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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Royal charter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Royal connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witchfinder_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witchfinder_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Witchfinder General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witchfinder_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Dickens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Dickens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Charles Dickens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Dickens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birthplace_of_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthplace_of_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Birthplace of radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthplace_of_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishopric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishopric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Bishopric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishopric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_city_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_city_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>UK city status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_city_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Local government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_and_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Business and commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marconi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marconi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Marconi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marconi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cromptons_Electrical_Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cromptons_Electrical_Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cromptons Electrical Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cromptons_Electrical_Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoffmann_Ball_Bearings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoffmann_Ball_Bearings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hoffmann Ball Bearings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoffmann_Ball_Bearings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_Electric_Valve_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Electric_Valve_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>English Electric Valve Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Electric_Valve_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britvic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britvic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Britvic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britvic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_transport_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_transport_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Future transport plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_transport_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Redevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Visual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_born_in_Chelmsford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_born_in_Chelmsford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people born in Chelmsford</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people_born_in_Chelmsford-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people born in Chelmsford subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_born_in_Chelmsford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sportspeople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sportspeople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sportspeople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sportspeople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chelmsford</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ቸልምስፎርድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸልምስፎርድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3)" title="تشيلمسفورد (إسكس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيلمسفورد (إسكس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Чэлмсфард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэлмсфард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_(Essex)" title="Chelmsford (Essex) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chelmsford (Essex)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Chelmsford (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chelmsford (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%83%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσέλμσφορντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσέλμσφορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="چلمزفورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چلمزفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%BC%EB%A6%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="첼름스퍼드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="첼름스퍼드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Չելմսֆորդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չելմսֆորդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="चेम्सफोर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेम्सफोर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Челмсфорд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Челмсфорд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="צ'למספורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'למספורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celmsforda" title="Čelmsforda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čelmsforda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celmsfordas" title="Čelmsfordas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čelmsfordas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="चेम्सफोर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेम्सफोर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="تشيلمسفورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيلمسفورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="チェルムスフォード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェルムスフォード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_(England)" title="Chelmsford (England) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chelmsford (England)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Челмсфорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Челмсфорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Челмсфорд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Челмсфорд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Челмсфорд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Челмсфорд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="เชล์มสฟอร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชล์มสฟอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Челмсфорд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Челмсфорд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="چلمسفورڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چلمسفورڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%9B%E5%A3%AB%E7%A6%8F" title="湛士福 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湛士福" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Chelmsford" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celmsfuords" title="Čelmsfuords – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čelmsfuords" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E7%88%BE%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="切爾姆斯福德 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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this location"><span class="latitude">51°44′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.73°N 0.48°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.73; 0.48</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Essex, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chelmsford (disambiguation)">Chelmsford (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human settlement in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Chelmsford</th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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href="/wiki/File:Hylands_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5498705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hylands_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5498705.jpg/123px-Hylands_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5498705.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hylands_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5498705.jpg/185px-Hylands_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5498705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hylands_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5498705.jpg/246px-Hylands_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5498705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="border:1;;height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket_in_Admiral%27s_Park,_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5418200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cricket_in_Admiral%27s_Park%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5418200.jpg/151px-Cricket_in_Admiral%27s_Park%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5418200.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cricket_in_Admiral%27s_Park%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5418200.jpg/227px-Cricket_in_Admiral%27s_Park%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5418200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cricket_in_Admiral%27s_Park%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5418200.jpg/302px-Cricket_in_Admiral%27s_Park%2C_Chelmsford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5418200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5310" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="border:1;;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmsford_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3356603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Chelmsford_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3356603.jpg/137px-Chelmsford_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3356603.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Chelmsford_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3356603.jpg/206px-Chelmsford_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3356603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Chelmsford_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3356603.jpg/274px-Chelmsford_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3356603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="border:1;;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shire_Hall,_Chelmsford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Shire_Hall%2C_Chelmsford.jpg/137px-Shire_Hall%2C_Chelmsford.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Shire_Hall%2C_Chelmsford.jpg/206px-Shire_Hall%2C_Chelmsford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Shire_Hall%2C_Chelmsford.jpg/274px-Shire_Hall%2C_Chelmsford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div><b>Clockwise from top, left to right</b>: Chelmsford <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral" title="Chelmsford Cathedral">Cathedral</a>; Shopping Centre; <a href="/wiki/Hylands_House" title="Hylands House">Hylands House</a>; Admiral's Park; City Centre and <a href="/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Chelmsford" title="Shire Hall, Chelmsford">Shire Hall</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essex_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chelmsford is located in Essex"><img alt="Chelmsford is located in Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Essex_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Essex_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Essex_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Essex_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Essex_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Essex_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.072%;left:39.13%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chelmsford"><img alt="Chelmsford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Chelmsford</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">110,625 (2021 Census)<sup id="cite_ref-BUA21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUA21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=51.735594~0.475021&lvl=10&sp=Point.51.735594_0.475021_Chelmsford&sty=s&style=s">TL7107</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">City of Chelmsford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Shire county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CHELMSFORD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CM_postcode_area" title="CM postcode area">CM1, CM2, CM3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01245</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Essex County Fire and Rescue Service">Essex</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England_Ambulance_Service" title="East of England Ambulance Service">East of England</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chelmsford (UK Parliament constituency)">Chelmsford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List of places</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Essex" title="List of places in Essex">Essex</a></dd></dl></div> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chelmsford&params=51.73_N_0.48_E_region:GB_type:city(110625)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°44′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.73°N 0.48°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.73; 0.48</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chelmsford</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">City of Chelmsford</a> district in the county of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, England. It is the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> of Essex and one of three cities in the county, along with <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a>. It is located 30 miles (50 kilometres) north-east of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a> and 22 miles (35 kilometres) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>. The population of the urban area was 110,625 in the 2021 Census,<sup id="cite_ref-BUA21_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUA21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the wider district has 181,763.<sup id="cite_ref-ONS2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> of Chelmsford incorporates all or part of the former parishes of <a href="/wiki/Broomfield,_Essex" title="Broomfield, Essex">Broomfield</a>, Newland Spring, <a href="/wiki/Great_Leighs" title="Great Leighs">Great Leighs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Waltham" title="Great Waltham">Great Waltham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Waltham" title="Little Waltham">Little Waltham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Baddow" title="Great Baddow">Great Baddow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Baddow" title="Little Baddow">Little Baddow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galleywood" title="Galleywood">Galleywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howe_Green,_Chelmsford" title="Howe Green, Chelmsford">Howe Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaretting" title="Margaretting">Margaretting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleshey" title="Pleshey">Pleshey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock,_Essex" title="Stock, Essex">Stock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxwell" title="Roxwell">Roxwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Essex" title="Danbury, Essex">Danbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicknacre" title="Bicknacre">Bicknacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moulsham" title="Moulsham">Moulsham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rettendon" title="Rettendon">Rettendon</a>, The Hanningfields, The Chignals, <a href="/wiki/Widford,_Essex" title="Widford, Essex">Widford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Essex" title="Springfield, Essex">Springfield</a>, including Springfield Barnes, now known as <a href="/wiki/Chelmer_Village" title="Chelmer Village">Chelmer Village</a>. </p><p>The communities of <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="Chelmsford, Massachusetts">Chelmsford, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmsford, Ontario">Chelmsford, Ontario</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_New_Brunswick" title="Chelmsford, New Brunswick">Chelmsford, New Brunswick</a>, are named after the city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a Chelmsford resident is "Chelmsfordian". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmsfordcath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chelmsfordcath.jpg/290px-Chelmsfordcath.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chelmsfordcath.jpg/435px-Chelmsfordcath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chelmsfordcath.jpg/580px-Chelmsfordcath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral" title="Chelmsford Cathedral">Chelmsford Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmsfordviaduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chelmsfordviaduct.jpg/290px-Chelmsfordviaduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chelmsfordviaduct.jpg/435px-Chelmsfordviaduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chelmsfordviaduct.jpg/580px-Chelmsfordviaduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The 18-arch Victorian Railway Viaduct that carries the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> through Central Park.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1199, there were settlements nearby from ancient times. The remains of a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and a late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> settlement have been found in the Springfield suburb, and the town was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a>. A Roman fort was built in AD 60, and a civilian town grew up around it. The town was given the name of <b>Caesaromagus</b> (<i>Caesar's field</i> or <i>Caesar's marketplace</i>), although the reason for it being given the great honour of bearing the Imperial prefix is now unclear – possibly as a failed 'planned town' provincial capital to replace <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Camulodunum</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Surely as one of Ceaser's military camps during his campaign through Essex is a better explanation? (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The remains of a <i><a href="/wiki/Mansio" title="Mansio">mansio</a></i>, a combination post office, civic centre and hotel, lie beneath the streets of modern <a href="/wiki/Moulsham" title="Moulsham">Moulsham</a>, and the ruins of an octagonal temple are located beneath the Odeon roundabout. The town disappeared for a while after the Romans left Britain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Disappeared for a while? (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An Anglo-Saxon burial was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Broomfield,_Essex" title="Broomfield, Essex">Broomfield</a> to the north of Chelmsford in the late 19th century and the finds are now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The road 'Saxon Way' now marks the site. </p><p>The city's name is derived from <i>Ceolmaer's <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is this undisputed? (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which was close to the site of the present High Street stone bridge. In the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086, the town was called <i>Celmeresfort</i> and by 1189 it had changed to <i>Chelmsford</i>. Its position on the Londinium – Camulodonum <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> (the modern <a href="/wiki/A12_road_(England)" title="A12 road (England)">A12</a>) ensured the early prosperity of Chelmsford. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_charter">Royal charter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 September 1199, following the commissioning of a bridge over the <a href="/wiki/River_Can" title="River Can">River Can</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(Bishop_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice (Bishop of London)">Maurice, Bishop of London</a>, King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a> granted to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sainte-M%C3%A8re-Eglise" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Sainte-Mère-Eglise">William of Sainte-Mère-Eglise</a> a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> for Chelmsford to hold a market, marking the origin of the modern town. An under-cover market, operating Tuesday to Saturday, is still an important part of the city centre over 800 years later. </p><p>The town became the seat of the local assize during the early 13th century (though assizes were also held at <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a>) and by 1218 it was recognised as the county town of Essex, a position it has retained to the present day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_connections">Royal connections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Royal connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert I of Scotland</a>, better known as <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> (1274–1329), had close ties with the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a> and there is some evidence to suggest he was born at Montpeliers Farm in the village,<sup id="cite_ref-RB_Birth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB_Birth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birth2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RB_Murison_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB_Murison-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birth1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the story is disputed and possibly conflated with his father, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_6th_Lord_of_Annandale" title="Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale">Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale</a>. </p><p>Chelmsford was significantly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> of 1381, and King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> moved on to the town after quelling the rebellion in London. 'The Sleepers and The Shadows', written by Hilda Grieve in 1988 using original sources, states: "For nearly a week, from Monday 1st July to Saturday 6th July [1381], Chelmsford became the seat of government ... The king probably lodged at his nearby manor house at Writtle. He was attended by his council, headed by the temporary Chancellor ... the new chief justice ... the royal chancery ... Their formidable task in Chelmsford was to draft, engross, date, seal and despatch by messengers riding to the farthest corners of the realm, the daily batches of commissions, mandates, letters, orders and proclamations issued by the government not only to speed the process of pacification of the kingdom, but to conduct much ordinary day-to-day business of the Crown and Government." Richard II famously revoked the charters which he had made in concession to the peasants on 2 July 1381, while in Chelmsford. It could be said that given this movement of government power, Chelmsford for a few days at least became the capital of England. Many of the ringleaders of the revolt were executed on the gallows at what is now <a href="/wiki/Primrose_Hill" title="Primrose Hill">Primrose Hill</a>. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> purchased the Boleyn estate in 1516, and built <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Beaulieu" title="Palace of Beaulieu">Beaulieu Palace</a> on the current site of <a href="/wiki/New_Hall_School" title="New Hall School">New Hall School</a>. This later became the residence of his then mistress, and later wife <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne</a>. Soon after it became the residence of Henry's daughter, by his first marriage, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witchfinder_General">Witchfinder General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Witchfinder General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century many of the victims of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hopkins" title="Matthew Hopkins">Matthew Hopkins</a> (the self-styled "Witchfinder General") spent their last days imprisoned in Chelmsford, before being tried at the Assizes<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hanged for <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_Dickens">Charles Dickens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Charles Dickens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1835, when visiting Essex and Suffolk to cover local elections, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> visited Chelmsford. He was apparently so upset that he could not find a newspaper on a Sunday that he wrote in a letter to a friend that Chelmsford was "the dullest and most stupid place on earth".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthplace_of_radio">Birthplace of radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Birthplace of radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1899 <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> opened the first "wireless" or radio factory in the world at Hall Street in the <a href="/wiki/Moulsham" title="Moulsham">Moulsham</a> area of Chelmsford.</li> <li>In 1920 Marconi made the first official publicised sound broadcast in the United Kingdom, featuring Dame <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_Street_Works" title="New Street Works">New Street Works</a>, the first purpose-built radio factory in the world.</li> <li>In 1922, Marconi made the world's first regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment (call sign "<a href="/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a>") began from the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a>.</li></ul> <p>Station <a href="/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a> led to the creation of its sister station in London "<a href="/wiki/2LO" title="2LO">2LO</a>", which subsequently led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishopric">Bishopric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bishopric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914 Chelmsford's church became a cathedral (see below) and the town got its own bishop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II Chelmsford, an important centre of light engineering war production, was attacked from the air on several occasions, both by aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and by missile. The worst single loss of life took place on Tuesday 19 December 1944, when the 367th <a href="/wiki/Vergeltungswaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergeltungswaffe">Vergeltungswaffe</a> 2 or <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V2</a> rocket to hit England fell on Henry Road, a residential street near the Hoffmans ball bearing factory and the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company">Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company</a> factory in New Street. Both factories were key to the war effort. Thirty-nine people were killed and 138 injured, 47 seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several dwellings in Henry Road were completely destroyed, and many badly damaged in nearby streets. A monument to the dead is located in the city cemetery on Writtle Road. </p><p>On 14 May 1943 Luftwaffe bombing raids hit Chelmsford leaving more than 50 people dead<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and leaving nearly 1,000 homeless. The bombs hit mainly the town centre, <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Essex" title="Springfield, Essex">Springfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moulsham" title="Moulsham">Moulsham</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/GHQ_Line" title="GHQ Line">GHQ Line</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/British_hardened_field_defences_of_World_War_II" title="British hardened field defences of World War II">British hardened field defences of World War II</a> runs directly through Chelmsford with many <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">pillboxes</a> still in existence to the north and south of the city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hylands_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylands Park">Hylands Park</a>, the site of the former annual <a href="/wiki/V_Festival" title="V Festival">V Festival</a>, hosted a prisoner of war camp, and from 1944 until it was disbanded in 1945, was the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s defence-related industries in the city have declined, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> with all of its factories either being closed or sold. The site on West Hanningfield Road was sold to <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>; the Waterhouse Lane site sold to E2V and the former <a href="/wiki/New_Street_Works" title="New Street Works">New Street Works</a> site has undergone major redevelopment for residential/mixed use.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The one-time largest employer in Chelmsford, RHP (the former Hoffman ball bearing manufacturer), closed its New Street/Rectory Lane site in 1989. Some of the factory was converted into luxury apartments and a health club although most of the site was demolished to make way for the Rivermead Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>. </p><p>The city's location close to London and at the centre of Essex has helped it grow in importance as a financial, administrative and distribution centre. </p><p>The Channels Development, Beaulieu Park, The Village and Chancellor Park are some of the most recent large-scale housing developments built in the city. The local plan targets an additional 18,000 new homes by 2036, in developments largely to the north of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> programme <i><a href="/wiki/Location,_Location,_Location" title="Location, Location, Location">Location, Location, Location</a></i> voted Chelmsford the 8th-best place to live in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_city_status">UK city status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: UK city status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> officially granting <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> status to the City of Chelmsford were received on 6 June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mark the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-city1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-city2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The announcement to make Chelmsford a city had been made on 14 March 2012 by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government_and_politics">Local government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">City of Chelmsford</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Memorial,_Chelmsford_(geograph_5488574).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/War_Memorial%2C_Chelmsford_%28geograph_5488574%29.jpg/220px-War_Memorial%2C_Chelmsford_%28geograph_5488574%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/War_Memorial%2C_Chelmsford_%28geograph_5488574%29.jpg/330px-War_Memorial%2C_Chelmsford_%28geograph_5488574%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/War_Memorial%2C_Chelmsford_%28geograph_5488574%29.jpg/440px-War_Memorial%2C_Chelmsford_%28geograph_5488574%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Chelmsford War Memorial with <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Civic_Centre" title="Chelmsford Civic Centre">Chelmsford Civic Centre</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Chelmsford is at the geographic and political centre of Essex and has been the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> since 1215. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a> is at <a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_Chelmsford" title="County Hall, Chelmsford">County Hall</a>, Duke Street<sup id="cite_ref-essex_cc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essex_cc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the headquarters of Chelmsford City Council at <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Civic_Centre" title="Chelmsford Civic Centre">Chelmsford Civic Centre</a>, Duke Street.<sup id="cite_ref-chelm_bc_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chelm_bc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civic centre was designed by Cordingley & McIntyre as a public library and completed in April 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex Police</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Essex" title="Springfield, Essex">Springfield</a> area of the city at Kingston Crescent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chelmsford formed part of the ancient Chelmsford hundred of Essex.<sup id="cite_ref-vision_hundred_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vision_hundred-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1888,<sup id="cite_ref-vision_mb_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vision_mb-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1882" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1882">Municipal Corporations Act 1882</a>. In 1934 the borough was enlarged by gaining 1,659 acres (671 hectares) from <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Rural_District" title="Chelmsford Rural District">Chelmsford Rural District</a>, including parts of the parishes of Broomfield, Springfield, Widford and Writtle.<sup id="cite_ref-vision_mb_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vision_mb-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The municipal borough and <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was abolished on 1 April 1974 and its former area was combined with most of the remainder of the rural district to form the larger <a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Borough of Chelmsford</a> which was granted city status by Royal Charter in 2012. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chelmsford (UK Parliament constituency)">Chelmsford</a> constituency in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, the member of Parliament is <a href="/wiki/Marie_Goldman" title="Marie Goldman">Marie Goldman</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, Goldman gained 20,214 votes (39.9%), winning the seat with a majority over Vicky Ford, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> candidate, who gained 15,461 votes (30.5%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following statistics were measured in the 2001 Census: </p> <ul><li>The population for Chelmsford consisted of male: 49.2%, female: 50.8%, under 18: 22.5%, over 60: 19%, born outside UK: 5.9%, English: 96%, black: 0.7%, Asian: 1.4%, mixed: 1.1%, other: 0.7%, Christian: 73.3%, Muslim: 0.9%.</li> <li>Education census statistics for Chelmsford consisted of full-time students between 16- 74: 20.2%, no qualifications for ages between 16 and 74: 22.2%.</li> <li>Housing census statistics for Chelmsford consisted of owner occupied housing: 76.5%, social housing: 14.9% (council: 11.3%, housing association 3.6%), privately rented: 6.3%, homes without central heating and/or private bathroom: 5.8%.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_commerce">Business and commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Business and commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highchelmer.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highchelmer.jpeg/220px-Highchelmer.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highchelmer.jpeg/330px-Highchelmer.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highchelmer.jpeg/440px-Highchelmer.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>High Chelmer Shopping Centre prior to the 2009 refurbishment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally an agricultural and market town, Chelmsford has been an important centre for industry since the 19th century. Following the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Chelmer_and_Blackwater_Navigation" title="Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation">Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation</a> in 1797, cheaper transportation and raw materials made milling and malting the main industries until the 1850s, when increasing prosperity created a local market for agricultural machinery. </p><p>Foundries and engineering works followed including Fell Christy at his Factory (In later years known as Christy Norris Ltd) on the corner of Kings Road and Broomfield Road opened 1858, closed 1985, Coleman and Moreton, Thomas Clarkson (<i>Steam</i> Omnibus manufacturer and Founder of the Eastern National Bus Company) and Eddington and Stevenson (makers of traction engines). The Company Christy Norris still survives, trading as Christy Turner Ltd based in <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>. A residential street close to the old Factory was named "Fell Christy" in his honour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As well as the headquarters of Essex Police, Essex County and Chelmsford City Councils, the modern city is home to a range of national and international companies including <a href="/wiki/M%26G" title="M&G">M&G</a> Group, <a href="/wiki/Teledyne_e2v" title="Teledyne e2v">Teledyne e2v</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebm-papst" title="Ebm-papst">ebm-papst</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chelmsford is largely a commercial city which employs around 80,000 people. There are three medium-sized shopping centres, Bond Street, High Chelmer and The Meadows. Chelmsford has six retail parks, Riverside, <a href="/wiki/Chelmer_Village" title="Chelmer Village">Chelmer Village</a>, Clocktower Retail Park, The Army & Navy, Moulsham Lodge Retail Park and the smaller Homelands Retail Park housing a Flagship <a href="/wiki/B%26Q" title="B&Q">B&Q</a> Store, Wyvale Garden Centre (part of the Garden centre Group) and Pets Corner. The High Street has a variety of independent and chain stores. On 29 September 2016 a new retail development opened anchored by <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners" title="John Lewis & Partners">John Lewis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 6 January 2005, Chelmsford was granted <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_Town" title="Fairtrade Town">Fairtrade Town</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sizeable businesses are now based in the Chelmsford Business Park at <a href="/wiki/Boreham" title="Boreham">Boreham</a> housing companies such as the Anderson Group and <a href="/wiki/Global_Marine_Systems" title="Global Marine Systems">Global Marine Systems</a>. Chelmsford is a centre for national electricity suppliers operating within the industrial and commercial sectors, with both EnDCo and F&S Energy headquartered within the city. The city has a low unemployment rate (1.6% in 2002) and a well-educated workforce, with 9% holding a degree or above (in 2002; British average: 7.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chelmsford has a vibrant nightlife scene with many <a href="/wiki/Pubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs">pubs</a>, late night <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> establishments in the city centre area. Its central Essex location and good public transport links make the city ideal for revellers, commuters and tourists to visit from surrounding areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marconi">Marconi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marconi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marconi_1909.jpg/220px-Marconi_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marconi_1909.jpg/330px-Marconi_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marconi_1909.jpg/440px-Marconi_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi%27s_New_Street_Factory,_Chelmsford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Marconi%27s_New_Street_Factory%2C_Chelmsford.jpg/220px-Marconi%27s_New_Street_Factory%2C_Chelmsford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Marconi%27s_New_Street_Factory%2C_Chelmsford.jpg/330px-Marconi%27s_New_Street_Factory%2C_Chelmsford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Marconi%27s_New_Street_Factory%2C_Chelmsford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Marconi's New Street Factory in 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_R._E._B._Crompton.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Colonel_R._E._B._Crompton.webp/220px-Colonel_R._E._B._Crompton.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Colonel_R._E._B._Crompton.webp/330px-Colonel_R._E._B._Crompton.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Colonel_R._E._B._Crompton.webp/440px-Colonel_R._E._B._Crompton.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colonel_R.E.B._Crompton" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel R.E.B. Crompton">Colonel Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcworks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arcworks.jpg/220px-Arcworks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arcworks.jpg/330px-Arcworks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arcworks.jpg/440px-Arcworks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The frontage to Colonel Crompton's former Arc Works in Writtle Road</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a></div> <p>In 1899, <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> opened the world's first "wireless" factory under the name 'The Marconi Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company' in Hall Street, employing around 50 people. The company was later called the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company</a> Ltd. For this reason Chelmsford is credited as the "birthplace of radio", and this phrase can be seen on administrative signs on major roads entering the city, although this statement is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outgrowing its Hall Street premises, Marconi moved to the purpose-built 70,000-square-foot (6,500-square-metre) <a href="/wiki/New_Street_Works" title="New Street Works">New Street Works</a> in June 1912. On 15 June 1920 the factory hosted the first official publicised sound <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> in the United Kingdom, featuring Dame <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a> and using two 450-foot (140-metre) radio broadcasting masts. </p><p>In 1922, the world's first regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began from the Marconi laboratories at <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a> near Chelmsford – Call sign '<a href="/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a>' in what was little more than a wooden hut. </p><p>In 1999, Marconi's defence division, including the Chelmsford facilities, was purchased by <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> to form <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>. Two sites remain under BAE control; the Great Baddow site which is now BAE's Advanced Technology Centre and its <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Integrated_System_Technologies" title="BAE Systems Integrated System Technologies">Integrated Systems Technologies</a> business at Glebe Road. </p><p>The military and secure communications division of Marconi was merged into Selex Communications based at the New Street factory. They vacated the site in April 2008 with the remaining operations moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a>, bringing to an end more than 100 years of the Marconi name in Chelmsford.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Street factory was scheduled to be redeveloped starting in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwell_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwell-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this fell through when site owners Ashwell Property Group entered administration in December 2009. The factory remained empty, derelict and vandalised for several years, to the dismay of Marconi Veterans and Chelmsfordians.<sup id="cite_ref-chelmsfordweeklynews.co.uk_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chelmsfordweeklynews.co.uk-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thisistotalessex.co.uk_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thisistotalessex.co.uk-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was sold for redevelopment to <a href="/wiki/Bellway_Homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellway Homes">Bellway Homes</a> in the summer of 2012 with demolition of the majority of the site including the iconic Marconi House and Building 720 in April/May 2013. Only the <a href="/wiki/Grade_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade II">Grade II</a> listed water tower, The 1912 front building façade, the New Street cottages, and the power house will remain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cromptons_Electrical_Engineering">Cromptons Electrical Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cromptons Electrical Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chelmsford became home to the United Kingdom's first electrical engineering works established by <a href="/wiki/R._E._B._Crompton" title="R. E. B. Crompton">Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton</a>. Crompton was a leading authority on electrical engineering, and pioneered electric street lighting and electric traction motors within the United Kingdom. He installed electric street lights in the town centre to celebrate the incorporation of the Borough of Chelmsford in 1888. Although this made Chelmsford one of the earliest towns to receive electric street lighting, the Council later removed it because gas from the Council owned gasworks was cheaper. Crompton supplied the traction motors for the first electric trains on <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a>. The company manufactured electrical switchgear, alternators and generators for many <a href="/wiki/Power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power stations">power stations</a> in the UK and worldwide. </p><p>Crompton set up his original factory known as the 'Arc Works' in Queen Street in 1878. After a fire there in 1895,<sup id="cite_ref-essexcc1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essexcc1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he built a huge new electrical engineering factory also called the 'Arc Works' in Writtle Road. Crompton and Co. became <a href="/wiki/Crompton_Parkinson" title="Crompton Parkinson">Crompton Parkinson</a> in 1927 when Colonel Crompton partnered with fellow electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Parkinson" title="Frank Parkinson">Frank Parkinson</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the factory was frequently targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>. In 1969 a takeover by <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley" title="Hawker Siddeley">Hawker Siddeley</a> saw Crompton Parkinson Ltd downsized and operations moved elsewhere. The <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> took over the site which became the base for the newly formed Marconi Radar Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After years of decline, the Marconi factory closed in 1992<sup id="cite_ref-essexcc1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essexcc1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the site was demolished a few years later apart from the frontage on Writtle Road. 'The Village' housing development now occupies the site with road names such as <i>Rookes</i> Crescent, <i>Evelyn</i> Place, <i>Crompton</i> Street and <i>Parkinson</i> Drive as tributes to the former occupant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoffmann_Ball_Bearings">Hoffmann Ball Bearings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hoffmann Ball Bearings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoffmann Ball bearings was a major employer in Chelmsford in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They produced ball bearings which were used for early transatlantic flight.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They opened a second factory at <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Gloucestershire" title="Stonehouse, Gloucestershire">Stonehouse, Gloucestershire</a> in the 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Stroudwater_Navigation" title="Stroudwater Navigation">Stroudwater Navigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The firm became Ransome Hoffmann and Pollard (R.H.P.) after Hoffman's amalgamation with <a href="/wiki/Ransome_%26_Marles" title="Ransome & Marles">Ransome & Marles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollard_Ball_and_Roller_Bearing_Company" title="Pollard Ball and Roller Bearing Company">Pollard Ball and Roller Bearing Company</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The R.H.P. brand, intellectual property rights and company assets were absorbed into the Japanese <a href="/wiki/NSK_Ltd." title="NSK Ltd.">NSK Ltd.</a> bearing company in early 1990 trading as NSK-RHP Ltd. at its UK base in Newark on Trent with the historic R.H.P. name finally disappearing in 2001.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most of the former Hoffman New Street factory was demolished during the summer of 1990 and the site is now occupied by the sprawling Rivermead Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>. </p><p>The only connection to the company name in Chelmsford today is the RHP Bowls club located on part of the old Hoffmans Social Club site at Canterbury Way and Hoffmans Way at the corner of the old factory site at New Street and Rectory Lane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Electric_Valve_Company">English Electric Valve Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: English Electric Valve Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Valve_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Valve Company">English Electric Valve Company</a></div> <p>The Waterhouse Lane–based company began in the early 1940s as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">Marconi</a> group, manufacturing magnetrons for defence radar systems. The company was first registered as a separate company in Chelmsford, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> in 1947 under Serge Aisenstein.<sup id="cite_ref-firedirect_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firedirect-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its initial name was the <b>Phoenix Dynamo Co Ltd</b>, though it immediately changed its name to English Electric Valve Company Ltd. </p><p>In 1959 Bob Coulson established <a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microwave_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave tube">Microwave tube</a> sections and they were producing ceramic hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratrons</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-firedirect_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firedirect-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time EEV was the largest hi-tech manufacturing company in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later they won an <a href="/wiki/Technology_%26_Engineering_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology & Engineering Emmy Award">EMMY award</a> for outstanding contribution to Electronics Technology in developing the 4½" orthicon tube. </p><p>In 1961 they acquired <a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a> Valve business based in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oatley" title="Charles Oatley">Charles Oatley</a> was a director of the company from 1966 to 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, EEV opened its first office in America in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, NY. In the 1970s EEV collaborated with <a href="/wiki/QinetiQ" class="mw-redirect" title="QinetiQ">QinetiQ</a> in the development of the pyroelectric <a href="/wiki/Vidicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidicon">vidicon</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imaging">thermal imaging</a> detector.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company has received 13 <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Awards_for_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Awards for Enterprise">Queen's Awards for Technology</a> in its history, most recently in 2006 for low light imaging devices and in 2004 for thyratrons for cancer radiotherapy treatment. In 1972, they opened an office in Paris and in 1977 they opened another in New York; this time in <a href="/wiki/Elmsford,_New_York" title="Elmsford, New York">Elmsford</a>. Keith Attwood, e2v's CEO joined in 1999, as MD of EEV, after a short period as Marconi Applied technologies, the company was renamed to e2v technologies in 2002 as part of a management buy out supported by 3i following the collapse of the Marconi group. Following further growth under 3i, in 2004 the company floated on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>. </p><p>In 2017, e2v was acquired by US company Teledyne Technologies and changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Teledyne_e2v" title="Teledyne e2v">Teledyne e2v</a>, 70 years after its registration as a Chelmsford-based company. As of 2022, Teledyne e2v continues its operations at the Waterhouse Lane site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britvic">Britvic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Britvic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britvicbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Britvicbuilding.jpg/220px-Britvicbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Britvicbuilding.jpg/330px-Britvicbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Britvicbuilding.jpg/440px-Britvicbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Britvic House, the former <a href="/wiki/Britvic" title="Britvic">Britvic</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Britvic" title="Britvic">Britvic</a></div> <p>The Britvic soft drink company began life as the British Vitamin Company in 1948. The origins of the company can be traced back to a chemist's shop in Tindal Street where flavoured waters were on sale as early as the mid-19th century. </p><p>The company was acquired by Showerings of <a href="/wiki/Shepton_Mallet" title="Shepton Mallet">Shepton Mallet</a>, and subsequently a division of <a href="/wiki/Allied_Breweries" title="Allied Breweries">Allied Breweries</a> from 1968, The British Vitamin Company changed its name to Britvic in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Brivic_History_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brivic_History-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 it merged with <i>Canada Dry Rawlings</i> and acquired the <a href="/wiki/R._White%27s" title="R. White's">R. White's</a> Lemonade brand.<sup id="cite_ref-Brivic_History_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brivic_History-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acquired <a href="/wiki/Tango_(drink)" title="Tango (drink)">Tango</a> from <a href="/wiki/Beecham_(pharmaceutical_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beecham (pharmaceutical company)">Beechams</a> in 1987 and since that year it has owned the UK franchise for <a href="/wiki/Pepsi-Cola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsi-Cola">Pepsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/7_Up" title="7 Up">7 Up</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brivic_History_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brivic_History-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995 it bought <a href="/wiki/Robinsons_(drink)" title="Robinsons (drink)">Robinson's</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reckitt_Benckiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Reckitt Benckiser">Reckitt & Colman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2005 the Company underwent an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO) allowing its main shareholders (<a href="/wiki/InterContinental_Hotels_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="InterContinental Hotels Group">InterContinental Hotels Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitbread" title="Whitbread">Whitbread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernod_Ricard" title="Pernod Ricard">Pernod Ricard</a>) to realise their investments. </p><p>In May 2007 the company went on to buy the soft drinks and distribution businesses of Ireland's <a href="/wiki/C%26C_Group" title="C&C Group">Cantrell & Cochrane</a> (C&C) for £169.5m.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 November 2012 the Company agreed to merge with <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A.G._Barr" title="A.G. Barr">A.G. Barr</a>, producer of Scottish soft drinks <a href="/wiki/Irn-Bru" title="Irn-Bru">Irn-Bru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizer" title="Tizer">Tizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dandelion_and_Burdock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion and Burdock">D'n'B</a>, to create one of Europe's largest soft drinks companies.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the merger was put into serious doubt<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Office of Fair Trading referred the merger to the Competition Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Britvic UK headquarters at Britvic House in Broomfield Road closed in March 2012. It relocated to <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a> to facilitate better transport links for its staff.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 March 2014 the Britvic Westway factory closed for good thus ending the company's 150-year association with the city.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Beaulieu_Park_railway_station"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmsfordstation2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chelmsfordstation2008.JPG/220px-Chelmsfordstation2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chelmsfordstation2008.JPG/330px-Chelmsfordstation2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chelmsfordstation2008.JPG/440px-Chelmsfordstation2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Chelmsford station entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Railway" title="Eastern Counties Railway">Eastern Counties Railway</a> arrived in Chelmsford in 1842. Owing to the geography of the city, three viaducts were constructed: the longest of which has 18-arches through <a href="/wiki/Central_Park,_Chelmsford" title="Central Park, Chelmsford">Central Park</a>; the station is at the end of the second viaduct; and the third is at the River Chelmer, Springfield. The current station dates from around 1885. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greater_Anglia" title="Greater Anglia">Greater Anglia</a> operates all services at <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_railway_station" title="Chelmsford railway station">Chelmsford railway station</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Southbound services operate to <a href="/wiki/London_Liverpool_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="London Liverpool Street">London Liverpool Street</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Shenfield_railway_station" title="Shenfield railway station">Shenfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratford_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratford railway station">Stratford</a></li> <li>Northbound services run to <a href="/wiki/Colchester_railway_station" title="Colchester railway station">Colchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_railway_station" title="Ipswich railway station">Ipswich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea_railway_station" title="Clacton-on-Sea railway station">Clacton-on-Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harwich_International_railway_station" title="Harwich International railway station">Harwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braintree_railway_station_(England)" title="Braintree railway station (England)">Braintree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a>.</li></ul> <p>Around 14,000 commuters each day travel to Liverpool Street by train, making Chelmsford one of the busiest non-terminus stations outside London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current bus terminal in Duke Street is the focal point of services in the city. It replaced the ageing 1930s bus station in March 2007 with shops, apartments and a covered roof for passengers. </p><p>Routes are operated by the following companies:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Essex" title="First Essex">First Essex</a> is the primary operator, running many routes around the city and beyond including to Basildon, Billericay, Braintree, Colchester, Maldon and Southend. It also operates the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Airlink" title="Essex Airlink">X10/X30 <i>Essex Airlink</i></a> to <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a>. There are a variety of <a href="/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school buses</a> serving the city and surrounding areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Colchester" title="Arriva Colchester">Arriva Colchester</a> operates a single service, the 59 route, to <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Roxwell" title="Roxwell">Roxwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rodings" title="The Rodings">The Rodings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Heath" title="Hatfield Heath">Hatfield Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Harlow" title="Old Harlow">Old Harlow</a>.</li> <li>Other bus companies serve the area including <a href="/wiki/Stephensons_of_Essex" title="Stephensons of Essex">Stephensons of Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedingham_%26_Chambers" title="Hedingham & Chambers">Hedingham & Chambers</a>.</li></ul> <p>Outside of peak times, many of these services are run under contract to <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a>. </p><p>Essex County Council's Highways and Transportation Department have considered constructing a <i>Bus Rapid Transit System</i> to be built serving the Beaulieu Park/Springfield Area because of the increasing demand for Rapid Transit Plans in Ipswich, Colchester and Southend. </p><p>Chelmsford has a <a href="/wiki/Park_%26_ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Park & ride">park & ride</a> service at nearby <a href="/wiki/Sandon,_Essex" title="Sandon, Essex">Sandon</a>, just off junction 18 of the A12; it runs Monday to Saturday, with a capacity of 1,200 cars. Opened in March 2006, it has proved highly successful and is used widely.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second service, known as the <i>Chelmer Valley Park and Ride</i>, was opened on the A130/A131 to the north of the city near <a href="/wiki/Little_Waltham" title="Little Waltham">Little Waltham</a> in April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/A12_road_(England)" title="A12 road (England)">A12</a> trunk road, which connects <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">east London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft" title="Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a>, was originally built by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a> to connect London and <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used to run through the city, until the £34.8m nine-mile (14 km) bypass around the east opened in November 1986. Despite being notorious for frequent congestion, poor road surfaces, potholes and accidents, many people move to Chelmsford for it being so well connected by road and rail. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/A414" class="mw-redirect" title="A414">A414</a> trunk road between <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Maldon</a> is a main road into the city, just off the A12, and links the city to junction 7 of the [M11] motorway in the west, near Harlow. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/A130_road_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="A130 road (England)">A130</a> provides a link to the <a href="/wiki/A127" class="mw-redirect" title="A127">A127</a> and <a href="/wiki/A13_road_(England)" title="A13 road (England)">A13</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/A131_road_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="A131 road (England)">A131</a> passes through smaller towns and villages. The nearest motorway is the M25 <i>London Orbital</i> at J11 of the A12, 14 miles away, near Brentwood. </p><p>In the south-west of the city centre, the A138 meets the A414 at the Army and Navy roundabout which is notorious for its traffic congestion: </p> <ul><li>Traffic lights were tried to improve matters in the early 2000s, but that scheme was abandoned after a short while; however, some of the lights were recommissioned for early morning and evening part-time use in 2009.</li> <li>The recently-built bus lane on the A1114 Great Baddow bypass, and priority to traffic using it, has meant traffic queues approaching the roundabout can now be over 1 mi (1.6 km) long during peak periods.</li> <li>The roundabout is known as the <i>Army and Navy</i> even though the public house and music venue from which the junction got its name has long been demolished.</li> <li>Until 2019, the junction had an unusual bi-directional flyover (in a similar manner to the <a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Roundabout" title="Hogarth Roundabout">Hogarth Roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiswick" title="Chiswick">Chiswick</a>); it was open for city-bound traffic westerly until 2.30 pm each day and then easterly out of the city after 2.30 pm. The Army and Navy roundabout flyover was condemned as unsafe and was permanently closed in September 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a> with demolition works taking place in February/March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction of the £32 million replacement A138 Chelmer Viaduct road, which connects Chelmer Village Way roundabout to the Army and Navy roundabout, began in February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new bridge replaced the previous structure, built in 1932, which was demolished in 2016.</li> <li>On 15 January 2024, final plans were announced for the £81m Army and Navy sustainable transport package by Essex County Council including a so-called 'hamburger' roundabout due for completion by 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Since 2 September 2013, to save money and reduce carbon emissions, many streets lights in the Chelmsford district switched over to Essex County Council's part-night street lighting scheme. This involves most street lights being switched off between 1:00 am and 5:00 am<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Tuesday to Sunday) with exceptions such as the city centre area, key road junctions, some <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a> and known accident sites;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Monday mornings, the switch off is from midnight to 5:00 am. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chelmsford is 25 to 30 minutes by road from Stansted Airport (via A130/A120); <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">London Gatwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport" title="Luton Airport">Luton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend Airport">Southend</a> airports are all within reach by rail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_transport_plans">Future transport plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Future transport plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass.png/220px-Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass.png/330px-Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass.png/440px-Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map of route for the proposed new Chelmsford bypass</figcaption></figure> <p>Proposals for a bypass of Chelmsford connecting the A12 interchange at <a href="/wiki/Boreham" title="Boreham">Boreham</a> (junction 19) and the <a href="/wiki/A131_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A131 road (Great Britain)">A131</a> were put forward for public consultation by <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a> in 2006; the preferred route was announced in March 2007. It comprises the creation of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>7.9 km (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> mi) of two-lane dual carriageway and junctions connecting to the A12 and A131, it will sever 10 footpaths/bridleways and involve almost entirely greenfield construction.<sup id="cite_ref-ECC1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme was estimated to cost £138 million in March 2007<sup id="cite_ref-ECC1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was increased to an estimated range of £229 – £262 million in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-ECC2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme still requires funding and planning permission with applications timetabled for 2009–2011, a public inquiry timetabled for 2012 and with an estimated construction start date of 2014–2016.<sup id="cite_ref-ECC3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECC3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chelmsford North Action Group (NAG) objects to this scheme, stating that Chelmsford was to "be engulfed by huge motorways connecting the Channel Ports, via a new <a href="/wiki/Lower_Thames_Crossing" title="Lower Thames Crossing">Lower Thames Crossing</a>, <a href="/wiki/A130_road" title="A130 road">A130</a>, on to Stansted, M11 and A14".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second railway station, to be called <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_Park_railway_station" title="Beaulieu Park railway station">Beaulieu Park</a>, has been proposed to serve the new Beaulieu housing developments to the north-east of Chelmsford.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work began in January 2023 and the station is set to open in late 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major new development on the Duke Street site of the old 1930s bus station was completed in 2007, which contains a new smaller bus station, shops and luxury apartments. The lower level apartments of this development and the bus station area is known as <i>Marconi Plaza</i>, while the upper level apartments are known as the <i>Kings Tower</i>. The new bus station and shops were opened in January 2007, while the rest of the development was ready in September 2007. </p><p>A new housing development site near Beaulieu Park, towards the north of the city, is currently under construction; it will be an urban village containing around 3,500 homes. </p><p>The public house <i>The Army and Navy</i>, from which the roundabout gets its name, was demolished in March 2007. It was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Travelodge" title="Travelodge">Travelodge</a> hotel, a <i>Frankie & Benny's</i> restaurant, a bed store and private apartments. Building work started at the site in October 2007 and the project was completed in December 2008. </p><p>Recently, plans were revealed for <i>Waterside</i>, a large development of shops, bars and restaurants on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Chelmer" title="River Chelmer">River Chelmer</a> on derelict land near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essex_Records_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essex Records Office (page does not exist)">Essex Records Office</a>, at the end of Wharf Road. If this development goes ahead, High Bridge Road, which connects Parkway and Springfield Road, would be demolished along with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Gasometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasometers">gasometers</a> and a new central link road would be built. </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> central campus, off Park Road, was demolished in January/February 2010; it has been redeveloped by social housing provider <i>Genesis</i> as a mixed use development of housing for social rent, alongside other new housing for private sale and several retail units, new squares, streets and plazas. The new development has been given the name <i>City Park West</i>. </p><p>High Chelmer shopping centre underwent a refit during 2008/2009 with new flooring, lighting with a new front entrance and a rebounded logo. Further work is being carried out in the shopping centre; an old portion was demolished in spring 2011 and the work was completed in early 2012. </p><p>In January 2011, John Lewis announced, together with development partner Aquila House Holdings, that it was to anchor a brand new 119,000-square-foot (11,100 m<sup>2</sup>) department store as part of a 300,000-square-foot (28,000 m<sup>2</sup>) retail development at Bond Street. The site opened in September 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkside_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Parkside_Court.jpg/220px-Parkside_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Parkside_Court.jpg/330px-Parkside_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Parkside_Court.jpg/440px-Parkside_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Parkside Court</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Baddow,_Chain_Home_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Great_Baddow%2C_Chain_Home_Tower.jpg/220px-Great_Baddow%2C_Chain_Home_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Great_Baddow%2C_Chain_Home_Tower.jpg/330px-Great_Baddow%2C_Chain_Home_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Great_Baddow%2C_Chain_Home_Tower.jpg/440px-Great_Baddow%2C_Chain_Home_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4485" /></a><figcaption>Great Baddow, Chain Home Tower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylands_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hylands_house.jpg/220px-Hylands_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hylands_house.jpg/330px-Hylands_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hylands_house.jpg/440px-Hylands_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Hylands House</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivercan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rivercan.jpg/220px-Rivercan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rivercan.jpg/330px-Rivercan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rivercan.jpg/440px-Rivercan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/River_Can" title="River Can">River Can</a> in the city centre with part of the 1960s flood prevention scheme clearly visible</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hylands_House" title="Hylands House">Hylands House</a> and Park, just to the west of the city, are a country house and parkland which were saved from dereliction after being purchased by the local council in 1966, after the death of the last private owner, and is now open to the public. Dating from 1730, the house was much damaged by fire and vandalism by the time of the sale, but has since been completely restored by Chelmsford City Council and is now available for weddings and other private hires including conferences. The 574 acres (232 hectares) park was landscaped by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Repton" title="Humphry Repton">Humphry Repton</a> has hosted a wide range of community events, including the annual music festival <a href="/wiki/V_Festival" title="V Festival">V Festival</a>. The 21st <a href="/wiki/World_Scout_Jamboree_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="World Scout Jamboree 2007">World Scout Jamboree 2007</a> was held at Hylands Park from 27 July to 8 August 2007. Within the grounds which comprise woodland, rolling grassland and lakes is a large children's play area with adjoining car parking. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Museum" title="Chelmsford Museum">Chelmsford Museum</a> in Oaklands Park, off Moulsham Street, is a local history and industrial heritage museum which incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Regiment" title="Essex Regiment">Essex Regiment</a> Museum. A major £5 million extension and redevelopment scheme opened in January 2010 and the museum now includes exhibits and interactive displays focusing on Crompton, Marconi, and Hoffmann, as well as illustrating the development of the town and city from prehistory up to modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further development in 2019 upgraded the museum to include new visitor facilities as well as new exhibits from the Saxon burial site at Broomfield. A second site at Sandford Mill – Chelmsford's former waterworks – displays further exhibits from Chelmsford's telecommunications, electrical engineering and rolling bearings industries.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Chelmsford" title="Shire Hall, Chelmsford">Shire Hall</a> is situated at the top of the <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</a>. Opened in July 1791 and built by local architect and Essex <a href="/wiki/County_surveyor" title="County surveyor">county surveyor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Johnson_(architect,_born_1732)" title="John Johnson (architect, born 1732)">John Johnson</a>, it features a <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a> façade. One of the oldest and most prominent buildings in Chelmsford, it was built as a courthouse and there has been a court on the site since at least 1199. However this finally came to an end on 2 April 2012 with the opening of a new magistrates' court a short distance away in New Street.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral" title="Chelmsford Cathedral">Chelmsford Cathedral</a>, which is located directly behind the Shire Hall, is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Originally called "St Mary's Church", it became a cathedral when the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chelmsford" title="Diocese of Chelmsford">Diocese of Chelmsford</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chelmsford" title="Bishop of Chelmsford">Bishop of Chelmsford</a> was created in 1914. It is officially the second smallest in England behind <a href="/wiki/Derby_Cathedral" title="Derby Cathedral">Derby Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmsford (HM Prison)">Chelmsford Prison</a> is a male prison and Young Offenders Institution, constructed in 1830. The 1979 film special of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Porridge_(1974_TV_series)" title="Porridge (1974 TV series)">Porridge</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Barker" title="Ronnie Barker">Ronnie Barker</a> was filmed largely on location at Chelmsford Prison, while it was closed for repairs after a fire. </p><p>The 1842 constructed, 18-arch Victorian railway <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">viaduct</a> (that spans the <a href="/wiki/River_Can" title="River Can">River Can</a> in Central Park) is one of three railway viaducts in the city that carry the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a>. The viaduct was constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Railway" title="Eastern Counties Railway">Eastern Counties Railway</a> and opened for passenger traffic on 29 March 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chelmsford's two tallest buildings are: </p> <ul><li>Parkside Court, built in 1962 as Melbourne Court in Melbourne Avenue, sometimes locally known as "Melbourne flats", and</li> <li>the 13-floor "Kings Tower" in Duke Street, completed in 2007.</li></ul> <p>They share the same height of 141.04 feet (42.99 m). </p><p>The tallest structure by far in the borough is the former <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a> radar tower in <a href="/wiki/Great_Baddow" title="Great Baddow">Great Baddow</a> which rises to 360 ft (110 m). The tower was constructed in 1937 and originally stood at the village of <a href="/wiki/Canewdon" title="Canewdon">Canewdon's</a> former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> base (1936–1970).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1956 it was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Great_Baddow" title="Great Baddow">Great Baddow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historicengland.org.uk_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicengland.org.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only Chain Home tower still in its original unmodified form in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and is a highly visible landmark throughout the surrounding area. The tower was finally given <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II</a> listed building status in October 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historicengland.org.uk_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicengland.org.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From over 600,000 years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Anglian_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglian Stage">Anglian Stage</a> around 478,000 to 424,000 years ago, the early <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> flowed through the area where Chelmsford now stands, from <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a> to <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, before crossing what is now the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to become a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. Consequently, gravel deposits are frequently found in the area and current and former <a href="/wiki/Gravel_pit" title="Gravel pit">gravel pits</a> in the district are common. </p><p>Chelmsford has two rivers, the <a href="/wiki/River_Can" title="River Can">River Can</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Chelmer" title="River Chelmer">River Chelmer</a>. Although often confused to be the same river in the city centre, they are quite separate until they join towards the east of the city to form the <a href="/wiki/Chelmer_and_Blackwater_Navigation" title="Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation">Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation</a> which heads out towards <a href="/wiki/Maldon,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldon, Essex">Maldon</a> before flowing into <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> waters at the <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Estuary" title="Blackwater Estuary">Blackwater Estuary</a>. In the other direction, the Chelmer comes from the north from its source near <a href="/wiki/Thaxted" title="Thaxted">Thaxted</a> while the Can comes from the West from <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a> where it separates from the River Wid. </p><p>Until the 1960s, these rivers were extremely prone to flooding the city centre area including two disastrous floods in August 1888 (known locally as 'The Great Flood') and in September 1958 (which also badly affected nearby <a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a>) causing widespread damage. Flood prevention schemes in the 1960s on both rivers have largely prevented any further incidents here although the natural floodplains to the north and east such as The 'Baddow Meads' and The 'Chelmer Valley' continue to see flooding after prolonged heavy rainfall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most of the UK, Chelmsford has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">temperate oceanic climate</a> (<i>Cfb</i> in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>), however due to its proximity to continental Europe, Chelmsford enjoys warm summers and cool but not cold winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Being in the southeast of England, the city enjoys a warmer climate than most of the United Kingdom and is one of the driest areas in the country. The nearest <a href="/wiki/Met_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Met office">met office</a> weather station is in <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a>, 2 miles (3 kilometres) west of the city centre. </p><p>The record highest temperature recorded in Chelmsford was 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) on 19 July 2022<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beating the previous record of 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) which was set on 25 July 2019. </p><p>The coldest temperature recorded in Chelmsford was −20.6 °C (−5.1 °F) on 29 January 1947. A low of −18.0 °C (−0.4 °F) was recorded during December 1981, and more recently the temperature fell to −13.0 °C (8.6 °F) on 20 December 2010. <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a> is common, occurring on an average of 53 nights of the year. </p><p>Rainfall averages 591.8 mm a year, with daily totals of over 1 mm falling on 108.1 days of the year. Thunderstorms are rare and mostly occur during July and August. All averages refer to the 30-year observation period 1981–2010. </p><p>Chelmsford was struck by a F1/F2 <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> on 23 November 1981 as part of the record-breaking nationwide <a href="/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_tornado_outbreak" title="1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak">United Kingdom tornado outbreak</a> on that day causing some damage in the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elevation: 32 m (105 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1960–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.6<br />(−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1<br />(12.0) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.0<br />(−0.4) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.6<br />(−5.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2<br />(2.09) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(1.54) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(1.58) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(1.64) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.7<br />(1.92) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(1.96) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(1.74) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.7<br />(2.04) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6<br />(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.1<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">591.8<br />(23.30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">108.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6A6A6A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.0 </td> <td style="background: #989898; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.1 </td> <td style="background: #B2B274; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.6 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.9 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.0 </td> <td style="background: #C5C507; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.4 </td> <td style="background: #B3B370; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.9 </td> <td style="background: #818181; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.7 </td> <td style="background: #565656; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.4 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD35; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,598.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-Met_Averages_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chelmsford has a wide range of educational institutions. Higher education in the city is provided at one campus of <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> (formerly called Anglia Polytechnic) and <a href="/wiki/Writtle_University_College" title="Writtle University College">Writtle University College</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_College" title="Chelmsford College">Chelmsford College</a> is the main provider of further education in the city. Sixth form colleges are attached to many of the secondary schools listed below. </p><p>Secondary school educational establishments in Chelmsford include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Boswells_School" title="The Boswells School">The Boswells School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Beaulieu_Park_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Beaulieu Park School (page does not exist)">The Beaulieu Park School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmer_Valley_High_School" title="Chelmer Valley High School">Chelmer Valley High School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_School_and_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbus School and College (page does not exist)">Columbus School and College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_County_High_School_for_Girls" title="Chelmsford County High School for Girls">Chelmsford County High School for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Baddow_High_School" title="Great Baddow High School">Great Baddow High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylands_School" title="Hylands School">Hylands School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI_Grammar_School,_Chelmsford" title="King Edward VI Grammar School, Chelmsford">King Edward VI Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulsham_High_School" title="Moulsham High School">Moulsham High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hall_School" title="New Hall School">New Hall School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sandon_School" title="The Sandon School">The Sandon School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Payne_Catholic_School" title="St John Payne Catholic School">St John Payne Catholic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Chelmsford" title="St Peter's College, Chelmsford">St Peter's College</a> (closed in August 2011 and formerly known as Rainsford High School).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriftwood_School_and_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thriftwood School and College (page does not exist)">Thriftwood School and College</a></li></ul> <p>Chelmsford includes many primary schools, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bishop%27s_C_of_E_%26_R_C_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Bishop's C of E & R C Primary School (page does not exist)">The Bishop's C of E & R C Primary School</a>, one of the few joint Anglican and Roman Catholic primary schools in the country<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chelmsford is often referred to as <b>the Birthplace of Radio</b>. </p> <ul><li><b>City Sound Radio</b> is a community radio station which started broadcasting online and on digital services in September 2023, delivering local news, topics, popular music, and a haven for unsigned musicians with session and broadcast performance facilities. It was created to provide more provincial representation at a time where national broadcasters had started to curtail their local obligations. citysound.radio</li> <li><b>Chelmsford Community Radio (CCR)</b> broadcasts to the city on 104.4FM. It started out in 2013 as an internet only station and was granted an FM Licence in 2015. The FM frequency launched in 2017. The station offers a wide range of shows catering for many different tastes as well as offering a platform for many local bands, charities, community groups and businesses. www.chelmsfordcommunityradio.com</li> <li>Chelmsford was home to local radio station <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Radio" title="Chelmsford Radio">Chelmsford Radio</a>. The station moved to studios in <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a> having vacated its <a href="/wiki/Heybridge,_Maldon" title="Heybridge, Maldon">Heybridge</a> premises on 12 January 2009. The station was originally situated in Chelmsford city centre in Cater House until November 2006. This station was previously known as Dream 107.7 until February, and before that, 107.7 Chelmer FM up to 2002. The station began broadcasting on 18 October 1998. It is the local station for mid-<a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Radio" title="Adventure Radio">Adventure Radio</a> have owned this station since 2008, where it was purchased from Tindle Radio Ltd. As of 19 February 2015, Chelmsford and Southend Radio re-branded and merged to form <a href="/wiki/Radio_Essex" title="Radio Essex">Radio Essex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> www.radioessex.com</li> <li>Chelmsford has a local opt-out of <a href="/wiki/Heart_(radio_network)" title="Heart (radio network)">Heart</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heart_Essex_(regional)" title="Heart Essex (regional)">Heart Essex</a> (previously Essex FM up to June 2009) has been on air since 12 September 1981 and has been owned by <a href="/wiki/Global_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Radio">Global Radio</a> since 2007. It moved to studios in Glebe Road in late 2004, having previously been based in <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a>. In May 2009, the station was rebranded to The Heart of Essex, Essex FM. In June 2009, the popular Essex FM née Essex Radio name brand was dropped after 28 years. On 3 June 2019 Heart Essex was closed as part of wider changes to the Heart network. It was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Heart_East" title="Heart East">Heart East</a> with programs coming from studios in London and Milton Keynes. The Chelmsford studio was closed.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Essex" title="BBC Essex">BBC Essex</a> has been on air since 5 November 1986 and its studios are based in New London Road.</li> <li>There is a local <b>Award-winning, Hospital Radio Station</b> based out of Broomfield Hospital, known as Hospital Radio Chelmsford, the station has been running since 1964 and is supported by volunteers. The station broadcasts 24 hours for patients at the hospital but can also be listened to online and via the app. www.hrc.org.uk <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Until their closure in the mid-2000s <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglia Television">Anglia Television</a>/ITV Anglia had offices located in Chelmsford city centre. Chelmsford is served by London and East Anglia regional variations of the BBC and ITV1. Television signals are received from either the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_transmitting_station" title="Sudbury transmitting station">Sudbury</a> TV transmitters. </p><p>Chelmsford has its own <b>Film Festival</b> which was initially set up in 2017 by a few filmmakers and business owners who live in the Chelmsford area. This takes place predominantly at the Everyman Cinema in Chelmsford. </p><p>Publications based in Chelmsford include: </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Essex_Chronicle" title="Essex Chronicle">Essex Chronicle</a></i>, which was founded as the <i>Chelmsford Chronicle</i> in 1764. The weekly <i>Essex Chronicle</i> newspaper is the longest in continuous publication in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Until the closure of the printing plant in 2002, the paper was printed in the town. It is now printed on presses by the <a href="/wiki/Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach plc</a> Group which now owns the paper.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford_Weekly_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelmsford Weekly News (page does not exist)">Chelmsford Weekly News</a></i> was a free local paper which ceased production in June 2017.</li> <li>a popular publication is the free "Edge" magazine, a primarily volunteer effort aimed at older Chelmsfordians.</li> <li><i>The Face of Chelmsford</i> is a monthly magazine delivered to 12,500 homes in Chelmsford that has now become a digital publication updated daily.</li> <li><i>City Life</i> is a newspaper produced by Chelmsford City Council that is distributed throughout the area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2022, Chelmsford hosted its first <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> festival, <i>Concrete Canvas</i>. The festival saw around 30 murals created in the cities <a href="/wiki/Business_improvement_district" title="Business improvement district">Business Improvement District (BID)</a>. The artworks were created by a mix of local and internationally renowned street artists. They range from large pieces, installed on the walls of local businesses to smaller pieces on bollards and <a href="/wiki/Openreach" title="Openreach">Openreach</a> cabinets. The festival was supported by Chelmsford Council and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelmsfordforyou.co.uk/concretecanvas">Chelmsford For You</a>. </p><p>Concrete Canvas continued in May 2023, an additional 43 artworks were added to the street art trail including work by local artists and international names such as <a href="/wiki/D*Face" title="D*Face">DFace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shephard Fairey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral" title="Chelmsford Cathedral">Chelmsford Cathedral</a> is the second smallest cathedral in England after <a href="/wiki/Derby_Cathedral" title="Derby Cathedral">Derby Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built in the 15th and early 16th centuries, when it was the parish church of the prosperous medieval town. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chelmsford" title="Diocese of Chelmsford">Diocese of Chelmsford</a> was established in 1914 from part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Albans" title="Diocese of St Albans">Diocese of St Albans</a>. It covers all of Essex and much of East London. </p><p>Chelmsford is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brentwood" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brentwood">Roman Catholic Diocese of Brentwood</a> and the two dioceses are now uniquely (at least within England) conterminous. With the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> the Catholic community of Chelmsford was subjected to the anti-Catholic laws and Chelmsford was the site of the death of a Catholic martyr, Saint <a href="/wiki/John_Payne_(martyr)" title="John Payne (martyr)">John Payne</a>. In the 19th century, native Catholics resurfaced and immigrants helped to build up the Catholic community. There are now three Catholic churches within Chelmsford along with a <a href="/wiki/Norbertine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norbertine">Norbertine</a> <a href="/wiki/Canonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonry">canonry</a> situated on New London Road; <a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Priory" title="St. Philip's Priory">St. Philip's Priory</a> and one of the largest Catholic private boarding schools in the country, <a href="/wiki/New_Hall_School" title="New Hall School">New Hall School</a>. </p><p>Other denominations are represented, the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales">Presbyterians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Quakers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a> all have places of worship within the city. The Jehovah's Witnesses' <i>Bethel</i>, or UK supervisory office, is based in Chelmsford.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the local Muslim community, the majority of whom are Bengali and Pakistani, the Main Jamia Masjid mosque is located on Moulsham Street at the junction with Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Essex County Cricket Club">Essex County Cricket Club</a> is one of the 18 <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class</a> county clubs that make up the <a href="/wiki/County_cricket" title="County cricket">English domestic cricket structure</a>, representing the county of Essex. The club is based at the <a href="/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Chelmsford" title="County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford">County Ground</a> in New Writtle Street close to the city centre. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_City_F.C." title="Chelmsford City F.C.">Chelmsford City Football Club</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_South" title="National League South">National League South</a>. The club's home ground is at the Chelmsford Sport and Athletics Centre, Melbourne Park, which it shares with Chelmsford Athletic Club. Chelmsford is one of the largest settlements in England without a <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> team. The city is home to the Chelmsford Sunday League, of which there are five divisions consisting of teams from around the area. The former ground of the club<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/New_Writtle_Street_Stadium" title="New Writtle Street Stadium">New Writtle Street Stadium</a> hosted <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom">greyhound racing</a> which was one of two venues to do so. The other was at Springfield on local farmland on Pump Lane corner which took place during April 1949.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The racing at both was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the <a href="/wiki/National_Greyhound_Racing_Club" title="National Greyhound Racing Club">National Greyhound Racing Club</a>) and they were known as flapping tracks, which was the nickname given to independent tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_R.F.C." title="Chelmsford R.F.C.">Chelmsford Rugby Football Club</a> was established in 1920 and for the last 40 years has been playing rugby at Coronation Park in Timpsons Lane. As of 2016 the club has over 300 members and fields up to five senior teams each week. The club as of 2016 plays in the <a href="/wiki/London_1_North" title="London 1 North">London 1 North</a> league, the sixth tier of English rugby. In addition to the senior teams, there are 150 youth members providing teams from under 6's to under 17's. <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Hockey_Club" title="Chelmsford Hockey Club">Chelmsford Hockey Club</a> is a men's and ladies' field hockey club based in the city. It fields eight men's teams and five ladies' teams every weekend.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Ladies' 1st XI compete in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_England_Hockey_League" title="Women's England Hockey League">English Hockey League</a> Conference East as of July 2016. </p><p><b>Chelmsford Swimming Club</b> has been running for over 100 years and is located in the <b>Riverside Ice and Leisure</b> building in Chelmsford.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based in the same building are the <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Chieftains" title="Chelmsford Chieftains">Chelmsford Chieftains</a>, an ice hockey team that plays in the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Ice_Hockey_League" class="mw-redirect" title="English National Ice Hockey League">English National Ice Hockey League</a>. The club promotes the use of junior players and local players from the Chelmsford and Essex area. </p><p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> has been run at two separate venues using the name Chelmsford, neither actually in the city centre itself. The sport originally took place at <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Racecourse" title="Chelmsford Racecourse">Chelmsford Racecourse</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Galleywood" title="Galleywood">Galleywood</a>, from the 18th century until its closure in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new racecourse was established at <a href="/wiki/Great_Leighs" title="Great Leighs">Great Leighs</a> in 2008 and subsequently changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_City_Racecourse" title="Chelmsford City Racecourse">Chelmsford City Racecourse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014 the city has held a <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>. Starting and ending in the city centre, the marathon takes in the city itself and the surrounding environs. The 2014 edition had over 1000 participants.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chelmsford campus of <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> has many sports teams and facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_born_in_Chelmsford">Notable people born in Chelmsford</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable people born in Chelmsford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tindal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tindal.jpg/220px-Tindal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tindal.jpg/330px-Tindal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tindal.jpg/440px-Tindal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sir <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Conyngham_Tindal" title="Nicholas Conyngham Tindal">Nicholas Conyngham Tindal</a>, Tindal Square Chelmsford.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicians">Musicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Harris" title="Bon Harris">Bon Harris</a> (born 1965), of electronic music group <a href="/wiki/Nitzer_Ebb" title="Nitzer Ebb">Nitzer Ebb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Judd" title="Harry Judd">Harry Judd</a> (born 1985), drummer, <a href="/wiki/McFly" title="McFly">McFly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazell_Dean" title="Hazell Dean">Hazell Dean</a> (born 1952), singer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Webb" title="Reg Webb">Reg Webb</a> (born 1947), musician.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cracknell" title="Sarah Cracknell">Sarah Cracknell</a> (born 1967), singer, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Etienne_(band)" title="Saint Etienne (band)">Saint Etienne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brothers <a href="/wiki/Squarepusher" title="Squarepusher">Tom Jenkinson</a> (born 1975) and <a href="/wiki/Ceephax_Acid_Crew" title="Ceephax Acid Crew">Andy Jenkinson</a> (born 1979), electronic musicians.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sportspeople">Sportspeople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sportspeople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Addison" title="Angela Addison">Angela Addison</a> (born 1999), professional footballer.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Bearman" title="Oliver Bearman">Oliver Bearman</a> (born 2005), racing driver.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bury" title="Tom Bury">Tom Bury</a> (born 1958), first-class cricketer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Chilvers" title="Liam Chilvers">Liam Chilvers</a> (born 1981), professional footballer.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Chilvers" title="Noah Chilvers">Noah Chilvers</a> (born 2001), professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Collins_(footballer)" title="Peter Collins (footballer)">Peter Collins</a> (born 1948), professional footballer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cook_(Essex_cricketer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Cook (Essex cricketer)">Sam Cook</a> (born 1997), cricketer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Eales" title="Darren Eales">Darren Eales</a> (born 1972), chief executive officer of Premier League football club <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle United">Newcastle United</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_French" title="Nathan French">Nathan French</a> (born 1990), Olympic volleyball player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gibson_(swimmer)" title="James Gibson (swimmer)">James Gibson</a> (born 1980), swimmer.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Halford" title="Greg Halford">Greg Halford</a> (born 1984), professional footballer.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harper_(footballer)" title="James Harper (footballer)">James Harper</a> (born 1980), professional footballer.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_James" title="Cameron James">Cameron James</a> (born 1998), professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Kenworthy" title="Gus Kenworthy">Gus Kenworthy</a> (born 1991), freestyle skier.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Key_(Formula_One)" title="James Key (Formula One)">James Key</a> (born 1972) F1 designer and engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_O%27Kelly" title="Malcolm O'Kelly">Malcolm O'Kelly</a> (born 1974), Irish rugby union player.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Prowting" title="Nick Prowting">Nick Prowting</a> (born 1985), cricketer.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Spink" title="Nigel Spink">Nigel Spink</a> (born 1958), professional footballer.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Westbrook" title="Richard Westbrook">Richard Westbrook</a> (born 1975), racing driver.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actors">Actors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Payne_(actor)" title="Tom Payne (actor)">Tom Payne</a> (born 1982), actor.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Edmonds" title="Mike Edmonds">Mike Edmonds</a> (born 1944), actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Thomas_(actor)" title="Joe Thomas (actor)">Joe Thomas</a> (born 1983), actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Lesley" title="Carole Lesley">Carole Lesley</a> (1935–1974), actress.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists">Artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Grayson_Perry" title="Grayson Perry">Grayson Perry</a> (born 1960), contemporary artist, broadcaster and cross-dresser.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Spare" title="Richard Spare">Richard Spare</a> (born 1951), artist.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Hole" title="Cheryl Hole">Cheryl Hole</a> (born 1993), <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Gannon" title="Chris Gannon">Chris Gannon</a> (born 1980), renewable energy pioneer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Attridge" title="Florence Attridge">Florence Attridge</a> (1901–1975), involved in making secret radio sets used by the resistance during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clift_King" title="George Clift King">George Clift King</a> (1848–1935), former mayor of Calgary, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Knight" title="Anne Knight">Anne Knight</a> (1786–1862), anti-slavery and feminist activist.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Perry" title="Sarah Perry">Sarah Perry</a> (born 1979), writer.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Strutt_(engraver_and_antiquary)" title="Joseph Strutt (engraver and antiquary)">Joseph Strutt</a> (1749–1802), engraver and antiquary.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Conyngham_Tindal" title="Nicholas Conyngham Tindal">Nicholas Conyngham Tindal</a> (1776–1846), lawyer and judge.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Morter" title="Jon Morter">Jon Morter</a> (born 1974), campaigner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Skirth" title="Ronald Skirth">Ronald Skirth</a> (1897–1977), World War I veteran.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Walter Mildmay</a> (1523–1589), Chancellor of the Exchequer of England under Elizabeth I.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._Baker" title="J. A. Baker">J. A. Baker</a> (1926–1987), writer and naturalist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Blame" title="Steve Blame">Steve Blame</a> (born 1959), VJ on MTV.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Woodward" title="Ed Woodward">Ed Woodward</a> (born 1971), <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester United">Manchester United</a> football club.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dannatt" title="Richard Dannatt">The Lord Dannatt</a> (born 1950), British Army officer, politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a> (1552–1637), translator.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chelmsford's official <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twin towns</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-Chelmsford_twinnings_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chelmsford_twinnings-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Annonay" title="Annonay">Annonay</a>, Ardèche, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-Chelmsford_twinnings_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chelmsford_twinnings-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Backnang" title="Backnang">Backnang</a>, Baden-Württemberg, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-Chelmsford_twinnings_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chelmsford_twinnings-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The city has a sister city: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Chelmsford local government area</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weather station is located 2 miles (3 km) from the Chelmsford city centre.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BUA21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BUA21_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUA21_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/datasets/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwalescensus2021">"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021 – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Towns+and+cities%2C+characteristics+of+built-up+areas%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+Census+2021+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fhousing%2Fdatasets%2Ftownsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwalescensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160107070948/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html">"Release Edition Reference Tables"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. 2 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Release+Edition+Reference+Tables&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fpublications%2Fre-reference-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014240/http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/sites/chelmsford.gov.uk/files/files/files/documents/files/Census%202011%20Key%20Statistics%20Chelmsford%20Dec%202012%20WEB.pdf">"Census 2011: Key Statistics Chelmsford"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chelmsford City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/sites/chelmsford.gov.uk/files/files/files/documents/files/Census%202011%20Key%20Statistics%20Chelmsford%20Dec%202012%20WEB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Key+Statistics+Chelmsford&rft.pub=Chelmsford+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsford.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fchelmsford.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Ffiles%2FCensus%25202011%2520Key%2520Statistics%2520Chelmsford%2520Dec%25202012%2520WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RB_Birth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RB_Birth_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert's <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a> for Comyn's murder, in 1310, gives Robert as a layman of Carrick, indicating Carrick / Turnberry was either his primary residence, or place of birth. <a href="/wiki/Lochmaben" title="Lochmaben">Lochmaben</a> has a claim, as a possession of the Bruce family, but is not supported by a medieval source. The contemporary claims of Essex / the Bruce estate at <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a> Essex, during the coronation of Edward, have been discounted by <a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">G. W. S. Barrow</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_the_Baker" title="Geoffrey the Baker">Geoffrey le Baker's</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicongalfrid00bakeuoft">Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831232310/https://archive.org/details/chronicongalfrid00bakeuoft">Archived</a> 31 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ed. Edward Maunde Thompson (Oxford, 1889).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RB_Murison-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RB_Murison_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YCVFdVvZK8C&dq=writtle+and+bruce&pg=PA18">King Robert the Bruce By A. F. Murison</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111925/https://books.google.com/books?id=9YCVFdVvZK8C&pg=PA18&dq=writtle+and+bruce&sig=Tjk9iqKCTZFFkV-ul4w1DUHTMEo#PPA18,M1">Archived</a> 24 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish Kings 1005–1625, by Sir Archibald H Dunbar, Bt., Edinburgh, 1899, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scottishkingsrev00dunbuoft">p. 127</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831001654/https://archive.org/details/scottishkingsrev00dunbuoft">Archived</a> 31 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, where Robert the Bruce's birthplace is given "at Writtle, near Chelmsford in Essex, on the 11th July 1274". Baker, cited above, is mentioned with other authorities,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/england/essex/">"BBC – Legacies – Myths and Legends – England – Essex – Witch-finder witch?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Legacies+%E2%80%93+Myths+and+Legends+%E2%80%93+England+%E2%80%93+Essex+%E2%80%93+Witch-finder+witch%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flegacies%2Fmyths_legends%2Fengland%2Fessex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2012" class="citation news cs1">Russell, Steven (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eadt.co.uk/news/the-dullest-and-most-stupid-place-on-earth-charles-dickens-2026752">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The dullest and most stupid place on earth...' Charles Dickens in Suffolk and Essex"</a>. <i>East Anglia Daily Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Anglia+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+dullest+and+most+stupid+place+on+earth...%27+Charles+Dickens+in+Suffolk+and+Essex&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eadt.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fthe-dullest-and-most-stupid-place-on-earth-charles-dickens-2026752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603145922/http://www.chelmsfordwarmemorial.co.uk/WW2/WW2_HOWSE,_Pamela_Christine.html">"Pamela Christine HOWSE, Civilian. Killed in Chelmsford"</a>. Chelmsfordwarmemorial.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelmsfordwarmemorial.co.uk/WW2/WW2_HOWSE,_Pamela_Christine.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pamela+Christine+HOWSE%2C+Civilian.+Killed+in+Chelmsford&rft.pub=Chelmsfordwarmemorial.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsfordwarmemorial.co.uk%2FWW2%2FWW2_HOWSE%2C_Pamela_Christine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsfordwarmemorial.co.uk/second-world-war/chelmsford/ww2-judd-beryl-ina.html">"Beryl Ina JUDD, Civilian Fatally injured during an air raid at King's Road, Chelmsford. Aged 11"</a>. <i>Chelmsford War Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chelmsford+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=Beryl+Ina+JUDD%2C+Civilian+Fatally+injured+during+an+air+raid+at+King%27s+Road%2C+Chelmsford.+Aged+11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsfordwarmemorial.co.uk%2Fsecond-world-war%2Fchelmsford%2Fww2-judd-beryl-ina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/history-hylands">The History of Hylands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404214844/http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/history-hylands">Archived</a> 4 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chelmsford City Council, published 24 November 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404141706/http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/marconi">"Former Marconi site, New Street"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/marconi">the original</a> on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Marconi+site%2C+New+Street&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsford.gov.uk%2Fmarconi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-policy-and-new-local-plan/new-local-plan/adopted-local-plan/">"Adopted Local Plan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adopted+Local+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsford.gov.uk%2Fplanning-and-building-control%2Fplanning-policy-and-new-local-plan%2Fnew-local-plan%2Fadopted-local-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buyabetterhome.co.uk/23.html">The 20 Best Places in Britain to Buy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017005014/http://www.buyabetterhome.co.uk/23.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chez-vous.biz/blog/labels/uk.html">chez-vous.biz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612173728/http://www.chez-vous.biz/blog/labels/uk.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Wokingham in Berkshire comes out top in best place to live survey. Retrieved 8 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginmedia.com/homefamily/property/ten-best-places-to-live.php?ssid=3">Virgin Media – Top ten places to live</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083834/http://www.virginmedia.com/homefamily/property/ten-best-places-to-live.php?ssid=3">Archived</a> 1 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-18342211">"Chelmsford to receive Letters Patent granting city status"</a>. BBC News. 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chelmsford+to+receive+Letters+Patent+granting+city+status&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-essex-18342211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191257/http://www.essexportal.co.uk/essex-news/the-queen-gives-chelmsford-city-status">"The Queen Gives Chelmsford City Status"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexportal.co.uk/essex-news/the-queen-gives-chelmsford-city-status">the original</a> on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queen+Gives+Chelmsford+City+Status&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexportal.co.uk%2Fessex-news%2Fthe-queen-gives-chelmsford-city-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-city1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-city1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030070807/http://www.thediamondjubilee.org/chelmsford-perth-and-st-asaph-gain-city-status-mark-diamond-jubilee">"Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph gain city status to mark the Diamond Jubilee"</a>. <i>The official website of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essexhighways.org/highway-schemes/a1060-a1114-army-and-navy-flyover-chelmsford.aspx">the original</a> on 1 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A1060+%2F+A1114+Army+and+Navy+Flyover+Chelmsford+%26%23124%3B+Essex+County+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexhighways.org%2Fhighway-schemes%2Fa1060-a1114-army-and-navy-flyover-chelmsford.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004201001/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/a138-chelmsford-replacement-of-chelmer-viaduct">"A138 Chelmsford – Replacement of Chelmer Viaduct"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/a138-chelmsford-replacement-of-chelmer-viaduct/">the original</a> on 4 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A138+Chelmsford+%E2%80%93+Replacement+of+Chelmer+Viaduct&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highways.gov.uk%2Froads%2Froad-projects%2Fa138-chelmsford-replacement-of-chelmer-viaduct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-67984569">"Army and Navy roundabout: Final plans revealed to residents"</a>. BBC News. 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Army+and+Navy+roundabout%3A+Final+plans+revealed+to+residents&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-essex-67984569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731005534/http://www.essexchronicle.co.uk/Streetlights-partially-turned-night/story-26221541-detail/story.html">"Streetlights in Essex to be partially turned back on at night"</a>. <i>Essex Chronicle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexchronicle.co.uk/Streetlights-partially-turned-night/story-26221541-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essex+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Streetlights+in+Essex+to+be+partially+turned+back+on+at+night&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexchronicle.co.uk%2FStreetlights-partially-turned-night%2Fstory-26221541-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-and-Roads/Roads-and-Pavements/Street-lighting/Part-night-lighting.aspx">"Part night lighting – Essex County Council"</a>. <i>essexhighways.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=essexhighways.org&rft.atitle=Part+night+lighting+%E2%80%93+Essex+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexhighways.org%2FTransport-and-Roads%2FRoads-and-Pavements%2FStreet-lighting%2FPart-night-lighting.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECC1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECC1_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECC1_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/content/binaries/documents/Cabinet_Report_Chelmsford_N_E_Bypass_FINAL_VERSION.15-02-07.doc">"Cabinet Report Chelmsford NE Bypass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cabinet+Report+Chelmsford+NE+Bypass&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexcc.gov.uk%2Fvip8%2Fecc%2FECCWebsite%2Fcontent%2Fbinaries%2Fdocuments%2FCabinet_Report_Chelmsford_N_E_Bypass_FINAL_VERSION.15-02-07.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECC2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECC2_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/content/binaries/documents/Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass/Chelmsford_NE_Bypass_consultation_Jan_2008_-_Board_9.pdf">"Chelmsford NE Bypass consultation January 2008 – Board 9"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelmsford+NE+Bypass+consultation+January+2008+%E2%80%93+Board+9&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexcc.gov.uk%2Fvip8%2Fecc%2FECCWebsite%2Fcontent%2Fbinaries%2Fdocuments%2FChelmsford_North_East_Bypass%2FChelmsford_NE_Bypass_consultation_Jan_2008_-_Board_9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECC3-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECC3_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/content/binaries/documents/Chelmsford_North_East_Bypass/Chelmsford_NE_Bypass_consultation_Jan_2008_-_Board_11.pdf">"When will the bypass happen?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+will+the+bypass+happen%3F&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexcc.gov.uk%2Fvip8%2Fecc%2FECCWebsite%2Fcontent%2Fbinaries%2Fdocuments%2FChelmsford_North_East_Bypass%2FChelmsford_NE_Bypass_consultation_Jan_2008_-_Board_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a130-chelmsford.blogspot.com/">"Chelmsford North Action Group (NAG)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelmsford+North+Action+Group+%28NAG%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fa130-chelmsford.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/beaulieustation">Chelmsford City Council – North Chelmsford: Beaulieu Park Station</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104205205/http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/beaulieustation">Archived</a> 4 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Accessed 9 June 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essexchronicle.co.uk/Developers-pound-70m-infrastructure-deal/story-20799528-detail/story.html">Essex Chronicle, 17 March 2014 – New homes plan for Chelmsford will see £70m boost to city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140712183932/http://www.essexchronicle.co.uk/Developers-pound-70m-infrastructure-deal/story-20799528-detail/story.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Accessed 9 June 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6p17p36838o">"Work at new Beaulieu Park station hit 'critical milestone'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 21 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+at+new+Beaulieu+Park+station+hit+%27critical+milestone%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc6p17p36838o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615105500/http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=18250">"New Chelmsford Museum draws in the crowds"</a>. <i>Chelmsford City Council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=18250">the original</a> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chelmsford+City+Council&rft.atitle=New+Chelmsford+Museum+draws+in+the+crowds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsford.gov.uk%2Findex.cfm%3Farticleid%3D18250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/sandfordmill">"Sandford Mill"</a>. <i>Chelmsford City Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chelmsford+City+Council&rft.atitle=Sandford+Mill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsford.gov.uk%2Fsandfordmill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913204752/http://www.thisistotalessex.co.uk/Shire-Hall-shuts-loses-court-role/story-15725118-detail/story.html">"Shire Hall shuts as it loses its court role"</a>. <i>This is Essex</i>. 5 April 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holland%2C+Philemon+%281552%E2%80%931637%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13535&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-13535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chelmsford_twinnings-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chelmsford_twinnings_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chelmsford_twinnings_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chelmsford_twinnings_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517111507/http://chelmsfordtowntwinning.org.uk/ChelmsfordTownTwinningAssociationHome.aspx">"Chelmsford Town Twinning Association"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelmsford+Town+Twinning+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsfordtowntwinning.org.uk%2FChelmsfordTownTwinningAssociationHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509034706/http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=8406">"Chelmsford Borough Council – Twin Towns"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelmsford+Borough+Council+%E2%80%93+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsford.gov.uk%2Findex.cfm%3Farticleid%3D8406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/jiangsu/wuxi/2015-01/19/content_19346945.htm">"Chelmsford – China Daily"</a>. <i>China Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Chelmsford+%E2%80%93+China+Daily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fm%2Fjiangsu%2Fwuxi%2F2015-01%2F19%2Fcontent_19346945.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelmsford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John Alec Baker:<i> The Peregrine</i>,<i> The Hill of Summer</i> and <i>Diaries</i> (Collins, 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foreman, Stephen: <i>Hylands – the story of an Essex country house and its owners</i> (Ian Henry Publications, 1999)</li> <li>Lee, Janet Olivia: <i>Chelmsford – Birthplace of Radio</i> (Chelmsford Borough Council, 2001)</li> <li>Lowen, Ceri: <i>Hylands House – a brief history and guide</i> (Chelmsford Borough Council, 2005)</li> <li>Wander, Tim: <i>2MT Writtle – The birth of British Broadcasting</i> (Capella Publications, 1988)</li> <li>Weller-Lewis, Hugh: <i>Chelmsford Borough Guide</i> (Macmillan, 1995)</li> <li>Wickenden, Nick: <i>A Celebration of Chelmsford</i> (Chelmsford Borough Council, 1999)</li> <li><i>A town, its people and its past</i> (Chelmsford Record Office, 1988)</li> <li>Grieve, Hilda: <i>The Sleepers and the Shadows Volume 2 Chelmsford: a town, its people and its past</i> (Chelmsford Record Office, 1994)</li> <li>Begent, Andrew: <i>Chelmsford at War</i> (Ian Henry Publications Ltd, 1999)</li> <li>Torry, Gilbert: <i>Chelmsford through the ages</i> (East Anglian Magazine Ltd, 1977)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chelmsford_(England)#Q210985" 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.navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Essex&#124;link=Essex_Ceremonial_county_of_Essex" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Essex" title="Template:Essex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Essex" title="Template talk:Essex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Essex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Essex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Essex&#124;link=Essex_Ceremonial_county_of_Essex" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex"><img alt="Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/23px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/35px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/45px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aveley" title="Aveley">Aveley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billericay" title="Billericay">Billericay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Essex" title="Braintree, Essex">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightlingsea" title="Brightlingsea">Brightlingsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckhurst_Hill" title="Buckhurst Hill">Buckhurst Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham-on-Crouch" title="Burnham-on-Crouch">Burnham-on-Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwell_St_Mary" title="Chadwell St Mary">Chadwell St Mary</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chelmsford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigwell" title="Chigwell">Chigwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Ongar" title="Chipping Ongar">Chipping Ongar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coggeshall" title="Coggeshall">Coggeshall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corringham,_Essex" title="Corringham, Essex">Corringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovercourt" title="Dovercourt">Dovercourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping,_Essex" title="Epping, Essex">Epping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frinton-on-Sea" title="Frinton-on-Sea">Frinton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays,_Essex" title="Grays, Essex">Grays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dunmow" title="Great Dunmow">Great Dunmow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Essex" title="Hadleigh, Essex">Hadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halstead" title="Halstead">Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manningtree" title="Manningtree">Manningtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsea" title="Pitsea">Pitsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfleet" title="Purfleet">Purfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh,_Essex" title="Rayleigh, Essex">Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford" title="Rochford">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">Shoeburyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">South Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ockendon" title="South Ockendon">South Ockendon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Woodham_Ferrers" title="South Woodham Ferrers">South Woodham Ferrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford-le-Hope" title="Stanford-le-Hope">Stanford-le-Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaxted" title="Thaxted">Thaxted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersley" title="Thundersley">Thundersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey" title="Waltham Abbey">Waltham Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton-on-the-Naze" title="Walton-on-the-Naze">Walton-on-the-Naze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mersea" title="West Mersea">West Mersea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Thurrock" title="West Thurrock">West Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witham" title="Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe" title="Wivenhoe">Wivenhoe</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Essex" title="List of civil parishes in Essex">List of civil parishes in Essex</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex" title="River Blackwater, Essex">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brain" title="River Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Can" title="River Can">Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Chelmer" title="River Chelmer">Chelmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ching" title="River Ching">Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbins_Brook" title="Cobbins Brook">Cobbins Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Essex" title="River Colne, Essex">Colne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Crouch" title="River Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lee_Flood_Relief_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lee Flood Relief Channel">River Lee Flood Relief Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardyke_(river)" title="Mardyke (river)">Mardyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincey_Brook" title="Pincey Brook">Pincey Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prittle_Brook" title="Prittle Brook">Prittle Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roach" title="River Roach">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roding" title="River Roding">Roding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_River" title="Roman River">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stort" title="River Stort">Stort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">Stour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stour_Brook" title="Stour Brook">Stour Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ter" title="River Ter">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Essex" title="Category:Essex">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_commuter_belt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_commuter_belt" title="Template:London commuter belt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_commuter_belt" title="Template talk:London commuter belt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_commuter_belt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London commuter belt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_commuter_belt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">Home counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="London Commuter Belt"><img alt="London Commuter Belt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg/150px-London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg/225px-London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg/300px-London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnborough/Aldershot_Built-up_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough/Aldershot Built-up Area">Farnborough/Aldershot Built-up Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="High Wycombe Urban Area">High Wycombe Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton/Dunstable_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Luton/Dunstable Urban Area">Luton/Dunstable Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway"> Medway Towns Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading/Wokingham_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading/Wokingham Urban Area">Reading/Wokingham Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend Urban Area">Southend Urban Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cities and towns<br />(100k+)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Towns<br />(25k–99k)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Surrey" title="Ashford, Surrey">Ashford, Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billericay" title="Billericay">Billericay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Hill" title="Burgess Hill">Burgess Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camberley" title="Camberley">Camberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshunt" title="Cheshunt">Cheshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewell" title="Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earley" title="Earley">Earley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnborough,_Hampshire" title="Farnborough, Hampshire">Farnborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet,_Hampshire" title="Fleet, Hampshire">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingham,_Kent" title="Gillingham, Kent">Gillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays,_Essex" title="Grays, Essex">Grays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden" title="Harpenden">Harpenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham" title="Horsham">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard" title="Leighton Buzzard">Leighton Buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidenhead" title="Maidenhead">Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh,_Essex" title="Rayleigh, Essex">Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittingbourne" title="Sittingbourne">Sittingbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strood" title="Strood">Strood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames" title="Sunbury-on-Thames">Sunbury-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge" title="Tonbridge">Tonbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham" title="Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodley,_Berkshire" title="Woodley, Berkshire">Woodley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Towns<br />(10k–25k)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addlestone" title="Addlestone">Addlestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersham" title="Amersham">Amersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtead" title="Ashtead">Ashtead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldock" title="Baldock">Baldock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxbourne" title="Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckhurst_Hill" title="Buckhurst Hill">Buckhurst Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesham" title="Chesham">Chesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigwell" title="Chigwell">Chigwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corringham,_Essex" title="Corringham, Essex">Corringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croxley_Green" title="Croxley Green">Croxley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malling" title="East Malling">East Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englefield_Green" title="Englefield Green">Englefield Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping,_Essex" title="Epping, Essex">Epping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frimley" title="Frimley">Frimley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogmore,_Hampshire" title="Frogmore, Hampshire">Frogmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godalming" title="Godalming">Godalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Essex" title="Hadleigh, Essex">Hadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haywards_Heath" title="Haywards Heath">Haywards Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddesdon" title="Hoddesdon">Hoddesdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horley" title="Horley">Horley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Regis" title="Houghton Regis">Houghton Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaphill" title="Knaphill">Knaphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Marlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potters_Bar" title="Potters Bar">Potters Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford" title="Rochford">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhurst,_Berkshire" title="Sandhurst, Berkshire">Sandhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snodland" title="Snodland">Snodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepperton" title="Shepperton">Shepperton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">South Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southborough,_Kent" title="Southborough, Kent">Southborough, Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staines-upon-Thames" title="Staines-upon-Thames">Staines-upon-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford-le-Hope" title="Stanford-le-Hope">Stanford-le-Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanwell" title="Stanwell">Stanwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanley" title="Swanley">Swanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersley" title="Thundersley">Thundersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring" title="Tring">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey" title="Waltham Abbey">Waltham Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Cross" title="Waltham Cross">Waltham Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodford_Green" title="Woodford Green">Woodford Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yateley" title="Yateley">Yateley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210985#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtr86HhW36w9K7VgKPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4221669-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82104274">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555142805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/31c73193-85c6-4a15-ae27-61c173e30c81">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/79364">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&oldid=1256943174">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford&oldid=1256943174</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chelmsford" 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