain part of Essex's coastal marshes. </p><p>In the early 1620's Dutchman <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vermuyden" title="Cornelius Vermuyden">Cornelius Vermuyden</a> repaired a sea wall at <a href="/wiki/Dagenham" title="Dagenham">Dagenham</a> and was working to reclaim <a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey Island</a>. The latter project was financed by Joas Croppenburg, a Dutch haberdasher to whom Vermuyden was related by marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 200 Dutch workers and refugees settled in Canvey around that time, establishing a church on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essex, London and the eastern counties backed Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, but by 1648, this loyalty was stretched. In June 1648 a force of 500 Kentish Royalists landed near the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs" title="Isle of Dogs">Isle of Dogs</a>, linked up with a small Royalist cavalry force from Essex, fought a <a href="/wiki/Bow_Bridge_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow Bridge (London)">battle with local parliamentarians at Bow Bridge</a>, then crossed the River Lea into Essex. </p><p>The combined force, bolstered by extra forces, marched towards Royalist held <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, but a Parliamentarian force caught up with them just as they were about to enter the city's medieval walls, and a bitter battle was fought but the Royalists were able to retire to the security of the walls. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colchester" title="Siege of Colchester">Siege of Colchester</a> followed, but ten weeks' starvation and news of Royalist defeats elsewhere led the Royalists to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Essex" title="List of places in Essex">List of places in Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Essex_by_population" title="List of settlements in Essex by population">List of settlements in Essex by population</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Essex" title="Geology of Essex">Geology of Essex</a></div> <p>The ceremonial county of Essex is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames Estuary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> to the south-west; <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, broadly west of the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stort_Navigation" title="Stort Navigation">Stort</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> to the northwest; <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> broadly north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">River Stour</a>; with the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the east. The highest point of the county of Essex is <a href="/wiki/Chrishall#Chrishall_Common" title="Chrishall">Chrishall Common</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Essex" title="Langley, Essex">Langley</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> border, which reaches 482 feet (147 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essex1832Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Essex1832Map.png/220px-Essex1832Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Essex1832Map.png/330px-Essex1832Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Essex1832Map.png/440px-Essex1832Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Map of the historic county and its constituent <a href="/wiki/Hundreds_of_Essex" title="Hundreds of Essex">hundreds</a></figcaption></figure><p> In England, the term <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">county</a> is currently applied to both the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial counties</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_area" title="Lieutenancy area">lieutenancy</a> areas) and the <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">administrative (or non-metropolitan) counties</a>. It can also be applied to the former <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic counties</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Postal_counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postal counties of the United Kingdom">postal counties</a>. Essex therefore, has different boundaries depending on which type of county is being referred to.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Wikivoyage_city_regions_maps_-_East_London.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/London_Wikivoyage_city_regions_maps_-_East_London.png/220px-London_Wikivoyage_city_regions_maps_-_East_London.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/London_Wikivoyage_city_regions_maps_-_East_London.png/330px-London_Wikivoyage_city_regions_maps_-_East_London.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/London_Wikivoyage_city_regions_maps_-_East_London.png/440px-London_Wikivoyage_city_regions_maps_-_East_London.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The parts of the historic county now administered as London boroughs. Together this area is known as Metropolitan Essex.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_county">Historic county</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historic county"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest extent of Essex was the historic (or ancient) county, which included <i>Metropolitan Essex</i> i.e. areas that now lie within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London conurbation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Ham" title="West Ham">West Ham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This boundary of Essex was established in the late Anglo-Saxon period, sometime after the larger former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of the East Saxons</a> had lost its independence. </p><p> It included the whole ceremonial county, as well as the three north-western parishes transferred to Cambridgeshire in 1889, other smaller areas (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bartlow_Hills" title="Bartlow Hills">Bartlow Hills</a> transferred to neighbours at the same time, and the five <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a> administered as part of Essex until 1965.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essex_numbered_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essex_numbered_districts.svg/220px-Essex_numbered_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essex_numbered_districts.svg/330px-Essex_numbered_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essex_numbered_districts.svg/440px-Essex_numbered_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Map of the ceremonial county. Areas in pink are the administrative (non-metropolitan) county, areas in yellow are unitary authorities. Together the pink and yellow areas form the ceremonial county.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_county">Administrative county</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administrative county"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative county</a> and County Council was formed in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county was made a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan county</a> (a new type of administrative county) in 1974, meaning the role of the administrative county was redefined, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">1970s local government reorganisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its present boundaries were set in 1998 when Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea were separated from the non-metropolitan county to become unitary authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_county">Ceremonial county</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ceremonial county"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997 the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancies_Act_1997" title="Lieutenancies Act 1997">Lieutenancies Act</a> defined Essex for ceremonial purposes as the current non-metropolitan county and the unitary authorities formerly part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_county">Postal county</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postal county"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> additionally divided Britain into <a href="/wiki/Postal_counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postal counties of the United Kingdom">postal counties</a>, used for addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-pem2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pem2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it adopted many local government boundary changes, the Royal Mail did not adopt the <a href="/wiki/London_Government_Act_1963" title="London Government Act 1963">1965 London boundary reform</a> due to cost.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, parts of post-1965 Greater London continued to have an Essex address.<sup id="cite_ref-london_map2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london_map2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postal county of Hertfordshire also extended deep into west Essex, with <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Mountfitchet" title="Stansted Mountfitchet">Stansted</a> isolated as an exclave of postal Essex. In 1996, postal counties were discontinued and replaced entirely by <a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">postcodes</a>, though customers may still use a county, which will be ignored in the sorting process.<sup id="cite_ref-london_map2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london_map2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sewardstone" title="Sewardstone">Sewardstone</a> in the south-west of the ceremonial county, was outside the former Essex postal county, being covered by the <a href="/wiki/London_postal_district" title="London postal district">London</a> post town (<a href="/wiki/E_postcode_area" title="E postcode area">E4</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coast">Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deep estuaries on the east coast give Essex, by some measures, the longest coast of any county.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These estuaries mean the county's <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast is characterised by three major peninsulas, each named after the <a href="/wiki/Hundreds_of_Essex" title="Hundreds of Essex">Hundred</a> based on the peninsula: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">Stour</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Essex" title="River Colne, Essex">Colne</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengie_Peninsula" title="Dengie Peninsula">Dengie</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the <a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex" title="River Blackwater, Essex">Blackwater</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Crouch" title="River Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the Crouch and the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a></li></ul> <p>A consequence of these features is that the broad estuaries defining them have been a factor in preventing any transport infrastructure linking them to neighbouring areas on the other side of the river estuaries, to the north and south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_patterns">Settlement patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Settlement patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColchesterAll_Saints_Church_Natural_History_Museum_tower_andwar_memorial_from_Castle_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ColchesterAll_Saints_Church_Natural_History_Museum_tower_andwar_memorial_from_Castle_Park.jpg/220px-ColchesterAll_Saints_Church_Natural_History_Museum_tower_andwar_memorial_from_Castle_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ColchesterAll_Saints_Church_Natural_History_Museum_tower_andwar_memorial_from_Castle_Park.jpg/330px-ColchesterAll_Saints_Church_Natural_History_Museum_tower_andwar_memorial_from_Castle_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ColchesterAll_Saints_Church_Natural_History_Museum_tower_andwar_memorial_from_Castle_Park.jpg/440px-ColchesterAll_Saints_Church_Natural_History_Museum_tower_andwar_memorial_from_Castle_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Colchester occupies the site of <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">major city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and its first capital. Colchester claims to be Britain's first city.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. The areas closest to London are the most densely settled, though the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a> has prevented the further sprawl of London into the county. The Green Belt was initially a narrow band of land, but subsequent expansions meant it was able to limit the further expansion of many of the commuter towns close to the capital. The Green Belt zone close to London includes many prosperous commuter towns, as well as the <a href="/wiki/New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">new towns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a>, originally developed to resettle Londoners after the destruction of London housing in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>; they have since been significantly developed and expanded. <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a> also prevents the further spread of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater London Urban Area">Greater London Urban Area</a>. As it is not far from London, with its economic magnetism, many of Essex's settlements, particularly those near or within short driving distance of railway stations, function as <a href="/wiki/Dormitory_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormitory town">dormitory towns</a> or villages where London workers raise their families. In these areas a high proportion of the population commute to London, and the wages earned in the capital are typically significantly higher than more local jobs. Many parts of Essex therefore, especially those closest to London, have a major economic dependence on London and the transport links that take people to work there. </p><p>Part of the south-east of the county, already containing the major population centres of <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a>, is within the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a> and designated for further development. Parts of the south-west of the county, such as <a href="/wiki/Buckhurst_Hill" title="Buckhurst Hill">Buckhurst Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chigwell" title="Chigwell">Chigwell</a>, are contiguous with <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> neighbourhoods and therefore form part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater London Urban Area">Greater London Urban Area</a>. </p><p>In rural parts of the county, there are many small towns, villages and hamlets largely built in the traditional materials of timber and brick, with clay tile or thatched roofs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_County_Council">Before the County Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Before the County Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the creation of the county councils, county-level administration was limited in nature; <a href="/wiki/Lord-lieutenant" title="Lord-lieutenant">lord-lieutenants</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff#England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> and took a primarily military role, responsible for the militia and the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Force" title="Volunteer Force">Volunteer Force</a> that replaced it. </p><p>Most administration was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace (JPs)</a> appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord-Lieutenant of Essex">Lord-Lieutenant of Essex</a> based upon their reputation. The JPs carried out judicial and administrative duties such as maintenance of roads and bridges, supervision of the poor laws, administration of county prisons and setting the County Rate.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPs carried out these responsibilities, mainly through <a href="/wiki/Quarter_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter sessions">quarter sessions</a>, and did this on a voluntary basis. </p><p>At this time the county was sub-divided into units known as <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundreds</a>. At a very early but unknown date, small parts of the county on the east bank of the Stort, near <a href="/wiki/Bishops_Stortford" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops Stortford">Bishops Stortford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawbridgeworth" title="Sawbridgeworth">Sawbridgeworth</a> were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_Councils">County Councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: County Councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a> was formed in 1889. However, County Boroughs of <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_West_Ham" title="County Borough of West Ham">West Ham</a> (1889–1965), <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="County Borough of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a> (1914–1974)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_East_Ham" title="County Borough of East Ham">East Ham</a> (1915–1965) formed part of the county but were county boroughs (not under county council control, in a similar manner to unitary authorities today).<sup id="cite_ref-essex_admin_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essex_admin-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, as shown in the map on the right. </p><p>The north-west tip of Essex, the parishes of <a href="/wiki/Great_Chishill" title="Great Chishill">Great Chishill</a>, Little Chishill and <a href="/wiki/Heydon,_Cambridgeshire" title="Heydon, Cambridgeshire">Heydon</a>, were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> when the County Councils were created in 1889. Parts of a number of other parishes were also transferred at that time, and since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_London_established">Greater London established</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Greater London established"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boundary with <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> was established in 1965, when <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_East_Ham" title="County Borough of East Ham">East Ham</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_West_Ham" title="County Borough of West Ham">West Ham</a> county boroughs and the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Barking" title="Municipal Borough of Barking">Barking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Chingford" title="Municipal Borough of Chingford">Chingford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Dagenham" title="Municipal Borough of Dagenham">Dagenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornchurch_Urban_District" title="Hornchurch Urban District">Hornchurch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Ilford" title="Municipal Borough of Ilford">Ilford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Leyton" title="Municipal Borough of Leyton">Leyton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Romford" title="Municipal Borough of Romford">Romford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Walthamstow" title="Municipal Borough of Walthamstow">Walthamstow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Wanstead_and_Woodford" title="Municipal Borough of Wanstead and Woodford">Wanstead and Woodford</a> districts as well as a part of <a href="/wiki/Chigwell_Urban_District" title="Chigwell Urban District">Chigwell</a><sup id="cite_ref-essex_admin_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essex_admin-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were transferred to form the <a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barking_and_Dagenham" title="London Borough of Barking and Dagenham">Barking and Dagenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Havering" title="London Borough of Havering">Havering</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge" title="London Borough of Redbridge">Redbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest" title="London Borough of Waltham Forest">Waltham Forest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_unitary_authorities">Two unitary authorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Two unitary authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a> were separated from the administrative county of Essex after successful requests to become <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essex became part of the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Government Office Region</a> in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a> region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EssexParliamentaryConstituency2024Results.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EssexParliamentaryConstituency2024Results.svg/220px-EssexParliamentaryConstituency2024Results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EssexParliamentaryConstituency2024Results.svg/330px-EssexParliamentaryConstituency2024Results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EssexParliamentaryConstituency2024Results.svg/440px-EssexParliamentaryConstituency2024Results.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Results of the <a href="/wiki/2024_UK_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 UK general election">2024 UK general election</a> in Essex</figcaption></figure> <p>Essex is represented by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Essex">eighteen seats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, each electing one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP). As of the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, the county is represented by ten <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> MPs, five from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, two from <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a>. </p><p>The Conservatives have historically dominated in the county. In <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a>, the party won all eighteen Essex seats, and repeated this in <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a>, receiving over 50% of the vote in every Essex constituency and almost 65% of the county's total votes. In this election, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Point_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Castle Point (UK Parliament constituency)">Castle Point</a> recorded the highest Conservative vote share of any constituency in the United Kingdom with 76.7%, and the most <a href="/wiki/Marginal_seat" title="Marginal seat">marginal seat</a> in the county was <a href="/wiki/Colchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)">Colchester</a>, which the Conservatives still held by a majority of over 9,400 votes. Essex has previously elected a small number of Labour MPs, with the party winning in <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Thurrock (UK Parliament constituency)">Thurrock</a> in all but one general election between <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a> and <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a>, and also holding <a href="/wiki/Harlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Harlow (UK Parliament constituency)">Harlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basildon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Basildon (UK Parliament constituency)">Basildon</a> from <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a> until <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a>. The Liberal Democrats held the seat of <a href="/wiki/Colchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)">Colchester</a> from 1997 until the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 election</a>. The 2015 election saw a large vote in Essex for the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP); the county was the site of UKIP's only victory in the election, with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Carswell" title="Douglas Carswell">Douglas Carswell</a> retaining the seat of <a href="/wiki/Clacton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Clacton (UK Parliament constituency)">Clacton</a> that he had won in a <a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">2014 by-election</a>. The party also gained support in other Essex constituencies, receiving over 30% of the vote in Thurrock and Castle Point. UKIP's vote share declined in <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a> and the party lost their only seat. </p><p>The Conservatives experienced a marked fall in support in Essex at the 2024 general election, receiving fewer than half the votes they did in 2019. Reform UK, led by former UKIP leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a>, received over 20% of the votes in the county. Two of the party's five MPs elected in 2024 represent Essex constituencies, including Clacton, which was won by Farage. The Labour Party recovered Thurrock and Harlow, gained Colchester and won seats in <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a> for the first time in their history. The Liberal Democrats also won in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chelmsford (UK Parliament constituency)">Chelmsford</a> for the first time. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU referendum</a>, 62.3% of voters in Essex voted to <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">leave the EU</a>, with all 14 District Council areas voting to leave, the smallest margin being in <a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>UK general election results in Essex </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Party </th> <th colspan="4">Votes </th> <th colspan="4">% Votes </th> <th colspan="4">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2024 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2024 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2024 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0087DC"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></b> </td> <td><b>436,758</b> </td> <td><b>528,949</b> </td> <td><b>577,118</b> </td> <td><b>270,382</b> </td> <td><b>49.6</b> </td> <td><b>59.0</b> </td> <td><b>64.8</b> </td> <td><b>32.9</b> </td> <td><b>17</b> </td> <td><b>18</b> </td> <td><b>18</b> </td> <td><b>10</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E4003B"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> </td> <td>171,026 </td> <td>261,671 </td> <td>189,471 </td> <td>235,891 </td> <td>19.4 </td> <td>29.2 </td> <td>21.2 </td> <td>28.7 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#12B6CF"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td>179,977 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td>21.9 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> </td> <td>58,592 </td> <td>46,254 </td> <td>95,078 </td> <td>78,238 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#02A95B"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> </td> <td>25,993 </td> <td>12,343 </td> <td>20,438 </td> <td>42,582 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6D3177"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/UKIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIP">UKIP</a> </td> <td>177,756 </td> <td>41,478 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td>273 </td> <td>20.2 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Other parties </td> <td>3,718 </td> <td>1,662 </td> <td>2,278 </td> <td>3,984 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> </td> <td>6,919 </td> <td>4,179 </td> <td>10,224 </td> <td>10,059 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Total </th> <th>879,918 </th> <th>896,231 </th> <th>894,608 </th> <th>821,386 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>100% </th> <th>100% </th> <th>100% </th> <th>18 </th> <th>18 </th> <th>18 </th> <th>18 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County-wide">County-wide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: County-wide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex Police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Essex County Fire and Rescue Service">Essex County Fire and Rescue Service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Essex.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Attributed_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Essex.svg/250px-Attributed_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Essex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Attributed_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Essex.svg/330px-Attributed_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Essex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Attributed_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Essex.svg/500px-Attributed_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Essex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of Essex County Council</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Essex County Fire and Rescue Service">Essex County Fire and Rescue Service</a> covers the ceremonial county.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">county council</a> governs the <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan county</a> of Essex in England. It has 75 councillors, elected from 70 divisions, some of which elect more than one member, but before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The council is currently under Conservative majority control, with the party holding 52 of the 75 council seats. <sup><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council#cite_note-2" title="Essex County Council">[2]</a></sup> The council meets at <a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_Chelmsford" title="County Hall, Chelmsford">County Hall</a> in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>. </p><p>At the time of the 2011 census it served a population of 1,393,600, which makes it one of the largest local authorities in England. As a non-metropolitan county council, responsibilities are shared between districts (including <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">boroughs</a>) and in many areas also between <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">civil parish (including town)</a> councils. Births, marriages/civil partnerships and death registration, roads, libraries and archives, refuse disposal, most of state education, of social services and of transport are provided at the county level.<sup><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council#cite_note-comp-3" title="Essex County Council">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>The county council was formed in 1889, governing the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative county</a> of Essex. The county council was reconstituted in 1974 as a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan county</a> council, regaining jurisdiction in Southend-on-Sea; however, the non-metropolitan county was reduced in size in 1998 and the council passed responsibilities to <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend-on-Sea Borough Council">Southend-on-Sea Borough Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock Council</a> in those districts. For certain services the three authorities co-operate through joint arrangements, such as the Essex <a href="/wiki/Fire_authority" title="Fire authority">fire authority</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Results_of_the_Essex_County_Council_elections,_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Results_of_the_Essex_County_Council_elections%2C_2017.svg/330px-Results_of_the_Essex_County_Council_elections%2C_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Results_of_the_Essex_County_Council_elections%2C_2017.svg/450px-Results_of_the_Essex_County_Council_elections%2C_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Results_of_the_Essex_County_Council_elections%2C_2017.svg/600px-Results_of_the_Essex_County_Council_elections%2C_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Composition of the Essex County Council in 2017 after the county election</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/2013_Essex_County_Council_election" title="2013 Essex County Council election">2013 County Council elections</a> the Conservative Party retained overall control of the council, but its majority fell from twenty-two to four councillors. UKIP, Labour and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> each won nine seats. Out of those three parties, UKIP gained the largest share of the county-wide vote, more than 10% ahead of Labour.<sup><a href="/wiki/2013_Essex_County_Council_election#cite_note-change-3" title="2013 Essex County Council election">[3]</a></sup> The Liberal Democrats remain as the official Opposition, despite winning fewer votes.<sup><a href="/wiki/2013_Essex_County_Council_election#cite_note-change-3" title="2013 Essex County Council election">[3]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> gained two seats on the council, despite its overall share of the vote falling. The independent Loughton Residents Association and the Canvey Island Independent Party both returned one member and an <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> candidate was also elected. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2017_Essex_County_Council_election" title="2017 Essex County Council election">2017 County Council elections</a> saw a county-wide wipeout of UKIP. The Conservative Party profited most from this loss, regaining many of the seats it had lost at the previous election. Labour, despite a slight rise in its share of the vote, had fewer councillors elected. The Liberal Democrats also saw a notable revival, but were unable to translate this into seats. The Conservatives retained firm control of the council. The next election will be in <a href="/wiki/2021_Essex_County_Council_election" title="2021 Essex County Council election">2021</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>2017 Essex County Council election </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Party </th> <th colspan="4">Votes cast </th> <th colspan="4">% </th> <th colspan="4">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>± </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>± </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>± </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0087dc;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></b> </td> <td><b>169,975</b> </td> <td><b>112,229</b> </td> <td><b>184,901</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 72,672 </td> <td><b>43.3</b> </td> <td><b>34.4</b> </td> <td><b>49.3</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14.9 </td> <td><b>60</b> </td> <td><b>42</b> </td> <td><b>56</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#dc241f;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>42,334 </td> <td>57,290 </td> <td>63,470 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6,180 </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>16.4 </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#fdbb30;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> </td> <td>79,085 </td> <td>35,651 </td> <td>51,524 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15,873 </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>13.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.1 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#70147a;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/UKIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIP">UKIP</a> </td> <td>18,186 </td> <td>90,812 </td> <td>29,796 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 61,016 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>27.6 </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19.7 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6ab023;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a> </td> <td>26,547 </td> <td>15,187 </td> <td>15,187 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Independents </td> <td>5,845 </td> <td>4,631 </td> <td>12,506 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7,875 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#00a88f;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Residents_for_Uttlesford" title="Residents for Uttlesford">Residents for Uttlesford</a> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>5,231 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0*<small>(1)</small> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:black;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island_Independent_Party" title="Canvey Island Independent Party">Canvey Island Independents</a> </td> <td>1,655 </td> <td>2,777 </td> <td>3,654 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 877 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#008800;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Loughton_Residents_Association" title="Loughton Residents Association">Loughton Residents</a> </td> <td>2,764 </td> <td>3,286 </td> <td>2,824 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 462 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#EC8425;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tendring_First" title="Tendring First">Tendring First</a> </td> <td>5,866 </td> <td>4,093 </td> <td>1,332 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,761 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#2e3b74;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">BNP</a> </td> <td>35,037 </td> <td>909 </td> <td>847 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 62 </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#915f6d;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a> </td> <td>5,212 </td> <td>835 </td> <td>58 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 164 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#EC008C;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">TUSC</a> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>431 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:MidnightBlue;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>304 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Total </th> <th>392,506 </th> <th>328,435 </th> <th>372,834 </th> <th> </th> <th>100% </th> <th>100% </th> <th>100% </th> <th> </th> <th>75 </th> <th>75 </th> <th>75 </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="County_Hall">County Hall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: County Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_Chelmsford" title="County Hall, Chelmsford">County Hall, Chelmsford</a></div> <p>The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the <a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_Chelmsford" title="County Hall, Chelmsford">County Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>. Before 1938, the council regularly met in London near <a href="/wiki/Moorgate_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorgate railway station">Moorgate</a>, which with significant parts of the county close to that point and the <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways in the United Kingdom">dominance of railway travel</a> had been more convenient than any place in the county.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The County Hall, made a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> in 2007, dates largely from the mid-1930s and is decorated with fine artworks of that period, mostly the gift of the family who owned the textile firm <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borough_and_district_level">Borough and district level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Borough and district level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The county of Essex is divided into <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.gov.uk/Your-Council/Local-Government-Essex/Local%20Government%20Structure/Pages/Local%20Government%20Structure.aspx">12 district and borough councils with 2 unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend on Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock</a>). The 12 councils manage housing, local planning, refuse collection, street cleaning, elections and meet in their respective civic offices. The local representatives are elected in parts in local elections, held every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_government_structure_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_government_structure-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Youth_councils">Youth councils</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Youth councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Essex County Council also has a Youth Assembly, 75 members aged between 11 and 19 who aim to represent all young people in their districts across Essex. They decide on the priorities for young people and campaign to make a difference.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this, some district and unitary authorities may have their own youth councils, such as <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Harlow_District_Council_elections" title="Harlow District Council elections">Harlow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All these councillors are elected by their schools. The elections to the Young Essex Assembly occur in the respective schools in which the candidates are standing, likewise for the youth councils at a district and unitary level. These young people will then go on to represent their school and their <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a>/ward or (in the case of the Young Essex Assembly) their entire district. The initiative seeks to engage younger people in the county and rely on the youth councillors of all status to work closely with schools and youth centres to improve youth services in Essex and help promote the opinions of Essex youth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_and_parish_level">Town and parish level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Town and parish level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Town and <a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">parish councils</a> vary in size from those with a population of around 200 to those with a population of over 30,000. Annual expenditure can vary greatly, depending on the circumstances of the individual council. Parish and town councils (local councils) have the same powers and duties, but a town council may elect a town mayor, rather than a chairman, each year in May. </p><p>There are just under 300 town and parish councils within Essex.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_government_structure_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_government_structure-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Councils have no statutory duties but can contribute to local life in a range of ways, such as maintaining allotments and open spaces, to crime prevention and providing recreation facilities. They can also influence other decision makers and can deliver services to meet local needs. Their powers and duties range </p><p>Town and parish councils have the right to become statutory consultees at both district and county level and, although the decision remains with the planning authorities, local councils can influence the decision-making process by making informed comments and recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_government_structure_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_government_structure-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A high proportion of the population, especially in the south, work outside the county, commuting to London and elsewhere by rail and by road. These London-based jobs are often well paid and complement the contribution made by the employers based within Essex. </p><p>Industry is largely limited to the south of the county, with the majority of the land elsewhere being given over to agriculture. Harlow is a centre for electronics, science and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmaceutical</a> companies. Chelmsford has been an important location for <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a>, since the industry was born; it is also the location for a number of insurance and financial services organisations and, until 2015, was the home of the soft drinks producer <a href="/wiki/Britvic" title="Britvic">Britvic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Agriculture" title="New Holland Agriculture">New Holland Agriculture</a>'s European headquarters as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>'s British HQ. <a href="/wiki/Debden,_Epping_Forest" title="Debden, Epping Forest">Debden</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a>, is home to a production facility for British and foreign <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a>. </p><p>Other businesses in the county are dominated by mechanical engineering, including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glassmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassmaking">glassmaking</a> and plastics and the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>. Colchester is a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> town and the local economy is helped by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a>'s personnel <a href="/wiki/Colchester_Garrison" title="Colchester Garrison">living there</a>. Basildon is the location of <a href="/wiki/State_Street_Corporation" title="State Street Corporation">State Street Corporation</a>'s United Kingdom HQ International Financial Data Services and remains heavily dependent on London for employment, due to its proximity and direct transport routes. Southend-on-Sea is home to the <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Island_(amusement_park)" title="Adventure Island (amusement park)">Adventure Island</a> theme park and is one of the few still growing British <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resorts</a>, benefiting from modern and direct rail links from <a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a> (so that housing is in high demand, especially for financial services commuters), which maintains the town's commercial and general economy. </p><p>Parts of eastern Essex suffer from high levels of deprivation; one of the most highly deprived wards is in the seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Indices of deprivation 2007">Indices of deprivation 2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaywick" title="Jaywick">Jaywick</a> was identified as the most deprived Lower Super Output Area in Southern England.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unemployment was estimated at 44% and many homes were found to lack very basic amenities. The Brooklands and Grasslands area of Jaywick was found to be the third-most deprived area in England; two areas in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> were rated more deprived. In contrast, mid, west and south-west Essex is one of the most affluent parts of eastern England, forming part of the <a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a>. There is a large middle class here and the area is widely known for its private schools. In 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> found <a href="/wiki/Ingatestone" title="Ingatestone">Ingatestone</a> and Brentwood to be the 14th- and 19th-richest towns in the UK respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Essex lies within the <a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a>, with radial transport links to the capital an important part of the area's economy. There are nationally or regionally important ports and airports and these also rely on the Essex infrastructure, causing an additional load on the local road and rail links. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essex's railway routes to London are, running clockwise: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/West_Anglia_Main_Line" title="West Anglia Main Line">West Anglia Main Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">Liverpool Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport_railway_station" title="Stansted Airport railway station">Stansted Airport</a> and onward to <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>.</li> <li>The southern part of <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epping Forest (district)">Epping Forest</a> district is served by the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)" title="Central line (London Underground)">Central line</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> from Liverpool Street to <a href="/wiki/Shenfield" title="Shenfield">Shenfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> and onto <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>. The Great Eastern includes branch lines to:</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a> and its port. The nearby port of Felixstowe in Suffolk is served by a separate branch.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Line" title="Sunshine Coast Line">Sunshine Coast Line</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> to the seaside resorts of <a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walton-on-the-Naze" title="Walton-on-the-Naze">Walton-on-the-Naze</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Essex" title="Braintree, Essex">Braintree</a>.</li> <li>Branch from <a href="/wiki/Marks_Tey" title="Marks Tey">Marks Tey</a> to Sudbury (Suffolk) and villages in-between.</li> <li>In the densely populated south, there is a branch to <a href="/wiki/Southend_Victoria_railway_station" title="Southend Victoria railway station">Southend Victoria</a>, the Rochford Peninsula and several south Essex towns. This branch has a sub-branch – the <a href="/wiki/Crouch_Valley_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Crouch Valley Line">Crouch Valley Line</a> – linking <a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a> to the remote <a href="/wiki/Dengie_Peninsula" title="Dengie Peninsula">Dengie Peninsula</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Burnham-on-Crouch" title="Burnham-on-Crouch">Burnham-on-Crouch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southminster" title="Southminster">Southminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <ul><li>Like the Southend Victoria branch, the <a href="/wiki/London,_Tilbury_%26_Southend_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London, Tilbury & Southend Railway">London, Tilbury & Southend Railway</a> also serves Southend (<a href="/wiki/Southend_Central_railway_station" title="Southend Central railway station">Southend Central</a>), the Rochford Peninsula and many towns in the densely populated south of the county. The London terminus is <a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street</a> and heading eastward from Barking, the line separates into three, which later merge back into one by the time the railway reaches <a href="/wiki/Pitsea" title="Pitsea">Pitsea</a>.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Essex_Thameside" title="Essex Thameside">Essex Thameside</a> franchise is operated by <a href="/wiki/C2c" title="C2c">c2c</a>. The Greater Anglia routes (both the <a href="/wiki/West_Anglia_Main_Line" title="West Anglia Main Line">West Anglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> and their branches) are operated by <a href="/wiki/Greater_Anglia_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Anglia (train operating company)">Greater Anglia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenhitheThames5346.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GreenhitheThames5346.JPG/220px-GreenhitheThames5346.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GreenhitheThames5346.JPG/330px-GreenhitheThames5346.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GreenhitheThames5346.JPG/440px-GreenhitheThames5346.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II Bridge">Queen Elizabeth II Bridge</a> spanning the Thames from West Thurrock, Essex, to Dartford, Kent</figcaption></figure> <p>Essex has six main strategic routes, five of which reflect the powerful influence exerted by London. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a> is London's orbital motorway which redistributes traffic across the London area. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Road Crossings</a>, over the Thames Estuary, linking Essex to Kent. </p><p>There are four radial commuter routes into the capital: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a> motorway, which also serves <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a> and provides commuter links to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A12_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A12 road (Great Britain)">A12</a>, to <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> via <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>. It also serves the ports of Harwich and Felixstowe (Suffolk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A127_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A127 road (Great Britain)">A127</a>, to the Rochford Peninsula, including <a href="/wiki/Southend" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend">Southend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend Airport">Southend Airport</a>. This is no longer maintained as a trunk road.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A13_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A13 road (Great Britain)">A13</a>, to the Rochford Peninsula, also including Southend. It also serves the expanding <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Tilbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Gateway" title="London Gateway">London Gateway</a> ports.</li></ul> <p>The A120 is a major route heading west from the ports of Harwich and Felixstowe (Suffolk) and, like the A12, the route was in use during the Roman period and, in part at least, before then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports_and_waterborne_transport">Ports and waterborne transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ports and waterborne transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Port of Tilbury</a> is one of Britain's three major ports and has proposed a major extension onto the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Tilbury_power_stations" title="Tilbury power stations">Tilbury power stations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port of <a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a> has passenger and freight services to the <a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a> and a freight service to <a href="/wiki/Europoort" title="Europoort">Europoort</a>. A service to <a href="/wiki/Esbjerg,_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Esbjerg, Denmark">Esbjerg, Denmark</a> ceased in September 2014<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and earlier a service to <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> in Germany was discontinued in December 2005. </p><p>The UK's largest container terminal <a href="/wiki/London_Gateway" title="London Gateway">London Gateway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shell_Haven" title="Shell Haven">Shell Haven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a> partly opened in November 2013; final completion date is yet to be confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port was opposed by the local authority and environmental and wildlife organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ports have branch lines to connect them to the national rail network. These freight movements conflict with the needs of commuter passenger services, limiting their frequency and reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East of the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Road Crossing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a> in Kent, across the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a>, a pedestrian ferry to <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravesend, Kent">Gravesend, Kent</a> operates from <a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a> during limited daily hours; there are pedestrian ferries across some of Essex's rivers and estuaries in spring and summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_STN.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/London_STN.JPG/250px-London_STN.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/London_STN.JPG/330px-London_STN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/London_STN.JPG/500px-London_STN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a>, in the north west of the county</figcaption></figure> <p>The main airport in Essex is <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a>, serving destinations in Europe, North Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government, formed in May 2010, agreed not to allow a further runway until a set time period, so curtailing the operator's ambitions for expansion. <a href="/wiki/London_Southend_Airport" title="London Southend Airport">London Southend Airport</a>, once one of Britain's busiest airports, opened a new runway extension, terminal building and railway station in March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a station on the <a href="/wiki/Shenfield_to_Southend_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenfield to Southend Line">Shenfield to Southend Line</a>, with a direct link to London. </p><p>Southend Airport has scheduled flights to Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> and multiple destinations in Europe. Essex has several smaller airfields, some of which owe their origins to military bases built during World War I or World War II, giving pleasure flights or flying lessons; these include <a href="/wiki/Clacton_Airport" title="Clacton Airport">Clacton Airfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earls_Colne" title="Earls Colne">Earls Colne Airfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stapleford_Aerodrome" title="Stapleford Aerodrome">Stapleford Aerodrome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_community">Culture and community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Culture and community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Essex.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/220px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/330px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/440px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the historic county of Essex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG/220px-Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG/330px-Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG/440px-Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the first king of the East Saxons, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86scwine_of_Essex" title="Æscwine of Essex">Æscwine</a>, his shield showing the three seaxes emblem attributed to him (from <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a>'s 1611 <i>Saxon Heptarchy</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Both the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Essex" title="Flag of Essex">flag of Essex</a> and the county's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> comprise three Saxon <a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">seax</a> knives (although they look rather more like <a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">scimitars</a>), mainly white and pointing to the right (from the point of view of the observer), arranged vertically one above another on a red background (<i>Gules three Seaxes fesswise in pale Argent pommels and hilts Or, points to the sinister and notches to the base</i>). The three-seax device is also used as the official logo of Essex County Council; this was granted in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2009_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emblem was attributed to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Anglo-Saxon Essex</a> in Early Modern historiography. The earliest reference to the arms of the East Saxon kings was by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Verstegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Verstegan">Richard Verstegan</a>, the author of <i>A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence</i> (Antwerp, 1605), claiming that "<a href="/wiki/Erkenwyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Erkenwyne">Erkenwyne</a> king of the East-Saxons did beare for his armes, three [seaxes] argent, in a field gules". There is no earlier evidence substantiating Verstegan's claim, which is an anachronism for the Anglo-Saxon period seeing that heraldry only evolved in the 12th century, well after the Norman Conquest. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a> in his <i>Historie of Great Britaine</i> (1611) follows Verstegan in his descriptions of the arms of Erkenwyne, but he qualifies the statement by adding "as some or our heralds have emblazed".<sup id="cite_ref-Young2009_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Caltha_palustris" title="Caltha palustris">cowslip</a> is the county plant of Essex.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg/250px-John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg/330px-John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg/500px-John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> shows the Essex landscape on the right bank.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patron_saint">Patron saint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Patron saint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The East Saxon royal house had converted the Christianity around 604 AD, but subsequently apostasised. In the mid 7th century, a new Christian king, <a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_the_Good" title="Sigeberht the Good">Sigeberht the Good</a>, requested help from the monks of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> in promoting Christianity among his people. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">St Cedd</a>, an Irish trained Northumbrian monk, sailed south and established a chapel, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St Peter</a>, on the site of the old Roman fort of <a href="/wiki/Othona" title="Othona">Othona</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Bradwell-on-Sea" title="Bradwell-on-Sea">Bradwell-on-Sea</a>), a chapel which still stands. Cedd, who was well known for confronting political authority, filled <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London#List_of_Bishops" title="Bishop of London">the vacant position of Bishop of London</a> – the Bishop of the East Saxons. The feast day of St Cedd, also known as <i>Essex Day</i>, is marked on 26 October.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primula_veris_230405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Primula_veris_230405.jpg/220px-Primula_veris_230405.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Primula_veris_230405.jpg/330px-Primula_veris_230405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Primula_veris_230405.jpg/440px-Primula_veris_230405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Cowslip, the county plant of Essex</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech">Speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The county has its own <i>Essex dialect</i>, though this has lost ground to other forms so that it is now chiefly spoken in parts of the north and among older residents. It has been partially replaced by <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP) and <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a>, a form originally heavily influenced by the Essex dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prevalence of Cockney, particularly in the south, is the result of the large-scale migration of <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">East Londoners</a> to Essex, <i>the Cockney Diaspora</i>, particularly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. A blend of RP and Cockney is widely heard, and known as <a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essex is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dunmow" title="Great Dunmow">Dunmow</a> Flitch Trials, a traditional ceremony that takes place every four years and consists of a test of a married couple's devotion to one another. A common claim of the origin of the Dunmow Flitch dates back to 1104 and the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Dunmow_Priory" title="Little Dunmow Priory">priory of Little Dunmow</a>, founded by Lady Juga Baynard. Lord of the Manor Reginald Fitzwalter and his wife dressed themselves as humble folk and begged blessing of the Prior a year and a day after marriage. The prior, impressed by their devotion, bestowed upon them a <a href="/wiki/Flitch_of_bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Flitch of bacon">flitch of bacon</a>. Upon revealing his true identity, Fitzwalter gave his land to the priory on condition that a flitch should be awarded to any couple who could claim they were similarly devoted. </p><p>By the 14th century, the Dunmow Flitch Trials appear to have achieved a significant reputation outside the local area. The author <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a>, who lived on the Welsh borders, mentions it in his 1362 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_Piers_Plowman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vision of Piers Plowman">The Vision of Piers Plowman</a></i> in a manner that implies general knowledge of the custom among his readers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The county is served by <a href="/wiki/BBC_East" title="BBC East">BBC East</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Anglia" title="ITV Anglia">ITV Anglia</a>, but southern parts of Essex are also served by <a href="/wiki/BBC_London" title="BBC London">BBC London</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_London" title="ITV London">ITV London</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Essex" title="BBC Essex">BBC Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_East" title="Heart East">Heart East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_East" title="Greatest Hits Radio East">Greatest Hits Radio East</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Dream_100_FM" title="Dream 100 FM">Dream 100 FM</a>), <a href="/wiki/Radio_Essex" title="Radio Essex">Radio Essex</a> (covering <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Mid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">South</a> Essex), <a href="/wiki/Actual_Radio" title="Actual Radio">Actual Radio</a> (covering <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> and North East Essex) and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_FM" title="Phoenix FM">Phoenix FM</a> (covering <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billericay" title="Billericay">Billericay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Essex County Cricket Club">Essex County Cricket Club</a> became a <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class county</a> in 1894. The county has won eight <a href="/wiki/County_Championship" title="County Championship">County Championship</a> league titles; six of these were won during the dominant period between 1979 and 1992, with a gap of 25 years before the county's next titles in 2017 and 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ceremonial county is home to three professional sides, <a href="/wiki/Colchester_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchester United">Colchester United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southend_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend United">Southend United</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braintree_Town_F.C." title="Braintree Town F.C.">Braintree Town</a>. Three additional clubs (<a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ham United">West Ham United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C." title="Leyton Orient F.C.">Leyton Orient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C." title="Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.">Dagenham & Redbridge</a>) have grounds located within the historical Essex boundaries. Essex also has a number of other clubs which play below English football's fifth tier. <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_City_F.C." title="Chelmsford City F.C.">Chelmsford City</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_South" title="National League South">National League South</a>. The highest domestic trophy for non-league teams, the <a href="/wiki/FA_Trophy" title="FA Trophy">FA Trophy</a>, has been won on three occasions by Essex teams: Colchester United (1992), Canvey Island (2001) and by <a href="/wiki/Grays_Athletic_F.C." title="Grays Athletic F.C.">Grays Athletic</a> in 2006. The <a href="/wiki/FA_Vase" title="FA Vase">FA Vase</a> has been won three times by Billericay Town in 1976, 1977 and 1979, and by <a href="/wiki/Stansted_F.C." title="Stansted F.C.">Stansted</a> in 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing">Racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Speedway</a> teams in the county were <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Hammers" title="Lakeside Hammers">Lakeside Hammers</a> (formerly Arena Essex Hammers), the <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_Rockets" title="Rayleigh Rockets">Rayleigh Rockets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romford_Bombers" title="Romford Bombers">Romford Bombers</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Farm" title="Hadleigh Farm">Hadleigh Farm</a> played host to the mountain bike races. </p><p>Essex has one <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> venue, <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_City_Racecourse" title="Chelmsford City Racecourse">Chelmsford City Racecourse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Great_Leighs" title="Great Leighs">Great Leighs</a>. Horse racing also took place at <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Racecourse" title="Chelmsford Racecourse">Chelmsford Racecourse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galleywood" title="Galleywood">Galleywood</a> until 1935. The county has one current <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> track, <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Stadium" title="Harlow Stadium">Harlow Stadium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_Weir_Stadium" title="Rayleigh Weir Stadium">Rayleigh Weir Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend_Stadium" title="Southend Stadium">Southend Stadium</a> are former greyhound venues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The county is also home to the Romford Raiders and <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Chieftains" title="Chelmsford Chieftains">Chelmsford Chieftains</a> ice hockey teams, as well as the amateur <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> football teams the Eastern Rhinos and Brentwood Eels (Essex Eels). The county's basketball team is <a href="/wiki/Essex_Leopards" title="Essex Leopards">Essex Leopards</a>, a defunct teams include the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Pirates" title="Essex Pirates">Essex Pirates</a> basketball team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many famous sports stars have come from or trained in Essex. These have included swimmer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Foster_(swimmer)" title="Mark Foster (swimmer)">Mark Foster</a>; cricket stars <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bailey" title="Trevor Bailey">Trevor Bailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hussain" title="Nasser Hussain">Nasser Hussain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Cook" title="Alastair Cook">Alastair Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Gooch" title="Graham Gooch">Graham Gooch</a>; footballers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1953)" title="Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)">Peter Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Tomkins_(footballer)" title="James Tomkins (footballer)">James Tomkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Edinburgh" title="Justin Edinburgh">Justin Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Spink" title="Nigel Spink">Nigel Spink</a>; tennis stars <a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_(tennis)" title="John Lloyd (tennis)">John Lloyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_(tennis)" title="David Lloyd (tennis)">David Lloyd</a>; Olympic gold-winning hurdler <a href="/wiki/Sally_Gunnell" title="Sally Gunnell">Sally Gunnell</a>, Olympic Gold-winning gymnast <a href="/wiki/Max_Whitlock" title="Max Whitlock">Max Whitlock</a>; Olympic sailing champion <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Clark" title="Saskia Clark">Saskia Clark</a>; World Champion snooker stars <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Bingham" title="Stuart Bingham">Stuart Bingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Davis" title="Steve Davis">Steve Davis</a>; world champion boxers <a href="/wiki/Terry_Marsh_(boxer)" title="Terry Marsh (boxer)">Terry Marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Benn" title="Nigel Benn">Nigel Benn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bruno" title="Frank Bruno">Frank Bruno</a>; <a href="/wiki/London_Marathon" title="London Marathon">London Marathon</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Eamonn_Martin" title="Eamonn Martin">Eamonn Martin</a>; international rugby players <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_O%27Kelly" title="Malcolm O'Kelly">Malcolm O'Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Barnes" title="Stuart Barnes">Stuart Barnes</a>; Formula 1 sports car drivers <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Herbert" title="Johnny Herbert">Johnny Herbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_McCarthy" title="Perry McCarthy">Perry McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Bearman" title="Oliver Bearman">Oliver Bearman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Essex" title="List of schools in Essex">List of schools in Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in Southend-on-Sea">List of schools in Southend-on-Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Thurrock" title="List of schools in Thurrock">List of schools in Thurrock</a></div> <p>Education in Essex is substantially provided by three authorities: <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a> and the two unitary authorities, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a>. In all there are some 90 state secondary schools provided by these authorities, the majority of which are comprehensive, although one in <a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a>, two in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>, two in <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> and four in <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a> are selective <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>. There are also various independent schools particularly, as mentioned above, in rural parts and the west of the county.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a>, which was established in 1963, is located just outside Colchester, with two further campuses in <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a> and Southend-on-Sea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> has a campus in Chelmsford. Lord Ashcroft International Business School, Faculty of Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Law School, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education and School of Medicine are located in the campus area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Writtle_University_College" title="Writtle University College">Writtle University College</a>, at Writtle, near Chelmsford, offers both higher and further education in land-management subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks_and_places_of_interest">Landmarks and places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Landmarks and places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_interest_in_Essex" title="List of places of interest in Essex">List of places of interest in Essex</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20200802_Audley_End_House-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/20200802_Audley_End_House-31.jpg/144px-20200802_Audley_End_House-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/20200802_Audley_End_House-31.jpg/216px-20200802_Audley_End_House-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/20200802_Audley_End_House-31.jpg/288px-20200802_Audley_End_House-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Keep,_Hedingham_Castle,_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3079561.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Keep%2C_Hedingham_Castle%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3079561.jpg/130px-The_Keep%2C_Hedingham_Castle%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3079561.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Keep%2C_Hedingham_Castle%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3079561.jpg/195px-The_Keep%2C_Hedingham_Castle%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3079561.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Keep%2C_Hedingham_Castle%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3079561.jpg/260px-The_Keep%2C_Hedingham_Castle%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3079561.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abberton_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abberton_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218063.jpg/250px-Abberton_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218063.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abberton_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218063.jpg/330px-Abberton_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epping_Forest_High_Beach_Essex_England_-_spring_pond_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Epping_Forest_High_Beach_Essex_England_-_spring_pond_09.jpg/250px-Epping_Forest_High_Beach_Essex_England_-_spring_pond_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Epping_Forest_High_Beach_Essex_England_-_spring_pond_09.jpg/330px-Epping_Forest_High_Beach_Essex_England_-_spring_pond_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Audley_End_House" title="Audley End House">Audley End House</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hedingham_Castle" title="Hedingham Castle">Hedingham Castle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abberton_Reservoir" title="Abberton Reservoir">Abberton Reservoir</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Over 14,000 buildings have <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</a> status in the county and around 1,000 of those are recognised as of Grade I or II* importance.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buildings include the 7th century Saxon church of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter-on-the-Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Peter-on-the-Wall">St Peter-on-the-Wall</a> and the clubhouse of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corinthian_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Corinthian Yacht Club">Royal Corinthian Yacht Club</a> which was the United Kingdom's entry in the 'International Exhibition of Modern Architecture' held at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York City in 1932. <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a> as the longest pleasure pier in the world </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b>Key</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AP_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/16px-AP_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/24px-AP_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/32px-AP_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_England" title="List of monastic houses in England">Abbey/Priory/Cathedral</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UKAL_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Accessible open space"><img alt="Accessible open space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/UKAL_icon.svg/18px-UKAL_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/UKAL_icon.svg/27px-UKAL_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/UKAL_icon.svg/36px-UKAL_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="11" /></a></span></td> <td>Accessible open space </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Themepark_uk_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Themepark_uk_icon.png/20px-Themepark_uk_icon.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Themepark_uk_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="22" data-file-height="28" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_amusement_parks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of amusement parks in the United Kingdom">Amusement/Theme Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CL_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/14px-CL_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/21px-CL_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/28px-CL_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Country_parks.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Country Park"><img alt="Country Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Country_parks.svg/15px-Country_parks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Country_parks.svg/23px-Country_parks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Country_parks.svg/30px-Country_parks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Country_park" title="Country park">Country Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EH_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/14px-EH_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/21px-EH_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/28px-EH_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heritage railway"><img alt="Heritage railway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/16px-HR_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/24px-HR_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/32px-HR_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_heritage_and_private_railways#England" title="List of British heritage and private railways">Heritage railway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HH_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historic house"><img alt="Historic house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HH_icon.svg/15px-HH_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HH_icon.svg/23px-HH_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HH_icon.svg/30px-HH_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic houses in England">Historic House</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AP_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Places of Worship"><img alt="Places of Worship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/16px-AP_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/24px-AP_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/32px-AP_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Places of Worship</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum (free)"><img alt="Museum (free)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Museum_icon.svg/13px-Museum_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Museum_icon.svg/20px-Museum_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Museum_icon.svg/26px-Museum_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="13" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_icon_(red).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum"><img alt="Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/13px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/20px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/26px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museum</a> (free/<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FF0000">not free</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NTE_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Trust"><img alt="National Trust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NTE_icon.svg/15px-NTE_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NTE_icon.svg/23px-NTE_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NTE_icon.svg/30px-NTE_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drama-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Drama-icon.svg/20px-Drama-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Drama-icon.svg/40px-Drama-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theatre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoo_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zoo_icon.jpg/20px-Zoo_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zoo_icon.jpg/30px-Zoo_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Zoo_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="27" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country#United_Kingdom" title="List of zoos by country">Zoo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abberton_Reservoir" title="Abberton Reservoir">Abberton Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> Chelmsford campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashdon" title="Ashdon">Ashdon</a> (The site of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Bartlow_Hills" title="Bartlow Hills">Bartlow Hills</a> and also a claimant as the location of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashingdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ashingdon">Battle of Ashingdon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashingdon" title="Ashingdon">Ashingdon</a> (The site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashingdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ashingdon">Battle of Ashingdon</a> in 1016), near Southend, with its isolated St Andrews Church and site of England's earliest aerodrome at South Fambridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audley_End" class="mw-redirect" title="Audley End">Audley End</a> House and Gardens, Saffron Walden <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HH_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HH_icon.svg/15px-HH_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HH_icon.svg/23px-HH_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HH_icon.svg/30px-HH_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Cathedral" title="Brentwood Cathedral">Brentwood Cathedral</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AP_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/16px-AP_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/24px-AP_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/32px-AP_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral" title="Chelmsford Cathedral">Chelmsford Cathedral</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AP_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/16px-AP_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/24px-AP_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/32px-AP_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester_Castle" title="Colchester Castle">Colchester Castle</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CL_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/14px-CL_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/21px-CL_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/28px-CL_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_icon_(red).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/13px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/20px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/26px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="13" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester_Zoo" title="Colchester Zoo">Colchester Zoo</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoo_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zoo_icon.jpg/20px-Zoo_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zoo_icon.jpg/30px-Zoo_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Zoo_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="27" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colne_Valley_Railway" title="Colne Valley Railway">Colne Valley Railway</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/16px-HR_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/24px-HR_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/32px-HR_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressing_Temple" title="Cressing Temple">Cressing Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_Railway_Museum" title="East Anglian Railway Museum">East Anglian Railway Museum</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_icon_(red).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/13px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/20px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/26px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Ongar_Railway" title="Epping Ongar Railway">Epping Ongar Railway</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/16px-HR_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/24px-HR_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/32px-HR_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finchingfield" title="Finchingfield">Finchingfield</a> (home of the author <a href="/wiki/Dodie_Smith" title="Dodie Smith">Dodie Smith</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frinton-on-Sea" title="Frinton-on-Sea">Frinton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bentley" title="Great Bentley">Great Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AP_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/16px-AP_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/24px-AP_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/32px-AP_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Castle" title="Hadleigh Castle">Hadleigh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlow New Town">Harlow New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedingham_Castle" title="Hedingham Castle">Hedingham Castle</a>, between Stansted and <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, to the north of <a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Essex" title="Braintree, Essex">Braintree</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CL_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/14px-CL_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/21px-CL_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/28px-CL_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingatestone_Hall" title="Ingatestone Hall">Ingatestone Hall</a>, Ingatestone, between Brentwood and Chelmsford</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvedon_Hatch_Secret_Nuclear_Bunker" title="Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker">Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Shopping_Centre" title="Lakeside Shopping Centre">Lakeside Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldon, Essex">Maldon</a> historic market town, close to Chelmsford and the North Sea, and site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangapps_Railway_Museum" title="Mangapps Railway Museum">Mangapps Railway Museum</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/16px-HR_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/24px-HR_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HR_icon.svg/32px-HR_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="13" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_icon_(red).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/13px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/20px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/26px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="13" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Burnham-on-Crouch" title="Burnham-on-Crouch">Burnham-on-Crouch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Farm_Country_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsh Farm Country Park (page does not exist)">Marsh Farm Country Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Woodham_Ferrers" title="South Woodham Ferrers">South Woodham Ferrers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersea_Island" title="Mersea Island">Mersea Island</a>, birdwatching and rambling resort with one settlement, West Mersea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistley_Towers" title="Mistley Towers">Mistley Towers</a>, Manningtree, between Colchester and Ipswich, near Alton Water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansted_Mountfitchet" title="Stansted Mountfitchet">Mountfitchet Castle</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CL_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/14px-CL_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/21px-CL_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/28px-CL_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span>, Stansted</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Weald_Airfield" title="North Weald Airfield">North Weald Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northey_Island" title="Northey Island">Northey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsett_Hall" title="Orsett Hall">Orsett Hall</a> Hotel, Prince Charles Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Orsett" title="Orsett">Orsett</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chadwell_St_Mary" title="Chadwell St Mary">Chadwell St Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Circumstance_Theatre_Company" title="Real Circumstance Theatre Company">Real Circumstance Theatre Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_Royal_Gunpowder_Mills" title="Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills">Royal Gunpowder Mills</a> in Waltham Abbey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter-on-the-Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter-on-the-Wall">St Peter-on-the-Wall</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AP_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/16px-AP_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/24px-AP_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/32px-AP_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_icon_(red).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/13px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/20px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg/26px-Museum_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="13" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CL_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/14px-CL_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/21px-CL_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CL_icon.svg/28px-CL_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EH_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/14px-EH_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/21px-EH_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/28px-EH_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UKAL_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Accessible open space"><img alt="Accessible open space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/UKAL_icon.svg/18px-UKAL_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/UKAL_icon.svg/27px-UKAL_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/UKAL_icon.svg/36px-UKAL_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="11" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury_Fort" title="Tilbury Fort">Tilbury Fort</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EH_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/14px-EH_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/21px-EH_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/EH_icon.svg/28px-EH_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaxted" title="Thaxted">Thaxted</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillingham" title="Tillingham">Tillingham</a>, Picturesque village mentioned in <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Worlds">War of the Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Thameside_Nature_Park" title="Thurrock Thameside Nature Park">Thurrock Thameside Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a> (Wivenhoe Park, Colchester and <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_Church" title="Waltham Abbey Church">Waltham Abbey Church</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AP_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/16px-AP_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/24px-AP_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AP_Icon.svg/32px-AP_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_2">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Essex" title="Category:People from Essex">Category:People from Essex</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_counties_and_regions">Sister counties and regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sister counties and regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Essex" title="Custos Rotulorum of Essex">Custos Rotulorum of Essex</a> – Keepers of the Rolls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Essex" title="Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Essex (UK Parliament constituency)">Essex (UK Parliament constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Police,_Fire_and_Crime_Commissioner" title="Essex Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner">Essex Police and Crime Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Essex" title="Healthcare in Essex">Healthcare in Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Essex" title="High Sheriff of Essex">High Sheriff of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">List of civil parishes in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Essex" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Essex">List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Essex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Essex">Lord Lieutenant of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Camp" title="Q Camp">Q Camp</a>: WWII camp in Essex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_Parishes" title="The Hundred Parishes">The Hundred Parishes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lord-lieutenant-of-essex-jennifer-tolhurst">"Lord-Lieutenant of Essex: Jennifer Tolhurst"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Lord-Lieutenant+of+Essex%3A+Jennifer+Tolhurst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Flord-lieutenant-of-essex-jennifer-tolhurst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/mid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas/1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx">"Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-2022+population+estimates+by+Lieutenancy+areas+%28as+at+1997%29+for+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Faboutus%2Ftransparencyandgovernance%2Ffreedomofinformationfoi%2Fmid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas%2F1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021">"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Towns+and+cities%2C+characteristics+of+built-up+areas%2C+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fhousing%2Farticles%2Ftownsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Essex-county-England">"Essex | History, Population, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Essex+%7C+History%2C+Population%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEssex-county-England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essex.gov.uk/planning-land-and-recycling/energy-climate-and-environment/protecting-environment/essex-coast">"Protecting the environment: The Essex coast | Essex County Council"</a>. <i>www.essex.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.essex.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Protecting+the+environment%3A+The+Essex+coast+%7C+Essex+County+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.gov.uk%2Fplanning-land-and-recycling%2Fenergy-climate-and-environment%2Fprotecting-environment%2Fessex-coast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p46. Barbara Yorke. Yorke makes reference to research by Rodwell and Rodwell (1986) and Bassett (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnett1975" class="citation book cs1">Dunnett, Rosalind (1975) [1975]. <i>The Trinovantes</i>. London: Duckworth. p. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6"><bdi>0-7156-0843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinovantes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7156-0843-6&rft.aulast=Dunnett&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Described in 'The Essex Landscape', by John Hunter, Essex Record Office, 1999. Chapter 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Life in Roman Britain, Anthony Birley, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B897719%2B04%2B3" title="Special:BookSources/1+897719+04+3">1 897719 04 3</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Roger J.A. (2002) A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain (Fourth Edition). Published by Constable. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-318-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-318-6">1-84119-318-6</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnett1975" class="citation book cs1">Dunnett, Rosalind (1975) [1975]. <i>The Trinovantes</i>. London: Duckworth. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6"><bdi>0-7156-0843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinovantes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7156-0843-6&rft.aulast=Dunnett&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnett1975" class="citation book cs1">Dunnett, Rosalind (1975) [1975]. <i>The Trinovantes</i>. London: Duckworth. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6"><bdi>0-7156-0843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinovantes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7156-0843-6&rft.aulast=Dunnett&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRippon2018" class="citation book cs1">Rippon, Stephen (2018) [2018]. <i>Kingdom, Civitas, and County</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875937-9"><bdi>978-0-19-875937-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom%2C+Civitas%2C+and+County&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875937-9&rft.aulast=Rippon&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecolchesterarchaeologist.co.uk/?p=34126">Details on the church, Colchester Archaeologist website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211221818/https://www.thecolchesterarchaeologist.co.uk/?p=34126">Archived</a> 11 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnett1975" class="citation book cs1">Dunnett, Rosalind (1975) [1975]. <i>The Trinovantes</i>. London: Duckworth. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6"><bdi>0-7156-0843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinovantes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7156-0843-6&rft.aulast=Dunnett&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span> the reference relates to the flourishing nature of Christiantity in fourth century Essex and the finds at Wickford and Brentwood</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray1987" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Adrian (1987) [1987]. <i>Tales of Old Essex</i>. Berkshire: Countryside Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905392-98-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-905392-98-1"><bdi>0-905392-98-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Old+Essex&rft.place=Berkshire&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Countryside+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-905392-98-1&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnett1975" class="citation book cs1">Dunnett, Rosalind (1975) [1975]. <i>The Trinovantes</i>. London: Duckworth. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-0843-6"><bdi>0-7156-0843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinovantes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7156-0843-6&rft.aulast=Dunnett&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span> The source states that the earliest record in the 14th century Colchester Oath Book, but recounted by Daniel Defoe and others</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke2005" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2005) [1990]. <i>Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London and new York: Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X"><bdi>0-415-16639-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingdoms+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London+and+new+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-16639-X&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10001079&c_id=10001043">Vision of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181139/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10001079&c_id=10001043">Archived</a> 26 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Essex ancient county boundaries map</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">forest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenix_Press-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Press_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Press_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRackham1990" class="citation book cs1">Rackham, Oliver (1990) [1976]. <i>Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape</i>. New York: Phoenix Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2469-7"><bdi>978-1-8421-2469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+and+Woodland+in+the+British+Landscape&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-8421-2469-7&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Essex Landscape, a study of its form and history. John Hunter, pub Essex Record Office 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898529-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-898529-15-9">1-898529-15-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Grant1991" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Grant (1991). <i>The royal forests of England</i>. Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-781-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-781-X"><bdi>0-86299-781-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1878197M">1878197M</a>. 086299781X.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+royal+forests+of+England&rft.place=Wolfeboro+Falls%2C+NH&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1878197M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-86299-781-X&rft.au=Raymond+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span> see table, p224 for Essex Stanestreet and p221-229 for details of each forest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English: A Social History 1066-1945. p36-37 Christopher Hibbert, Paladin Publishing 1988, ISBN 0 586 08471 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary on the Battle of Billericay and the aftermath of the revolt in Essex: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhybra" class="citation web cs1">Whybra, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030171901/https://cdn.website-editor.net/s/db549517e2e14774ba44de2da1712507/files/uploaded/Battle-of-Norsey-Wood-JW-March-2018.pdf?Expires=1637396713&Signature=O1QvX44ffhNqceKxLQxX-trdODJYgF3frO9YJocWwoExNzZwPq2T7UMaSBcQywiClfQMr99O22GV~uFxnzzf39627PJkBkEBlxt8unZW-ObX14E5uZ3VYHEHUMwQrzAc7GB4mGB~8An3kqIHhSpmD-XscoY8YYze4LKlp5YdJzQO9xD7016pdAjjlGvZAsTPg9sKJ0CvnjRH2--f2KGJgUbFJjjPLiIXWi4PNqDpRJW1s2xJBGpBqpzixufAGuvQbK59EqNwWKAxLh9oF-tkLjT5Uj~9TADA~CDVhHnAlnx04X0EKFUyoo8E3J77lcTE4d6cNFiom~pUiCRT9RMnzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K2NXBXLF010TJW">"The Battle of Norsey Wood, 1381"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.website-editor.net/s/db549517e2e14774ba44de2da1712507/files/uploaded/Battle-of-Norsey-Wood-JW-March-2018.pdf?Expires=1637396713&Signature=O1QvX44ffhNqceKxLQxX-trdODJYgF3frO9YJocWwoExNzZwPq2T7UMaSBcQywiClfQMr99O22GV~uFxnzzf39627PJkBkEBlxt8unZW-ObX14E5uZ3VYHEHUMwQrzAc7GB4mGB~8An3kqIHhSpmD-XscoY8YYze4LKlp5YdJzQO9xD7016pdAjjlGvZAsTPg9sKJ0CvnjRH2--f2KGJgUbFJjjPLiIXWi4PNqDpRJW1s2xJBGpBqpzixufAGuvQbK59EqNwWKAxLh9oF-tkLjT5Uj~9TADA~CDVhHnAlnx04X0EKFUyoo8E3J77lcTE4d6cNFiom~pUiCRT9RMnzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K2NXBXLF010TJW">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Norsey+Wood%2C+1381&rft.aulast=Whybra&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.website-editor.net%2Fs%2Fdb549517e2e14774ba44de2da1712507%2Ffiles%2Fuploaded%2FBattle-of-Norsey-Wood-JW-March-2018.pdf%3FExpires%3D1637396713%26Signature%3DO1QvX44ffhNqceKxLQxX-trdODJYgF3frO9YJocWwoExNzZwPq2T7UMaSBcQywiClfQMr99O22GV~uFxnzzf39627PJkBkEBlxt8unZW-ObX14E5uZ3VYHEHUMwQrzAc7GB4mGB~8An3kqIHhSpmD-XscoY8YYze4LKlp5YdJzQO9xD7016pdAjjlGvZAsTPg9sKJ0CvnjRH2--f2KGJgUbFJjjPLiIXWi4PNqDpRJW1s2xJBGpBqpzixufAGuvQbK59EqNwWKAxLh9oF-tkLjT5Uj~9TADA~CDVhHnAlnx04X0EKFUyoo8E3J77lcTE4d6cNFiom~pUiCRT9RMnzQ__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DK2NXBXLF010TJW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overview of the events of 1471: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickard,_J2014" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J (27 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/siege_london_1471.html">"Siege of London, 12-15 May 1471"</a>. <i>Military History Encyclopedia on the Web</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201201919/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/siege_london_1471.html#:~:text=Siege%20of%20London%2C%2012-15%20May%201471.%20The%20siege,were%20repulsed.%20Siege%20of%20London%2C%2012-15%20May%201471">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Encyclopedia+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=Siege+of+London%2C+12-15+May+1471&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.au=Rickard%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fsiege_london_1471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnatty1987" class="citation book cs1">Connatty, Mary (1987) [1987]. <i>The National Trust Book of the Armada</i>. London: Kingfisher Books. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86272-282-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86272-282-9"><bdi>0-86272-282-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Trust+Book+of+the+Armada&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Kingfisher+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-86272-282-9&rft.aulast=Connatty&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castlepoint.gov.uk/main.cfm?Type=2028">Reclamation of Canvey Island</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613202552/http://www.castlepoint.gov.uk/main.cfm?Type=2028">Archived</a> 2011-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Castle Point website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canveyisland-tc.gov.uk/history-of-canvey">"History of Canvey Island"</a>. <i>www.canveyisland-tc.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canveyisland-tc.gov.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+Canvey+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canveyisland-tc.gov.uk%2Fhistory-of-canvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canveyisland.org/abc-2/the_dutch_connection/the_dutch_came/the_dutch_congregation_in_canvey_island">"The Dutch Congregation in Canvey Island"</a>. <i>CanveyIsland.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CanveyIsland.org&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+Congregation+in+Canvey+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canveyisland.org%2Fabc-2%2Fthe_dutch_connection%2Fthe_dutch_came%2Fthe_dutch_congregation_in_canvey_island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2006" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2006). <i>Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660</i>. Abacus. pp. <span class="nowrap">449–</span>452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11564-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11564-1"><bdi>978-0-349-11564-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War%3A+The+Wars+of+the+Three+Kingdoms+1638%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11564-1&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwww.abcounties.com2013" class="citation web cs1">www.abcounties.com (26 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcounties.com/counties/county-profiles/essex/">"Essex"</a>. <i>Association of British Counties</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+British+Counties&rft.atitle=Essex&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.au=www.abcounties.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcounties.com%2Fcounties%2Fcounty-profiles%2Fessex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol5/pp1-2">"Metropolitan Essex since 1850: Introduction | British History Online"</a>. <i>www.british-history.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Essex+since+1850%3A+Introduction+%7C+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fessex%2Fvol5%2Fpp1-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1888/41/">"Local Government Act 1888"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1888 c. 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act+1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1888%2F41%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/40/">"Local Government Act 1974"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1974 c. 40</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act+1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1974%2F40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1875/made">"The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, SI 1996/1875</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Essex+%28Boroughs+of+Colchester%2C+Southend-on-Sea+and+Thurrock+and+District+of+Tendring%29+%28Structural%2C+Boundary+and+Electoral+Changes%29+Order+1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1996%2F1875%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Lieutenancies_Act_1997" title="Lieutenancies Act 1997">Lieutenancies Act 1997</a></i> (c. 23).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pem2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pem2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090623/halltext/90623h0008.htm">"Pembrokeshire (Royal Mail Database) c218WH"</a>. <i>Hansard</i>. 23 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=Pembrokeshire+%28Royal+Mail+Database%29+c218WH&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200809%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm090623%2Fhalltext%2F90623h0008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"G.P.O. To Keep Old Names. London Changes Too Costly". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 12 April 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=G.P.O.+To+Keep+Old+Names.+London+Changes+Too+Costly.&rft.date=1966-04-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london_map2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-london_map2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-london_map2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeographers'_A-Z_Map_Company2008" class="citation book cs1">Geographers' A-Z Map Company (2008). <i>London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries</i> (6 ed.). Geographers' A-Z Map Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84348-592-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84348-592-6"><bdi>978-1-84348-592-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Postcode+and+Administrative+Boundaries&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Geographers%27+A-Z+Map+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84348-592-6&rft.au=Geographers%27+A-Z+Map+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2017/01/english-county-longest-coastline/">Ordnance Survey Blog on the Essex coastline and the difficulty of measuring coastlines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628085658/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2017/01/english-county-longest-coastline/">Archived</a> 28 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A link to show the term Tendring Peninsula in use and to describe the name as resulting from the name of the Hundred</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">link to show the Dengie Peninsula in use and linking that to Hundred organisation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitessex.com/rochford.aspx">A link to show the term Rochford Peninsula in use</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330160713/http://www.visitessex.com/rochford.aspx">Archived</a> 30 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English Social History, Trevelyan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10135618">Vision of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814005556/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10135618">Archived</a> 14 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Southend-on-Sea MB/CB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-essex_admin-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-essex_admin_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essex_admin_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10186092&c_id=10001043">Vision of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181401/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10186092&c_id=10001043">Archived</a> 26 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Essex admin county (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10186092&c_id=10001043">historic map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181318/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10186092&c_id=10001043">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/dis/guc.jsp?channelOid=71101&guideOid=93686&guideContentOid=93690">Essex County Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124125148/http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/dis/guc.jsp?channelOid=71101&guideOid=93686&guideContentOid=93690">Archived</a> 24 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – District or Borough Councils</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1996/Uksi_19961875_en_1.htm">OPSI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104015544/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1996/Uksi_19961875_en_1.htm">Archived</a> 4 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36617396">"Two of UK's top Leave districts in Essex"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Two+of+UK%27s+top+Leave+districts+in+Essex&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-eu-referendum-36617396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1997/19971847.htm">OPSI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912060910/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1997/19971847.htm">Archived</a> 12 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Essex (Police Area and Authority) Order 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817114035/http://www.labour-heritage.com/Bulletin%20Spring%202005.pdf">"Conference on Labour History in Essex – Spring 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Labour Heritage. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labour-heritage.com/Bulletin%20Spring%202005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conference+on+Labour+History+in+Essex+%E2%80%93+Spring+2005&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Labour+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour-heritage.com%2FBulletin%2520Spring%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Local_government_structure-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Local_government_structure_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Local_government_structure_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Local_government_structure_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.gov.uk/Your-Council/Local-Government-Essex/Local%20Government%20Structure/Pages/Local%20Government%20Structure.aspx">"Local government structure"</a>. <i>www.essex.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823053843/http://www.essex.gov.uk/Your-Council/Local-Government-Essex/Local%20Government%20Structure/Pages/Local%20Government%20Structure.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.essex.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+government+structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.gov.uk%2FYour-Council%2FLocal-Government-Essex%2FLocal%2520Government%2520Structure%2FPages%2FLocal%2520Government%2520Structure.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.young-essex-assembly.org.uk/about-us/">"About us"</a>. <i>www.young-essex-assembly.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215122536/http://www.young-essex-assembly.org.uk/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.young-essex-assembly.org.uk&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.young-essex-assembly.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarr" class="citation web cs1">Warr, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/your-council/youth-council">"Youth Council"</a>. <i>www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215115528/http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/your-council/youth-council">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Youth+Council&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eppingforestdc.gov.uk%2Fyour-council%2Fyouth-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR4U2016" class="citation web cs1">R4U (14 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.residents4u.org/2016/12/14/r4us-uttlesford-youth-council-initiative-gets-green-light/">"Residents for Uttlesford [R4U] | R4U's Uttlesford Youth Council initiative gets green light"</a>. <i>Residents for Uttlesford</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Residents+for+Uttlesford&rft.atitle=Residents+for+Uttlesford+%5BR4U%5D+%7C+R4U%27s+Uttlesford+Youth+Council+initiative+gets+green+light&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.au=R4U&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.residents4u.org%2F2016%2F12%2F14%2Fr4us-uttlesford-youth-council-initiative-gets-green-light%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harlow.gov.uk/youth-council">"Youth Council | Harlow Council"</a>. <i>www.harlow.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211214316/http://www.harlow.gov.uk/youth-council">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.harlow.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Youth+Council+%7C+Harlow+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harlow.gov.uk%2Fyouth-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308151700/http://www.chelmsford.anglican.org/did-you-know-deprivation-in-chelmsford-diocese.html">"Did you know deprivation in Chelmsford Diocese"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelmsford.anglican.org/did-you-know-deprivation-in-chelmsford-diocese.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+you+know+deprivation+in+Chelmsford+Diocese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsford.anglican.org%2Fdid-you-know-deprivation-in-chelmsford-diocese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009103401/http://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/colchester/1901353.Jaywick__Village____third_most_deprived_area_in_UK___/">"Jackwich: Village 'third most deprived area in UK'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/colchester/1901353.Jaywick__Village____third_most_deprived_area_in_UK___/">the original</a> on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jackwich%3A+Village+%27third+most+deprived+area+in+UK%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcolchester%2F1901353.Jaywick__Village____third_most_deprived_area_in_UK___%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203003641/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3361038/Britains-richest-towns-20-11.html">"Britain's richest towns: 20 – 11"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 18 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3361038/Britains-richest-towns-20-11.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+richest+towns%3A+20+%E2%80%93+11&rft.date=2008-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fproperty%2F3361038%2FBritains-richest-towns-20-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/">"National Rail Enquiries – Official source for UK train times and timetables"</a>. <i>www.nationalrail.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225033735/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalrail.co.uk&rft.atitle=National+Rail+Enquiries+%E2%80%93+Official+source+for+UK+train+times+and+timetables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalrail.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tilbury2.co.uk/">Link to website promoting the Tilbury2 proposals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214093443/http://www.tilbury2.co.uk/">Archived</a> 14 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-29353171">"DFDS Harwich to Esbjerg ferry route's final journey – BBC News"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130111851/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-29353171">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DFDS+Harwich+to+Esbjerg+ferry+route%27s+final+journey+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-essex-29353171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londongateway.com">"London Gateway : Home"</a>. <i>www.londongateway.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613141245/http://www.londongateway.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.londongateway.com&rft.atitle=London+Gateway+%3A+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londongateway.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/transport/portswatch/port_proposals/london_gateway.html">Portswatch: Current Port Proposals: London Gateway (Shell Haven)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725023724/http://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/transport/portswatch/port_proposals/london_gateway.html">Archived</a> 25 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurrock Council. (26 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/news/content.php?page=story&ID=134">Shell Haven public inquiry opens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915044759/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/news/content.php?page=story&ID=134">Archived</a> 15 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dredging News Online. (18 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandandgravel.com/news/article.asp?v1=10983">Harbour Development, Shell Haven, UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103054736/http://www.sandandgravel.com/news/article.asp?v1=10983">Archived</a> 3 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Anglia-Route-Study-UPDATED-1.pdf">Anglia Route Study, describes opportunities and constraints for the E of England rail network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731011109/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Anglia-Route-Study-UPDATED-1.pdf">Archived</a> 31 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easyjet.com/en/cheap-flights/London-Stansted/Sharm-El-Sheikh">Cheap flights from London Stansted to Sharm El Sheikh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627231157/http://www.easyjet.com/en/cheap-flights/london-stansted/sharm-el-sheikh">Archived</a> 27 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. easyJet.com (17 February 2013). Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTopham2012" class="citation news cs1">Topham, Gwyn (5 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/04/london-southend-airport?INTCMP=SRCH">"London Southend airport: flying under the radar (and to the left of the pier)"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403055038/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/04/london-southend-airport?INTCMP=SRCH">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=London+Southend+airport%3A+flying+under+the+radar+%28and+to+the+left+of+the+pier%29&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft.aulast=Topham&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmar%2F04%2Flondon-southend-airport%3FINTCMP%3DSRCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2009-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young2009_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young2009_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Young. (2009). Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/essex.html">Essex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203015014/http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/essex.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essexwt.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/cowslip">Essex WT website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925203501/https://www.essexwt.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/cowslip">Archived</a> 25 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essex-tv.co.uk/basildon-council-raises-county-flag-celebrate-essex-day/">Evening Echo article on St Cedd's Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105201048/https://essex-tv.co.uk/basildon-council-raises-county-flag-celebrate-essex-day/">Archived</a> 5 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Alexander J. (1890). English dialects: Their Sounds and Homes. p35, 57, 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111062912/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm">"Estuary English Q and A - JCW"</a>. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm">the original</a> on 11 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estuary+English+Q+and+A+-+JCW&rft.pub=Phon.ucl.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Festuary%2Fee-faqs-jcw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunmowflitchtrials.co.uk/history/">"Dunmow Flitch Trials – History – Background"</a>. <i>www.dunmowflitchtrials.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609212155/http://www.dunmowflitchtrials.co.uk/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dunmowflitchtrials.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dunmow+Flitch+Trials+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunmowflitchtrials.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioandtelly.co.uk/radioessex.html">"Radio in Essex - Summary of Stations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+in+Essex+-+Summary+of+Stations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioandtelly.co.uk%2Fradioessex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essex County Council. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc//setSchoolType.do?stype=Secondary">Secondary School Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170747/http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/setSchoolType.do?stype=Secondary">Archived</a> 7 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">independent schools Directory. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independentschools.com/england/independent-schools-in-essex.html">Independent Schools in Essex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030172441/http://www.independentschools.com/england/independent-schools-in-essex.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bettley, James. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realessex.co.uk/discover/historic/EssexArchitecture.aspx">Essex Explored: Essex Architecture.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506220839/http://www.realessex.co.uk/discover/historic/EssexArchitecture.aspx">Archived</a> 6 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Essex County Council. Retrieved 15 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412155916/http://www.colchestermuseums.org.uk/castle/castle_index.html">"Colchester Castle Museum-Index"</a>. Colchestermuseums.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colchestermuseums.org.uk/castle/castle_index.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colchester+Castle+Museum-Index&rft.pub=Colchestermuseums.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colchestermuseums.org.uk%2Fcastle%2Fcastle_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Essex" class="extiw" title="commons:Essex"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Essex</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Essex_(England)#Q23240" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Essex (England)">Essex (England)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123083025/http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/">Essex County Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seax.essexcc.gov.uk/">Seax – Essex Archives Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210011901/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=ESSEX&district=&placeName=">Images of Essex</a> at the <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="English Heritage Archive">English Heritage Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitessex.com/">Official Tourist Site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_counties21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_counties21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring counties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Essex</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></i></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a></i></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1974–1996_←_Ceremonial_counties_of_England_→_current162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties" title="Template:England counties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England_counties" title="Template talk:England counties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England_counties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England counties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1974–1996_←_Ceremonial_counties_of_England_→_current162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties/1974" title="Template:England counties/1974">1974–1996</a></small> ←   <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties of England</a>   → <small>current</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Essex&#124;link=Essex_Ceremonial_county_of_Essex473" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Essex" title="Template:Essex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Essex" title="Template talk:Essex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Essex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Essex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Essex&#124;link=Essex_Ceremonial_county_of_Essex473" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex"><img alt="Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/23px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/35px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/45px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essex</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aveley" title="Aveley">Aveley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billericay" title="Billericay">Billericay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Essex" title="Braintree, Essex">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightlingsea" title="Brightlingsea">Brightlingsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckhurst_Hill" title="Buckhurst Hill">Buckhurst Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham-on-Crouch" title="Burnham-on-Crouch">Burnham-on-Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwell_St_Mary" title="Chadwell St Mary">Chadwell St Mary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigwell" title="Chigwell">Chigwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Ongar" title="Chipping Ongar">Chipping Ongar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coggeshall" title="Coggeshall">Coggeshall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corringham,_Essex" title="Corringham, Essex">Corringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovercourt" title="Dovercourt">Dovercourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping,_Essex" title="Epping, Essex">Epping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frinton-on-Sea" title="Frinton-on-Sea">Frinton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays,_Essex" title="Grays, Essex">Grays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dunmow" title="Great Dunmow">Great Dunmow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Essex" title="Hadleigh, Essex">Hadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halstead" title="Halstead">Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manningtree" title="Manningtree">Manningtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsea" title="Pitsea">Pitsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfleet" title="Purfleet">Purfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh,_Essex" title="Rayleigh, Essex">Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford" title="Rochford">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">Shoeburyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">South Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ockendon" title="South Ockendon">South Ockendon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Woodham_Ferrers" title="South Woodham Ferrers">South Woodham Ferrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford-le-Hope" title="Stanford-le-Hope">Stanford-le-Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaxted" title="Thaxted">Thaxted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersley" title="Thundersley">Thundersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey" title="Waltham Abbey">Waltham Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton-on-the-Naze" title="Walton-on-the-Naze">Walton-on-the-Naze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mersea" title="West Mersea">West Mersea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Thurrock" title="West Thurrock">West Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witham" title="Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe" title="Wivenhoe">Wivenhoe</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Essex" title="List of civil parishes in Essex">List of civil parishes in Essex</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex" title="River Blackwater, Essex">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brain" title="River Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Can" title="River Can">Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Chelmer" title="River Chelmer">Chelmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ching" title="River Ching">Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbins_Brook" title="Cobbins Brook">Cobbins Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Essex" title="River Colne, Essex">Colne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Crouch" title="River Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lee_Flood_Relief_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lee Flood Relief Channel">River Lee Flood Relief Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardyke_(river)" title="Mardyke (river)">Mardyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincey_Brook" title="Pincey Brook">Pincey Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prittle_Brook" title="Prittle Brook">Prittle Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roach" title="River Roach">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roding" title="River Roding">Roding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_River" title="Roman River">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stort" title="River Stort">Stort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">Stour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stour_Brook" title="Stour Brook">Stour Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ter" title="River Ter">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Essex" title="Category:Essex">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23240#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212484/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085616-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81032213">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Essex (Anglie : hrabství)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge413201&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX455398">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555052605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c58e25fa-9d99-4ff3-b4b8-a7e7b2cf452c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essex&oldid=1280009472">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essex&oldid=1280009472</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Essex" title="Category:Essex">Essex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-metropolitan_counties" title="Category:Non-metropolitan counties">Non-metropolitan counties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NUTS_2_statistical_regions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the United Kingdom">NUTS 2 statistical regions of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_royal_forests" title="Category:English royal forests">English royal forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_counties" title="Category:Home counties">Home counties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counties_of_England_established_in_antiquity" title="Category:Counties of England established in antiquity">Counties of England established in antiquity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use British English from May 2020">Use British English from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 March 2025, at 22:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essex&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Essex</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>85 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-j8tkw","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.285","walltime":"1.662","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11536,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":226544,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32054,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":245216,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1301.123 1 -total"," 34.50% 448.876 5 Template:Infobox"," 28.57% 371.718 2 Template:Reflist"," 27.18% 353.699 1 Template:Infobox_English_county"," 26.88% 349.807 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 13.41% 174.488 27 Template:Cite_web"," 6.12% 79.615 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.95% 77.376 11 Template:Party_color"," 5.86% 76.212 1 Template:Geographic_location"," 4.68% 60.918 13 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.644","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19132298,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-6c8459b844-24b6v","timestamp":"20250402015831","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Essex","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essex","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23240","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23240","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-03T12:29:01Z","dateModified":"2025-03-11T22:33:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/The_Hythe%2C_Maldon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3895331.jpg","headline":"ceremonial county in England (use Q21272241 for administrative non-metropolitan county)"}</script> </body> </html>