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Blacksmith - Wikipedia

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aria-controls="toc-Smithing_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Smithing process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Smithing_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drawing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Drawing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upsetting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upsetting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Upsetting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upsetting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Punching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combining_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combining_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Combining processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combining_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Welding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blacksmith&#039;s_striker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blacksmith&#039;s_striker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Blacksmith's striker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blacksmith&#039;s_striker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blacksmith&#039;s_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blacksmith&#039;s_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Blacksmith's materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blacksmith&#039;s_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History,_prehistory,_religion,_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History,_prehistory,_religion,_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History, prehistory, religion, and mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History,_prehistory,_religion,_and_mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History, prehistory, religion, and mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History,_prehistory,_religion,_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Before the Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_blacksmithing_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_blacksmithing_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Medieval blacksmithing techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_blacksmithing_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Industrial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neoclassicism_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassicism_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Neoclassicism era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassicism_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_blacksmiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_blacksmiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable blacksmiths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_blacksmiths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable blacksmiths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_blacksmiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythological_and_religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythological_and_religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Mythological and religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_and_religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blacksmith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grofsmid" title="Grofsmid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grofsmid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmied" title="Schmied – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schmied" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAsensmi%C3%BE" title="Īsensmiþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īsensmiþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حدادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حدادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrero" title="Ferrero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ferrero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferreru" title="Ferreru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ferreru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mir%C3%A7i" title="Dəmirçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmirçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কামার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কামার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_titik" title="Tukang titik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tukang titik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Ковач – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ковач" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov" title="Gov – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gov" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrer" title="Ferrer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferrer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95" title="Тимĕрçĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕрçĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Kovář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kovář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mupfuri" title="Mupfuri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mupfuri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gof" title="Gof – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gof" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%C9%9Bligu" title="Machɛligu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Machɛligu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grovsmed" title="Grovsmed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grovsmed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grobschmied" title="Grobschmied – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grobschmied" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp" title="Sepp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sepp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Сепе – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сепе" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrero" title="Herrero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herrero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C4%9Disto" title="Forĝisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forĝisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errementari" title="Errementari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errementari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="آهنگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهنگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgeron" title="Forgeron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forgeron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fari" title="Fari – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fari" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabha" title="Gabha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gabha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobha" title="Gobha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gobha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferreiro,_ferreira" title="Ferreiro, ferreira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferreiro, ferreira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5%EC%9E%A5%EC%9D%B4" title="대장장이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대장장이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ira" title="Ƙira – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙira" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="लोहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova%C4%8D" title="Kovač – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kovač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8" title="ফের্রেইরোস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফের্রেইরোস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_besi" title="Tukang besi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tukang besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabbro" title="Fabbro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fabbro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%97_(%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2)" title="נפח (מקצוע) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפח (מקצוע)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandh%C3%A9" title="Pandhé – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pandhé" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಮ್ಮಾರಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಮ್ಮಾರಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AD%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მჭედელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მჭედელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2w%C3%B4l" title="Kòwôl – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòwôl" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhunzi" title="Mhunzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mhunzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_ferrarius" title="Faber ferrarius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Faber ferrarius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%93js" title="Kalējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmadd" title="Schmadd – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schmadd" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%BAli" title="Motúli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Motúli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feree" title="Feree – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Feree" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9zi_kov%C3%A1csol%C3%A1s" title="Kézi kovácsolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kézi kovácsolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Ковач – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ковач" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="लोहार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोहार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87)" title="حداد (مهنه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حداد (مهنه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_besi" title="Tukang besi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tukang besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1h-ti%C3%A9k-g%C3%AC" title="Páh-tiék-gì – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Páh-tiék-gì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B2" title="ပန်းပဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="लोहार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लोहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E5%86%B6%E5%B1%8B" title="鍛冶屋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鍛冶屋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferraro" title="Ferraro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabre" title="Fabre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fabre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲੁਹਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੁਹਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لوہار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوہار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9" title="Fré – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fré" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferreiro" title="Ferreiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferreiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irriru" title="Irriru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Irriru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firraru" title="Firraru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Firraru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blacksmith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لوھار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوھار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumaal" title="Tumaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tumaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Ковач – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ковач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9y" title="Pandéy – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pandéy" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp%C3%A4" title="Seppä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seppä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கொல்லர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொல்லர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="ช่างตีเหล็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่างตีเหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton%C3%B4hen%C3%A9-m%C3%A2h%C3%A9%C3%B3%27o" title="Tonôhené-mâhéó&#039;o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tonôhené-mâhéó&#039;o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Коваль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коваль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لوہار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوہار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A3_r%C3%A8n" title="Thợ rèn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thợ rèn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%8C%A0" title="铁匠 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁匠" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E9%90%B5%E4%BD%AC" title="打鐵佬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="打鐵佬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%B1nger" title="Asınger – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asınger" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%8C%A0" title="鐵匠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鐵匠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Blacksmith%22">"Blacksmith"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Blacksmith%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Blacksmith%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Blacksmith%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blacksmith%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blacksmith%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Blacksmith</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_blacksmith_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_blacksmith_at_work.jpg/250px-A_blacksmith_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_blacksmith_at_work.jpg/375px-A_blacksmith_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_blacksmith_at_work.jpg/500px-A_blacksmith_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Picture of Vince J. Heilman (1918–2000) taken by the local newspaper around 1970</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Physical strength, conceptualization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Artist, Craftsman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">Farrier</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>blacksmith</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">metalsmith</a> who creates objects primarily from <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, but sometimes from <a href="#Other_metals">other metals</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> the <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. <a href="/wiki/Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">tinsmith</a>). Blacksmiths produce objects such as gates, grilles, railings, light fixtures, furniture, sculpture, tools, agricultural implements, decorative and religious items, cooking utensils, and weapons. There was a historical distinction between the heavy work of the blacksmith and the more delicate operations of a <a href="/wiki/Whitesmith" title="Whitesmith">whitesmith</a>, who usually worked in <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a>, or the finishing steps of fine steel.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The place where a blacksmith works is variously called a <b>smithy</b>, a <b>forge</b>, or a <b>blacksmith's shop</b>. </p><p>While there are many professions who work with metal, such as <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">wheelwrights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armourer" title="Armourer">armorers</a>, in former times the blacksmith had a general knowledge of how to make and repair many things, from the most complex of weapons and armor to simple things like nails or lengths of chain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Monument_%C3%A0_John_Cockerill_-_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Monument_%C3%A0_John_Cockerill_-_08.jpg/220px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Monument_%C3%A0_John_Cockerill_-_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Monument_%C3%A0_John_Cockerill_-_08.jpg/330px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Monument_%C3%A0_John_Cockerill_-_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Monument_%C3%A0_John_Cockerill_-_08.jpg/440px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Monument_%C3%A0_John_Cockerill_-_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="5292" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align:center">Statue of a blacksmith (Monument to John Cockerill in Brussels).</div></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The "black" in "blacksmith" refers to the black <a href="/wiki/Firescale" title="Firescale">firescale</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>, a layer of oxides that forms on the surface of the metal during heating. The origin of smith is the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">smið</i></span> meaning "blacksmith", originating from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*smiþaz</i> meaning "skilled worker".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smithing_process">Smithing process</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T1.-Ferrer_(26049209744).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/T1.-Ferrer_%2826049209744%29.jpg/339px-T1.-Ferrer_%2826049209744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="339" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/T1.-Ferrer_%2826049209744%29.jpg/509px-T1.-Ferrer_%2826049209744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/T1.-Ferrer_%2826049209744%29.jpg/678px-T1.-Ferrer_%2826049209744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>Smithing process in Mediterranean environment, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Museum_of_Ethnology" title="Valencian Museum of Ethnology">Valencian Museum of Ethnology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Blacksmiths work by heating pieces of wrought iron or steel until the metal becomes soft enough for shaping with hand tools, such as a hammer, an <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a>. Heating generally takes place in a <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a> fueled by propane, natural gas, coal, charcoal, <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, or oil. </p><p>Some modern blacksmiths may also employ an <a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">oxyacetylene</a> or similar <a href="/wiki/Blowlamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowlamp">blowtorch</a> for more localized heating. <a href="/wiki/Induction_heating" title="Induction heating">Induction heating</a> methods are gaining popularity among modern blacksmiths. </p><p>Color is important for indicating the temperature and workability of the metal. As iron heats to higher temperatures, it first <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">glows</a> red, then orange, yellow, and finally white. The ideal heat for most forging is the bright yellow-orange color that indicates <i>forging heat</i>. Because they must be able to see the glowing color of the metal, some blacksmiths work in dim, low-light conditions, but most work in well-lit conditions. The key is to have consistent lighting, but not too bright. Direct sunlight obscures the colors. </p><p>The techniques of <a href="/wiki/Smithing" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithing">smithing</a> can be roughly divided into forging (sometimes called "sculpting"), welding, heat-treating, and finishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forging">Forging</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm/220px--Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Acampamento_Farroupilha,_Parque_da_Harmonia,_Porto_Alegre,_Brasil_2015_17.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Acampamento_Farroupilha,_Parque_da_Harmonia,_Porto_Alegre,_Brasil_2015_17.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm/Acampamento_Farroupilha%2C_Parque_da_Harmonia%2C_Porto_Alegre%2C_Brasil_2015_17.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A blacksmith hand-forging a tool during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acampamento_Farroupilha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acampamento Farroupilha (page does not exist)">Acampamento Farroupilha</a> event in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, 2015.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Forgeron_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a blacksmith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/01_Forgeron_08.jpg/220px-01_Forgeron_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/01_Forgeron_08.jpg/330px-01_Forgeron_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/01_Forgeron_08.jpg/440px-01_Forgeron_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A blacksmith</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a>—the process smiths use to shape metal by hammering—differs from machining in that forging does not remove material. Instead, the smith hammers the iron into shape. Even punching and cutting operations (except when trimming waste) by smiths usually re-arrange metal around the hole, rather than drilling it out as <a href="/wiki/Swarf" title="Swarf">swarf</a>. </p><p>Forging uses seven basic operations or techniques: </p> <ul><li>Drawing down</li> <li>Shrinking (a type of upsetting)</li> <li>Bending</li> <li>Upsetting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li>Punching</li> <li>Forge welding</li></ul> <p>These operations generally require at least a hammer and <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a>, but smiths also use other tools and techniques to accommodate odd-sized or repetitive jobs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drawing">Drawing</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngelAguilarOcotlan3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AngelAguilarOcotlan3.JPG/220px-AngelAguilarOcotlan3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AngelAguilarOcotlan3.JPG/330px-AngelAguilarOcotlan3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AngelAguilarOcotlan3.JPG/440px-AngelAguilarOcotlan3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Blacksmith <a href="/wiki/Apolinar_Aguilar_Velasco" title="Apolinar Aguilar Velasco">Apolinar Aguilar</a> at the furnace of his blade workshop in <a href="/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n_de_Morelos" title="Ocotlán de Morelos">Ocotlan de Morelos</a>, Oaxaca, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Drawing lengthens the metal by reducing one or both of the other two dimensions. As the depth is reduced, or the width narrowed, the piece is lengthened or "drawn out." </p><p>As an example of drawing, a smith making a chisel might flatten a square bar of steel, lengthening the metal, reducing its depth but keeping its width consistent. </p><p>Drawing does not have to be uniform. A taper can result as in making a wedge or a woodworking chisel blade. If tapered in two dimensions, a point results. </p><p>Drawing can be accomplished with a variety of tools and methods. Two typical methods using only hammer and anvil would be hammering on the anvil horn, and hammering on the anvil face using the cross peen of a hammer. </p><p>Another method for drawing is to use a tool called a <a href="/wiki/Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">fuller</a>, or the peen of the hammer, to hasten the drawing out of a thick piece of metal. (The technique is called fullering from the tool.) Fullering consists of hammering a series of indentations with corresponding ridges, perpendicular to the long section of the piece being drawn. The resulting effect looks somewhat like waves along the top of the piece. Then the smith turns the hammer over to use the flat face to hammer the tops of the ridges down level with the bottoms of the indentations. This forces the metal to grow in length (and width if left unchecked) much faster than just hammering with the flat face of the hammer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bending">Bending</h3></div> <p>Heating iron to a "forging heat" allows bending as if it were a soft, <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> metal, like copper or silver. </p><p>Bending can be done with the hammer over the horn or edge of the anvil or by inserting a bending fork into the <a href="/wiki/Hardy_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy hole">hardy hole</a> (the square hole in the top of the anvil), placing the work piece between the tines of the fork, and bending the material to the desired angle. Bends can be dressed and tightened, or widened, by hammering them over the appropriately shaped part of the anvil. </p><p>Some metals are "hot short", meaning they lose their tensile strength when heated. They become like <a href="/wiki/Plasticine" title="Plasticine">Plasticine</a>: although they may still be manipulated by squeezing, an attempt to stretch them, even by bending or twisting, is likely to have them crack and break apart. This is a problem for some blade-making steels, which must be worked carefully to avoid developing hidden cracks that would cause failure in the future. Though rarely hand-worked, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> is notably hot short. Even such common smithing processes as decoratively twisting a bar are impossible with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upsetting">Upsetting</h3></div> <p>Upsetting is the process of making metal thicker in one dimension through shortening in the other. One form is to heat the end of a rod and then hammer on it as one would drive a nail: the rod gets shorter, and the hot part widens. An alternative to hammering on the hot end is to place the hot end on the anvil and hammer on the cold end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punching">Punching</h3></div> <p>Punching may be done to create a decorative pattern, or to make a hole. For example, in preparation for making a hammerhead, a smith would punch a hole in a heavy bar or rod for the hammer handle. Punching is not limited to depressions and holes. It also includes cutting, slitting, and drifting—all done with a chisel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combining_processes">Combining processes</h4></div> <p>The five basic forging processes are often combined to produce and refine the shapes necessary for finished products. For example, to fashion a cross-peen hammer head, a smith would start with a bar roughly the diameter of the hammer face: the handle hole would be punched and drifted (widened by inserting or passing a larger tool through it), the head would be cut (punched, but with a wedge), the peen would be drawn to a wedge, and the face would be dressed by upsetting. </p><p>As with making a chisel, since it is lengthened by drawing it would also tend to spread in width. A smith would therefore frequently turn the chisel-to-be on its side and hammer it back down—upsetting it—to check the spread and keep the metal at the correct width. </p><p>Or, if a smith needed to put a 90-degree bend in a bar and wanted a sharp corner on the outside of the bend, they would begin by hammering an unsupported end to make the curved bend. Then, to "fatten up" the outside radius of the bend, one or both arms of the bend would need to be pushed back to fill the outer radius of the curve. So they would hammer the ends of the stock down into the bend, 'upsetting' it at the point of the bend. They would then dress the bend by drawing the sides of the bend to keep the correct thickness. The hammering would continue—upsetting and then drawing—until the curve had been properly shaped. In the primary operation was the bend, but the drawing and upsetting are done to refine the shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welding">Welding</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a> is the joining of the same or similar kind of metal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendel_II_072_r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mendel_II_072_r.jpg/220px-Mendel_II_072_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mendel_II_072_r.jpg/330px-Mendel_II_072_r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mendel_II_072_r.jpg/440px-Mendel_II_072_r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Blacksmith, 1606</figcaption></figure> <p>A modern blacksmith has a range of options and tools to accomplish this. The basic types of welding commonly employed in a modern workshop include traditional <a href="/wiki/Forge_welding" title="Forge welding">forge welding</a> as well as modern methods, including oxyacetylene and <a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welding</a>. </p><p>In forge welding, the pieces to join are heated to what is generally referred to as <i>welding heat</i>. For mild steel most smiths judge this temperature by color: the metal glows an intense yellow or white. At this temperature the steel is near molten. </p><p>Any foreign material in the weld, such as the oxides or "scale" that typically form in the fire, can weaken it and cause it to fail. Thus the mating surfaces to be joined must be kept clean. To this end a smith makes sure the fire is a reducing fire: a fire where, at the heart, there is a great deal of heat and very little oxygen. The smith also carefully shapes mating faces so that as they come together foreign material squeezes out as the metal is joined. To clean the faces, protect them from oxidation, and provide a medium to carry foreign material out of the weld, the smith sometimes uses flux—typically powdered borax, silica sand, or both. </p><p>The smith first cleans parts to be joined with a wire brush, then puts them in the fire to heat. With a mix of drawing and upsetting the smith shapes the faces so that when finally brought together, the center of the weld connects first and the connection spreads outward under the hammer blows, pushing out the flux (if used) and foreign material. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_tourist_helping_artist_blacksmith_in_finland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/3_tourist_helping_artist_blacksmith_in_finland.JPG/220px-3_tourist_helping_artist_blacksmith_in_finland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/3_tourist_helping_artist_blacksmith_in_finland.JPG/330px-3_tourist_helping_artist_blacksmith_in_finland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/3_tourist_helping_artist_blacksmith_in_finland.JPG/440px-3_tourist_helping_artist_blacksmith_in_finland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>An artist blacksmith and a striker working as one</figcaption></figure> <p>The dressed metal goes back in the fire, is brought near to welding heat, removed from the fire, and brushed. Flux is sometimes applied, which prevents oxygen from reaching and burning the metal during forging, and it is returned to the fire. The smith now watches carefully to avoid overheating the metal. There is some challenge to this because, to see the color of the metal, the smith must remove it from the fire—exposing it to air, which can rapidly oxidize it. So the smith might probe into the fire with a bit of steel wire, prodding lightly at the mating faces. When the end of the wire sticks on to the metal, it is at the right temperature (a small weld forms where the wire touches the mating face, so it sticks). The smith commonly places the metal in the fire so he can see it without letting surrounding air contact the surface. (Note that smiths don't always use flux, especially in the UK.) Now the smith moves with rapid purpose, quickly taking the metal from the fire to the anvil and bringing the mating faces together. A few light hammer taps bring the mating faces into complete contact and squeeze out the flux—and finally, the smith returns the work to the fire. The weld begins with the taps, but often the joint is weak and incomplete, so the smith reheats the joint to welding temperature and works the weld with light blows to "set" the weld and finally to dress it to the shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finishing">Finishing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_blacksmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Australian_blacksmith.jpg/220px-Australian_blacksmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Australian_blacksmith.jpg/330px-Australian_blacksmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Australian_blacksmith.jpg/440px-Australian_blacksmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>A blacksmith at work</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the intended use of the piece, a blacksmith may finish it in a number of ways: </p> <ul><li>A simple jig (a tool) that the smith might only use a few times in the shop may get the minimum of finishing—a rap on the anvil to break off scale and a brushing with a wire brush.</li> <li>Files bring a piece to final shape, removing burrs and sharp edges, and smoothing the surface.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat treatment">Heat treatment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">case-hardening</a> achieve the desired hardness.</li> <li>The wire brush—as a hand tool or power tool—can further smooth, brighten, and polish surfaces.</li> <li>Grinding stones, abrasive paper, and emery wheels can further shape, smooth, and polish the surface.</li></ul> <p>A range of treatments and finishes can inhibit oxidation and enhance or change the appearance of the piece. An experienced smith selects the finish based on the metal and on the intended use of the item. Finishes include (among others): paint, varnish, <a href="/wiki/Bluing_(steel)" title="Bluing (steel)">bluing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluing_(steel)" title="Bluing (steel)">browning</a>, oil, and wax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blacksmith's_striker"><span id="Blacksmith.27s_striker"></span>Blacksmith's striker</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_fragua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_fragua.jpg/220px-La_fragua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_fragua.jpg/330px-La_fragua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_fragua.jpg/440px-La_fragua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption><i>La Fragua</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#8201;</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Forge</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1814</span>, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco de Goya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A blacksmith's striker is an assistant (frequently an <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a>) whose job is to swing a large <a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">sledgehammer</a> in heavy forging operations, as directed by the blacksmith. In practice, the blacksmith holds the hot iron at the anvil (with tongs) in one hand, and indicates where to strike the iron by tapping it with a small hammer in the other hand. The striker then delivers a heavy blow to the indicated spot with a sledgehammer. During the 20th century and into the 21st century, this role has become increasingly unnecessary and automated through the use of <a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">trip hammers</a> or reciprocating power hammers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blacksmith's_materials"><span id="Blacksmith.27s_materials"></span>Blacksmith's materials</h2></div> <p>When iron <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> is <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a> into usable metal, a certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> is usually <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloyed</a> with the iron. (Charcoal is almost pure carbon.) The amount of carbon significantly affects the properties of the metal. If the carbon content is over 2%, the metal is called <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, because it has a relatively low melting point and is easily cast. It is quite brittle, however, and cannot be forged so therefore not used for blacksmithing. If the carbon content is between 0.25% and 2%, the resulting metal is <a href="/wiki/Tool_steel" title="Tool steel">tool steel</a>, which can be heat treated as discussed above. When the carbon content is below 0.25%, the metal is either "<a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> (wrought iron is not smelted and cannot come from this process) " or "mild steel." The terms are never interchangeable. In preindustrial times, the material of choice for blacksmiths was wrought iron. This iron had a very low carbon content, and also included up to 5% of glassy iron silicate <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> in the form of numerous very fine stringers. This slag content made the iron very tough, gave it considerable resistance to rusting, and allowed it to be more easily "forge welded," a process in which the blacksmith permanently joins two pieces of iron, or a piece of iron and a piece of steel, by heating them nearly to a white heat and hammering them together. Forge welding is more difficult with modern mild steel, because it welds in a narrower temperature band. The fibrous nature of wrought iron required knowledge and skill to properly form any tool which would be subject to stress. Modern steel is produced using either the <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> or arc furnaces. Wrought iron was produced by a labor-intensive process called <i>puddling</i>, so this material is now a difficult-to-find specialty product. Modern blacksmiths generally substitute mild steel for making objects traditionally of wrought iron. Sometimes they use electrolytic-process pure iron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_metals">Other metals</h2></div> <p>Many blacksmiths also incorporate materials such as <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> in artistic products. <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">Aluminum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> may also be forged by the blacksmith's process. Bronze is an alloy of copper and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, while brass is an alloy of copper and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. Each material responds differently under the hammer and must be separately studied by the blacksmith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacksmith_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Blacksmith_working.jpg/220px-Blacksmith_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Blacksmith_working.jpg/330px-Blacksmith_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Blacksmith_working.jpg/440px-Blacksmith_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hot metal work from a blacksmith</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> is a naturally occurring metallic element. It is almost never found in its native form (pure iron) in nature. It is usually found as an <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a>, with many other impurity elements mixed in.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> is the purest form of iron generally encountered or produced in quantity. It may contain as little as 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (by weight). From its traditional method of manufacture, wrought iron has a fibrous internal texture. Quality wrought-iron blacksmithing takes the direction of these fibers into account during forging, since the strength of the material is stronger in line with the grain than across the grain. Most of the remaining impurities from the initial smelting become concentrated in silicate <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> trapped between the iron fibers. This slag produces a lucky side effect during forge-welding. When the silicate melts, it makes wrought iron self-fluxing. The slag becomes a liquid glass that covers the exposed surfaces of the wrought iron, preventing oxidation which would otherwise interfere with the successful welding process.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a> is an alloy of iron and between 0.3% and 1.7% carbon by weight. The presence of carbon allows steel to assume one of several different crystalline configurations. Macroscopically, this is seen as the ability to "turn the hardness of a piece of steel on and off" through various processes of heat-treatment. If the concentration of carbon is held constant, this is a reversible process. Steel with a higher carbon percentage may be brought to a higher state of maximum hardness.<sup id="cite_ref-metalsHandbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalsHandbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> is iron that contains between 2.0% to 6% carbon by weight. There is so much carbon present that the hardness cannot be switched off. Hence, cast iron is a brittle metal, which can break like glass. Cast iron cannot be forged without special heat treatment to convert it to <a href="/wiki/Malleable_iron" title="Malleable iron">malleable iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metalsHandbook_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalsHandbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Steel with less than 0.6% carbon content cannot be hardened enough by simple heat-treatment to make useful hardened-steel tools. Hence, in what follows, wrought-iron, low-carbon-steel, and other soft unhardenable iron varieties are referred to indiscriminately as just <i>iron</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History,_prehistory,_religion,_and_mythology"><span id="History.2C_prehistory.2C_religion.2C_and_mythology"></span>History, prehistory, religion, and mythology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6lund_on_ardre_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/V%C3%B6lund_on_ardre_01.png/220px-V%C3%B6lund_on_ardre_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/V%C3%B6lund_on_ardre_01.png/330px-V%C3%B6lund_on_ardre_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/V%C3%B6lund_on_ardre_01.png/440px-V%C3%B6lund_on_ardre_01.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wayland_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland Smith">Wayland</a>'s smithy in the centre, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0had" title="Niðhad">Níðuð</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B0vildr" title="Böðvildr">Böðvildr</a> to the left, and Níðuð's dead sons hidden to the right of the smithy. Between the girl and the smithy, Wayland can be seen in an eagle fetch flying away. From the <a href="/wiki/Ardre_image_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardre image stone">Ardre image stone</a> VIII on <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Hindu mythology, <a href="/wiki/Tvastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvastar">Tvastar</a> also known as Vishvakarma is the blacksmith of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a>. The earliest references of <a href="/wiki/Tvastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvastar">Tvastar</a> can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> (Latin: <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan (god)">Vulcan</a>) was the blacksmith of the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>. A supremely skilled artisan whose forge was a volcano, he constructed most of the weapons of the gods, as well as beautiful assistants for his smithy and a metal fishing-net of astonishing intricacy. He was the god of metalworking, fire, and craftsmen. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, the role of Smith is held by eponymous (their names do mean 'smith') characters&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Goibhniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Goibhniu">Goibhniu</a> (Irish myths of the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a> cycle) or <a href="/wiki/Gofannon" title="Gofannon">Gofannon</a> (Welsh myths/ the <a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a>). <a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a> or Brigit, an Irish <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>, is sometimes described as the patroness of blacksmiths.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nart" class="mw-redirect" title="Nart">Nart</a> mythology of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> the hero known to the <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kurdal%C3%A6gon" title="Kurdalægon">Kurdalægon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tlepsh" title="Tlepsh">Tlepsh</a> is a blacksmith and skilled craftsman whose exploits exhibit <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamanic</a> features, sometimes bearing comparison to those of the Scandinavian deity <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. One of his greatest feats is acting as a type of male <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a> to the hero <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xamyc&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xamyc (page does not exist)">Xamyc</a>, who has been made the carrier of the embryo of his son <a href="/wiki/Batraz" title="Batraz">Batraz</a> by his dying wife the water-sprite Lady Isp, who spits it between his shoulder blades, where it forms a womb-like cyst. Kurdalaegon prepares a type of tower or scaffold above a quenching bath for Xamyc, and, when the time is right, <a href="/wiki/Incision_and_drainage" title="Incision and drainage">lances</a> the cyst to liberate the infant hero Batraz as a newborn babe of white-hot <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, whom Kurdalægon then quenches like a newly forged sword.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectre_over_Los_from_William_Blake%27s_Jeruesalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spectre_over_Los_from_William_Blake%27s_Jeruesalem.jpg/220px-Spectre_over_Los_from_William_Blake%27s_Jeruesalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spectre_over_Los_from_William_Blake%27s_Jeruesalem.jpg/330px-Spectre_over_Los_from_William_Blake%27s_Jeruesalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spectre_over_Los_from_William_Blake%27s_Jeruesalem.jpg/440px-Spectre_over_Los_from_William_Blake%27s_Jeruesalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>The artist <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> used the blacksmith as a motif in <a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_mythology" title="William Blake&#39;s mythology">his own extensive mythology</a>. Here, <a href="/wiki/Los_(Blake)" title="Los (Blake)">Los</a>, a protagonist in several of Blake's poems, is tormented at his smithy by the figure <a href="/wiki/Spectre_(Blake)" title="Spectre (Blake)">Spectre</a> in an illustration Blake's poem <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem:_The_Emanation_of_the_Giant_Albion" title="Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion"><i>Jerusalem</i></a>. This image comes from Copy E. of that work, printed in 1821 and in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayland_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland Smith">Wayland Smith</a>, known in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> as <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundr" class="mw-redirect" title="Völundr">Völundr</a>, is a heroic blacksmith in Germanic mythology. The <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a> states that he forged beautiful gold rings set with wonderful gems. He was captured by king <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0u%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Níðuðr">Níðuðr</a>, who cruelly <a href="/wiki/Hamstringing" title="Hamstringing">hamstrung</a> him and imprisoned him on an island. Völundr eventually had his revenge by killing Níðuðr's sons and fashioning <a href="/wiki/Goblets" class="mw-redirect" title="Goblets">goblets</a> from their skulls, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewels</a> from their eyes and a <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooch</a> from their teeth. He then <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> the king's daughter, after drugging her with strong beer, and escaped, laughing, on wings of his own making, boasting that he had fathered a child upon her. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Godenhjelm_-_Ilmarinen_takoo_Sammon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Godenhjelm_-_Ilmarinen_takoo_Sammon.jpg/220px-Godenhjelm_-_Ilmarinen_takoo_Sammon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Godenhjelm_-_Ilmarinen_takoo_Sammon.jpg/330px-Godenhjelm_-_Ilmarinen_takoo_Sammon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Godenhjelm_-_Ilmarinen_takoo_Sammon.jpg/440px-Godenhjelm_-_Ilmarinen_takoo_Sammon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a> Forges the <a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Berndt_Godenhjelm" title="Berndt Godenhjelm">Berndt Godenhjelm</a>, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Seppo <a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a>, the Eternal Hammerer, blacksmith and inventor in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>, is an archetypal artificer from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tubal-cain" title="Tubal-cain">Tubal-Cain</a> is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">book of Genesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> as the original smith. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a>, the god of blacksmiths, warriors, hunters and others who work with iron is one of the pantheon of <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> traditionally worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_Iron_Age">Before the Iron Age</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> all occur in nature in their <a href="/wiki/Native_state" title="Native state">native states</a>, as reasonably pure metals&#160;&#8211;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> probably worked these metals first. These metals are all quite <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a>, and humans' initial development of hammering techniques was undoubtedly applied to these metals. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> era and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, humans in the Mideast learned how to <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">cast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivet</a>, and (to a limited extent) <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a> copper and bronze. Bronze is an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of copper and approximately 10% to 20% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a>. Bronze is superior to just copper, by being harder, being more resistant to corrosion, and by having a lower melting point (thereby requiring less fuel to melt and cast). Much of the copper used by the Mediterranean World came from the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Most of the tin came from the <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> region of the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, transported by sea-borne <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> traders. </p><p>Copper and bronze cannot be hardened by heat-treatment, they can only be hardened by <a href="/wiki/Cold_forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forming">cold working</a>. To accomplish this, a piece of bronze is lightly hammered for a long period of time. The localized stress-cycling causes <a href="/wiki/Work_hardening" title="Work hardening">work hardening</a> by changing the size and shape of the metal's <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystals</a>. The hardened bronze can then be ground to sharpen it to make edged tools. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clocksmiths</a> as recently as the 19th century used <a href="/wiki/Work_hardening" title="Work hardening">work hardening</a> techniques to harden the teeth of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(device)" title="Ratchet (device)">ratchets</a>. Tapping on just the teeth produced harder teeth, with superior wear-resistance. By contrast, the rest of the gear was left in a softer and tougher state, more capable of resisting cracking. </p><p>Bronze is sufficiently corrosion-resistant that <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> of bronze may last thousands of years relatively unscathed. Accordingly, museums frequently preserve more examples of Bronze Age metal-work than examples of artifacts from the much younger <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Buried iron artifacts may completely <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> away in less than 100 years. Examples of ancient iron work still extant are very much the exception to the norm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3></div> <p>Concurrent with the advent of alphabetic characters in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, humans became aware of the metal <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. However, in earlier ages, iron's qualities, in contrast to those of bronze, were not generally understood. Iron <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>, composed of <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a>, have the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a> containing up to 40% <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. As this source of this iron is extremely rare and fortuitous, little development of smithing skills peculiar to iron can be assumed to have occurred. That we still possess any such artifacts of meteoric iron may be ascribed to the vagaries of climate, and the increased corrosion-resistance conferred on iron by the presence of nickel. </p><p>During the (north) Polar Exploration of the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a>, were found to be making iron knives from two particularly large nickel-iron meteors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One of these meteors was taken to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where it was remitted to the custody of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> first discovered or developed the smelting of iron ores around 1500 BC. They seem to have maintained a near monopoly on the knowledge of iron production for several hundred years, but when their empire collapsed during the Eastern Mediterranean upheavals around 1200 BC, the knowledge seems to have escaped in all directions. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (describing the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Greek and Trojan warriors), most of the <a href="/wiki/Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a> and weapons (swords and spears) are stated to have been of bronze. Iron is not unknown, however, as <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a> are described as iron, and a "ball of iron" is listed as a prize awarded for winning a competition. The events described probably occurred around 1200 BC, but Homer is thought to have composed this epic poem around 700 BC; so exactitude must remain suspect. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacksmith_Shop_Behind_Custom_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blacksmith_Shop_Behind_Custom_House.jpg/220px-Blacksmith_Shop_Behind_Custom_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blacksmith_Shop_Behind_Custom_House.jpg/330px-Blacksmith_Shop_Behind_Custom_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blacksmith_Shop_Behind_Custom_House.jpg/440px-Blacksmith_Shop_Behind_Custom_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>A blacksmith shop in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The historical record during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age Collapse</a> is very inconsistent. Very few iron artifacts remain from the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, due to loss from corrosion and re-use of iron as a valuable commodity. However, all of the basic operations of blacksmithing were in use by the time the Iron Age reached a particular locality. The scarcity of records and artifacts, and the rapidity of the transition from Bronze Age to Iron Age, is a reason to use evidence of bronze smithing to infer about the early development of blacksmithing. </p><p>It is uncertain when Iron weapons replaced Bronze weapons because the earliest Iron swords did not significantly improve on the qualities of existing bronze artifacts. Unalloyed iron is soft, does not hold an edge as well as a properly constructed bronze blade and needs more maintenance. Iron ores are more widely available than the necessary materials to create bronze however, which made iron weapons more economical than comparable bronze weapons. Small amounts of steel are often formed during several of the earliest refining practices, and when the properties of this alloy were discovered and exploited, steel edged weapons greatly outclassed bronze. </p><p>Iron is different from most other materials (including bronze), in that it does not immediately go from a solid to a liquid at its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>. H<sub>2</sub>O is a solid (ice) at −1 C (31 F), and a liquid (water) at +1 C (33 F). Iron, by contrast, is definitely a solid at 800&#160;°F (427&#160;°C), but over the next 1,500&#160;°F (820&#160;°C) it becomes increasingly plastic and more "taffy-like" as its temperature increases. This extreme temperature range of variable solidity is the fundamental material property upon which blacksmithing practice depends. </p><p>Another major difference between bronze and iron fabrication techniques is that bronze <i>can</i> be melted. The melting point of iron is much higher than that of bronze. In the western (Europe &amp; the Mideast) tradition, the technology to make fires hot enough to melt iron did not arise until the 16th century, when smelting operations grew large enough to require overly large bellows. These produced blast-furnace temperatures high enough to melt partially refined ores, resulting in <i><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a></i>. Thus cast-iron frying pans and cookware did not become possible in Europe until 3000 years after the introduction of iron smelting. China, in a separate developmental tradition, was producing cast iron at least 1000 years before this. </p><p>Although iron is quite abundant, good quality steel remained rare and expensive until the industrial developments of <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a> <i>et al.</i> in the 1850s. Close examination of blacksmith-made antique tools clearly shows where small pieces of steel were forge-welded into iron to provide the hardened steel cutting edges of tools (notably in axes, adzes, chisels, etc.). The re-use of quality steel is another reason for the lack of artifacts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> (who ensured that their own weapons were made with good steel) noted (in the 4th century BC) that the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> of the Po River Valley had iron, but not good steel. The Romans record that during battle, their Celtic opponents could only swing their swords two or three times before having to step on their swords to straighten them. </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wootz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wootz">Wootz</a> steel was, and continues to be, produced in small quantities. </p><p>In southern Asia and <a href="/wiki/Blacksmiths_of_western_Africa" title="Blacksmiths of western Africa">western Africa</a>, blacksmiths form endogenous <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> that sometimes speak distinct languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacksmithmonk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Blacksmithmonk.jpg/220px-Blacksmithmonk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Blacksmithmonk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>A blacksmith <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>, from a medieval <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> manuscript</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancelot_-_Une_forge_de_tzigane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lancelot_-_Une_forge_de_tzigane.png/220px-Lancelot_-_Une_forge_de_tzigane.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lancelot_-_Une_forge_de_tzigane.png/330px-Lancelot_-_Une_forge_de_tzigane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lancelot_-_Une_forge_de_tzigane.png/440px-Lancelot_-_Une_forge_de_tzigane.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> smith and his forge in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dieudonn%C3%A9_Lancelot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dieudonné Lancelot (page does not exist)">Dieudonné Lancelot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieudonn%C3%A9_Lancelot" class="extiw" title="fr:Dieudonné Lancelot">fr</a>&#93;</span>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>In the medieval period, blacksmithing was considered part of the set of <i><a href="/wiki/Mechanic_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanic arts">seven mechanical arts</a></i>. </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, a "village <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">smithy</a>" was a staple of every town. Factories and mass-production reduced the demand for blacksmith-made tools and hardware. </p><p>Blacksmiths typically worked in small shops, often in the center of a village or town.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their shops were typically equipped with a forge, an anvil, and a variety of other tools. The work of a medieval blacksmith was physically demanding and often dangerous. Blacksmiths had to be able to lift and move heavy pieces of metal, and they had to be careful not to burn themselves on the hot forge. </p><p>Despite the challenges, blacksmithing was a respected trade in medieval society. Blacksmiths were considered to be skilled artisans, and their work was essential to the functioning of medieval society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4></div> <p>Whilst the majority of blacksmiths named in Britain in the medieval period were men, some women also worked as smiths.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, in 1346 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Le_Fevre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Le Fevre (page does not exist)">Katherine Le Fevre</a> was appointed by Edward III to ‘keep up the king’s forge within the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower</a> and carry on [its] work … receiving the wages pertaining to the office’.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another exmaple is of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_la_Haubergere&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice la Haubergere (page does not exist)">Alice la Haubergere</a> (Mail-maker) who owned an armour shop and worked as an armourer in <a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In York in 1403 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Hecche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes Hecche (page does not exist)">Agnes Hecche</a> was left her father's mail-making equipment in his will, and took over the family business with her brother.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Others included the <a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">bell founder</a> <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Hill_and_Johanna_Sturdy" title="Johanna Hill and Johanna Sturdy">Johanna Hill</a>, the cutler <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Cotiller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes Cotiller (page does not exist)">Agnes Cotiller</a> and Eustachia l’Armurer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_blacksmithing_techniques">Medieval blacksmithing techniques</h4></div> <p>Medieval blacksmiths used a variety of techniques to create metal objects. One of the most common techniques was forging. Forging is the process of heating metal until it is soft enough to be shaped with a hammer and anvil.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common technique was welding. Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal together by heating them until they melt and then hammering them together. </p><p>Blacksmiths also used a variety of other techniques, such as casting, cutting, and filing. </p><p>The original fuel for forge fires was <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> did not begin to replace charcoal until the forests of first Britain (during the AD 17th century), and then the eastern United States of America (during the 19th century) were largely depleted. Coal <i>can be</i> an inferior fuel for blacksmithing, because much of the world's coal is contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. Sulfur contamination of iron and steel make them "red short", so that at red heat they become "crumbly" instead of "plastic". Coal sold and purchased for blacksmithing should be largely free of sulfur. </p><p>European blacksmiths before and through the medieval era spent a great deal of time heating and hammering iron before forging it into finished articles. Although they were unaware of the chemical basis, they were aware that the quality of the iron was thus improved. From a scientific point of view, the reducing atmosphere of the forge was both removing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (rust), and soaking more <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> into the iron, thereby developing increasingly higher grades of steel as the process was continued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_era">Industrial era</h3></div> <p>During the eighteenth century, agents for the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> cutlery industry scoured the British country-side, offering new carriage springs for old. Springs must be made of hardened steel. At this time, the processes for making steel produced an extremely variable product—quality was not ensured at the initial point of sale. Springs that had survived cracking through hard use over the rough roads of the time, had proven to be of a better quality steel. Much of the fame of Sheffield cutlery (knives, shears, etc.) was due to the extreme lengths the companies took to ensure they used high-grade steel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacksmith_shop,_railroad,_Topeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Blacksmith_shop%2C_railroad%2C_Topeka.jpg/220px-Blacksmith_shop%2C_railroad%2C_Topeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Blacksmith_shop%2C_railroad%2C_Topeka.jpg/330px-Blacksmith_shop%2C_railroad%2C_Topeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Blacksmith_shop%2C_railroad%2C_Topeka.jpg/440px-Blacksmith_shop%2C_railroad%2C_Topeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5340" data-file-height="5707" /></a><figcaption>Blacksmiths at the <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway</a> shops in <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, 1943</figcaption></figure><p> During the first half of the nineteenth century, the US government included in their <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a> with many <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes, that the US would employ blacksmiths and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/striker" class="extiw" title="wikt:striker">strikers</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">forts</a>, with the expressed purpose of providing Native Americans with iron tools and repair services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>During the early to mid-nineteenth century, both European armies<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as both the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. Federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> armies employed blacksmiths to shoe horses and repair equipment such as wagons, horse tack, and artillery equipment. These smiths primarily worked at a <a href="/wiki/Traveling_forge" title="Traveling forge">traveling forge</a> that when combined with a <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbers and caissons (military)">limber</a>, comprised wagons specifically designed and constructed as blacksmith shops on wheels to carry the essential equipment necessary for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Civsmith_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civsmith-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLCBlacksmiths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/SLCBlacksmiths.jpg/220px-SLCBlacksmiths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/SLCBlacksmiths.jpg/330px-SLCBlacksmiths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/SLCBlacksmiths.jpg/440px-SLCBlacksmiths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>High school blacksmith class, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City, Utah</a>, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lathes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathes">Lathes</a>, patterned largely on their <a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">woodturning</a> counterparts, had been used by some blacksmiths<sup id="cite_ref-bookOfTools_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookOfTools-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> since the middle-ages. During the 1790s <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a> created the first <a href="/wiki/Screw-cutting_lathe" title="Screw-cutting lathe">screw-cutting lathe</a>, a watershed event that signaled the start of blacksmiths being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a> for the hardware needs of the populace. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colt" title="Samuel Colt">Samuel Colt</a> neither invented nor perfected <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a>, but his insistence (and other industrialists at this time) that his <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> be manufactured with this property, was another step towards the obsolescence of metal-working artisans and blacksmiths. (See also <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a>). </p><p>As demand for their products declined, many more blacksmiths augmented their incomes by taking in work shoeing <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>. A shoer-of-horses was historically known as a <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farrier</a> in English. With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, the number of blacksmiths continued to decrease, many former blacksmiths becoming the initial generation of automobile <a href="/wiki/Mechanic" title="Mechanic">Mechanics</a>. The nadir of blacksmithing in the United States was reached during the 1960s, when most of the former blacksmiths had left the trade, and few if any new people were entering the trade. By this time, most of the working blacksmiths were those performing <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farrier</a> work, so the term <i>blacksmith</i> was effectively co-opted by the farrier trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neoclassicism_era">Neoclassicism era</h4></div> <p>In the final part of the 18th century, forged ironwork continued to decline due to the aforementioned industrial revolution, shapes of the elements in the designs of window grilles and other decorative functional items continued to contradict natural forms, surfaces begin to be covered in paint, cast iron elements are incorporated into the forged designs. </p><p>Main features of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> ironwork (also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> ironwork) include smooth straight bars, decorative geometric elements, double or oval volutes and the usage of elements from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">Meander (art)</a>, wreaths etc.). </p><p>Typical for this kind of ironwork is that the ironwork is painted white with gold (gilded) elements.<sup id="cite_ref-UmeleckeKovar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UmeleckeKovar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_gates_designed_by_Samuel_Yellin_at_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd,_Rosemont,_Pennsylvania,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Iron_gates_designed_by_Samuel_Yellin_at_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd%2C_Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA.jpg/200px-Iron_gates_designed_by_Samuel_Yellin_at_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd%2C_Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Iron_gates_designed_by_Samuel_Yellin_at_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd%2C_Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA.jpg/300px-Iron_gates_designed_by_Samuel_Yellin_at_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd%2C_Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Iron_gates_designed_by_Samuel_Yellin_at_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd%2C_Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA.jpg/400px-Iron_gates_designed_by_Samuel_Yellin_at_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd%2C_Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">Chancel</a> iron gates designed by master blacksmith <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Yellin" title="Samuel Yellin">Samuel Yellin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a>, USA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolme_sepp%C3%A4%C3%A4_-_3_smiths_statue_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kolme_sepp%C3%A4%C3%A4_-_3_smiths_statue_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Kolme_sepp%C3%A4%C3%A4_-_3_smiths_statue_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kolme_sepp%C3%A4%C3%A4_-_3_smiths_statue_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Kolme_sepp%C3%A4%C3%A4_-_3_smiths_statue_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kolme_sepp%C3%A4%C3%A4_-_3_smiths_statue_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Kolme_sepp%C3%A4%C3%A4_-_3_smiths_statue_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Smiths_Statue" title="Three Smiths Statue">Three Smiths Statue</a>, situated at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Aleksanterinkatu" title="Aleksanterinkatu">Aleksanterinkatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannerheimintie" title="Mannerheimintie">Mannerheimintie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kluuvi" title="Kluuvi">Kluuvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th century various gases (<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, etc.) have also come to be used as fuels for blacksmithing. While these are fine for blacksmithing iron, special care must be taken when using them to blacksmith steel. Each time a piece of steel is heated, there is a tendency for the carbon content to leave the steel (<a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">decarburization</a>). This can leave a piece of steel with an effective layer of unhardenable iron on its surface. In a traditional charcoal or coal forge, the fuel is really just carbon. In a properly regulated charcoal/coal fire, the air in and immediately around the fire should be a <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_and_reducing_flames" title="Oxidizing and reducing flames">reducing</a> atmosphere. In this case, and at elevated temperatures, there is a tendency for vaporized carbon to soak <i>into</i> steel and iron, counteracting or negating the decarburizing tendency. This is similar to the process by which a <b>case</b> of steel is developed on a piece of iron in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Case hardening">case hardening</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG/220px-4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG/330px-4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG/440px-4_artist_blacksmith_forging_with_power_hammer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>An Artist Blacksmith working with a power hammer in Bodom, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>A renewed interest in blacksmithing occurred as part of the trend in "do-it-yourself" and "self-sufficiency" that occurred during the 1970s. Currently there are many books, organizations and individuals working to help educate the public about blacksmithing, including local groups of smiths who have formed clubs, with some of those smiths demonstrating at historical sites and living history events. Some modern blacksmiths who produce decorative metalwork refer to themselves as artist-blacksmiths. In 1973 the <a href="/wiki/Artists_Blacksmiths%E2%80%99_Association_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Artists Blacksmiths’ Association of North America">Artists Blacksmiths’ Association of North America</a> was formed with 27 members. By 2013 it had almost 4000 members. Likewise the British Artist Blacksmiths Association was created in 1978, with 30 charter members and had about 600 members in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and publish for members a quarterly magazine. </p><p>While developed nations saw a decline and re-awakening of interest in blacksmithing, in many developing nations blacksmiths continued making and repairing iron and steel tools and hardware for people in their local area. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacksmith_shop_at_Hoover_2002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of shop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Blacksmith_shop_at_Hoover_2002.JPG/220px-Blacksmith_shop_at_Hoover_2002.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Blacksmith_shop_at_Hoover_2002.JPG/330px-Blacksmith_shop_at_Hoover_2002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Blacksmith_shop_at_Hoover_2002.JPG/440px-Blacksmith_shop_at_Hoover_2002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Jesse Hoover blacksmith shop, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_National_Historic_Site" title="Herbert Hoover National Historic Site">Herbert Hoover National Historic Site</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_blacksmiths">Notable blacksmiths</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythological_and_religious">Mythological and religious</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>, patron god of craftsmen and architects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ama-Tsu-Mara" title="Ama-Tsu-Mara">Ame-no-Mahitotsu</a>, god of metal-working and blacksmiths.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a>, god of the forge, fire, the sun, and creation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goibniu" title="Goibniu">Goibniu</a>, Irish god of blacksmithing, one of the Trí Dée Dán.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>, god of metalworking and the forge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, god of storms, metalworking, and the forge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubal-cain" title="Tubal-cain">Tubal-cain</a>, in biblical tradition, the first smith.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, three dwarf brothers who make a variety of gifts for the Gods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginn" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginn">Mime</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a>, Wagnerian dwarfs and maker of the sword <a href="/wiki/Nothung" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothung">Nothung</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tarnhelm" title="Tarnhelm">Tarnhelm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveh_the_blacksmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveh the blacksmith"> Kāveh</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a>, was a blacksmith who launched a national uprising against the evil foreign tyrant <a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahāk</a>, after losing two of his children to serpents of Zahāk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlepsh" title="Tlepsh">Tlepsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdal%C3%A6gon" title="Kurdalægon">Kurdalægon</a> respectively the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetian people">Ossetian</a> forms of the blacksmith hero of the <a href="/wiki/Nart" class="mw-redirect" title="Nart">Narts</a>, who presides at the birth / <a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">quenching</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> child who grows into the hero <a href="/wiki/Batraz" title="Batraz">Batraz</a> / Pataraz.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_(blacksmith)" title="James Black (blacksmith)">James Black</a>, creator of original Bowie knife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silvester_(blacksmith)" title="John Silvester (blacksmith)">John Silvester</a>, a blacksmith at the Tower of London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panday_Pira" title="Panday Pira">Panday Pira</a>, the first Filipino cannon maker</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Brim" title="Elizabeth Brim">Elizabeth Brim</a>, noted for feminine imagery of lingerie or shoes in her work, also for the Brim technique of inflating balloons of hot metal with compressed air.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Greefkes" title="Roland Greefkes">Roland Greefkes</a>, wrought iron work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zimmermann_(blacksmith)" title="Paul Zimmermann (blacksmith)">Paul Zimmermann</a>, contemporary forge work</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth_In_der_Schmiede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth_In_der_Schmiede.jpg/220px-Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth_In_der_Schmiede.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth_In_der_Schmiede.jpg/330px-Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth_In_der_Schmiede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth_In_der_Schmiede.jpg/440px-Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth_In_der_Schmiede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth" title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Joseph Morewood Staniforth</a>, 1892</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacksmiths_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacksmiths festival">Blacksmiths festival</a>, an annual festival that takes place in <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacksmith_Scene" title="Blacksmith Scene">Blacksmith Scene</a> (also, known as Blacksmith Scene #1 and Blacksmithing Scene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladesmith" title="Bladesmith">Bladesmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppersmith" title="Coppersmith">Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefaiston" title="Hefaiston">Hefaiston</a>, one of the most important annual meetings of artist blacksmiths in the world (Czech Republic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironmongery" title="Ironmongery">Ironmongery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makera_Assada" title="Makera Assada">Makera Assada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Blacksmithing" title="National School of Blacksmithing">National School of Blacksmithing</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St Clement&#39;s Day">St Clement's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">Tinsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesmith" title="Whitesmith">Whitesmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Blacksmiths" title="Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths">Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/blacksmith">"blacksmith"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=blacksmith&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fblacksmith&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=smith">"smith"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=smith&amp;rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsmith&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metalsHandbook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metalsHandbook_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metalsHandbook_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1998" class="citation book cs1">Davis, J.R. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metalshandbook00davi"><i>Metals Handbook, 2nd Ed</i></a></span>. Materials Park, OH: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87170-654-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87170-654-7"><bdi>0-87170-654-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Metals+Handbook%2C+2nd+Ed.&amp;rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+OH&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=0-87170-654-7&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.aufirst=J.R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetalshandbook00davi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://druidry.org/resources/brigid-2">Brigit - the Order of bards, Ovates and Druids</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnefoy, Yves (1992) [1981], Doniger, Wendy (ed.), "Asian Mythologies", <i>Mythologies</i>, University of Chicago Press 1991, p. 340, an edited translation based on <i>Dictionnaire des mythologies et des religions des sociétés traditionelles et du monde antique</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=jerusalem.e.illbk.06&amp;java=no">"Copy Information for Jerusalem The Emanation of The Giant Albion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Blake_Archive" title="William Blake Archive">William Blake Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Copy+Information+for+Jerusalem+The+Emanation+of+The+Giant+Albion&amp;rft.pub=William+Blake+Archive&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blakearchive.org%2Fexist%2Fblake%2Farchive%2Fobject.xq%3Fobjectid%3Djerusalem.e.illbk.06%26java%3Dno&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris_EavesRobert_N._EssickJoseph_Viscomi" class="citation web cs1">Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/illusdesc.xq?objectid=jerusalem.e.illbk.06&amp;objectdbi=jerusalem.e.p6">"Object description for "Jerusalem The Emanation of The Giant Albion, copy E, object 15 (Bentley 15, Erdman 15, Keynes 15)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Blake_Archive" title="William Blake Archive">William Blake Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Object+description+for+%22Jerusalem+The+Emanation+of+The+Giant+Albion%2C+copy+E%2C+object+15+%28Bentley+15%2C+Erdman+15%2C+Keynes+15%29%22&amp;rft.pub=William+Blake+Archive&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blakearchive.org%2Fexist%2Fblake%2Farchive%2Fillusdesc.xq%3Fobjectid%3Djerusalem.e.illbk.06%26objectdbi%3Djerusalem.e.p6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/kveng/kvrune09.htm">"The Kalevala: Rune IX. Origin of Iron"</a>. Sacred-texts.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Kalevala%3A+Rune+IX.+Origin+of+Iron&amp;rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fkveng%2Fkvrune09.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer" class="citation web cs1">Schaefer, Bradley E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204530/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/3304111.html?page=2&amp;c=y">"Meteors That Changed the World"</a>. <i>Meteors</i>. SkyandTelescope.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/3304111.html?page=2&amp;c=y">the original</a> on 2014-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Meteors&amp;rft.atitle=Meteors+That+Changed+the+World&amp;rft.aulast=Schaefer&amp;rft.aufirst=Bradley+E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fobserving%2Fobjects%2Fmeteors%2F3304111.html%3Fpage%3D2%26c%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dragonfiretools.com/tools-of-the-trade-a-history-of-blacksmithing/">"Tools of the Trade: A History of Blacksmithing"</a>. <i>Workbenches, Tool Chests, Tool Benches</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Workbenches%2C+Tool+Chests%2C+Tool+Benches&amp;rft.atitle=Tools+of+the+Trade%3A+A+History+of+Blacksmithing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdragonfiretools.com%2Ftools-of-the-trade-a-history-of-blacksmithing%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-who-forged-medieval-england">"The Women who Forged Medieval England | History Today"</a>. <i>www.historytoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+Women+who+Forged+Medieval+England+%7C+History+Today&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fhistory-matters%2Fwomen-who-forged-medieval-england&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFyiselaat2020" class="citation web cs1">yiselaat (2020-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medievalbritain.com/type/medieval-life/occupations/medieval-blacksmith/">"Medieval Occupations and Jobs: Blacksmith. History of Blacksmiths"</a>. <i>Medieval Britain</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Medieval+Britain&amp;rft.atitle=Medieval+Occupations+and+Jobs%3A+Blacksmith.+History+of+Blacksmiths&amp;rft.date=2020-01-21&amp;rft.au=yiselaat&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedievalbritain.com%2Ftype%2Fmedieval-life%2Foccupations%2Fmedieval-blacksmith%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Aide-Memoire to the Military Sciences volume 1<i> by Royal Engineers, British Service, 1845, Col. G.G. Lewis, senior editor</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"># The Ordnance Manual For The Use Of The Officers Of The Confederate States Army, 1863 reprinted by Morningside Press 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89029-033-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89029-033-4">0-89029-033-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"># The ordnance manual for the use of officers of the United States army, 1861, reprinted by Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, December 22, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4255-5971-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4255-5971-9">1-4255-5971-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Civsmith-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Civsmith_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinhorn2010" class="citation book cs1">Einhorn, David (2010). <i>Civil War Blacksmithing</i>. CreateSpace Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1456364816" title="Special:BookSources/978-1456364816"><bdi>978-1456364816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Civil+War+Blacksmithing&amp;rft.pub=CreateSpace+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1456364816&amp;rft.aulast=Einhorn&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookOfTools-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bookOfTools_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrelinger1895" class="citation book cs1">Strelinger, Chas. A. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAJAAAAIAAJ"><i>A Book of Tools</i></a>. Detroit, Michigan: Chas. A. Strelinger &amp; Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Tools&amp;rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&amp;rft.pub=Chas.+A.+Strelinger+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=1895&amp;rft.aulast=Strelinger&amp;rft.aufirst=Chas.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DouAJAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UmeleckeKovar-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UmeleckeKovar_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevay2010" class="citation book cs1">Revay, Pavel A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sK-AgAAQBAJ"><i>Umelecke Kovar</i></a>. Prague, Czech Republic: GRADA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788024783277" title="Special:BookSources/9788024783277"><bdi>9788024783277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Umelecke+Kovar&amp;rft.place=Prague%2C+Czech+Republic&amp;rft.pub=GRADA&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9788024783277&amp;rft.aulast=Revay&amp;rft.aufirst=Pavel+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3sK-AgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306053833/http://www.baba.org.uk/About_Baba">"About"</a>. BABA. 2013-08-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baba.org.uk/About_Baba">the original</a> on 2014-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About&amp;rft.pub=BABA&amp;rft.date=2013-08-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baba.org.uk%2FAbout_Baba&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlacksmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li>Andrews, Jack. <i>New Edge of the Anvil</i>, 1994.</li> <li>Einhorn, David, M. <i>Civil War Blacksmithing:&#160;: Constructing Cannon Wheels, Traveling Forge, Knives, and Other Projects and Information</i>, 2010.</li> <li>McRaven, Charles. <i>The Blacksmith's Craft, originally published in 1981 as Country Blacksmithing</i>.</li> <li>Sims, Lorelei. <i>The Backyard Blacksmith&#160;— Traditional Techniques for the Modern Smith</i>, 2006.</li> <li>Holmstrom, John Gustaf. <i>Modern Blacksmithing, Rational Horse Shoeing and Wagon Making</i> (With Rules, Tables, Recipes, Etc.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Blacksmith</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blacksmiths" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Blacksmiths">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Blacksmith" class="extiw" title="q:Blacksmith">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Down%27n%27dirty_Blacksmithing" class="extiw" title="b:Down&#39;n&#39;dirty Blacksmithing">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639825" class="extiw" title="d:Q1639825">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302172624/http://www.seayourhistory.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=74&amp;Itemid=162">Royal Naval Museum – Sea Your History – Blacksmiths</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukblacksmiths.com">Find Blacksmiths In the UK with The National Directory Of Blacksmiths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429014525/http://www.ukblacksmiths.com/">Archived</a> 2021-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyQDAAAAMBAJ&amp;dq=1949+Popular+Science+%22Popular+Science%22+first+flat+top+ever+designed&amp;pg=PA206"><i> "Be Your Own Blacksmith" </i>, Popular Science, January 1949</a> basics of being a blacksmith</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abana.org/">(ABANA) The Artist Blacksmith's Association of North America, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220723150523/https://abana.org/">Archived</a> 2022-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419005751/http://www.meadowforge.co.uk/">Family of English blacksmiths dating back to c1550.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm5g7CfXYYE">Blacksmith Scene (1893) (video)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLIbObCltfQ">Forging of Chain by Two Blacksmiths (video)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinker" title="Tinker">Tinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">Tinsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesmith" title="Whitesmith">Whitesmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planishing" title="Planishing">Planishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(metalworking)" title="Raising (metalworking)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_(metalworking)" title="Sinking (metalworking)">Sinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639825#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4052907-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014713">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Forgerons"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119412501">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Forgerons"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119412501">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kováři"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph361984&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007283119405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637160">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6df7948d6c‐g8lqs Cached time: 20241127201820 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.017 seconds Real time usage: 1.276 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3855/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 77100/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5120/2097152 bytes 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