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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_and_relationship_with_shamanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_and_relationship_with_shamanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology and relationship with shamanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_relationship_with_shamanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Tengrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Tengrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical Tengrism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_Tengrism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical Tengrism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_Tengrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orkhon_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orkhon_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Orkhon inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orkhon_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arghun's_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arghun's_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arghun's letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arghun's_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengrism_in_the_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengrism_in_the_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tengrism in the <i>Secret History of the Mongols</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengrism_in_the_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Tengrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Tengrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary Tengrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Tengrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_holy_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_holy_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbols and holy places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_holy_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-world_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-world_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Three-world cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-world_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heavenly_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavenly_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Heavenly world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavenly_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subterranean_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subterranean_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Subterranean world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subterranean_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Souls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Souls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Souls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Souls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_Story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_Story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Creation Story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_Story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengrism_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengrism_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tengrism and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengrism_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengrism_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengrism_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tengrism and Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tengrism_and_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tengrism and Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tengrism_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Contemporary views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengrism_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengrism_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tengrism and Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengrism_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Contemporary Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Modern revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Tengrist_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Tengrist_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Modern Tengrist authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Tengrist_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تنغرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنغرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrianismo" title="Tengrianismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tengrianismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenqri%C3%A7ilik" title="Tenqriçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tenqriçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تنگری‌چیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تنگری‌چیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="টেংরিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেংরিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Тәңреселек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәңреселек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тэнгрыянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэнгрыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тэнгрыянства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэнгрыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismo" title="Tengrismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tengrismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Тенгризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тенгризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrianisme" title="Tengrianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tengrianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Танкăр тĕнĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Танкăр тĕнĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismus" title="Tengrismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tengrismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismus" title="Tengrismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tengrismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τενγκρισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τενγκρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тенгризм – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тенгризм" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrianismo" title="Tengrianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tengrianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismo" title="Tengrismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tengrismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismo" title="Tengrismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tengrismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تنگری‌باوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنگری‌باوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tengrisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismo" title="Tengrismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tengrismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%A1%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%99" title="텡그리 신앙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텡그리 신앙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թենգրիականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թենգրիականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="तेन्ग्री धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेन्ग्री धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tengrisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismo" title="Tengrismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tengrismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%A3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Тәңіршілдік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәңіршілдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengr%C3%AEzm" title="Tengrîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tengrîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrizmas" title="Tengrizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tengrizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tengrisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrizmus" title="Tengrizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengrizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тенгризам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тенгризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrisma" title="Tengrisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tengrisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tengrisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80_%D1%88%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Тэнгэр шүтлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэнгэр шүтлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tengrisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tengrisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangrichilik" title="Tangrichilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tangrichilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਤੇਂਗਰੀ ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੇਂਗਰੀ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengriismo" title="Tengriismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tengriismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B1rilik" title="Teñrilik – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Teñrilik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengriism" title="Tengriism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tengriism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Тенгрианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тенгрианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Таҥара итэҕэлэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таҥара итэҕэлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrizmi" title="Tengrizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tengrizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tengrism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrizem" title="Tengrizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tengrizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="تەنگرییەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەنگرییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrizam" title="Tengrizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tengrizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrismi" title="Tengrismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tengrismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengriism" title="Tengriism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tengriism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தெங்கிரி மதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெங்கிரி மதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Тәңречелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәңречелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengricilik" title="Tengricilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tengricilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%87%D2%AF%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Тенгри чүдүлге – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Тенгри чүдүлге" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Тенгріанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тенгріанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تینگری ازم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تینگری ازم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri_gi%C3%A1o" title="Tengri giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tengri giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%BE%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="腾格里信仰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腾格里信仰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #00ABC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology"><span style="color:black">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #00ABC2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:black">Tengrism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tengrism1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tengrism1.svg/120px-Tengrism1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tengrism1.svg/180px-Tengrism1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tengrism1.svg/240px-Tengrism1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <small>A <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> and partly <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a>–<a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> religion</small></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Supreme deity</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Other deities/spirits</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongolic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">Movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian Tengerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengir_Ordo" title="Tengir Ordo">Tengir Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Related movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuism">Wuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bön">Bön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%94ng_Tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Ông Trời">Ông Trời</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askar_Akayev" title="Askar Akayev">Askar Akayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagdaryn_Bira" title="Shagdaryn Bira">Shagdaryn Bira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Gurkin" title="Grigory Gurkin">Grigory Gurkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongush_Kenin-Lopsan" title="Mongush Kenin-Lopsan">Mongush Kenin-Lopsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastan_Sarygulov" title="Dastan Sarygulov">Dastan Sarygulov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olzhas_Suleimenov" title="Olzhas Suleimenov">Olzhas Suleimenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galsan_Tschinag" title="Galsan Tschinag">Galsan Tschinag</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Priests</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Qam/böö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ltos" title="Táltos">Táltos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudang" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudang">Mudang</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bain_Tsokto_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bain Tsokto inscriptions">Bain Tsokto inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology#Epics" title="Turkic mythology">Epics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Holy places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belukha_Mountain" title="Belukha Mountain">Belukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Burkhan Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jengish_Chokusu" title="Jengish Chokusu">Jengish Chokusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otgontenger" title="Otgontenger">Otgontenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovoo" title="Ovoo">Ovoos</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Toponyms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tengri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Tangra Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger Desert</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #00ABC2"> Related conceptions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven worship">Heaven worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">Sky deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tengrism" title="Template:Tengrism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tengrism" title="Template talk:Tengrism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tengrism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tengrism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tengrism</b> (also known as <b>Tengriism</b>, <b>Tengerism</b>, or <b>Tengrianism</b>) is a religion originating in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian steppes</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. It generally involves the titular <a href="/wiki/Sky_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky god">sky god</a> <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Heissig1980_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Heissig1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is not considered a deity in the usual sense but a personification of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, adherents of Tengrism view the purpose of life to be in harmony with the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peak_of_Khan_Tengri_at_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peak_of_Khan_Tengri_at_sunset.jpg/220px-Peak_of_Khan_Tengri_at_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peak_of_Khan_Tengri_at_sunset.jpg/330px-Peak_of_Khan_Tengri_at_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Peak_of_Khan_Tengri_at_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Peak of <a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tengri</a> at sunset</figcaption></figure> <p>It was the prevailing religion of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_people" title="Yeniseian people">Yeniseian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> peoples and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of several medieval states such as <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">the First Turkic Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">the Western Turkic Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">the Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">the First Bulgarian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaria">Khazaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a></i>, a ninth century manuscript on divination, Tengri is mentioned as <span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk-Latn">Türük Tängrisi</i></span> (God of Turks).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETekin1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETekin1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to many academics, Tengrism was, and to some extent still is, a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religion based on the shamanistic concept of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, and was first influenced by <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> during the imperial period, especially by the 12th–13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009Bira201114_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009Bira201114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdulkadir_Inan" title="Abdulkadir Inan">Abdulkadir Inan</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altai</a> shamanism are not entirely equal to the ancient Turkic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term also describes several contemporary Turkic and Mongolic native <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">religious movements</a> and teachings. All modern adherents of "political" Tengrism are monotheists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tengrism has been advocated for in intellectual circles of the Turkic nations of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>) since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> during the 1990s. Still practiced, it is undergoing an organized revival in <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha (Yakutia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khakas_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas people">Khakassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuva</a> and other Turkic nations in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaian</a> <a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a> <a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a> are contemporary movements similar to Tengrism. </p><p>The term <i>tengri</i> (compare with <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a>) can refer to the sky deity <i>Tenger Etseg</i> – also <i>Gök Tengri</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_father" title="Sky father">Sky father</a></i>, <i>Blue sky</i> – or to other deities. While Tengrism includes the worship of personified gods (<i><a href="/wiki/Tngri" title="Tngri">tngri</a></i>) such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a>, Tengri is considered an "abstract phenomenon".<sup id="cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatma-2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> In Mongolian folk religion, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> is considered one of the embodiments, if not the main embodiment, of Tengri's will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004402–404_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004402–404-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_relationship_with_shamanism">Terminology and relationship with shamanism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></div> <p>The forms of the name <i>Tengri</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <i lang="otk" dir="rtl">Täŋri</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the ancient and modern Turkic and Mongolic are <i>Tengeri</i>, <i>Tangara</i>, <i>Tangri</i>, <i>Tanri</i>, <i>Tangre</i>, <i>Tegri</i>, <i>Tingir</i>, <i>Tenkri</i>, <i>Tangra</i>, <i>Teri</i>, <i>Ter</i>, and <i>Ture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Tanyu19809fGüngörGünay199736_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Tanyu19809fGüngörGünay199736-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Tengri ("the Sky") is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <i lang="otk" dir="rtl">Tenk</i> ("daybreak") or Tan ("dawn").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanyu200711–13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanyu200711–13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Georg" title="Stefan Georg">Stefan Georg</a> proposed that the Turkic <i>Tengri</i> ultimately originates as a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Proto-Yeniseian</a> <i>*tɨŋgɨr-</i> "high".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> is sometimes poetically called the "Land of Eternal Blue Sky" (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mönkh Khökh Tengeriin Oron</i></span>) by its inhabitants. According to some scholars, the name of the important deity <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a> (also Tangol) (God of the Mountains) of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean folk religion</a> is related to the Siberian <i><a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a></i> ("Heaven"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198117–18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198117–18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the bear is a symbol of the Big Dipper (Ursa Major).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDidier2009''passim''_but_especially_Vol._I,_pp._143,_154_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDidier2009''passim''_but_especially_Vol._I,_pp._143,_154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "Tengrism" is a fairly new term. The spelling <i>Tengrism</i> for the religion of the ancient Turks is found in the works of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Shoqan_Walikhanov" title="Shoqan Walikhanov">Shoqan Walikhanov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was introduced into a wide scientific circulation in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux" title="Jean-Paul Roux">Jean-Paul Roux</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux198465_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux198465-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in the 1960s as a general term of English-language papers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tengrianism</i> is a reflection of the Russian term, <i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Тенгрианство</span></span></i> ("Tengriánstvo"). It is introduced by Kazakh poet and turkologist <a href="/wiki/Olzhas_Suleymenov" class="mw-redirect" title="Olzhas Suleymenov">Olzhas Suleymenov</a> in his 1975 book <i>AZ-and-IA</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuleimenov197536_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuleimenov197536-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, Russian-language literature uses it in the general sense, as for instance, reported in 1996 ("so-called Tengrianism") in the context of the nationalist rivalry over <a href="/wiki/Bulgars#Legacy" title="Bulgars">Bulgar legacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman199631_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman199631-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spellings <i>Tengriism</i>, <i>Tangrism</i>, <i>Tengrianity</i> are also found from the 1990s. In modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and, partly, Kyrgyzstan, Tengrism is known as the <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Tengricilik</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994Omuraliyev2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994Omuraliyev2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Göktanrı dini</i></span> ("Sky God religion");<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEröz1992_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEröz1992-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Turkish <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/g%C3%B6k#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:gök">gök</a></i> (sky) and <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tanr%C4%B1#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tanrı">tanrı</a></i> (God) correspond to the Mongolian <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">khukh</i></span> (blue) and <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Tengeri</i></span> (sky), respectively. Mongolian <i><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Тэнгэр шүтлэг</span></span></i> is used in a 1999 biography of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, a number of scientists proposed the existence of a religious imperial khagan cult in the ancient Turkic and Mongolian states. The Turkish historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a> (1876–1924) wrote in his <i>The History of Turkish Holy Tradition and Turkish Civilization</i> that the religion of the ancient Turkic states could not be primitive shamanism, which was only a magical part of the religion of the ancient Türks (see a historiography of the problem: <a href="#CITEREFAlici2011">Alici 2011</a>, pp. 137–139). </p><p>The nature of this religion remains debatable. According to many scholars, it was originally <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> branch with the sky god Kök-Tengri as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">supreme being</a> evolved as a dynastical legitimation. It is at least agreed that Tengrism formed from the diverse folk religions of the local people and may have had diverse branches.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261fGumilyov1967ch._7Tanyu1980Alici2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261fGumilyov1967ch._7Tanyu1980Alici2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is suggested that Tengrism was a monotheistic religion only at the imperial level in aristocratic circles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PolyMono_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolyMono-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, perhaps, only by the 12th-13th centuries (a late form of development of ancient animistic shamanism in the era of the Mongol empire).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBira201114_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBira201114-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux" title="Jean-Paul Roux">Jean-Paul Roux</a>, the monotheistic concept evolved later out of a polytheistic system and was not the original form of Tengrism. The monotheistic concept helped to legitimate the rule of the dynasty: "As there is only one God in Heaven, there can only be one ruler on the earth ...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956242_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956242-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others point out that Tengri itself was never an Absolute, but only one of many gods of the upper world, the <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">sky deity</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> shamanism, later known as Tengrism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStebleva1971Klyashtornyj2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStebleva1971Klyashtornyj2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG/220px-Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG/330px-Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG/440px-Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The earliest known depiction of a Siberian shaman, drawn by the Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Witsen" title="Nicolaes Witsen">Nicolaes Witsen</a>, who wrote an account of his travels among Samoyedic- and Tungusic-speaking peoples in 1692. Witsen labeled the illustration as a "Priest of the Devil", giving this figure clawed feet to express what he thought were demonic qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Tengrism differs from contemporary <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian shamanism</a> in that it was a more organized religion. Additionally the polities practicing it were not small bands of hunter-gatherers like the <a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberians</a>, but a continuous succession of pastoral, semi-sedentarized khanates and empires from the Xiongnu Empire (founded 209 BC) to the Mongol Empire (13th century). In Mongolia it survives as a synthesis with Tibetan Buddhism while surviving in purer forms around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Khovsgol" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Khovsgol">Lake Khovsgol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>. Unlike Siberian shamanism, which has no written tradition, Tengrism can be identified from Turkic and Mongolic historical texts like the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" title="Secret History of the Mongols">Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Altan_Tobchi" title="Altan Tobchi">Altan Tobchi</a></i>. However, these texts are more historically oriented and are not strictly religious texts like the scriptures and sutras of sedentary civilizations, which have elaborate doctrines and religious stories. </p><p>On a scale of complexity, Tengrism lies somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a> (a pre-state form of pastoral shamanism on the western steppe) and its later form the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a>. The chief god Tengri ("Heaven") is considered strikingly similar to the Indo-European sky god <a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">*Dyḗus</a> and the East Asian <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> (Chinese: "Sky; Heaven"). The structure of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion is actually closer to that of the early Turks than to the religion of any people of neolithic European, Near Eastern or Mediterranean antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "shamanism" was first applied by Western anthropologists as outside observers of the ancient religion of the Turkic and Mongolic peoples, as well as those of the neighbouring Tungusic and Samoyedic-speaking peoples. Upon observing more religious traditions across the world, some Western anthropologists began to also use the term in a very broad sense. The term was used to describe unrelated magico-religious practices found within the ethnic religions of other parts of Asia, Africa, Australasia and even completely unrelated parts of the Americas, as they believed these practices to be similar to one another. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/220px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/330px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Russian postcard based on a photo taken in 1908 by S. I. Borisov, showing a female shaman, of probable <a href="/wiki/Khakas_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas people">Khakas</a> ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG/220px-%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG/330px-%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG/440px-%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="3533" /></a><figcaption>Buryat shaman performing a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Terms for 'shaman' and 'shamaness' in Siberian languages: </p> <ul><li>'shaman': <i>saman</i> (Nedigal, Nanay, Ulcha, Orok), <i>sama</i> (Manchu). The variant /šaman/ (i.e., pronounced "shaman") is Evenk (whence it was borrowed into Russian).</li> <li>'shaman': <i>alman, olman, wolmen</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Yukagir)</li> <li>'shaman': <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">[qam]</a></span> (Tatar, Shor, Oyrat), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tyv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[xam]</a></span> (Tuva, Tofalar)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a> word for shaman is <i>бөө</i> (<i>böö</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[bøː]</a></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">early Mongolian</a> <i>böge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'shaman': ńajt (Khanty, Mansi), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a> *nojta (cf. Sámi <a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">noaidi</a>)</li> <li>'shamaness': <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[iduɣan]</a></span> (Mongol), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[udaɣan]</a></span> (Yakut), <i>udagan</i> (Buryat), <i>udugan</i> (Evenki, Lamut), <i>odogan</i> (Nedigal). Related forms found in various Siberian languages include <i>utagan</i>, <i>ubakan</i>, <i>utygan</i>, <i>utügun</i>, <i>iduan</i>, or <i>duana</i>. All these are related to the Mongolian name of Etügen, the hearth goddess, and <a href="/wiki/Et%C3%BCgen_Eke" class="mw-redirect" title="Etügen Eke">Etügen Eke</a> 'Mother Earth'. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Czaplicka" title="Maria Czaplicka">Maria Czaplicka</a> points out that Siberian languages use words for male shamans from diverse roots, but the words for female shaman are almost all from the same root. She connects this with the theory that women's practice of shamanism was established earlier than men's, that "shamans were originally female".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Buryat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buryat people">Buryat</a> scholar Irina S. Urbanaeva developed a theory of Tengrist esoteric traditions in Central Asia after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the revival of national sentiment in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrbanaeva2000_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbanaeva2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Tengrism">Historical Tengrism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orkhon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Runic-looking letters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Orkhon.svg/220px-Orkhon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Orkhon.svg/330px-Orkhon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Orkhon.svg/440px-Orkhon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption><i>Tengri</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a> (written from right to left as <i>Тeŋiri</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETekin19938_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETekin19938-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg/220px-Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg/330px-Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg/440px-Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a> monument, 8th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The first time the name Tengri was recorded in Chinese chronicles was from the 4th century BC as the sky god of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, using the Chinese form <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%92%90%E7%8A%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:撐犁">撐犁</a> (<i>chēnglí</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/*rtʰaːŋ.riːl/</span>). </p><p>Tengrism formed from the various Turkic and Mongolic folk religions, which had a diverse number of deities, spirits and gods. Turkic folk religion was based on <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> and similar to various other religious traditions of Siberia, Central Asia and Northeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a> played an important part in Tengrism.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cult of Heaven-Tengri is fixed by the Orkhon, or <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> ("celestial Turks") and other early <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> during the 8th to 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Gumilyov1967ch._7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Gumilyov1967ch._7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg/220px-Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg/330px-Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Seal from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Güyüg Khan">Güyüg Khan</a>'s letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a>, 1246. The first four words, from top to bottom, left to right, read "möngke ṭngri-yin küčündür" – "<i>Under the power of the eternal heaven</i>". The words "Tngri" (Tengri) and "zrlg" (zarlig) exhibit vowel-less archaism.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tengrism most probably existed in medieval states in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Danube Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaria">Eastern Tourkia (Khazaria)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992Poemer2000_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992Poemer2000-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkic beliefs contains the sacral book <i><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETekin1993_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETekin1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tengrism also played a large role in the religion of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empires</a> as the primary state spirituality. <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and several generations of his followers were Tengrian believers and "Shaman-Kings" until his fifth-generation descendant, Uzbeg Khan, turned to Islam in the 14th century. Old Tengrist prayers have come to us from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">the Secret History of the Mongols</a></i> (13th century). The priests-prophets (<i>temujin</i>) received them, according to their faith, from the great deity/spirit <i>Munkh Tenger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent1976Roux2003Bira2011Turner2016ch._3.3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent1976Roux2003Bira2011Turner2016ch._3.3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syr_Darya_Oblast._Kyrgyz_Yurt_WDL10968.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Syr_Darya_Oblast._Kyrgyz_Yurt_WDL10968.png/220px-Syr_Darya_Oblast._Kyrgyz_Yurt_WDL10968.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Syr_Darya_Oblast._Kyrgyz_Yurt_WDL10968.png/330px-Syr_Darya_Oblast._Kyrgyz_Yurt_WDL10968.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Syr_Darya_Oblast._Kyrgyz_Yurt_WDL10968.png/440px-Syr_Darya_Oblast._Kyrgyz_Yurt_WDL10968.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Kyrgyz (Kazakh) yurt in 1860 in the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> Oblast. Note the lack of a compression ring at the top.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tengrism was probably similar with the folk traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu folk religion">Manchu folk religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities with <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuism">Wuism</a> as well as Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> are also evident.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hungarian archaeological research, the religion of the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>) until the end of the 10th century (before Christianity) was a form of Tengrism and Shamanism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fodor_2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fodor_2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tengrists view their existence as sustained by the eternal blue sky (Tengri), the fertile mother-earth spirit (<a href="/wiki/Eje_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eje (goddess)">Eje</a>) and a ruler regarded as the chosen one by the holy spirit of the sky. Heaven, earth, spirits of nature and ancestors provide for every need and protect all humans. By living an upright, respectful life, a human will keep his world in balance and perfect his personal <a href="/wiki/Wind_Horse" title="Wind Horse">Wind Horse</a>, or spirit. The Huns of the northern Caucasus reportedly believed in two gods: Tangri Han (or Tengri Khan), considered identical to the Persian <a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a> and for whom horses were sacrificed, and Kuar (whose victims are struck by lightning).<sup id="cite_ref-Hungarians_&_Europe_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hungarians_&_Europe-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Tengrism was more embraced by the nomadic Turks than by those residing in the lower mountains or forests. This belief influenced Turkic and Mongol religious history since ancient times until the 14th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Since then, Tengrism was mostly submerged by other religious ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Tengrism persists among the Mongols and in some Turkic and Mongolic influenced regions of Russia (<a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>) in parallel with other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orkhon_inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</h3></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a> played a big role in choices of the <a href="/wiki/Qaghans_of_the_Turkic_khaganates" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates">kaghan</a>, and in guiding his actions. Many of these were performed because "Heaven so ordained" (<a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <span lang="otk" dir="rtl">Teŋіri yarïlqaduq üčün</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arghun's_letters"><span id="Arghun.27s_letters"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tengriism_in_Arghun_Khan's_letter_to_the_King_of_France_(1289_AD)"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tengriism_in_Arghun_Khan's_letter_to_Pope_Nicholas_IV_(1290_AD)"></span>Arghun's letters</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg/220px-ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg/330px-ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg/440px-ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption>Arghun Khan's 1289 letter to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a>, in classical <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>. The letter was given to the French king by <a href="/wiki/Buscarel_of_Gisolfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Buscarel of Gisolfe">Buscarel of Gisolfe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> expressed the association of Tengri with imperial legitimacy and military success. The majesty (<i>suu</i>) of the khan is a divine stamp granted by Tengri to a chosen individual through which Tengri controls the world order (the presence of Tengri in the khan). In this letter, "Tengri" or "Mongke Tengri" ("Eternal Heaven") is at the top of the sentence. In the middle of the magnified section, the phrase <i>Tengri-yin Kuchin</i> ("Power of Tengri") forms a pause before it is followed by the phrase <i>Khagan-u Suu</i> ("Majesty of the Khan"): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Under the Power of the Eternal Tengri. Under the Majesty of the Khan (<a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>). Arghun Our word. To the Ired Farans (King of France). Last year you sent your ambassadors led by Mar Bar Sawma telling Us: "if the soldiers of the Il-Khan ride in the direction of Misir (Egypt) we ourselves will ride from here and join you", which words We have approved and said (in reply) "praying to Tengri (Heaven) We will ride on the last month of winter on the year of the tiger and descend on Dimisq (Damascus) on the 15th of the first month of spring." Now, if, being true to your words, you send your soldiers at the appointed time and, worshipping Tengri, we conquer those citizens (of Damascus together), We will give you Orislim (Jerusalem). How can it be appropriate if you were to start amassing your soldiers later than the appointed time and appointment? What would be the use of regretting afterwards? Also, if, adding any additional messages, you let your ambassadors fly (to Us) on wings, sending Us luxuries, falcons, whatever precious articles and beasts there are from the land of the Franks, the Power of Tengri (<i>Tengri-yin Kuchin</i>) and the Majesty of the Khan (<i>Khagan-u Suu</i>) only knows how We will treat you favorably. With these words We have sent Muskeril (Buscarello) the Khorchi. Our writing was written while We were at Khondlon on the sixth khuuchid (6th day of the old moon) of the first month of summer on the year of the cow.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another old manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg/220px-LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg/330px-LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg/440px-LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>1290 letter from Arghun to Pope Nicholas IV</figcaption></figure> <p>Arghun expressed Tengrism's non-dogmatic side. The name <i>Mongke Tengri</i> ("Eternal Tengri") is at the top of the sentence in this letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Pope Nicholas IV</a>, in accordance with Mongolian Tengriist writing rules. The words "Tngri" (Tengri) and "zrlg" (zarlig, decree/order) are still written with vowel-less archaism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> ... Your saying "May [the Ilkhan] receive <i>silam</i> (baptism)" is legitimate. We say: "We the descendants of Genghis Khan, keeping our own proper Mongol identity, whether some receive silam or some don't, that is only for Eternal Tengri (Heaven) to know (decide)." People who have received <i>silam</i> and who, like you, have a truly honest heart and are pure, do not act against the religion and orders of the Eternal Tengri and of Misiqa (Messiah or Christ). Regarding the other peoples, those who, forgetting the Eternal Tengri and disobeying him, are lying and stealing, are there not many of them? Now, you say that we have not received silam, you are offended and harbor thoughts of discontent. [But] if one prays to Eternal Tengri and carries righteous thoughts, it is as much as if he had received silam. We have written our letter in the year of the tiger, the fifth of the new moon of the first summer month (May 14th, 1290), when we were in Urumi.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tengrism_in_the_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols">Tengrism in the <i>Secret History of the Mongols</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkhan_Khaldun_mount2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Burkhan Khaldun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Burkhan_Khaldun_mount2.jpg/220px-Burkhan_Khaldun_mount2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Burkhan_Khaldun_mount2.jpg/330px-Burkhan_Khaldun_mount2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Burkhan_Khaldun_mount2.jpg/440px-Burkhan_Khaldun_mount2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Mount Burkhan Khaldun</a> is a place where Genghis Khan regularly prayed to Tengri.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tengri is mentioned many times in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">the Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>, written in 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols2004_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book starts by listing the ancestors of Genghis Khan starting from Borte Chino (Blue Wolf) born with "destiny from Tengri". Borte Chino was either a heavenly wolf, a real man with the totemic name of a wolf or <a href="/wiki/Modun_Chanyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Modun Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>. Bodonchar Munkhag the 9th generation ancestor of Genghis Khan is called a "son of Tengri". When Temujin was brought to the Qongirat tribe at 9 years old to choose a wife, Dei Setsen of the <a href="/wiki/Qongirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Qongirat">Qongirat</a> tells Yesugei the father of Temujin (Genghis Khan) that he dreamt of a white falcon, grasping the sun and the moon, come and sit on his hands. He identifies the sun and the moon with Yesugei and Temujin. Temujin then encounters Tengri in the mountains at the age of 12. The <a href="/wiki/Taichiud" title="Taichiud">Taichiud</a> had come for him when he was living with his siblings and mother in the wilderness, subsisting on roots, wild fruits, sparrows and fish. He was hiding in the thick forest of Terguun Heights. After three days hiding he decided to leave and was leading his horse on foot when he looked back and noticed his saddle had fallen. Temujin says "I can understand the belly strap can come loose, but how can the breast strap also come loose? Is Tengri persuading me?" He waited three more nights and decided to go out again but a tent-sized rock had blocked the way out. Again he said "Is Tengri persuading me?", returned and waited three more nights. Finally he lost patience after 9 days of hunger and went around the rock, cutting down the wood on the other side with his arrow-whittling knife, but as he came out the Taichiud were waiting for him there and promptly captured him. <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a> later credits the defeat of the Merkits with Jamukha and Temujin to the "mercy of mighty Tengri" (paragraph 113). </p><p>Khorchi of the Baarin tells Temujin of a vision given by "Zaarin Tengri" where a bull raises dust and asks for one of his horns back after charging the ger cart of Jamukha (Temujin's rival) while another ox harnessed itself to a big ger cart on the main road and followed Temujin, bellowing "Heaven and Earth have agreed to make Temujin the Lord of the nation and I am now carrying the nation to you". Temujin afterward tells his earliest companions Boorchi and Zelme that they will be appointed to the highest posts because they first followed him when he was "mercifully looked upon by Tengri" (paragraph 125). In the Battle of Khuiten, Buyuruk Khan and Quduga try using zad stones to cause a thunderstorm against Temujin but it backfires and they get stuck in slippery mud. They say "the wrath of Tengri is upon us" and flee in disorder (paragraph 143). Temujin prays to "father Tengri" on a high hill with his belt around his neck after defeating the Taichiud at Tsait Tsagaan Tal and taking 100 horses and 50 breastplates. He says "I haven't become Lord thanks to my own bravery, but I have defeated my enemies thanks to the love of my father mighty Tengri". When Nilqa Sengum the son of Toghrul Khan tries to convince him to attack Temujin, Toghrul says "How can I think evil of my son Temujin? If we think evil of him when he is such a critical support to us, Tengri will not be pleased with us". After Nilqa Sengum throws a number of tantrums Toghrul finally relents and says "I was afraid of Tengri and said how can I harm my son. If you are really capable, then you decide what you need to do".<sup id="cite_ref-altaica_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altaica-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Boorchi and Ogedei return wounded from the battle against Toghrul, Genghis Khan strikes his chest in anguish and says "May Eternal Tengri decide" (paragraph 172). Genghis Khan tells Altan and Khuchar "All of you refused to become Khan, that is why I led you as Khan. If you would have become Khan I would have charged first in battle and brought you the best women and horses if high Khukh Tengri showed us favor and defeated our enemies". After defeating the Keraits Genghis Khan says "By the blessing of Eternal Tengri I have brought low the Kerait nation and ascended the high throne" (paragraph 187). Genghis sends <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a> with an iron cart to pursue the sons of Togtoa and tells him "If you act exposed though hidden, near though far and maintain loyalty then Supreme Tengri will bless you and support you" (paragraph 199). Jamukha tells Temujin "I had no trustworthy friends, no talented brothers and my wife was a talker with great words. That is why I have lost to you Temujin, blessed and destined by Father Tengri." Genghis Khan appoints <a href="/wiki/Shikhikhutug" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikhikhutug">Shikhikhutug</a> chief judge of the Empire in 1206 and tells him "Be my eyes to see and ears to hear when I am ordering the empire through the blessing of Eternal Tengri" (paragraph 203). Genghis Khan appoints <a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a> "Gui Wang" because he "transmitted the word of Tengri when I was sitting under the spreading tree in the valley of Khorkhunag Jubur where Hotula Khan used to dance" (paragraph 206). He gives Khorchi of the Baarin 30 wives because he promised Khorchi he would fulfill his request for 30 wives "if what you say comes true through the mercy and power of Tengri" (paragraph 207). </p><p>Genghis mentions both Eternal Tengri and "heaven and earth" when he says "By the mercy of Eternal Tengri and the blessing of heaven and earth I have greatly increased in power, united all the great nation and brought them under my reins" (paragraph 224). Genghis orders Dorbei the Fierce of the <a href="/wiki/Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorbet">Dorbet</a> tribe to "strictly govern your soldiers, pray to Eternal Tengri and try to conquer the Khori Tumed people" (paragraph 240). After being insulted by Asha Khambu of the Tanguts of being a weak Khan Genghis Khan says "If Eternal Tengri blesses me and I firmly pull my golden reins, then things will become clear at that time" (paragraph 256). When Asha Khambu of the Tangut insults him again after his return from the Khwarezmian campaign Genghis Khan says "How can we go back (to Mongolia) when he says such proud words? Though I die I won't let these words slip. Eternal Tengri, you decide" (paragraph 265). After Genghis Khan "ascends to Tengri" (paragraph 268) during his successful campaign against the Tangut (Xi Xia) the wheels of the returning funeral cart gets stuck in the ground and Gilugdei Baatar of the <a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a> says "My horse-mounted divine lord born with destiny from Khukh Tengri, have you abandoned your great nation?" <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> sends a secret letter to <a href="/wiki/Ogedei_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogedei Khan">Ogedei Khan</a> saying "Under the power of the Eternal Tengri, under the Majesty of my uncle the Khan, we set up a great tent to feast after we had broken the city of Meged, conquered the Orosuud (Russians), brought in eleven nations from all directions and pulled on our golden reins to hold one last meeting before going our separate directions" (paragraph 275).<sup id="cite_ref-altaica_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altaica-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Tengrism">Contemporary Tengrism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">List of Tengrist movements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yard_leading_to_the_Temple_of_the_White_Sulde_of_Genghis_Khan,_in_Uxin,_Inner_Mongolia,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yard_leading_to_the_Temple_of_the_White_Sulde_of_Genghis_Khan%2C_in_Uxin%2C_Inner_Mongolia%2C_China.jpg/220px-Yard_leading_to_the_Temple_of_the_White_Sulde_of_Genghis_Khan%2C_in_Uxin%2C_Inner_Mongolia%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yard_leading_to_the_Temple_of_the_White_Sulde_of_Genghis_Khan%2C_in_Uxin%2C_Inner_Mongolia%2C_China.jpg/330px-Yard_leading_to_the_Temple_of_the_White_Sulde_of_Genghis_Khan%2C_in_Uxin%2C_Inner_Mongolia%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yard_leading_to_the_Temple_of_the_White_Sulde_of_Genghis_Khan%2C_in_Uxin%2C_Inner_Mongolia%2C_China.jpg/440px-Yard_leading_to_the_Temple_of_the_White_Sulde_of_Genghis_Khan%2C_in_Uxin%2C_Inner_Mongolia%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>White <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BClde_Tngri" title="Sülde Tngri">Sülde Tngri</a> temple in the town of <a href="/wiki/Uxin_Banner" title="Uxin Banner">Uxin Banner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>A revival of Tengrism has played a role in search for native spiritual roots and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a> ideology since the 1990s, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, some autonomous republics of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Yakutia</a>, and others), among the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4Laruelle2007205Turner2016ch._9.3_TengerismPopov2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4Laruelle2007205Turner2016ch._9.3_TengerismPopov2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, and especially after the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, a nationalist ideology of <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a> contributed to the revival of Tengrism. Islamic censorship was abolished, which allowed an objective study of the pre-Islamic religion of the Turks. The Turkish language was purified of Arabic, Persian and other borrowings. A number of figures, while they did not officially abandon Islam, adopted Turkic names, such as <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> (<i>Atatürk</i> — "father of Turks") and the historian of religion and ideologist of the Kemalist regime <a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a> (<i>Gökalp</i> — "sky hero").<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atsiz_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Atsiz_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a> (1905–1975), one of the first ideologists of modern Tengrism</figcaption></figure> <p>The prominent Turkish writer and historian <a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a> was Tengrist and the ideologue of Turanism. The followers of Tengrism in the paramilitary organisation <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a>, mainly inspired by his work, replace the Arabic designation of the god "Allah" with the Turkish "Tanri" in the oath and pronounce: "<i>Tanrı Türkü Korusun</i>" (<i>Tengri, bless the Türks!</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraçoǧlu2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraçoǧlu2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous modern ideologues and theorists of Tengrism are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_Adji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad Adji (page does not exist)">Murad Adji</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Аджиев, Мурад Эскендерович">ru</a>]</span> (1944–2018), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabetkazy_Akatai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabetkazy Akatai (page does not exist)">Sabetkazy Akatai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="kk:Сәбетқазы Нұржақияұлы Ақатай">kk</a>]</span> (1938–2003), <a href="/wiki/Aron_Atabek" title="Aron Atabek">Aron Atabek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nurmagambet_Ayupov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nurmagambet Ayupov (page does not exist)">Nurmagambet Ayupov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%8E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="kk:Нұрмағамбет Глаждынұлы Аюпов">kk</a>]</span> (1955–2010), Rafael Bezertinov, <a href="/wiki/Shagdaryn_Bira" title="Shagdaryn Bira">Shagdaryn Bira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firdus_Devbash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firdus Devbash (page does not exist)">Firdus Devbash</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Фатклисламов, Фирдус Нурисламович">ru</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yosif_Dmitriev_(Trer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yosif Dmitriev (Trer) (page does not exist)">Yosif Dmitriev (Trer)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Дмитриев, Иосиф Александрович">ru</a>]</span> (1947–2018), <a href="/wiki/Mongush_Kenin-Lopsan" title="Mongush Kenin-Lopsan">Mongush Kenin-Lopsan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auezkhan_Kodar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auezkhan Kodar (page does not exist)">Auezkhan Kodar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%98%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="kk:Әуезхан Әбдіраманұлы Қодар">kk</a>]</span> (1958–2016), Choiun Omuraliyev, <a href="/wiki/Dastan_Sarygulov" title="Dastan Sarygulov">Dastan Sarygulov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olzhas_Suleimenov" title="Olzhas Suleimenov">Olzhas Suleimenov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204,_209–11_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204,_209–11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poet, literary critic and Turkologist Olzhas Suleimenov, the eulogist of the Kazakh national identity, in his book <i>AZ-and-IA</i> that was banned after publication in 1975 in Soviet Kazakhstan, USSR, presented Tengrism ("Tengrianstvo") as one of the most ancient religions in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204Suleimenov1975271_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204Suleimenov1975271-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tengrism's revival of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a> reached a larger audience in intellectual circles. Former Presidents of Kazakhstan <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> and Kyrgyzstan <a href="/wiki/Askar_Akayev" title="Askar Akayev">Askar Akayev</a> have called Tengrism the national, "natural" religion of the Turkic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, during the 2002 trip to <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a>, Russia, Akayev spoke out that a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> and the runic steles constituted "a pilgrimage to a holy place for the Kyrgyz" just as the pilgrimage to Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presenting Islam as foreign to the Turkic peoples, as Semitic religion together with Christianity and Judaism, adherents are found primarily among the nationalistic parties of Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007213_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007213-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tengrism may be interpreted as a Turkic version of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Russian neopaganism</a>, which is already well-established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is partly similar to the <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007207_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007207-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tatarstan, the only Tengrist periodical <i>Beznen-Yul</i> (Our Path) appeared in 1997, and also works a theorist of Tengrist movement Rafael Bezertinov.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007205,_209_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007205,_209-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBezertinov20003_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBezertinov20003-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Today it's hard to even say who the modern Turks and Mongols. Their names are 90% Arabic, Persian, Greek, Jewish, etc; religion is Semitic (Arabic, Christian, Jewish) and Indian; many do not know their philosophy and traditions; live by the laws and lifestyle of the West; clothes and their food is western; the alphabet is western; forgotten your kind and ancestors; they do not know the history of their folk; many city residents do not speak their native language. Who are they really and what do they have own for today? Only hereditary genes ...</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakut</a> philologist Lazar Afanasyev-Teris, PhD founded Tengrist organisation "Kut-Siur" (now <a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a>) in 1990–1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006134–50Popov2016_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006134–50Popov2016-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headquarters of the International Fund of Tengri Research is also located in <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> politicians are advocating Tengrism to fill a perceived ideological void. <a href="/wiki/Dastan_Sarygulov" title="Dastan Sarygulov">Dastan Sarygulov</a>, secretary of state and former chair of the Kyrgyz state gold-mining company, established in 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Tengir_Ordo" title="Tengir Ordo">Tengir Ordo</a>—a civic group promoting the values and traditions of Tengrism—and an International scientific center of Tengrist studies.<sup id="cite_ref-jamestown_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206–7_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206–7-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He based on the ideas of one of the first ideologists of pre-Islamic religion in the post-Soviet space, the Kyrgyz writer Choiun Omuraliyev alias Choiun uulu Omuraly, described in his book <i>Tengrism</i> (1994).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Kyrgyz proponent of Tengrism, Kubanychbek Tezekbaev, was prosecuted for inciting religious and ethnic hatred in 2011 with statements in an interview describing Kyrgyz mullahs as "former alcoholics and murderers".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the Kyrgyz authorities do not go for the official registration of "Tengirchilik" (Теңирчилик) and other Tengrist associations.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideology of de-Judaization and the revival of Tengrism is imbued with the works of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, who traditionally professed forms of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (Igor Achkinazi (1954–2006), <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Rebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Rebi (page does not exist)">David Rebi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Реби, Давид Ильич">ru</a>]</span> (1922–2019), and others).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoroz20041–6_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoroz20041–6-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are related to Tengrism or are part of it also movements within the framework of the anti-shamanistic <a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a> (Ak Jang) that arose in 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a> (its famous proponents were the painter <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Gurkin" title="Grigory Gurkin">Grigory Gurkin</a> and poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paslei_Samyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paslei Samyk (page does not exist)">Paslei Samyk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="alt:Самыков, Василий Тордоевич">alt</a>]</span>, 1938–2020) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalemba2003165–82Khvastunova2018_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalemba2003165–82Khvastunova2018-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ethnic faith <a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a>, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilatovShchipkov1995239–43Shnirelman1996Vovina2000_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilatovShchipkov1995239–43Shnirelman1996Vovina2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Slavic Bulgarian</a> proponents of the Native Faith in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> identify themselves with the descendants of the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and revive Tengrism. They are incorporated into the "Tangra Warriors Movement" (Bulgarian: Движение "Воини на Тангра").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Articles on Tengrism have been published in social-scientific journals. In 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tengir_Ordo" title="Tengir Ordo">Tengir Ordo</a> Foundation held the first international scientific symposium on Tengrism "Tengrism—the worldview of the Altaic peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyupov201210f_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyupov201210f-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference "Tengrism as a new factor for the identity construction in Central Asia" was organized by the French Institute for Central Asia Studies in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 25 February 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007note_1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007note_1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2007, every two years, International scientific conferences "Tengrism and the epic heritage of Eurasian nomads: origins and modernity" have been held in Russia, Mongolia and other countries (the first was sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and Spiritual Development of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_and_holy_places">Symbols and holy places</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tengrist_symbol_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tengrist_symbol_v2.png/220px-Tengrist_symbol_v2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Tengrist_symbol_v2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>One of main symbols of Tengrism.</figcaption></figure> <p>A symbol used by many Tengrists, representing the runic spelling of god Tengri and "shangrak" (an equilateral cross in a circle), depicting the roof opening of a <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>, and a shaman's drum. </p><p>Many world-pictures and symbols are attributed to folk religions of Central Asia and Russian Siberia. Shamanistic religious symbols in these areas are often intermixed. For example, drawings of world-pictures on Altaic shamanic drums.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SwastikaCW.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SwastikaCW.svg/220px-SwastikaCW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SwastikaCW.svg/330px-SwastikaCW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SwastikaCW.svg/440px-SwastikaCW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a> <i>Temdeg</i> symbol</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanirak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shanirak.svg/220px-Shanirak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shanirak.svg/330px-Shanirak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shanirak.svg/440px-Shanirak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><i>Shangrak</i>—top of the <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>—symbol of Tengrism</figcaption></figure> <p>See also: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chuvashia" title="Flag of Chuvashia">Flag of Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Flag of Kyrgyzstan">Flag of Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sakha_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Sakha Republic">Flag of Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk">Göktürk</a> coins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Ana" title="Gun Ana">Gun Ana</a> — the sun (featured in most flags)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/220px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/330px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/440px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belukha_Mountain" title="Belukha Mountain">Belukha Mountain</a> (Üch-Sümer) in Altai.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tallest mountain peaks usually became sacred places. Since the time of the Turkic Khaganate, this is <i><a href="/wiki/Otgontenger" title="Otgontenger">Otgontenger</a></i> in Mongolia—perhaps, the <i><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></i> of the old inscriptions, state ceremonies are held were. Among others: <i><a href="/wiki/Belukha_Mountain" title="Belukha Mountain">Belukha</a></i> (or Üch-Sümer) in Russia's Altai,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdji2005preface_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdji2005preface-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Khan Tengri</i> alias <a href="/wiki/Jengish_Chokusu" title="Jengish Chokusu">Jengish Chokusu</a> in Kyrgyzstan (not to be confused with the modern <a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tengri</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007210_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007210-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Burkhan Khaldun</a></i> in Mongolia, associated with the name of Genghis Khan. Symbolic mountains are man-made shrines-<a href="/wiki/Ovoo" title="Ovoo">ovoos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <p>Tengrism is an animistic all-encompassing system of belief that includes medicine, religion, a reverence of nature, and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesse198619_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse198619-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkic spiritual wisdom has no finalized condition, but is dialogical and discursive.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tengrism as a monotheistic religion developed only at the imperial level in aristocratic circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009Bira201114_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009Bira201114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gods">Gods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures" title="List of Turkic mythological figures">List of Turkic mythological figures</a></div> <p>Tengrism is centered on the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a> (gods) and the sky deity Tengri (Heaven, God of Heaven). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004402–404_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004402–404-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and Tengri is often linked to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a>. <i>Kök Tengri</i> (Blue Sky) is the sky deity and often considered as the highest god. It is known as <i>Tangara</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Gök Tengri always remains abstract, never depicted in anthropomorphic or zoomorphic forms, other deities are often personified.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatma-2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Etugen_Eke" title="Etugen Eke">Itugen</a>, an earth or fertility deity" often accompanied Tengri.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn-2015_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-2015-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total number of deities believed to exist varies from population to population. Deities may be related to natural aspects of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">the sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">the moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbows</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Animals were thought to be totemistic symbols for specific gods, like the sheep being associated with fire, cows with water, horses with wind, and camels with earth.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other deities include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBezertinov200071_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBezertinov200071-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umay" title="Umay">Umay</a> ("placenta, afterbirth") is the goddess of children and babies' souls.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the daughter of Tengri.</li> <li>Öd Tengri is the god of time. However, he is not discussed often in Tengrist texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Boz Tengri, like Öd Tengri, is not known much. He is seen as the god of the grounds and steppes and is a son of Kök Tengri.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> is the primordial god of highest sky, upper air, <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, atmosphere, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, and life, and is a son of Kök Tengri.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a> is the son of Kayra and Umay and is the god of <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">goodness</a>. The Aruğ (Arı) denotes "good spirits" in <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> mythology. They are under the order of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a> and do good things on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergen" title="Mergen">Mergen</a> is the son of Kayra and the brother of Ülgen. He represents mind and intelligence and sits on the seventh floor of the sky.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlik" title="Erlik">Erlik</a> is the god of death and the underworld, known as <a href="/wiki/Tamag" title="Tamag">Tamag</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_Dede" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay Dede">Ay Dede</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Moon_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon god">moon god</a>.</li></ul> <p>Another god is Natigai, who was the god of pregnancy, children, livestock, wives, and health.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn-2015_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-2015-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest group in the pantheon consisted of 99 <i>tngri</i> (55 of them benevolent or "white" and 44 terrifying or "black"); 77 "earth-spirits"; and others. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tngri" title="Tngri">tngri</a></i> were called upon only by leaders and great shamans and were common to all the clans. After these, three groups of ancestral spirits dominated. The "Lord-Spirits" were the souls of clan leaders to whom any member of a clan could appeal for physical or spiritual help. The "Protector-Spirits" included the souls of great shamans and shamanesses. The "Guardian-Spirits" were made up of the souls of smaller shamans and shamanesses and were associated with a specific locality (including mountains, rivers, etc.) in the clan's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesse1987405_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse1987405-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-human beings (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ye" title="İye">İye</a></i>), neither necessarily personified nor deitified, are revered as sacred essence of things.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatma-2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> These beings include natural phenomena such as sacred trees or mountains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-world_cosmology">Three-world cosmology</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tengrism#Disputed" title="Talk:Tengrism">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Tengrist cosmology proposes a division between the upper worlds (heaven), the Earth, and the world of darkness (underworld).<sup id="cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatma-2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> These worlds are inhabited by different beings, often spirits or deities. A shaman (<i>kam</i>) could through mental powers communicate with these spirits. The worlds are not entirely separated, they have constant influence on the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatma-2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a> within <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> religious systems<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is the "celestial world", the ground to which "Earth-Water" (Yer-Su) belongs too, and the "underworld" ruled by the spirits beneath the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are connected through the "<a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">Tree of Worlds</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a> in the center of the worlds. </p><p>The celestial and the subterranean world are divided into seven layers, although there are variations (the underworld sometimes nine layers and the celestial world 17 layers). Shamans can recognize entries to travel into these realms. In the multiples of these realms, there are beings, living just like humans on the earth. They also have their own respected souls and shamans and <a href="/wiki/Nature_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature spirit">nature spirits</a>. Sometimes these beings visit the earth, but are invisible to people. They manifest themselves only in a strange sizzling fire or a bark to the shaman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heavenly_world">Heavenly world</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/U%C3%A7mag" title="Uçmag">Uçmag</a></div> <p>The heavens are inhabited by righteous souls, the Creator and the protector deities.<sup id="cite_ref-sosyalarastirmalar.com_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sosyalarastirmalar.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celestial world has many similarities with the earth, but as undefiled by humans. There is a healthy, untouched nature here, and the natives of this place have never deviated from the traditions of their ancestors. This world is much brighter than the earth and is under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Ulgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulgen">Ulgen</a> another son of Tengri. Shamans can also visit this world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On some days, the doors of this heavenly world are opened and the light shines through the clouds. During this moment, the prayers of the shamans are most influential. A shaman performs his imaginary journey, which takes him to the heavens, by riding a black bird, a deer or a horse or by going into the shape into these animals. Otherwise he may scale the World-Tree or pass the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> to reach the heavenly world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subterranean_world">Subterranean world</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamag" title="Tamag">Tamag</a></div> <p>The underworld is the abode of wicked souls, devils and evil deities.<sup id="cite_ref-sosyalarastirmalar.com_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sosyalarastirmalar.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many similarities between the earth and the underworld and its inhabitants resemble humans, but have only two souls instead of three. They lack the "Ami soul", that produces body temperature and allows breathing. Therefore, they are pale and their blood is dark. The sun and the moon of the underworld give far less light than the sun and the moon of the earth. There are also forests, rivers and settlements underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erlik" title="Erlik">Erlik Khan</a> (Mongolian: Erleg Khan), one of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>, is the ruler of the underworld. He controls the souls here, some of them waiting to be <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reborn</a> again. Extremely evil souls were believed to be extinguished forever in Ela Guren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a sick human is not dead yet, a shaman can move to the underworld to negotiate with Erlik to bring the person back to life. If he fails, the person dies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Souls">Souls</h3></div> <p>It is believed that people and animals have many souls. Generally, each person is considered to have three souls, but the names, characteristics and numbers of the souls may be different among some of the tribes: For example, <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyeds</a>, a Uralic tribe living in the north of Siberia, believe that women consist of four and men of five souls. Since animals also have souls, humans must respect animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Paulsen and Jultkratz, who conducted research in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, two souls of this belief are the same to all people: </p> <ul><li><i>Nefes</i> (<i>Breath</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></i>, life or bodily spirit)</li> <li>Shadow soul / Free soul</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kut_(mythology)" title="Kut (mythology)">Kut (mythology)</a></div> <p>There are many different names for human souls among the Turkic and the Mongolic peoples, but their features and meanings have not been adequately researched yet. </p> <ul><li>Among Turks: Özüt, Süne, <a href="/wiki/Kut_(mythology)" title="Kut (mythology)">Kut</a>, Sür, Salkin, Tin, Körmös, Yula</li> <li>Among Mongols: Sünesün, Amin, Kut, Sülde<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition to these spirits, Jean Paul Roux draws attention to the "Özkonuk" spirit mentioned in the writings from the Buddhist periods of the Uighurs. </p><p>Julie Stewart, who devoted her life to research in Mongolia described the belief in the soul in one of her articles: </p> <ul><li><b>Amin</b>: Provides breathing and body temperature. It is the soul which invigorates. (The Turkish counterpart is probably <i>Özüt</i>)</li> <li><b>Sünesün</b>: Outside of the body, this soul moves through water. It is also the part of soul, which reincarnates. After a human died, this part of the soul moves to the world-tree. When it is reborn, it comes out of a source and enters the new-born. (Also called <i>Süne ruhu</i> among Turks)</li> <li><b>Sülde</b>: It is the soul of the self that gives a person a personality. If the other souls leave the body, they only loss consciousness, but if this soul leaves the body, the human dies. This soul resides in nature after death and is not reborn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h3></div> <p>Humans are the product of (father) heaven and (mother) earth. Records of Old Turkish inscriptions tell about the beginning of humans as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"When the blue Heaven above and the brown Earth beneath arose, between them twain Mankind arose."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By that, Tengrism favors an ecocentric theological system over an <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentric one</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans are considered to be part of nature rather than above. Thus, Tengrism sanctifies human's relationship with nature (which might be personified or not) and their relationship with the sky. Contrary to <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">Abrahamic account on anthropogeny</a>, Tengrism does not place humans above nature, rather considers mankind as part of nature without any special rank assigned by God.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people are believed to inherited spiritual powers, called <i>kam</i> or <i>baksy</i> in Kazakh (shamans). The kam is believed to mediate between nature and humans. A shaman might (mentally) transform herself into an animal, hence, transferring wisdom of animals towards humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_Story">Creation Story</h3></div> <p>There is no unified creation story among Tengrist beliefs. Jens Peter Laut states that Tengrism is based on a constantization of the world rather than on traditional doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is possible to reconstruct beliefs by passed down narratives. According to the "Fire Prayer", it is implied that heaven and earth were once one, but separated later, giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Od_iyesi" title="Od iyesi">Fire</a> (<i>Od</i>). After the separation of heaven and earth, life on earth came into being; through the rains of the heavens, then from earth sproud various life forms. For that reason, heaven is associated with father and earth with mother.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tengrism_and_Buddhism">Tengrism and Buddhism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Buddhism in Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism in Central Asia</a></div> <p>The 17th century Mongolian chronicle <a href="/wiki/Altan_Tobchi" title="Altan Tobchi">Altan Tobchi</a> (<i>Golden Summary</i>) contains references to Tengri. Tengrism was assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolian Buddhism</a> while surviving in purer forms only in far-northern Mongolia. Tengrist formulas and ceremonies were subsumed into the state religion. This is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">fusion of Buddhism and Shinto</a> in Japan. The Altan Tobchi contains the following prayer at its very end: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="mn" class="poem"> <p>Aya gaihamshig huvilgaan bogdos haadiin yazguuriig odii todii tuuhnees<br /> Ayag ha tehimlig shashnaa dara Luvsandanzan guush beer<br /> Ahui ih uls zalgan uztugei hemeen hicheen bichuulsen tuugeer<br /> Amitan buhen tsagaan buyanaar ezlen, amin nasan urt bolood<br /> Amgalan jargalantan boltugai<br /> Erht Tengerees isht haadiin sahiusan beer saitar tetgen ivgeej<br /> Evedchin, zud, totgor, tsag busiin uhel ustan amarlij<br /> Ed tavaar delgeren, ur taria arvidan, nasan buyan nemj<br /> Enh esen amar jargalan, osge hur met olzii hutag orshtugai </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Aya! The origin of the marvelous divine Khans from miscellaneous histories<br /> Collected by the faith-professing monk Luvsandanzan guush [Buddhist title]<br /> Written with effort so that the great nation may read for generations. By it,<br /> May all beings rule through white virtue, living long lives<br /> And become possessors of peace and happiness<br /> With the spirits of the Khans descended from mighty Tengri blessing thoroughly<br /> May sickness, <a href="/wiki/Zud" title="Zud">zud</a>, obstacles and untimely death be removed and pacified<br /> May merchandise spread, crops flourish and longevity increase<br /> May peaceful health and happiness prevail, and auspicious luck come like rain </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The figure of the God of War (Daichin Tengri) was iconographically depicted in Buddhist-influenced form and carried into battle by certain armies even in the modern era. During the Napoleonic Wars the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> prince Serebzhab Tyumen (1774-1858) and 500 Kalmyks of his Second Cavalry Regiment, as well as 500 Kalmyks of the First Regiment of Prince Jamba-Taishi Tundutov, carried the yellow banner of Daichin Tengri (as well as Okhin Tengri) through the battles of Borodino, Warsaw, Leipzig, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a> (1814) as well as the capture of Paris. In early 1921 the Buddhist Baron <a href="/wiki/Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg" title="Roman von Ungern-Sternberg">Roman von Ungern-Sternberg</a> (1886-1921) was reportedly recognized as the God of War (Daichin Tengri) by the Bogd Khan of Mongolia. James Palmer in his book "The Bloody White Baron" quotes Ossendowski who claims that Baron Ungern's imminent death in 130 days was foretold on three separate occasions. First by two monks in the "Shrine of Prophecies" of Urga (Ulaanbaatar) who cast dice and came up with the number 130, then by the Bogd Khan himself who said "You will not die but you will be incarnated in the highest form of being. Remember that, Incarnated God of War, Khan of grateful Mongolia" and finally by a female shaman in the ger of the Buryat prince Djambolon. Ossendowski relates: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> As the bones blackened, she began to examine them and then suddenly her face took on an expression of fear and pain. She nervously tore off the kerchief which bound her head and, contracted with convulsions, began snapping out short sharp phrases. 'I see...I see the God of War...His life runs out...horribly...After it a shadow...black like the night...Shadow...One hundred thirty steps remain...Beyond darkness...Nothing...I see nothing...the God of War has disappeared.' Baron Ungern dropped his head. The woman fell over on her back with her arms stretched out. She had fainted, but it seemed to me that I noticed once a bright pupil of one of her eyes showing from under the closed lashes. Two Buriats carried the lifeless form, after which a long silence reigned in the yurta of the Buriat Prince. Baron Ungern finally got up and began to walk around the brazier, whispering to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_1911-1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banner of Daichin Tengri carried into battle during the Napoleonic Wars"><img alt="Banner of Daichin Tengri carried into battle during the Napoleonic Wars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/108px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/163px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/217px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banner of Daichin Tengri carried into battle during the Napoleonic Wars</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmyk_princes_Tyumenevy_(by_K._Hampeln).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serebzhab Tyumen (seated) carried the Banner of Daichin Tengri into the Battle of Fère-Champenoise (1814)"><img alt="Serebzhab Tyumen (seated) carried the Banner of Daichin Tengri into the Battle of Fère-Champenoise (1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kalmyk_princes_Tyumenevy_%28by_K._Hampeln%29.jpg/137px-Kalmyk_princes_Tyumenevy_%28by_K._Hampeln%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kalmyk_princes_Tyumenevy_%28by_K._Hampeln%29.jpg/206px-Kalmyk_princes_Tyumenevy_%28by_K._Hampeln%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kalmyk_princes_Tyumenevy_%28by_K._Hampeln%29.jpg/274px-Kalmyk_princes_Tyumenevy_%28by_K._Hampeln%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Serebzhab Tyumen (seated) carried the Banner of Daichin Tengri into the Battle of Fère-Champenoise (1814)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ungern-Sternberg-1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baron Ungern was called the God of War (Daichin Tengri) by certain Mongols"><img alt="Baron Ungern was called the God of War (Daichin Tengri) by certain Mongols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ungern-Sternberg-1920.jpg/106px-Ungern-Sternberg-1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ungern-Sternberg-1920.jpg/159px-Ungern-Sternberg-1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ungern-Sternberg-1920.jpg/212px-Ungern-Sternberg-1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baron Ungern was called the God of War (Daichin Tengri) by certain Mongols</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tengrism_and_Islam">Tengrism and Islam</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion">Conversion</h3></div> <p>When Turks converted to Islam, they probably assimilated their beliefs to Islam via <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, identifying <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervishes</a> as something akin to shamans.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi" title="Ahmad Yasawi">Ahmad Yasawi</a>, both Tengrist elements as well as Islamic themes can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> features as the prototype of human's way to unite with God, while simultaneously referring to God as both <i>kok tangir</i> (Gök Tengri) or <i>Allah</i>. According to Yasawi, humans should seek to purify their soul to harmonize with God and the world. Turkic and Mongolic peoples in Central Asian largely converted to Islam during the fourteenth century. However, they were not focusing on the laws, memorization and conformity offered by Islam, but were focused on the inwardly and personal experience.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, many scholars argued for a syncretism between Orthodox-Islam, Sufism, and pre-Islamic Turkic religion. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Rakhat_Achylova" title="Rakhat Achylova">Rakhat Achylova</a> studied how aspects of Tengrism were adopted into a <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyz</a> form of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim Turkic scholar <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, around the year 1075, described the non-Islamic Turks as infidels: "The infidels — may God destroy them! — call the sky Tengri, also anything that is imposing in their eyes call Tengri, such as a great mountain or tree, and they bow down to such things."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Medieval Age Syriac historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a> (1166–1199) describes the Turks conversation from Tengrism to Islam in one of his surviging text fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mentions three reasons on how the Turks converted: </p><blockquote><p> First: as we said above, the Turks have always proclaimed one God, already in their land of origin, even though they considered the invisible firmament as God. [...] They think in fact that the sky is the unique God. So when they heard the Arabs speak about one God, they adhered to their religion (nqapu l-tawdithun). The second way: the Turks who came first and went to the land of Margiana [the region of Merv in today's Turkmenistan] and settled there arrived at the time of the Persians. After a while Muhammad appeared and was accepted by the Arabs, and then by the Persians too. [...] So the Turks who had migrated to the land of Margiana joined (etnaqapu) Islam, just like the Persian people and the race of the Kurds. And when the new Turks who arrived afterwards met their people and those who spoke their language, they also turned to the customs they found the others had taken up, following their lead. The third way of the Turk's union with the Tayyaye [Arabs] was the following: since the Arabs used to take the Turks with them as mercenaries in the war against the Greeks, and they would enter these propserous regions and feed on the booty, they would listen to the Arabs and accept the word of Muhammad who said that by giving up the worship of idols and other created things [...]."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Recently, the syncretism-theory has been challenged. Scholars argued that an orthodox Islam simply did not exist during the Medieval period and has been a product of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernization</a>, thus there has been no strong distinction between Islam and Pre-Islamic Turkic beliefs when the first Turkic empires converted.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20–22">(p20–22)</span></sup> First contact between shamanistic Turks and Islam took place during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> against the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Many shamanistic beliefs were considered as genuinely Islamic by many average Muslims and are still prevalent today.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkic Tengrism further influenced parts of Sufism and <a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">Folk Islam</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEröz1992_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEröz1992-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose affiliation to Islam became disputed in the late Ottoman period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_views">Contemporary views</h3></div> <p>Tengrism is based on personal relationship with the gods and spirits and personal experiences, which cannot be set in writings; thus there can be no prophet, holy scripture, place of worship, clergy, dogma, rite and prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007208–9_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007208–9-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, orthodox <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is based on a written corpus. Doctrines and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">religious law</a> derive from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and are explained by <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>. In this regard, both belief systems are fundamentally distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Tengrists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Tengrists (page does not exist)">Modern Tengrists</a> see themselves as separate from the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. According to some modern believers, by praying to the god of Islam the Turkic peoples would give their energy to the Jews and not to themselves (<a href="/wiki/Aron_Atabek" title="Aron Atabek">Aron Atabek</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007213_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007213-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It excludes the experiences of other nations, but offers Semitic history as if it were the history of all humanity. The principle of submission (both in Islam as well as in Christianity) is disregarded as one of the major failings. It allows rich people to abuse the ordinary people and makes human development stagnant. They advocate <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> and abandonment of Islam as an Arab religion (<a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a> and others).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraçoǧlu2004_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraçoǧlu2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prayer from the heart can only be in native language, not Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevbash2011_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevbash2011-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the contrary, others assert that Tengri is indeed synonymous with Allah and that Turkic ancestors did not leave their former belief behind, but simply accepted <i>Allah</i> as new expression for <i>Tengri</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shoqan_Walikhanov" title="Shoqan Walikhanov">Shoqan Walikhanov</a> asserts, only the names but not the thoughts became Islamic. Thus, "Gök Tengri" (the "blue Sky") was called <i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></i>, the "spirit of the earth" <i><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Shaitan</a></i>, demons became <i>div</i>, <i>peri</i> or <i>jinn</i>, but the idea behind them remained shamanic.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tengrism_and_Christianity">Tengrism and Christianity</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu Khan</a> sent a letter in Latin to King Louis IX of France on April 10, 1262, from his capital Maragheh in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kept in the Vienna National Library as MS 339, it is both an invitation for joint operations against the Mamluks as well as an imperious command to submit. The letter provides key insights into the Mongols' understanding of Tengrism's relationship to Christianity as well as furnishing one of the first Latin transcriptions of Tengri. Only a few sentences from the lengthy letter are shown below (those with relevancy to Tengrism): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="La-Latn" class="poem"> <p>Deus...locutus est auo nostro Chingischan per Temptemgri (nomen quod interpretatur propheta dei) <br /> eiusdem cognatum futuros euentus miraculose temporum reuelans eidem per dictumi Teptemgri nunciando<br /> significans: "In excelsis ego sum deus omnipotens solus et te super gentes et regna constitui dominatorem<br /> Nos igitur per uirtutem Mengutengri (id est dei uiui) Huyleu cham, dux milicie Mungalorum<br /> illustri regi Francorum Ludwico uniuersis et singulis tocius regni Francie Barachmar (id est salutem)<br /> Nunciando predictam reuelationem notificamus ut nobis mandatum dei uiui exegentibus eo indubitancius<br /> acquiescere uelitis quo potestatem nostram ab ipso Mengutengri collatam diligencius consideretis<br /> <br /> papam Francorum regem uel imperatorem fuisse credidisse, sed postea<br /> diligentiori inquisitione habita intelleximus ipsum esse uirum sanctum deum iugiter orantem<br /> pro nationibus uniuersis ipsius Misicatengrin (id est filii dei uiui)<br /> <br /> Mangutengri (id est in uiuo deo) eternaliter sine fine ualete<br /> Datum in ciuitate Maraga anno decimo, Nochoe, die decima mensis Aprilis<br /> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>God...spoke to our grandfather Genghis Khan by Teb Tengri (meaning Prophet of God)<br /> His relative, miraculously revealing the future through the same Teb Tengri<br /> Saying: "On high, I alone am God Almighty and made you lord over peoples and kingdoms"<br /> We, by the power of Mengutengri (living God), Hulegu Khan, leader of the Mongol army<br /> To Louis, illustrious King of the Franks and to all France, Barachmar (greetings)<br /> Revealing the above revelation we notify you to follow the command of God<br /> Considering well that we received our power from the same Mengutengri<br /> <br /> We thought the Pope was a King of France or an emperor, but later,<br /> After diligent enquiry, understood he is a holy man who prays to God incessantly<br /> On behalf of all the nations of Misicatengrin (that is the son of the living God)<br /> <br /> Mangutengri (that is, the living God) eternally without end farewell<br /> Given in the city of Maragha the tenth year, Nochoe (dog year), April 10th </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letter largely propounds the usual Mongol ideology and understanding of Tengrism with mentions of the supreme shaman Kokochu Teb Tengri. All meanings of Tengri including the sky, the most high God and "a god" are implied in the letter. Jesus Christ is called <i>Misicatengrin</i> or Messiah-Tengri in the letter. The <i>Misica</i> is from Syriac <i>mshiha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, Christ) as opposed to Arabic <i>masih</i>. Another Syriac word in the letter is <i>Barachmar</i> (greetings). This points to the well-known <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> heritage within the Mongol Empire which used Syriac as its liturgical language. The Mongolian letter of Arghun Khan to Pope Nicholas IV (1290) also uses the word Misica for Christ. William of Rubruck reported that Arig Boke, brother of Hulegu Khan, used the word Messiah near Karakorum in 1254 (Then they began to blaspheme against Christ, but Arabuccha stopped them saying: "You must not speak so, for we know that the Messiah is God").<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are elements of syncretism between Tengrism and Nestorian Christianity with overlapping notions of monotheism and a traditional view of Christ as <i>Misicatengrin</i> probably dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraite</a> conversion in 1007. In Hulegu's letter Tengrism takes the overarching, non-dogmatic role and contains Nestorianism as a compatible subset, in line with the religious pluralism practiced by the Mongols. Hulegu himself was not strictly a Christian, although his wife, his general <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a> and mother were Nestorians. He was a Tengriist whose Nestorian interests were of the Mongol, syncretic type. His successor <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a> would take part in the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Crusade">Ninth Crusade</a> with the future <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward of England</a> in 1271 and also storm the <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> in February 1281 with the Hospitallers of <a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a>. </p><p>Due to the claim that there is only one eternal Tengri in heaven, many Christians believed <i>Tengri</i> refers to the Christian God. However, it is clear from <a href="/wiki/Letter_from_G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan_to_Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Letter from Güyük Khan to Pope Innocent IV">a letter</a> by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a>, sent to the Pope, that the Mongols will not convert to Christianity, because they would not obey the word of <i>Möngke Tengri</i> (Eternal God).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Age">Contemporary Age</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, Tengrism has not died out and is still practised by about 2.5 percent of the population. The Western peoples and Southern peoples are known to have the highest number of Tengrism practitioners. In <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, Tengrism is often referred to as “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бөө мөргөл (page does not exist)">бөө мөргөл</a>” or “böö mörgöl”. </p><p>In an interview about Mongolian shamanism, Tengrism is explained as the belief that the universe has its own order, that no one could change that order, and that one can only live in harmony with it by understanding the heavenly powers and how it affects human lives, and regulating one's life according to that. The "Great Khan" is quoted saying: "I am doing this work with the grace of the Eternal Heaven.", which is interpreted as stating that his actions are not accidental, but that the universe was calculated to be appropriate for doing such act.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_revival">Modern revival</h3></div> <p>"Tengrism" is the term for a revival of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian shamanism">Central Asian shamanism</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, Tengrism was suggested as a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Turkic">Pan-Turkic</a> national ideology following the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstani_presidential_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzstani presidential election, 2005">2005 presidential elections</a> by an ideological committee chaired by state secretary <a href="/wiki/Dastan_Sarygulov" title="Dastan Sarygulov">Dastan Sarygulov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kyrgyzstan counts no fewer than 50,000 followers of Tengri today.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murat_Auezov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murat Auezov (page does not exist)">Murat Auezov</a>, former head of the National Public Library of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards Tengrism as a manifestation of an worldview in which mankind is identified with nature, in contrast to anthropocentric religions.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulyana_Fatyanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulyana Fatyanova (page does not exist)">Ulyana Fatyanova</a>, Tengrism does not have a specific set of laws, the laws of Tengri can't be broken, as Tengri's laws are the laws of the universe (which might include <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(vital_essence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (vital essence)">spirits</a>, gods and so on.)<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burhanettin_Mumcuo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burhanettin Mumcuoğlu (page does not exist)">Burhanettin Mumcuoğlu</a> became the first person in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to officially change his religion from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to Tengrism in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven worship">Heaven worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">List of Tengrist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Tengrist states and dynasties">List of Tengrist states and dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzan_Gurme_Toodei" title="Manzan Gurme Toodei">Manzan Gurme Toodei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardoqan" title="Nardoqan">Nardoqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic neopaganism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Heissig1980-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Heissig1980_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1956">Roux 1956</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHeissig1980">Heissig 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bekebassova, A. N. "Archetypes of Kazakh and Japanese cultures." News of the national academy of sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of social and human sciences 6.328 (2019): 87-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">York, M. (2018). Pagan Mysticism: Paganism as a World Religion. Vereinigtes Königreich: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETekin1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETekin1993_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETekin1993_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTekin1993">Tekin 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009Bira201114-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009Bira201114_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009Bira201114_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1956">Roux 1956</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRoux1984">Roux 1984</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1987">Róna-Tas 1987</a>, pp. 33–45; <a href="#CITEREFKodar2009">Kodar 2009</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBira2011">Bira 2011</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This Thing of Darkness: Shedding Light on Evil. (2019). Deutschland: Brill. p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2006">Laruelle 2006</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fatma-2020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fatma-2020_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aykanat, Fatma. "The Contemporary Reflections of Tengrism in Turkish Climate Change Fictions." Turkish Ecocriticism: From Neolithic to Contemporary Timescapes (2020): 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004402–404-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004402–404_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004402–404_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMan2004">Man 2004</a>, pp. 402–404.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMan2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1956">Roux 1956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Tanyu19809fGüngörGünay199736-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Tanyu19809fGüngörGünay199736_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1956">Pettazzoni 1956</a>, p. 261; <a href="#CITEREFTanyu1980">Tanyu 1980</a>, p. 9f; <a href="#CITEREFGüngörGünay1997">Güngör & Günay 1997</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanyu200711–13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanyu200711–13_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanyu2007">Tanyu 2007</a>, pp. 11–13.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanyu2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237452482_Proto-Yeniseian_Reconstructions_with_Extra-Yeniseian_Comparisons">On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy</a></i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198117–18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198117–18_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1981">Lee (1981)</a>, pp. 17–18.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLee1981 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDidier2009''passim''_but_especially_Vol._I,_pp._143,_154-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDidier2009''passim''_but_especially_Vol._I,_pp._143,_154_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDidier2009">Didier (2009)</a>, <i>passim</i> but especially Vol. I, pp. 143, 154.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDidier2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux198465-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux198465_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1956">Roux 1956</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRoux1984">Roux 1984</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Bergounioux (ed.), <i>Primitive and prehistoric religions</i>, Vol. 140, Hawthorn Books, 1966, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuleimenov197536-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuleimenov197536_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuleimenov1975">Suleimenov 1975</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman199631-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman199631_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnirelman1996">Shnirelman 1996</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994Omuraliyev2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994Omuraliyev2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmuraliyev1994">Omuraliyev 1994</a>; <a href="#CITEREFOmuraliyev2012">Omuraliyev 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEröz1992-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEröz1992_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEröz1992_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEröz1992">Eröz 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boldbaatar et al., <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Чингис хаан, 1162–1227</span></span>, <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Хаадын сан</span></span>, 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMIMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA18">p. 18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1949–52" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Schmidt, Wilhelm</a> (1949–52). <i>Der Ursprung der Gottes</i> [<i>The Origin of the Idea of God</i>] (in German). Vol. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Ursprung+der+Gottes&rft.date=1949%2F1952&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerfer1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Doerfer" title="Gerhard Doerfer">Doerfer, Gerhard</a> (1965). <i>Turkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen</i> (in German). Vol. 2. Wiesbaden. p. 580.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkische+und+Mongolische+Elemente+im+Neupersischen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=580&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Doerfer&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261fGumilyov1967ch._7Tanyu1980Alici2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261fGumilyov1967ch._7Tanyu1980Alici2011_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1956">Pettazzoni 1956</a>, p. 261f; <a href="#CITEREFGumilyov1967">Gumilyov 1967</a>, ch. 7; <a href="#CITEREFTanyu1980">Tanyu 1980</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAlici2011">Alici 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956Roux1984Róna-Tas198733–45Kodar2009_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1956">Roux 1956</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRoux1984">Roux 1984</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1987">Róna-Tas 1987</a>, pp. 33–45; <a href="#CITEREFKodar2009">Kodar 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meserve, R., <i>Religions in the central Asian environment</i>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001204/120455e.pdf">History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221846/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001204/120455e.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Part Two: The achievements, p. 68: <ul><li>"The 'imperial' religion was more monotheistic, centred around the all-powerful god Tengri, the sky god."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-PolyMono-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PolyMono_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fergus, Michael; Jandosova, Janar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAu9ttUqiJoC&pg=PA91">Kazakhstan: Coming of Age</a>, Stacey International, 2003, p. 91: <ul><li>"... a profound combination of monotheism and polytheism that has come to be known as Tengrism."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBira201114-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBira201114_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBira2011">Bira 2011</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1956242-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1956242_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1956">Roux 1956</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStebleva1971Klyashtornyj2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStebleva1971Klyashtornyj2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStebleva1971">Stebleva 1971</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKlyashtornyj2008">Klyashtornyj 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hut01">Hutton 2001</a>. p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, John C. Holt, <i>Patterns in comparative religion</i>, 1958, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppál2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoppál, Mihály (2005). <i>Sámánok Eurázsiában</i> (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 77, 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-8295-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-05-8295-7"><bdi>978-963-05-8295-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A1m%C3%A1nok+Eur%C3%A1zsi%C3%A1ban&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=77%2C+287&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-963-05-8295-7&rft.aulast=Hopp%C3%A1l&rft.aufirst=Mih%C3%A1ly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZnamensky2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Znamensky, Andrei A. (2005). "Az ősiség szépsége: altáji török sámánok a szibériai regionális gondolkodásban (1860–1920)". In Molnár, Ádám (ed.). <i>Csodaszarvas. Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány. Vol. I</i> (in Hungarian). Budapest: Molnár Kiadó. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-218-200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-218-200-1"><bdi>978-963-218-200-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Az+%C5%91sis%C3%A9g+sz%C3%A9ps%C3%A9ge%3A+alt%C3%A1ji+t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k+s%C3%A1m%C3%A1nok+a+szib%C3%A9riai+region%C3%A1lis+gondolkod%C3%A1sban+%281860%E2%80%931920%29&rft.btitle=Csodaszarvas.+%C5%90st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net%2C+vall%C3%A1s+%C3%A9s+n%C3%A9phagyom%C3%A1ny.+Vol.+I&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Moln%C3%A1r+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-963-218-200-1&rft.aulast=Znamensky&rft.aufirst=Andrei+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettunen1998" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Kettunen, Harri J. (12 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010112091300/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9811b&L=aztlan&D=1&P=5218&F=P">"Re: Ma: Xamanism"</a>. <i>AZTLAN Pre-Columbian History</i> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9811b&L=aztlan&D=1&P=5218&F=P">the original</a> on 12 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Ma%3A+Xamanism&rft.date=1998-11-12&rft.aulast=Kettunen&rft.aufirst=Harri+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwa%3FA2%3Dind9811b%26L%3Daztlan%26D%3D1%26P%3D5218%26F%3DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessing1960" class="citation book cs1">Lessing, Ferdinand D., ed. (1960). <i>Mongolian-English Dictionary</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolian-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzaplicka1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Czaplicka" title="Maria Czaplicka">Czaplicka, Maria</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/sha/sis/sis08.htm">"XII. Shamanism and Sex"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Siberia</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII.+Shamanism+and+Sex&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Siberia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Czaplicka&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fsha%2Fsis%2Fsis08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbanaeva2000-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrbanaeva2000_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbanaeva2000">Urbanaeva 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English language discussion in Znamenski, Andrei A., <i>Shamanism in Siberia: Russian records of indigenous spirituality</i>, Springer, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1740-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1740-7">978-1-4020-1740-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6lx-20TKMsC&pg=PA351">pp. 350–352</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETekin19938-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETekin19938_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTekin1993">Tekin 1993</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlene Laruelle "TENGRISM: IN SEARCH FOR CENTRAL ASIA'SPIRITUAL ROOTS" Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 22 March 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Gumilyov1967ch._7-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1956261Gumilyov1967ch._7_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1956">Pettazzoni 1956</a>, p. 261; <a href="#CITEREFGumilyov1967">Gumilyov 1967</a>, ch. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992Poemer2000-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992Poemer2000_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPoemer2000">Poemer 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent1976Roux2003Bira2011Turner2016ch._3.3-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent1976Roux2003Bira2011Turner2016ch._3.3_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrent1976">Brent 1976</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRoux2003">Roux 2003</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBira2011">Bira 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTurner2016">Turner 2016</a>, ch. 3.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirokogorov1929" class="citation book cs1">Shirokogorov, Sergei M. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7wmAQAAMAAJ"><i>Social organization of the Northern Tungus</i></a>. Garland Pub. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824096205" title="Special:BookSources/9780824096205"><bdi>9780824096205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+organization+of+the+Northern+Tungus&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=9780824096205&rft.aulast=Shirokogorov&rft.aufirst=Sergei+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7wmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Schmidt, Wilhelm</a> (1952). <i>Der Ursprung der Gottes</i> [<i>The Origin of the Idea of God</i>] (in German). Vol. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Ursprung+der+Gottes&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Jung Young (1981). <i>Korean Shamanistic Rituals</i>. Mouton De Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027933782" title="Special:BookSources/9027933782">9027933782</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is no doubt that between the 6th and 9th centuries Tengrism was the religion among the nomads of the steppes" Yazar András Róna-Tas, <i>Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history</i>, Yayıncı Central European University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-48-1">978-963-9116-48-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA151">p. 151</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fodor_2006-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fodor_2006_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István, Fodor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silver.drk.hu/MVT/letolt/vt6.pdf">A magyarok ősi vallásáról (About the old religion of the Hungarians)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505081203/http://silver.drk.hu/MVT/letolt/vt6.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vallástudományi Tanulmányok. 6/2004, Budapest, p. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hungarians_&_Europe-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hungarians_&_Europe_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA151"><i>Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early... - András Róna-Tas</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarians+%26+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Introduction+to+Early...+-+Andr%C3%A1s+R%C3%B3na-Tas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-RTt0Q6AcYC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bukharaev, R. (2014). Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balkanlar'dan Uluğ Türkistan'a Türk halk inançları Cilt 1, Yaşar Kalafat, Berikan, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourdeauxFilatov2006">Bourdeaux & Filatov 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, (1993), <i>Altaica Berolinensia: The Concept of Sovereignty in the Altaic World</i>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For another translation here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pony-express.net/west-east/china/expo/catalogue_text/cat32_text.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413200307/http://www.pony-express.net/west-east/china/expo/catalogue_text/cat32_text.html">Archived</a> 2016-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation on page 18 here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://globalmiddleages.org/sites/default/files/pdf-files/atwood.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811025940/http://globalmiddleages.org/sites/default/files/pdf-files/atwood.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols2004-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols2004_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols2004">The Secret History of the Mongols 2004</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altaica-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altaica_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altaica_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/SECRET/cleaves_shI.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095909/http://altaica.ru/SECRET/cleaves_shI.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltaica.ru%2FSECRET%2Fcleaves_shI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4Laruelle2007205Turner2016ch._9.3_TengerismPopov2016-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle20063–4Laruelle2007205Turner2016ch._9.3_TengerismPopov2016_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2006">Laruelle 2006</a>, pp. 3–4; <a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, p. 205; <a href="#CITEREFTurner2016">Turner 2016</a>, ch. 9.3 Tengerism; <a href="#CITEREFPopov2016">Popov 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaundersStrukov2010" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Robert A.; Strukov, Vlad (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_uAoNJiOMwC"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 412–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81085475-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81085475-8"><bdi>978-0-81085475-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=412-13&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-81085475-8&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Strukov%2C+Vlad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_uAoNJiOMwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacqué-GrammontRoux1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux" title="Jean-Paul Roux">Roux, Jean-Paul</a> (1983). <i>Mustafa Kemal et la Turquie nouvelle</i> (in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7068-0829-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7068-0829-2"><bdi>2-7068-0829-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Kemal+et+la+Turquie+nouvelle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=2-7068-0829-2&rft.aulast=Bacqu%C3%A9-Grammont&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Roux%2C+Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraçoǧlu2004-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraçoǧlu2004_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraçoǧlu2004_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraçoǧlu2004">Saraçoǧlu 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204,_209–11-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204,_209–11_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, pp. 204, 209–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopov2016">Popov 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204Suleimenov1975271-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007204Suleimenov1975271_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, p. 204; <a href="#CITEREFSuleimenov1975">Suleimenov 1975</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007213-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007213_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007213_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007207-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007207_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007205,_209-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007205,_209_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, pp. 205, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBezertinov20003-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBezertinov20003_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBezertinov2000">Bezertinov 2000</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006134–50Popov2016-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006134–50Popov2016_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourdeauxFilatov2006">Bourdeaux & Filatov 2006</a>, pp. 134–50; <a href="#CITEREFPopov2016">Popov 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamestown-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jamestown_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarat2005" class="citation journal cs1">Marat, Erica (2005-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31177">"High-Ranking Kyrgyz Official Proposes New National Ideology"</a>. <i>Eurasia Daily Monitor</i>. <b>2</b> (226). The Jamestown Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912182739/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31177">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=High-Ranking+Kyrgyz+Official+Proposes+New+National+Ideology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=226&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft.aulast=Marat&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fsingle%2F%3Fno_cache%3D1%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D31177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarat,_Erica2006" class="citation web cs1">Marat, Erica (2006-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/7023-analytical-articles-caci-analyst-2006-2-22-art-7023.html">"Kyrgyz Government Unable to Produce New National Ideology"</a>. CACI Analyst, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyrgyz+Government+Unable+to+Produce+New+National+Ideology&rft.pub=CACI+Analyst%2C+Central+Asia-Caucasus+Institute&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft.au=Marat%2C+Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacianalyst.org%2Fpublications%2Fanalytical-articles%2Fitem%2F7023-analytical-articles-caci-analyst-2006-2-22-art-7023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206–7-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007206–7_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, pp. 206–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmuraliyev1994_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmuraliyev1994">Omuraliyev 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.ch/translate?hl=de&sl=en&u=http://www.rferl.org/content/kyrgyz_religious_hatred_trial_throws_spotlight_on_ancient_creed/24469022.html&ei=lCRKT93TBsLGswaBnPmUBQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DKubanychbek%2BTezekbaev%26hl%3Dde%26prmd%3Dimvns">RFE/RL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140951/http://translate.google.ch/translate?hl=de&sl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fkyrgyz_religious_hatred_trial_throws_spotlight_on_ancient_creed%2F24469022.html&ei=lCRKT93TBsLGswaBnPmUBQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ7gEwAA&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DKubanychbek%2BTezekbaev%26hl%3Dde%26prmd%3Dimvns">Archived</a> 2018-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2012-01-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarashev2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karashev, Aziz (October 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlkg.kg/ru/society/religion/rycari-tengri-kakova-cena-svobody-pod-nebosvodom">"Рыцари Тенгри. Какова цена свободы под небосводом? Ч. 1"</a> [Tengri knights. What is the price of freedom under the sky? Part 1]. <i>Жаны Жүздөр</i> (in Russian). No. 28. Kyrgyzstan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%3F+%D0%A7.+1&rft.issue=28&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Karashev&rft.aufirst=Aziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlkg.kg%2Fru%2Fsociety%2Freligion%2Frycari-tengri-kakova-cena-svobody-pod-nebosvodom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoroz20041–6-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoroz20041–6_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoroz2004">Moroz 2004</a>, pp. 1–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalemba2003165–82Khvastunova2018-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalemba2003165–82Khvastunova2018_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalemba2003">Halemba 2003</a>, pp. 165–82; <a href="#CITEREFKhvastunova2018">Khvastunova 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilatovShchipkov1995239–43Shnirelman1996Vovina2000-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilatovShchipkov1995239–43Shnirelman1996Vovina2000_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilatovShchipkov1995">Filatov & Shchipkov 1995</a>, pp. 239–43; <a href="#CITEREFShnirelman1996">Shnirelman 1996</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVovina2000">Vovina 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulov2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dulov, Vladimir (2013). "Bulgarian Society and Diversity of Pagan and Neopagan Themes". In Kaarina Aitamurto; Scott Simpson (eds.). <i>Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe</i>. Durham: Acumen. pp. 206–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844656622" title="Special:BookSources/9781844656622"><bdi>9781844656622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Society+and+Diversity+of+Pagan+and+Neopagan+Themes&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781844656622&rft.aulast=Dulov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyupov201210f-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyupov201210f_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyupov2012">Ayupov 2012</a>, p. 10f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007note_1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007note_1_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbi.dk/natphil/Siberian.html">"Parts of a story of a world picture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701191920/http://www.nbi.dk/natphil/Siberian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parts+of+a+story+of+a+world+picture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbi.dk%2Fnatphil%2FSiberian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdji2005preface-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdji2005preface_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdji2005">Adji 2005</a>, preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007210-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaruelle2007210_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaruelle2007">Laruelle 2007</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse198619-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesse198619_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHesse1986">Hesse 1986</a>, p. 19.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHesse1986 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suleimenova, ZH D., A. Tashagil, and B. Amankulov. "The Role of Person and his Psychological Portrait in Turkic Philosophy of Culture." International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5.11 (2011): 1414-1418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusJandosova2003" class="citation book cs1">Fergus, Michael; Jandosova, Janar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAu9ttUqiJoC&pg=PA91"><i>Kazakhstan: Coming of Age</i></a>. Stacey International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900988-61-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900988-61-2"><bdi>978-1-900988-61-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Coming+of+Age&rft.pub=Stacey+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-900988-61-2&rft.aulast=Fergus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jandosova%2C+Janar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjAu9ttUqiJoC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurker2015" class="citation book cs1">Lurker, Manfred (2015). <i>A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons</i>. London: Routledge (Taylor and Francis). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0La5CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT350">340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10620-0"><bdi>978-1-136-10620-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Gods+and+Goddesses%2C+Devils+and+Demons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+and+Francis%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-136-10620-0&rft.aulast=Lurker&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span>, translation from German by G. L. Campbell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLynn-2015-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLynn-2015_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLynn-2015_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">McLynn, Frank</a> (2015). <i>Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy</i> (First Da Capo Press ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82395-4"><bdi>978-0-306-82395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+His+Conquests%2C+His+Empire%2C+His+Legacy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=510&rft.edition=First+Da+Capo+Press&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82395-4&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaacs, R. (2018). Film and Identity in Kazakhstan: Soviet and Post-Soviet Culture in Central Asia. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBezertinov200071-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBezertinov200071_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBezertinov2000">Bezertinov 2000</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Funk, Dmitriy (2018). 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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 3-4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118924396.wbiea2237">10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2237</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Türk Söylence Sözlüğü (Turkish Mythology Dictionary), Deniz Karakurt, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_S%C3%B6ylence_S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="tr:Türk Söylence Sözlüğü">(OTRS: CC BY-SA 3.0)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse1987405-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesse1987405_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHesse1987">Hesse 1987</a>, p. 405.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHesse1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Civilizations of Central Asia. (1999). Indien: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelbay, Saniya (2012). <i>Traditional Kazakh Culture and Islam.</i> International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 11 p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_102-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1997">Stewart 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Türk Mitolojisi</i>, Murat Uraz, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34244225">34244225</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sosyalarastirmalar.com-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sosyalarastirmalar.com_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sosyalarastirmalar.com_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferhat ASLAN <i>THE DRAGON MOTIF IN ANATOLIAN LEGENDS</i> Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi The Journal of International Social Research Cilt: 7 Sayı: 29 Volume: 7 Issue: 29 www.sosyalarastirmalar.com Issn: 1307-9581 p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Götter und Mythen in Zentralasien und Nordeurasien Käthe Uray-Kőhalmi</i>, Jean-Paul Roux, Pertev N. 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Consulted online on 21 March 2023 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5661">10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5661</a> First published online: 2012 First print edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004082656" title="Special:BookSources/9789004082656">9789004082656</a>, 1913-1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarikaya, Dilek Bulut. The Human-Animal Relationship in Pre-Modern Turkish Literature: A Study of The Book of Dede Korkut and The Masnavi, Book I, II. USA, Lexington Books, 2023. p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullerson, Rein. Central Asia. Vereinigtes Königreich, Taylor & Francis, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JENS PETER LAUT Vielfalt türkischer Religione (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banzarov, Dorji, Jan Nattier, and John R. 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(2005). <i>The Turks in World History</i>, Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195177268" title="Special:BookSources/9780195177268">9780195177268</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Telebayev, Gaziz, and Khoja Ahmed Yasawi. "Turkic elements in the Sufi philosophical tradition: Khoja Ahmed Yasawi." 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İstanbul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ba%C5%9Flang%C4%B1%C3%A7tan+G%C3%BCn%C3%BCm%C3%BCze+T%C3%BCrklerin+Din%C3%AE+Tarihi&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Harun&rft.au=G%C3%BCnay%2C+%C3%9Cnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalemba2003" class="citation journal cs1">Halemba, Agnieszka (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050510034443/http://www.innerasiaresearch.org/03_RSIBhalemba.pdf">"Contemporary religious life in the Republic of Altai: the interaction of Buddhism and Shamanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sibirica</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 165–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1361736042000245295">10.1080/1361736042000245295</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innerasiaresearch.org/03_RSIBhalemba.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2005-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sibirica&rft.atitle=Contemporary+religious+life+in+the+Republic+of+Altai%3A+the+interaction+of+Buddhism+and+Shamanism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-82&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1361736042000245295&rft.aulast=Halemba&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innerasiaresearch.org%2F03_RSIBhalemba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeissig1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Heissig" title="Walther Heissig">Heissig, Walther</a> (1980) [1970]. <i>The religions of Mongolia</i>. Translated by G. Samuel. London/Henley: Routledge; Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0685-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0685-7"><bdi>0-7103-0685-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religions+of+Mongolia&rft.place=London%2FHenley&rft.pub=Routledge%3B+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7103-0685-7&rft.aulast=Heissig&rft.aufirst=Walther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafesoğlu1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kafesoğlu, İbrahim (1980). <i>Eski Türk Dini</i> [<i>Old Turkish Religion</i>] (in Turkish). Ankara: Boğaziçi Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eski+T%C3%BCrk+Dini&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Kafeso%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0brahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhvastunova2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khvastunova, Julia V. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennoe-tengrianstvo-na-primere-versii-tengrianstva-v-a-sata-v-respublike-altay">"Современное тенгрианство (на примере версии тенгрианства В. А. Сата в Республике Алтай)"</a> [Modern Tengriism (as in V. A. Sat's Version of Tengriism in the Altai Republic)]. <i>Colloquium Heptaploremes</i> (in Russian) (5): 33–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Heptaploremes&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%28%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%92.+%D0%90.+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=33-43&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Khvastunova&rft.aufirst=Julia+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fsovremennoe-tengrianstvo-na-primere-versii-tengrianstva-v-a-sata-v-respublike-altay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlyashtornyj2008" class="citation book cs1">Klyashtornyj, Sergei G. (2008). Spinei, V. and C. (ed.). <i>Old Turkic Runic Texts and History of the Eurasian Steppe</i>. Bucureşti/Brăila: Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Turkic+Runic+Texts+and+History+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe&rft.place=Bucure%C5%9Fti%2FBr%C4%83ila&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Rom%C3%A2ne%3B+Editura+Istros+a+Muzeului+Br%C4%83ilei&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Klyashtornyj&rft.aufirst=Sergei+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>—— (2005). 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Ещё раз о духовных поисках современных крымчаков и крымских караимов»"</a> [From Judaism to Tengrism. 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Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+Mitolojisi+%28Kaynaklar%C4%B1+ve+A%C3%A7%C4%B1klamalar%C4%B1+ile+Destanlar%29&rft.place=Ankara&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=%C3%96gel&rft.aufirst=Bahaeddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettazzoni1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Pettazzoni" title="Raffaele Pettazzoni">Pettazzoni, Raffaele</a> (1956) [1955]. "Turco-Mongols and Related Peoples". <i>The All-Knowing God. Researches into Early Religion and Culture</i>. Translated by H. J. Rose. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turco-Mongols+and+Related+Peoples&rft.btitle=The+All-Knowing+God.+Researches+into+Early+Religion+and+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Pettazzoni&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoemer2000" class="citation book cs1">Poemer, H. R., ed. (2000). <i>History of the Turkic Peoples in Pre-Islamic Period</i>. 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An Essay on the Deities of the Altaic Peoples]. <i>Revue de l'histoire des religions</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27histoire+des+religions&rft.atitle=T%C3%A4ngri.+Essai+sur+le+ciel-dieu+des+peuples+alta%C3%AFques&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1956_num_149_1_7087">Vol. <b>149</b> (149-1), pp. 49–82</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1956_num_149_2_7121">Vol. <b>149</b> (149-2), pp. 197–230</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1956_num_150_1_7142">Vol. <b>150</b> (150-1), pp. 27–54</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1956_num_150_2_7167">Vol. <b>150</b> (150-2), pp. 173–212</a>.</li> <li>——. <i>Tengri.</i> In: <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>, Vol. 13, pp. 9080–82.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraçoǧlu2004" class="citation book cs1">Saraçoǧlu, Cenk (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oPfvQEACAAJ"><i>Nihal Atsiz's World-view and Its Influences on the Shared Symbols, Rituals, Myths and Practices of the Ülkücü Movement</i></a>. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihal+Atsiz%27s+World-view+and+Its+Influences+on+the+Shared+Symbols%2C+Rituals%2C+Myths+and+Practices+of+the+%C3%9Clk%C3%BCc%C3%BC+Movement&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4ts-+und+Landesbibliothek+Sachsen-Anhalt&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sara%C3%A7o%C7%A7lu&rft.aufirst=Cenk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oPfvQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimamura2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ippei_Shimamura" title="Ippei Shimamura">Shimamura, Ippei</a> (2014). <i>The Roots Seekers: Shamamisn and Ethnicity Among the Mongol Buryats</i>. Yokohama: Shumpusha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86110-397-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86110-397-1"><bdi>978-4-86110-397-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+Seekers%3A+Shamamisn+and+Ethnicity+Among+the+Mongol+Buryats&rft.place=Yokohama&rft.pub=Shumpusha&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-4-86110-397-1&rft.aulast=Shimamura&rft.aufirst=Ippei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShnirelman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Shnirelman, Viktor A.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iwHp8amsdEC"><i>Who Gets the Past?: Competition for Ancestors Among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia</i></a>. 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(1971). "К реконструкции древнетюркской мифологической системы" [To the reconstruction of the ancient Turkic mythological system]. <i>Тюркологический сборник</i> (in Russian). Москва: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">АН СССР</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9A+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%9D+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Stebleva&rft.aufirst=Irina+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanyu1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_Tanyu" title="Hikmet Tanyu">Tanyu, Hikmet</a> (1980). <i>İslâmlıktan Önce Türkler'de Tek Tanrı İnancı</i> [<i>The Belief of Monotheism among Pre-Islamic Turks</i>] (in Turkish). İstanbul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0sl%C3%A2ml%C4%B1ktan+%C3%96nce+T%C3%BCrkler%27de+Tek+Tanr%C4%B1+%C4%B0nanc%C4%B1&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Tanyu&rft.aufirst=Hikmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekin1993" class="citation book cs1">Tekin, Talât (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a> = The Book of Omens</i>. Turcologica, 18. Wiesbaden: <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03426-5"><bdi>978-3-447-03426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irk+Bitig+%3D+The+Book+of+Omens&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Turcologica%2C+18&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03426-5&rft.aulast=Tekin&rft.aufirst=Tal%C3%A2t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">The Secret History of the Mongols</a>: a Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century</i>. Inner Asian library. Vol. 1–2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Igor_de_Rachewiltz" title="Igor de Rachewiltz">Igor de Rachewiltz</a> with a historical and philological commentary. Leiden: Brill. 2004 [1971–85]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15363-9"><bdi>978-90-04-15363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+the+Mongols%3A+a+Mongolian+Epic+Chronicle+of+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Inner+Asian+library&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15363-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2016" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Kevin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wksyCgAAQBAJ&q=sky+shamans+of+mongolia%3A+meetings+with+remarkable+healers"><i>Sky Shamans of Mongolia: Meetings with Remarkable Healers</i></a>. Berkeley, Ca: North Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583946343" title="Special:BookSources/9781583946343"><bdi>9781583946343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sky+Shamans+of+Mongolia%3A+Meetings+with+Remarkable+Healers&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Ca&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781583946343&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwksyCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsky%2Bshamans%2Bof%2Bmongolia%253A%2Bmeetings%2Bwith%2Bremarkable%2Bhealers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovina2000" class="citation book cs1">Vovina, Olessia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2000-814-29f-Vovina.pdf"><i>In Search of the National Idea: Cultural Revival and Traditional Religiosity in the Chuvash Republic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Seton_Hall_University" title="Seton Hall University">Seton Hall University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+National+Idea%3A+Cultural+Revival+and+Traditional+Religiosity+in+the+Chuvash+Republic&rft.pub=Seton+Hall+University&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Vovina&rft.aufirst=Olessia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucis.pitt.edu%2Fnceeer%2F2000-814-29f-Vovina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Tengrist_authors">Modern Tengrist authors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdji2005" class="citation book cs1">Adji, Murad (2005) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adji.ru/en/books/book10/"><i>Asia's Europa. Vol. 1: Europe, Turkic, the Great Steppe</i></a>. Translated by A. Kisilev. Moscow: ACT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Europa.+Vol.+1%3A+Europe%2C+Turkic%2C+the+Great+Steppe&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=ACT&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Adji&rft.aufirst=Murad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adji.ru%2Fen%2Fbooks%2Fbook10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdyg-Tulush2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Adyg-Tulush, Kara-ool Dopchun-ool oglu (2019) [2014]. <i>Мистические тувинцы — скифы, хунны, тюрки Уранхая. Мистические шаманские видения Верховного шамана Тувы и России</i> [<i>The Mystical Tuvans—Scythians, Huns, Turks of Urankhai. Mystical Shamanic Visions of the Supreme Shaman of Tuva and Russia</i>] (in Tuvinian) (2nd rev. ed.). Кызыл.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B+%E2%80%94+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B%2C+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F.+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Adyg-Tulush&rft.aufirst=Kara-ool+Dopchun-ool+oglu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfanasyev1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Afanasyev, Lazar A. 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Якутск: Министерство культуры <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Республики Саха (Якутия)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B+%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D2%94%D1%8D&rft.place=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0+%28%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%29&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Afanasyev&rft.aufirst=Lazar+A.+%28T%C3%A9ris%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkatai2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akatai, Sabetkazy N. (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adebiportal.kz/web/viewer.php?file=/upload/iblock/c95/c950c9efef1826e4109d922419043bde.pdf&ln=kz"><i>Күн мен көлеңке: ғылыми-танымдық аңсар; Тарихи материалдар</i></a> [<i>The Sun and Shadow: Science and Education; Historical materials</i>] (in Kazakh). Алматы: Print-Express. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-601-7046-23-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-601-7046-23-1"><bdi>978-601-7046-23-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%3A+%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%3B+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.place=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.pub=Print-Express&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-601-7046-23-1&rft.aulast=Akatai&rft.aufirst=Sabetkazy+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadebiportal.kz%2Fweb%2Fviewer.php%3Ffile%3D%2Fupload%2Fiblock%2Fc95%2Fc950c9efef1826e4109d922419043bde.pdf%26ln%3Dkz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabek2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Atabek, Aron (2000). <i>Йоллыг-Тегин. Памятник Куль-Тегина</i> [<i>Yollig Tegin. Kul Tegin Monument</i>] (in Russian). Алматы: Кенже-пресс.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD.+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Atabek&rft.aufirst=Aron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtsız1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Atsız, Hüseyin Nihâl</a> (1966). <i>Türk Tarihinde Meseleler</i> [<i>Problems in Turkish History</i>] (in Turkish). Ankara: Afşın Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+Tarihinde+Meseleler&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Af%C5%9F%C4%B1n+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ats%C4%B1z&rft.aufirst=H%C3%BCseyin+Nih%C3%A2l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyupov2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayupov, Nurmagambet G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tengrifund.ru/wp-content/library-tengrifund/Monografiya_Ayupova.pdf"><i>Тенгрианство как открытое мировоззрение</i></a> [<i>Tengrism as an Open Worldview</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Алматы: <a href="/wiki/Abai_Kazakh_National_Pedagogical_University" title="Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University">КазНПУ им. Абая</a>; КИЕ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%9D%D0%9F%D0%A3+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F%3B+%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ayupov&rft.aufirst=Nurmagambet+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftengrifund.ru%2Fwp-content%2Flibrary-tengrifund%2FMonografiya_Ayupova.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezertinov2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bezertinov, Rafael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatar.yuldash.com/eng_174.html">"Chapter 3. Deities / Trans. by N. Kisamov"</a>. <i>Тенгрианство — религия тюрков и монголов</i> [<i>Tengrianizm: The Religion of the Turks and Mongols</i>] (in Russian). Набережные Челны: Аяз.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3.+Deities+%2F+Trans.+by+N.+Kisamov&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%E2%80%94+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.pub=%D0%90%D1%8F%D0%B7&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bezertinov&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftatar.yuldash.com%2Feng_174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButanayev2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Butanayev, Victor Y. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookucheba.com/religii-prochie/burhanizm-tyurkov-sayano-altaya-abakan.html"><i>Бурханизм тюрков Саяно-Алтая</i></a> [<i>Burkhanism of the Turks of Sayano-Altai</i>] (in Russian). Абакан: Изд-во Хакасского государственного университета им. Н. Ф. Катанова. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7810-0226-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-7810-0226-X"><bdi>5-7810-0226-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.place=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%9D.+%D0%A4.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-7810-0226-X&rft.aulast=Butanayev&rft.aufirst=Victor+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookucheba.com%2Freligii-prochie%2Fburhanizm-tyurkov-sayano-altaya-abakan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevbash2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Devbash, Firdus (2011) [2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devbas.ru/tatarskie-molitvy-kitapny-ukyrga/"><i>Татарские молитвы</i></a> [<i>Tatar Prayers</i>] (in Russian) (2nd rev. ed.). Казань: ПФ "Гарт". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-905372-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-905372-03-2"><bdi>978-5-905372-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft.place=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%A4+%22%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%22&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-905372-03-2&rft.aulast=Devbash&rft.aufirst=Firdus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdevbas.ru%2Ftatarskie-molitvy-kitapny-ukyrga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyodorova2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fyodorova, Lena V. (2012). <i>Духовные основы евразийства. Культурно-цивилизационные аспекты</i> [<i>The Spiritual Foundations of Eurasianism. Cultural and Civilizational Aspects</i>] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Academic_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert Academic Publishing">Lambert Academic Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-659-13666-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-659-13666-5"><bdi>978-3-659-13666-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.pub=Lambert+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-659-13666-5&rft.aulast=Fyodorova&rft.aufirst=Lena+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenin-Lopsan1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mongush_Kenin-Lopsan" title="Mongush Kenin-Lopsan">Kenin-Lopsan, Mongush B.</a> (1993). <i>Магия тувинских шаманов = Magic of Tuvan Shamans</i> (in Russian and English). Кызыл: Новости Тувы.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%3D+Magic+of+Tuvan+Shamans&rft.place=%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kenin-Lopsan&rft.aufirst=Mongush+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenin-Lopsan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mongush_Kenin-Lopsan" title="Mongush Kenin-Lopsan">Kenin-Lopsan, Mongush B.</a> (2010) [2002]. <i>Calling the Bear Spirit: Ancient Shamanic Invocations and Working Songs from Tuva</i>. Kristianstad: Kjellin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789197831901" title="Special:BookSources/9789197831901"><bdi>9789197831901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calling+the+Bear+Spirit%3A+Ancient+Shamanic+Invocations+and+Working+Songs+from+Tuva&rft.place=Kristianstad&rft.pub=Kjellin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789197831901&rft.aulast=Kenin-Lopsan&rft.aufirst=Mongush+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodar2005" class="citation book cs1">Kodar, Auezkhan (2005) [2002]. <i>The Steppe Knowledge. Essays on Cultural Science</i>. Translated by I. Poluyahtov. Almaty: Ассоциация "Золотой век".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steppe+Knowledge.+Essays+on+Cultural+Science&rft.place=Almaty&rft.pub=%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%22&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kodar&rft.aufirst=Auezkhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmuraliyev1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Omuraliyev, Choiun (1994). <i>Теңирчилик: Улуттук философиянын уңусуна чалгын</i> [<i>Tengrism: National Philosophy</i>] (in Kyrgyz). Бишкек: Крон.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%3A+%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%83%D2%A3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Omuraliyev&rft.aufirst=Choiun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmuraliyev2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Omuraliyev, Choiun (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literatura.kg/articles/?aid=1411"><i>Теңирчилик: Коом-Мамлекет</i></a> [<i>Tengrism: Society–State</i>] (in Kyrgyz). Бишкек: Кыргыз Жер. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9967-26-597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9967-26-597-4"><bdi>978-9967-26-597-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%3A+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7+%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9967-26-597-4&rft.aulast=Omuraliyev&rft.aufirst=Choiun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literatura.kg%2Farticles%2F%3Faid%3D1411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarygulov2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dastan_Sarygulov" title="Dastan Sarygulov">Sarygulov, Dastan</a> (2002). <i>Тенгрианство и глобальные проблемы современности</i> [<i>Tengrism and Global Problems of Modernity</i>] (in Russian). Бишкек: Фонд Тенгир-Ордо. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9967-21-186-5" title="Special:BookSources/9967-21-186-5"><bdi>9967-21-186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9967-21-186-5&rft.aulast=Sarygulov&rft.aufirst=Dastan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShodoev2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shodoev, Nikolai A. (2010). <i>Основы алтайской философии</i> [<i>Fundamentals of the Altaian Philosophy</i>] (in Russian). Бийск.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shodoev&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1997" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Julie (1997-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/Mongolian_Page/shaman.txt">"A Course in Mongolian Shamanism—Introduction 101"</a>. Ulaanbaatar: Golomt Center for Shamanist Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Mongolian+Shamanism%E2%80%94Introduction+101&rft.place=Ulaanbaatar&rft.pub=Golomt+Center+for+Shamanist+Studies&rft.date=1997-10-03&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2FMongolian_Page%2Fshaman.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleimenov1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Olzhas_Suleimenov" title="Olzhas Suleimenov">Suleimenov, Olzhas O.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opentextnn.ru/man/index.html@id=711"><i>АЗ и Я. Книга благонамеренного читателя</i></a> [<i>AZ-and-IA. Book of a well-meaning reader</i>] (in Russian). Алма-Ата: Жазушы.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%97+%D0%B8+%D0%AF.+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F&rft.place=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Suleimenov&rft.aufirst=Olzhas+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opentextnn.ru%2Fman%2Findex.html%40id%3D711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleimenov2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Olzhas_Suleimenov" title="Olzhas Suleimenov">Suleimenov, Olzhas O.</a> (2002). <i>Тюрки в доистории (о происхождении древнетюркских языков и письменностей)</i> [<i>The Turks in Prehistory (on the origin of the ancient Turkic languages and scripts)</i>] (in Russian). Алматы: Атамұра. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9965-05-662-5" title="Special:BookSources/9965-05-662-5"><bdi>9965-05-662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%29&rft.place=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.pub=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9965-05-662-5&rft.aulast=Suleimenov&rft.aufirst=Olzhas+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrer2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trer, Yosif (2019). <i>Хӗрӗх чалӑш хӗрлӗ ту</i> [<i>Forty Fathoms Red Mountain</i>] (in Chuvash). Шупашкар: ÇИП.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D3%97%D1%80%D3%97%D1%85+%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%91%D1%88+%D1%85%D3%97%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%97+%D1%82%D1%83&rft.place=%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.pub=%C3%87%D0%98%D0%9F&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Trer&rft.aufirst=Yosif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschinag2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Galsan_Tschinag" title="Galsan Tschinag">Tschinag, Galsan</a> (2006) [1994]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blueskynovel00tsch"><i>The Blue Sky: A Novel</i></a></span>. Translated by K. Rout. Minneapolis, Minn: <a href="/wiki/Milkweed_Editions" title="Milkweed Editions">Milkweed Editions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-571310-55-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-571310-55-2"><bdi>978-1-571310-55-2</bdi></a>. <q>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blue+Sky%3A+A+Novel&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minn&rft.pub=Milkweed+Editions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-571310-55-2&rft.aulast=Tschinag&rft.aufirst=Galsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblueskynovel00tsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsyrendorzhievDogbaeva-Rinchino2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tsyrendorzhiev, Bair Zh.; Dogbaeva-Rinchino, M. R. (2019). <i>Тэнгэридэ шүтэлгэ. Элинсэг хулинсагаймнай уряа. "Угай хүндэ" гэжэ үргэл, заншал = Тэнгэрианство. Зов предков. Почитание рода</i> [<i>Tengrism. The Call of the Ancestors. Veneration of the Kind</i>] (in Buriat and Russian). Улан-Удэ: Республиканская типография. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91407-189-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91407-189-6"><bdi>978-5-91407-189-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8D+%D1%88%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D.+%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B0.+%22%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%22+%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8D+%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB+%3D+%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.+%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%8D&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-5-91407-189-6&rft.aulast=Tsyrendorzhiev&rft.aufirst=Bair+Zh.&rft.au=Dogbaeva-Rinchino%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrysova2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Tyrysova, Zinaida T. (2008). <i>Ургÿлjикти учугы — Алтай Jаҥ (Нить вечности — Алтай Jан)</i> [<i>Thread of Eternity—Altai Jang</i>] (in Southern Altai). Горно-Алтайск.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%C3%BF%D0%BBj%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B+%E2%80%94+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9+J%D0%B0%D2%A5+%28%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%E2%80%94+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9+J%D0%B0%D0%BD%29&rft.place=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tyrysova&rft.aufirst=Zinaida+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanaeva2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbanaeva, Irina S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aR4AAAAMAAJ"><i>Шаманская философия бурят-монголов: центральноазиатское тэнгрианство в свете духовных учений: в 2 ч.</i></a> [<i>Shamanistic Philosophy of the Buryat-Mongols: Central Asian Tengrism in the Light of Spiritual Teachings: In 2 parts</i>] (in Russian). Улан-Удэ: БНЦ <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences">СО РАН</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7925-0024-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-7925-0024-X"><bdi>5-7925-0024-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%3A+%D0%B2+2+%D1%87.&rft.place=%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%8D&rft.pub=%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A6+%D0%A1%D0%9E+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=5-7925-0024-X&rft.aulast=Urbanaeva&rft.aufirst=Irina+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aR4AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATengrism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Shaimerdinova, N. "Tengrism in the life of Turkic peoples". In: <i>Religion and State in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Friedensau, Germany, August 18–23, 2019</i>. Edited by Oliver Corff, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2022, pp. 177–182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110730562-016">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110730562-016</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tengrism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tengrism">Tengrism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tengrifund.ru/">International Fund of Tengri Research</a> — official website <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitig.org/?lang=e">TÜRIK BITIG</a> — Turkic Inscriptions and Manuscripts, and Learn Old Turkic Writings — website of Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Kazakh, Russian, and English)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Göktürks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–630)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_Qaghan" title="Yami Qaghan">Yami Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibi_Khan" title="Shibi Khan">Shibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xichun" title="Ashina Xichun">Chulo Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Illig Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilibi_Khan" title="Qilibi Khan">Qilibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebi_Khan" title="Chebi Khan">Chebi Qaghan</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Funian" title="Ashina Funian">Ashina Funian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_She%27er" title="Ashina She'er">Ashina She'er</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Nishufu" title="Ashina Nishufu">Ashina Nishufu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Wenfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Wenfu (page does not exist)">Ashide Wenfu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Fengji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Fengji (page does not exist)">Ashide Fengji</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shibobi" title="Ashina Shibobi">Ashina Shibobi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–657)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tardu" title="Tardu">Tardu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshana_Qaghan" title="Heshana Qaghan">Heshana Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy_Yabghu_Khagan" title="Sy Yabghu Khagan">Sy Yabghu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Kulug_Shad" title="El Kulug Shad">El Kulug Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Irbis_Ishbara_Yabgu_Qaghan" title="Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan">Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Hallig</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bagha_Shad" title="Bagha Shad">Bagha Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ri_Shad" title="Böri Shad">Böri Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duzhi" title="Ashina Duzhi">Ashina Duzhi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuizi" title="Ashina Tuizi">Ashina Tuizi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (682–744)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan" title="Ilterish Qaghan">Ilterish Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inel_Qaghan" title="Inel Qaghan">Inel Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilg%C3%A4_Qa%C7%A7an" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilgä Qaǧan">Bilgä Qaǧan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoll%C4%B1g_Khagan" title="Yollıg Khagan">Yollıg Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengri_Qaghan" title="Tengri Qaghan">Tengri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutluk_Yabgu_Khagan" title="Kutluk Yabgu Khagan">Kutluk Yabgu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zmi%C5%9F_Khagan" title="Özmiş Khagan">Özmiş Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shi" title="Ashina Shi">Ashina Shi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duoxifu" title="Ashina Duoxifu">Ashina Duoxifu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kulun_Beg" title="Kulun Beg">Kulun Beg</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk" title="Tonyukuk">Tonyukuk</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qutlu%C4%9F_S%C3%A4b%C3%A4g_Qatun" title="Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun">Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Bilga_Khatun" title="El Bilga Khatun">El Bilga Khatun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Kunling Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Mishe" title="Ashina Mishe">Ashina Mishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Yuanqing" title="Ashina Yuanqing">Ashina Yuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xian" title="Ashina Xian">Ashina Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Zhen" title="Ashina Zhen">Ashina Zhen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mengchi Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Buzhen" title="Ashina Buzhen">Ashina Buzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huseluo" title="Ashina Huseluo">Ashina Huseluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huaidao" title="Ashina Huaidao">Ashina Huaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashina_Xin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashina Xin (page does not exist)">Ashina Xin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a> (625-758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> (665–870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb">Shoroon Bumbagar tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turks in the Tang military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cl%C3%BC%C5%9F_system" title="Ülüş system">Ülüş system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk_inscriptions" title="Tonyukuk inscriptions">Tonyukuk inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongin_inscription" title="Ongin inscription">Ongin inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyn_Tamgan_Tarhan_inscription" title="Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription">Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_bodun" title="Qara bodun">Qara bodun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk wars<br /> and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gol-Zarriun" title="Battle of Gol-Zarriun">Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Göktürk–Persian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Perso-Turkic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_civil_war" title="Göktürk civil war">Göktürk civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang Eastern Turk campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang Western Turk campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans#The_Li-Sun_rebellion_and_the_Turks" title="History of the Khitans">Li-Sun rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolchu" title="Battle of Bolchu">Battle of Bolchu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Bagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudun" title="Tudun">Tudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishad" title="Ishad">Ishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elteber" title="Elteber">Elteber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_family_tree" title="Göktürk family tree">Göktürk family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashide" title="Ashide">Ashide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Demographics_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Template:Demographics of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Demographics of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Demographics_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey" title="Irreligion in Turkey">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Istanbul" title="Demographics of Istanbul">Demographics of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Turkey" title="Census in Turkey">Census in Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1927_Turkish_census" title="1927 Turkish census">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Turkish_census" title="1935 Turkish census">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Turkish_census" title="1965 Turkish census">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Turkish_census" title="1990 Turkish census">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Turkish_census" title="2000 Turkish census">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_census" title="2010 Turkish census">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Turkish_census" title="2020 Turkish census">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey_by_population" title="Provinces of Turkey by population">Provinces by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Provinces by life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turco-Mongol" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turco-Mongol" title="Template talk:Turco-Mongol"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turco-Mongol"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turco-Mongol" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budjak_Horde" title="Budjak Horde">Budjak Horde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Kazan Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups and clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tengrism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlik" title="Erlik">Erlik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deel_(clothing)" title="Deel (clothing)"><i>Deel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Tug banner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>*</sup>Origin is controversial.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a><br /> (existing and <br />extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" 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Template:Navbox"," 5.45% 107.710 1 Template:Tengrianism"," 5.06% 99.962 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.33% 85.663 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.162","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19866362,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdji2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdyg-Tulush2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfanasyev1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkatai2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlici2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtabek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtsız1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyupov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacqué-GrammontRoux1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldick2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalzer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarberBate2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeydili2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBezertinov2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBira2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourdeauxFilatov2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrent1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButanayev2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzaplicka1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevbash2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoerfer1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEröz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusJandosova2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilatovShchipkov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFyodorova2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumilyov1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüngör2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüngörGünay1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalemba2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeissig1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppál2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKafesoğlu1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarashev2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenin-Lopsan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenin-Lopsan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKettunen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhvastunova2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlyashtornyj2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKodar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKodar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaruelle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaruelle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaruelle2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLessing1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLurker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarat,_Erica2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarat2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLynn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyvaert1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoroz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmuraliyev1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmuraliyev2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeacock2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettazzoni1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoemer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichtsfeld2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoux1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoux1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoux2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRóna-Tas1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraçoǧlu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarygulov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaundersStrukov2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1949–52\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimamura2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirokogorov1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShnirelman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShodoev2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStebleva1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuleimenov1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuleimenov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanyu1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTekin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTschinag2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsyrendorzhievDogbaeva-Rinchino2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyrysova2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbanaeva2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVovina2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaugh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZnamensky2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖgel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Tengriism_in_Arghun_Khan\u0026#039;s_letter_to_Pope_Nicholas_IV_(1290_AD)\"] = 1,\n [\"Tengriism_in_Arghun_Khan\u0026#039;s_letter_to_the_King_of_France_(1289_AD)\"] = 1,\n [\"The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite contribution\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite mailing list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Demographics of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 9,\n [\"Göktürks\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-mn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-tt\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-tyv\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-xx\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Ill\"] = 8,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Paganism\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 55,\n [\"Sfnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tengrianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Turco-Mongol\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkic topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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