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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_polytheism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical polytheism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_polytheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Africa_(Egypt)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Africa_(Egypt)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Africa (Egypt)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Africa_(Egypt)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Canaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Pre-Islamic Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-European_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indo-European traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Greco-Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Celtic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Germanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pre-Columbian America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aztec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aztec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Aztec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aztec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Maya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Inca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Native North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_religion_and_animism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_religion_and_animism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Folk religion and animism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_religion_and_animism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk religion and animism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_religion_and_animism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>African religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_folk_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chinese folk religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmic_Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmic_Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dharmic Religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dharmic_Religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dharmic Religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dharmic_Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Latter Day Saint movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neopaganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neopaganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Neopaganism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neopaganism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Neopaganism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neopaganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Feminism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feminism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goddess_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goddess_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Goddess movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goddess_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_feminine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_feminine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sacred feminine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_feminine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphorical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphorical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Metaphorical use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphorical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Goddess</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godin" title="Godin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Godin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A9" title="إلهة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلهة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosa" title="Diosa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lah%C9%99" title="İlahə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlahə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="দেবী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BA-s%C3%AEn" title="Lú-sîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lú-sîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyosa_(Goddess)" title="Diyosa (Goddess) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Diyosa (Goddess)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Богиня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Богиня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geddinnen" title="Geddinnen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geddinnen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEica" title="Božica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Božica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doueez" title="Doueez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doueez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deessa" title="Deessa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deessa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDensk%C3%A9_bo%C5%BEstvo" title="Ženské božstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ženské božstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwies" title="Duwies – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Duwies" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttin" title="Göttin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Göttin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalanna" title="Jumalanna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jumalanna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC" title="Θεά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пазава – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пазава" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosa" title="Diosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diino" title="Diino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainkosa" title="Jainkosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jainkosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="ایزدبانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزدبانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9esse" title="Déesse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandia" title="Bandia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bandia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deusa" title="Deusa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%8B%A0" title="여신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB" title="Աստվածուհի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստվածուհի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="देवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEica" title="Božica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Božica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dea" title="Dea – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dea" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dea" title="Dea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="אלה (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלה (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ქალღმერთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქალღმერთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9y%C3%A8s" title="Déyès – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Déyès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dea" title="Dea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieviete" title="Dieviete – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dieviete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiv%C4%97" title="Deivė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deivė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diva" title="Diva – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Diva" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deja" title="Deja – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Deja" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Божица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Божица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanibavy" title="Andriamanibavy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanibavy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dewi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godin" title="Godin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Godin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF" title="देवि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देवि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="देवी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="देवी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" title="女神 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="女神" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudinne" title="Gudinne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gudinne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9%C3%AAsse" title="Déêsse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Déêsse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gades" title="Gades – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gades" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="ព្រះទេវី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះទេវី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogini" title="Bogini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bogini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deusa" title="Deusa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deusa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Богиня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Богиня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boginja" title="Boginja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boginja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boginja" title="Boginja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Boginja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boginja" title="Boginja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boginja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalatar" title="Jumalatar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jumalatar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudinna" title="Gudinna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gudinna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="இறைவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறைவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="เทวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanr%C4%B1%C3%A7a" title="Tanrıça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanrıça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Богиня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Богиня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="دیوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%AF_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nữ thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nữ thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalanna" title="Jumalanna – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jumalanna" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" title="女神 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="女神" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" title="女神 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="女神" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diev%C4%81t%C4%97" title="Dievātė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dievātė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" title="女神 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="女神" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Feminine or female deity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Goddess_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Goddess (disambiguation)">Goddess (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg/208px-Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg/313px-Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg/417px-Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a> being led by <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, the Ancient Egyptian mother goddess of magic</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>goddess</b> is a female <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many known cultures, goddesses are often linked with literal or metaphorical pregnancy or imagined feminine roles associated with how women and girls are perceived or expected to behave. This includes themes of <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, beauty, love, sexuality, motherhood, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domesticity" class="extiw" title="wikt:domesticity">domesticity</a>, creativity, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities" title="List of fertility deities">fertility</a> (exemplified by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> cult). Many major goddesses are also associated with magic, war, strategy, hunting, farming, wisdom, <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a>, earth, sky, <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>, laws, justice, and more. Some themes, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/discordianism" class="extiw" title="wikt:discordianism">discord</a> or disease, which are considered negative within their cultural contexts also are found associated with some goddesses. There are as many differently described and understood goddesses as there are male, <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">shapeshifting</a>, or neuter gods. </p><p>In some faiths, a sacred female figure holds a central place in religious prayer and worship. For example, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> (one of the three major <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> sects), holds that the ultimate deity, the source of all reality, is <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme Goddess) and in some forms of Tantric <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, the pair of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> are the ultimate principle (with the goddess representing the active, creative power of God). Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_reality" title="Ultimate reality">ultimate reality</a> is often seen as being composed of two principles depicted as two deities in union (<a href="/wiki/Yab-Yum" title="Yab-Yum">yab yum</a>, "father-mother") symbolising the non-duality of the two principles of perfect wisdom (female) and skillful compassion (male).<sup id="cite_ref-Simmer-Brown_2002_p._159_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmer-Brown_2002_p._159-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheist religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionists</a>, honour multiple goddesses and gods, and usually view them as discrete, separate beings. These deities may be part of a pantheon, or different regions may have tutelary deities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The noun <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goddess" class="extiw" title="wikt:goddess">goddess</a></i> is a secondary formation, combining the Germanic <i><a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">god</a></i> with the Latinate <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ess" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ess">-ess</a></i> suffix. It first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, from about 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-BARNHART323_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BARNHART323-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word follows the linguistic precedent of a number of languages—including <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>—that add a feminine ending to the language's word for <i>god</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_polytheism">Historical polytheism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical polytheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assyro-Babylonian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyro-Babylonian religion">Assyro-Babylonian religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> was the most worshipped goddess in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was later <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretised</a> with the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Mesopotamian goddesses include <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaga_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaga (god)">Gaga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Africa_(Egypt)"><span id="Ancient_Africa_.28Egypt.29"></span>Ancient Africa (Egypt)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Africa (Egypt)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Netjeret" class="mw-redirect" title="Netjeret">Netjeret</a></div> <ul><li>Goddesses of the <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li>Goddesses of the <a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Naunet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaunet">Amaunet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kauket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauket">Kauket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hauhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauhet">Hauhet</a>; originally a cult of <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satet">Satis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a> of the triad of <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canaan">Canaan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canaan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Goddess" title="The Hebrew Goddess">The Hebrew Goddess</a></div> <p>Goddesses of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ba%60alat_Gebal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba`alat Gebal">Ba`alat Gebal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anatolia">Anatolia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>: Her Hittite name was Kubaba, but her name changed to Cybele in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> culture. Her effect can be also seen on <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> as the Lady of Ephesus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebat">Hebat</a>: Mother Goddess of the Hittite pantheon and wife of the leader sky god, <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a>. She was the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a> cult.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arinniti" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinniti">Arinniti</a>: Hittite Goddess of the sun. She became patron of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> and monarchy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a>: A mother Goddess figure in <a href="/wiki/Lykia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lykia">Lykia</a>. She was also the main goddess of the capital city of Lykia League (<a href="/wiki/Letoon" title="Letoon">Letoon</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Islamic_Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Uzza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lāt</a> were known as "the daughters of god". Uzzā was worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean">Nabataeans</a>, who equated her with the Graeco-Roman goddesses <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> and Caelestis. Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. Uzzā, was called upon for protection by the pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a>. "In 624 at the battle called "<a href="/wiki/Uhud" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhud">Uhud</a>", the war cry of the Qurayshites was, "O people of Uzzā, people of <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a>!" (Tawil 1993). </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>'s controversial account of the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a> (<i>q.v.</i>), these verses had previously endorsed them as intercessors for <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, but were abrogated. Most Muslim scholars have regarded the story as historically implausible, while opinion is divided among western scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Leone Caetani</a> and John Burton, who argue against, and <a href="/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a>, who argue for its plausibility. </p><p>The Quran (<a href="/wiki/Q53:19-31" class="mw-redirect" title="Q53:19-31">Q53:19-31</a>) warns of the vanity of trusting to the intercession of female deities, in particular "the daughters of god".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_traditions">Indo-European traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indo-European traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></div> <p>Pre-Christian and pre-Islamic goddesses in cultures that spoke Indo-European languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian">Indian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic deities</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a>: is the main goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> and is the goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Dawn" title="Dawn">dawn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithivi">Prithivi</a>: the Earth, also appears as a goddess. <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_rivers" title="Rigvedic rivers">Rivers</a> are also deified as goddesses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agneya" title="Agneya">Agneya</a>: or Aagneya is the Hindu Goddess of Fire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuni" title="Varuni">Varuni</a>: is the Hindu Goddess of Water. Bhumi, Janani, Buvana, and Prithvi are names of the Hindu Goddess of Earth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iranian">Iranian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a>: or <a href="/wiki/Anahit" title="Anahit">Anahit</a>, or Nahid, or Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā, or Aban: the divinity of "the Waters" and hence associated with fertility, healing, beauty and wisdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daena" title="Daena">Daena</a>: a divinity, counted among the <a href="/wiki/Yazatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazatas">yazatas</a>, representing insight and revelation, hence "conscience" or "religion".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Spenta Armaiti</a>: or <a href="/wiki/Sandaramet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandaramet">Sandaramet</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spentas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amesha Spentas">Amesha Spentas</a>, a female divinity associated with earth and Mother Nature. She is also associated with the female virtue of devotion (to family, husband, and child). In the Iranian calendar, her name is on the twelfth month and also the fifth day of the month.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Ashi</a>: a divinity of fertility and fortune in the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Yazatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazatas">yazatas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Greco-Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ceres_statue.jpg/220px-Ceres_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ceres_statue.jpg/330px-Ceres_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Ceres_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait-Statue of an unknown woman as <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, Roman goddess of agriculture and motherly relationships</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">Religion in ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baubo" title="Baubo">Baubo</a> (goddess of mirth), <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> (goddess of the harvest) and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> (goddess of spring, queen of the Underworld as the wife of Hades).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Greek muses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a> (goddess of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>), <a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a> (history), <a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a> (love poetry), <a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a> (music, song, and <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>), <a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a> (tragedy), <a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a> (sacred poetry), <a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a> (dance), <a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a> (comedy and pastoral poetry), and <a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a> (astronomy).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>: Goddess of love and beauty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>: Virgin goddess of the wilderness and the hunt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>: Virgin goddess of strategy, warfare, and crafts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a>: Goddess of chaos.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>: Primordial goddess of the Earth. Most gods descend from her.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>: Goddess of sorcery and crossroads. Often considered a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> or lunar goddess. She is either portrayed as a single goddess or a triple goddess (maiden, mother, crone).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>: Goddess of womanhood, marriage and childbirth, queen of Olympus as the wife of Zeus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>: Virgin goddess of the hearth, domesticity and family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a>: Goddess of rainbows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a>: Titan goddess of childhood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>: Goddess of victory. She is predominantly pictured with Zeus or Athena and sometimes Ares.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>: Titan goddess of the Moon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>: Titan goddess of motherhood.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celtic">Celtic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Celtic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic pantheon">Celtic pantheon</a></div> <p>Goddesses and Otherworldly Women in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a> include: </p> <ul><li>Celtic antiquity: <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dea_Matrona" title="Dea Matrona">Dea Matrona</a></li> <li>Irish mythology: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ine" title="Áine">Áine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boann" title="Boann">Boann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">The Cailleach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danu_(Irish_goddess)" title="Danu (Irish goddess)">Danu</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fand" title="Fand">Fand</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Morr%C3%ADgan" title="The Morrígan">The Morrígan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nemain" title="Nemain">Nemain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a>) among others.</li></ul> <p>The Celts honoured goddesses of nature and natural forces, as well as those connected with skills and professions such as healing, warfare and poetry. The Celtic goddesses have diverse qualities such as abundance, creation and beauty, as well as harshness, slaughter and vengeance. They have been depicted as beautiful or hideous, old <a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">hags</a> or young women, and at times may transform their appearance from one state to another, or into their associated creatures such as crows, cows, wolves or eels, to name but a few. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> in particular, tutelary goddesses are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and various features of the land, notably mountains, rivers, forests and <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germanic">Germanic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germanic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freia_Gestures_to_Hyndla_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Freia_Gestures_to_Hyndla_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Freia_Gestures_to_Hyndla_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Freia_Gestures_to_Hyndla_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Freia_Gestures_to_Hyndla_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Freia_Gestures_to_Hyndla_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-Freia_Gestures_to_Hyndla_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>The goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> is nuzzled by the boar <a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a> while gesturing to <a href="/wiki/Hyndla" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyndla">Hyndla</a> (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities_and_heroes#Goddesses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Germanic deities and heroes">List of Germanic deities and heroes § Goddesses</a></div> <p>Surviving accounts of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> contain numerous tales of female goddesses, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">giantesses</a>, and divine female figures in their scriptures. The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> had altars erected to the <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matrones" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres and Matrones">"Mothers and Matrons"</a> and held celebrations specific to these goddesses (such as the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Ddraniht" title="Mōdraniht">"Mothers-night"</a>). Various other female deities are attested among the Germanic peoples, such as <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a> attested in an early account of the Germanic peoples, <a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a> attested among the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">pagan Anglo-Saxons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinthgunt" title="Sinthgunt">Sinthgunt</a> attested among the pagan continental Germanic peoples. Examples of goddesses attested in Norse mythology include <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, and the Anglo-Saxon version of whom is namesake of the modern English weekday <a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a> (one time wife of <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a>), Njerda (Scandinavian name of <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a>), that also was married to <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a> during Bronze Age, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>), and personifications such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a> (earth), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Sun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sól (Sun)">Sól</a> (the sun), and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a> (night). Female deities also play heavily into the Norse concept of death, where half of those slain in battle enter Freyja's field <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel</a>'s realm <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">of the same name</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a> who receives those who die at sea. Other female deities such as the <a href="/wiki/Valkyries" class="mw-redirect" title="Valkyries">valkyries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">norns</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">dísir</a> are associated with a Germanic concept of <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">fate</a> (Old Norse <i><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Ørlög</a></i>, Old English <i><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></i>), and celebrations were held in their honour, such as the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disting" title="Disting">Disting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_America">Pre-Columbian America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aztec">Aztec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aztec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toci_and_Xochiquetzal,_Two_Aztec_Goddesses_WDL6731.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Toci_and_Xochiquetzal%2C_Two_Aztec_Goddesses_WDL6731.png/220px-Toci_and_Xochiquetzal%2C_Two_Aztec_Goddesses_WDL6731.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Toci_and_Xochiquetzal%2C_Two_Aztec_Goddesses_WDL6731.png/330px-Toci_and_Xochiquetzal%2C_Two_Aztec_Goddesses_WDL6731.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Toci_and_Xochiquetzal%2C_Two_Aztec_Goddesses_WDL6731.png/440px-Toci_and_Xochiquetzal%2C_Two_Aztec_Goddesses_WDL6731.png 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xochiquetzal" class="mw-redirect" title="Xochiquetzal">Xochiquetzal</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Chalchiuhtlicue" title="Chalchiuhtlicue">Chalchiuhtlicue</a> (right) as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Tovar_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovar Codex">Tovar Codex</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalchiuhtlicue" title="Chalchiuhtlicue">Chalchiuhtlicue</a>: goddess of water (rivers, seas, storms, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantico" title="Chantico">Chantico</a>: goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a>, flames</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyolxauhqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyolxauhqui">Coyolxauhqui</a>: warrior goddess associated with the moon</li> <li>Duality Earth Goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Cihuacoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cihuacoatl">Cihuacoatl</a> (childbirth and <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal death</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coatlicue" class="mw-redirect" title="Coatlicue">Coatlicue</a> (earth as the womb and grave), <a href="/wiki/Tlazolteotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlazolteotl">Tlazolteotl</a> (filth and purification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzpapalotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotl">Itzpapalotl</a>: monstrous ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tamoanchan" title="Tamoanchan">Tamoanchan</a> (a paradise realm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictecacihuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mictecacihuatl">Mictecacihuatl</a>: queen of <a href="/wiki/Mictlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mictlan">Mictlan</a> (the underworld)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochiquetzal" class="mw-redirect" title="Xochiquetzal">Xochiquetzal</a>: goddess of fertility, beauty, and female sexuality</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maya">Maya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya religion</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a>: mother goddess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Maya moon goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a>: eroticism, human procreation, and marriage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inca">Inca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Inca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion in the Inca Empire</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a>: the supreme Mother Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Killa" title="Mama Killa">Mama Killa</a>: moon goddess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Ocllo" title="Mama Ocllo">Mama Ocllo</a>: fertility goddess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Cocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mama Cocha">Mama Cocha</a>: goddess of the sea and lakes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_North_America">Native North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Native North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goddesses of various Native North American peoples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spider_Grandmother" title="Spider Grandmother">Spider Grandmother</a>: Creator goddess of the Southwestern United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atahensic" title="Atahensic">Atahensic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> sky goddess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atira_(goddess)" title="Atira (goddess)">Atira</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> earth and corn goddess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_(goddess)" title="Tia (goddess)">Tia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a> goddess of peaceful death</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(mythology)" title="Sedna (mythology)">Sedna</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Inuit</a> goddess of the sea and underworld</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabey_(goddess)" title="Atabey (goddess)">Atabey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> mother goddess</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_religion_and_animism">Folk religion and animism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Folk religion and animism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian devotion">Marian devotion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_religions">African religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: African religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_diasporic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="African diasporic religions">African diasporic religions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ala_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (mythology)">Ala (mythology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asase_Ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asase Ya">Asase Ya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oshun" title="Oshun">Oshun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oya" class="mw-redirect" title="Oya">Oya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemaja">Yemaja</a></div> <p>In African and African diasporic religions, goddesses are often syncretised with <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian devotion">Marian devotion</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Erzulie_Freda" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzulie Freda">Erzulie Freda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mater_Dolorosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater Dolorosa">Mater Dolorosa</a>). There is also Buk, a Sudanese and Ethiopian goddess still worshipped in the southern regions. She represents the fertile aspect of women. She is related to the deity of a similar name, Abuk.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Ethiopian goddess is <a href="/wiki/Atete" title="Atete">Atete</a>, the goddess of spring and fertility. Farmers traditionally leave some of their products at the end of each harvesting season as an offering while women sing traditional songs. </p><p>A rare example of henotheism focused on a single Goddess is found among the <a href="/wiki/Nuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba">Southern Nuba</a> of Sudan. The Nuba conceive of the creator Goddess as the "Great Mother" who gave birth to earth and to mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_folk_religion">Chinese folk religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chinese folk religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West" title="Queen Mother of the West">Queen Mother of the West</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazu (goddess)">Mazu</a> is the goddess of the sea who protects fishermen and sailors, widely worshipped in the south-eastern coastal areas of China and neighbouring areas in Southeast Asia.</li> <li>The Goddess Weaver Zhinü, daughter of the Celestial Mother, wove the <a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">stars</a> and their light, known as "the Silver River" (what Westerners call "The Milky Way Galaxy"), for heaven and earth. She was identified with the star Westerners know as <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_(Kunisada)_1856.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/390px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/585px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/780px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>, goddess of the sun, emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Ama-no-Iwato" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama-no-Iwato">Heavenly Rock Cave</a>, triptych by <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kunisada" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Kunisada">Utagawa Kunisada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> is the chief among the <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Shinto gods</a> (<i>kami</i>), while there are important female deities <a href="/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto">Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto</a>, Inari and <a href="/wiki/Konohanasakuya-hime" title="Konohanasakuya-hime">Konohanasakuya-hime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dharmic_Religions">Dharmic Religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dharmic Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>), there are many goddesses that are widely venerated. The earliest source for several of these goddesses is the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kinsley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinsley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, goddesses can also be found in the art of the even more ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender in Hinduism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is a diverse complex of many belief systems which includes numerous gods and goddesses. The earliest Hindu source, the <i>Rigveda</i>, contains many goddesses such as <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a> (earth), <a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a> (cosmic moral order), <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81c" title="Vāc">Vāc</a> (sound), <a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bti_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛti (goddess)">Nirṛti</a> (destruction) and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%ABs%C5%ABkta" title="Devīsūkta">Devīsūktam</a></i> is an important source for the goddess idea in <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a>. Important Hindu goddesses today include <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripurasundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>. </p><p>There is much diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> of the various traditions of Hinduism. Some theologies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a>) see all gods and goddesses as emanations of a single formless impersonal source called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. Other theologies are more personal regarding the ultimate deity. </p><p>Some traditions posit a dual deity in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>-<a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>-<a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>. These are presented as a pair with a male god (<a href="/wiki/Shaktiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktiman">Shaktiman</a>, "possessor of power") and his consort, a female "power" (Shakti), and their relationship is interpreted in different ways depending on the tradition's theology. </p><p> In <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, the supreme deity is the Great Goddess (<a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a>), called by different names such as Shakti or <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Adi Parashakti</a> (Primordial Supreme Power). <a href="/wiki/Shaktas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktas">Shaktas</a> consider the Goddess to be the ultimate source of all things and the mother of all gods and goddesses. She is considered to have ten main avatars called the ten <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">mahavidyas</a> in some traditions. Another important concept is the Shakta trinity, the <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">tridevi</a>, which sees Mahadevi as manifesting in three main goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Mahasaraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/220px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/330px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/440px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="3069" /></a><figcaption>The Hindu warrior goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> killing the buffalo-demon <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>In the great Shakta scripture known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i> (Glory of the Goddess), all the goddesses are aspects of one presiding female force—one in truth and many in expression, which also is the creative power of the cosmos. It expresses through philosophical tracts and metaphor, that the potentiality of masculine being is actuated by the feminine divine. </p><p>Local deities of different village regions in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were often identified with "mainstream" Hindu deities, a process that has been called <i>Sanskritisation</i>. Others attribute it to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> or <i>Advaita</i>, which discounts polytheist or monotheist categorisation. While the monist forces have led to a fusion between some of the goddesses (108 names are common for many goddesses), centrifugal forces have also resulted in new goddesses and rituals gaining ascendance among the laity in different parts of Hindu world. Thus, the immensely popular goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> was a pre-Vedic goddess who was later fused with Parvati, a process that can be traced through texts such as Kalika Purana (10th century), Durgabhaktitarangini (<a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a> 15th century), Chandimangal (16th century) etc. </p><p>Widely celebrated <a href="/wiki/Hindu_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu festival">Hindu festival</a> <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> is in the honour of the divine feminine <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>) and spans nine nights of prayer in the autumn, also referred as Sharada Navratri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/220px-%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/330px-%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/440px-%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7900" data-file-height="11700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundī</a> Buddha Mother (also known as Cundā), <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> (1368–1644).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tara_statue_near_Kulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tara_statue_near_Kulu.jpg/220px-Tara_statue_near_Kulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tara_statue_near_Kulu.jpg/330px-Tara_statue_near_Kulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tara_statue_near_Kulu.jpg/440px-Tara_statue_near_Kulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a>, Urgyen Sanag Choling Gompa near <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himchal Pradesh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous female deities in the various Buddhist traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist goddesses are widely depicted in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhism</a> in India venerated various female goddesses. These were mostly considered to be <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> or spirits (such as <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">yakshinis</a>). They include <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prthivi</a> (earth goddess), <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Mayadevi</a> (the mother of the Buddha).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these figures remain important in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a> today, including Maya and Prthivi (known as <a href="/wiki/Phra_Mae_Thorani" title="Phra Mae Thorani">Phra Mae Thorani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>). </p><p>Indian <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> revered several female deities, including <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devi">Prajñāpāramitā Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Marici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usnisavijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Usnisavijaya">Uṣṇīṣavijayā</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Vasudhārā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Mahayana, female deities grew in importance, becoming powerful bodhisattva savior figures, liberators associated with powerful mantras (which are also termed <i><a href="/wiki/Vidya_(philosophy)" title="Vidya (philosophy)">vidyās</a></i> when a mantra is seen as a feminine power) and <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, such as with <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devi">Prajñāpāramitā Devi</a>, these goddesses were even called "mother of Buddhas" (Sanskrit: buddhamatr) and bhagavati, indicating they were seen as fully awakened Buddhas themselves. </p><p>In the Mahayana traditions, some are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> (beings advancing on the path to Buddhahood) or full <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a>, while others are just <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> (worldly deities).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important Buddhist female deities in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a> are the bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> and the "mother of Buddhas" <a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundi</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a> is the most important female deity (often considered to be a full Buddha).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tantric <i><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakini</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a> is an important tantric meditation deity (<a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">yidam</a>) in Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, and is also considered to be a female Buddha in her own right.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tantric Buddhist goddesses were often considered to be fully awakened Buddhas and sometimes are depicted with unique tantric elements, such as skullcups and flaying knives. These tantric deities include <a href="/wiki/Simhamukha" title="Simhamukha">Simhamukha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81m%C4%81y%C4%81_Tantra" title="Mahāmāyā Tantra">Mahamaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinnamunda" title="Chinnamunda">Chinnamunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurukull%C4%81" title="Kurukullā">Kurukulla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahayana goddesses are often termed "devis" (Sanskrit: devi, "female deity", "goddess", Tibetan: lhamo) or even bhagavani (the female version of <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">bhagavan</a>, indicating Buddhahood).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Goddess" title="The Hebrew Goddess">The Hebrew Goddess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> is the name of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>'s first wife, who was created at the same time as Adam. She left <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and refused to return to the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> after she mated with <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her story was greatly developed during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Aggadic_midrashim" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggadic midrashim">Aggadic midrashim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zohar tradition has influenced <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Jewish folklore</a>, which postulates God created Adam to marry a woman named <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a>. Outside of Jewish tradition, Lilith was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> – later known as both <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>. In The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Gilgamesh was said to have destroyed a tree that was in a sacred grove dedicated to the goddess Ishtar/Inanna/<a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>. Lilith ran into the wilderness in despair. She then is depicted in the Talmud and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> as first wife to God's first creation of man, <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>. In time, as stated in the Old Testament, the Hebrew followers continued to worship "False Idols", like <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, as being as powerful as God. <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> speaks of his (and God's) displeasure at this behaviour to the Hebrew people about the worship of the goddess in the Old Testament. Lilith is banished from Adam and God's presence when she is discovered to be a "demon" and Eve becomes Adam's wife. </p><p>The following female deities are mentioned in prominent Hebrew texts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrat_bat_Mahlat" title="Agrat bat Mahlat">Agrat bat Mahlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anath" class="mw-redirect" title="Anath">Anath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li></ul> <p>More commonly, modern Judaism acknowledges <i><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></i> as the feminine aspect of God.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shekhinah</i> is considered to be the presence of God on Earth and/or the spirit of the Jewish people, forever trying to reunite with the other elements of God through <i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">tikkun olam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">moon</a>, the earth, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophia_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sophia_design.jpg/220px-Sophia_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sophia_design.jpg/330px-Sophia_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sophia_design.jpg/440px-Sophia_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Virgin Sophia</a> design on a <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Society" title="Harmony Society">Harmony Society</a> doorway in <a href="/wiki/Harmony,_Pennsylvania" title="Harmony, Pennsylvania">Harmony, Pennsylvania</a>, carved by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Reichert_Rapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Reichert Rapp (page does not exist)">Frederick Reichert Rapp</a> (1775–1834).</figcaption></figure> <p>The veneration of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, the mother of Jesus</a>, as an especially privileged <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> has continued since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary is venerated as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a>, the Blessed Virgin Mary, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a>, and other lofty titles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotion</a> similar to this kind is also found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, although not in the majority of denominations of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. In some Christian traditions (like the Orthodox tradition), <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a> is the personification of either divine wisdom (or of an archangel) that takes female form. She is mentioned in the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a>. Sophia is identified by some as the wisdom imparting <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Trinity">Christian Trinity</a>, whose names in Hebrew—<a href="/wiki/Ruach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach">Ruach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a>—are both feminine, and whose symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a> was commonly associated in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> with the figure of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religions</a>, there is a female spirit or goddess named Sophia who is said to embody <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> and who is sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virgin</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, Saint <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a> celebrated Sophia as a cosmic figure both in her writing and art. Within the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> tradition in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the 17th-century mystic <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalist</a> and founder of the Philadelphian Society <a href="/wiki/Jane_Leade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Leade">Jane Leade</a> wrote copious descriptions of her visions and dialogues with the "Virgin Sophia" who, she said, revealed to her the spiritual workings of the universe. Leade was hugely influenced by the theosophical writings of 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> Christian mystic <a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a>, who also speaks of Sophia in works such as <i>The Way to Christ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Way_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Way-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jakob Böhme was very influential to a number of <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mystics</a> and religious leaders, including <a href="/wiki/George_Rapp" title="George Rapp">George Rapp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Society" title="Harmony Society">Harmony Society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement">Latter Day Saint movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The members of most denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> believe in, although they do not directly worship, a <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a> who is the female counterpart of the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Heavenly Father</a>. Together they are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a>. Adherents also believe that all humans, both women and men, have the potential to become gods through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">exaltation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Neopaganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Pagan</a> traditions honour one or more goddesses. While some who follow <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> believe in a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">duotheistic</a> belief system, consisting of a single goddess and a single god, who in <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a> represent a united whole, others recognise only one or more goddesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca">Wicca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Goddess_(Wicca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddess (Wicca)">Goddess (Wicca)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg/220px-Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg/330px-Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg/440px-Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The lunar <a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a> symbol.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> "the Goddess" is the deity of prime importance, along with her consort the <a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a>. Within many forms of Wicca the Goddess has come to be considered as a universal deity, more in line with her description in the <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a>, a key Wiccan text. In this guise she is the "Queen of Heaven", similar to <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. She also encompasses and conceives (creates) all life, much like <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>. Similarly to Isis and certain late Classical conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>, she is the summation of all other goddesses, who represent her different names and aspects across the different cultures. The Goddess is often portrayed with strong lunar symbolism, drawing on various cultures and deities such as <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, and is often depicted as the Maiden, Mother, and Crone triad popularised by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> (see <a href="#Triple_Goddess">Triple Goddess</a> below). Many depictions of her also draw strongly on <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a> goddesses. Some Wiccans, or Witches, believe there are many goddesses, and in some forms of Wicca, notably <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>, the Goddess alone is worshipped, and the <a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">God</a> plays very little (or no) part in their worship and ritual. The first history of Wiccans or Witches (nature based religion) appear on cave paintings that show early humans worshipping a feminine nature deity for luck and harvest (BCE). Later Celtics form a more formal form of Witches (Wiccans) with the triquetra (maiden mother crone),pentagram etc. They have evolved into the strong, nature based, animal rights loving and women rights religion of today. </p><p>Goddesses or demi-goddesses appear in sets of three in a number of ancient European pagan mythologies; these include the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a></i> (Furies) and <i><a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a></i> (Fates); the Norse <i><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Brighid" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighid">Brighid</a> and her two sisters, also called Brighid, from Irish or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> popularised the triad of "Maiden" (or "Virgin"), "Mother" and "Crone", and while this idea did not rest on sound scholarship, his poetic inspiration has gained a tenacious hold. Considerable variation in the precise conceptions of these figures exists, as typically occurs in Neopaganism and indeed in pagan religions in general. Some choose to interpret them as three stages in a woman's life, separated by <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>. Others find this too biologically based and rigid, and prefer a freer interpretation, with the Maiden as birth (independent, self-centred, seeking), the Mother as giving birth (interrelated, compassionate nurturing, creating), and the Crone as death and renewal (holistic, remote, unknowable) — and all three erotic and wise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminism">Feminism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg/220px-Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="474" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg/330px-Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg/440px-Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Roman, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrianic period</a>, statue of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> in marble from the <a href="/wiki/Musei_Capitolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Musei Capitolini">Musei Capitolini</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goddess_movement">Goddess movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Goddess movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></div> <p>At least since <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminism</a> in the United States, there has been interest in analysing religion to see if and how doctrines and practices treat women unfairly, as in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Bible" title="The Woman's Bible">The Woman's Bible</a></i>. Again in <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a> in the U.S., as well as in many European and other countries, religion became the focus of some feminist analysis in Judaism, Christianity, and other religions, and some women turned to ancient goddess religions as an alternative to Abrahamic religions (<i>Womanspirit Rising</i> 1979; <i>Weaving the Visions</i> 1989). Today both women and men continue to be involved in the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a> (Christ 1997). The popularity of organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Isis" title="Fellowship of Isis">Fellowship of Isis</a> attest to the continuing growth of the religion of the Goddess throughout the world. </p><p>While much of the attempt at gender equity in mainstream Christianity (Judaism never recognised any gender for God) is aimed at reinterpreting scripture and degenderising language used to name and describe the divine (Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991), there are a growing number of people who identify as Christians or Jews who are trying to integrate goddess imagery into their religions (Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,"Goddess Christians Yahoo Group"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_feminine">Sacred feminine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sacred feminine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Divine Feminine" redirects here. For the Mac Miller album, see <a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Feminine" title="The Divine Feminine">The Divine Feminine</a>.</div> <p>The term "sacred feminine" was first coined in the 1970s, in <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> popularisations of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>. Hinduism also worships multitude of goddesses that have their important role and thus in all came to interest for the New Age, feminist, and lesbian feminist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphorical_use">Metaphorical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Metaphorical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "goddess" has also been adapted to poetic and secular use as a complimentary description of a non-mythological woman.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> notes 1579 as the date of the earliest attestation of such figurative use, in <i><a href="/wiki/Laura_de_Noves" title="Laura de Noves">Lauretta</a> the diuine <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarches</a> Goddesse</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> had several of his male characters address female characters as goddesses, including Demetrius to <a href="/wiki/Helena_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)" title="Helena (A Midsummer Night's Dream)">Helena</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i> ("O Helen, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine!"), Berowne to Rosaline in <i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i> ("A woman I forswore; but I will prove, Thou being a goddess, I forswore not thee"), and Bertram to Diana in <i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></i>. Pisanio also compares Imogen to a goddess to describe her composure under duress in <i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEllwood2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span> (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438110387" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438110387"><bdi>978-1438110387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1438110387&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span> Text: <b>goddesses</b> Female deities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmer-Brown_2002_p._159-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simmer-Brown_2002_p._159_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmer-Brown2002" class="citation book cs1">Simmer-Brown, J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZqiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159"><i>Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism</i></a>. Shambhala. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2842-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2842-1"><bdi>978-0-8348-2842-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dakini%27s+Warm+Breath%3A+The+Feminine+Principle+in+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8348-2842-1&rft.aulast=Simmer-Brown&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZqiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BARNHART323-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BARNHART323_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnhart (1995:323).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (April 2016)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Wolkstein" title="Diane Wolkstein">Wolkstein, Diane</a>; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). <i>Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer</i>. New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090854-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090854-8"><bdi>0-06-090854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Harper%26Row+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-06-090854-8&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Brinton_Perera" title="Sylvia Brinton Perera">Sylvia Brinton Perera</a>, <i>Descent to the Goddess</i> (Toronto 1982) re Inanna and <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Rhea_Nemet-Nejat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (page does not exist)">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182"><i>Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</i></a></span>. Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313294976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313294976"><bdi>978-0313294976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0313294976&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1994" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Paul (1994). "The Sumerian Goddess Inanna (3400-2200 BC)". <i>Papers of from the Institute of Archaeology</i>. Vol. 5. UCL. pp. 110–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sumerian+Goddess+Inanna+%283400-2200+BC%29&rft.btitle=Papers+of+from+the+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=UCL&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_53:19-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quran 53:19-31 (page does not exist)">Quran 53:19-31</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWherry1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Morris_Wherry" title="Elwood Morris Wherry">Wherry, Elwood Morris</a> (1896). <i>A Complete Index to <a href="/wiki/Sale%27s_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale's Text">Sale's Text</a>, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Index+to+Sale%27s+Text%2C+Preliminary+Discourse%2C+and+Notes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Wherry&rft.aufirst=Elwood+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaheri2014" class="citation web cs1">Taheri, Sadreddin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roshangaran-pub.ir/bookshow/B968846641">"Goddesses in Iranian Culture and Mythology"</a>. Tehran: Roshangaran va Motale’at-e Zanan Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+Iranian+Culture+and+Mythology&rft.pub=Tehran%3A+Roshangaran+va+Motale%E2%80%99at-e+Zanan+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Taheri&rft.aufirst=Sadreddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froshangaran-pub.ir%2Fbookshow%2FB968846641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2001" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Juliette (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celtslifemythart0000wood_j3t9"><i>The Celts: Life, Myth, and Art</i></a></span> (New ed.). London: Duncard Baird Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celtslifemythart0000wood_j3t9/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903296264" title="Special:BookSources/9781903296264"><bdi>9781903296264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+Life%2C+Myth%2C+and+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Duncard+Baird+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781903296264&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fceltslifemythart0000wood_j3t9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelke2001" class="citation web cs1">Relke, RJ (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rune.une.edu.au/web/retrieve/b3811fcd-608f-4f43-97ce-e08c90084902">"CHAPTER 4: THE AFRICAN NILOTIC PEOPLES AS ETHNOGRAPHIC PARALLELS: FINDING THE RIGHT "FIT": AN APPROPRIATE ETHNOGRAPHIC PARALLEL"</a>. <i>UNE</i>. 25-32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNE&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+4%3A+THE+AFRICAN+NILOTIC+PEOPLES+AS+ETHNOGRAPHIC+PARALLELS%3A+FINDING+THE+RIGHT+%22FIT%22%3A+AN+APPROPRIATE+ETHNOGRAPHIC+PARALLEL&rft.pages=25-32&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Relke&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frune.une.edu.au%2Fweb%2Fretrieve%2Fb3811fcd-608f-4f43-97ce-e08c90084902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbiti1991" class="citation book cs1">Mbiti, John S. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoaf0000mbit"><i>Introduction to African Religion</i></a></span> (2nd rev. ed.). Oxford, England: Heinemann Educational Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoaf0000mbit/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435940027" title="Special:BookSources/9780435940027"><bdi>9780435940027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+African+Religion&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780435940027&rft.aulast=Mbiti&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoaf0000mbit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2003" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Jung (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unM5hd_V13MC&pg=PA429"><i>Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</i></a> (reprint ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1439106495" title="Special:BookSources/1439106495"><bdi>1439106495</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Swans%3A+Three+Daughters+of+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=429&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1439106495&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunM5hd_V13MC%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Amaterasu/">"Amaterasu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Amaterasu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FAmaterasu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinsley-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kinsley_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinsley, David (1988). <i>Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions.</i> University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06339-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06339-2">0-520-06339-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomaskutty" class="citation journal cs1">Thomaskutty, Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/830821">""Glimpses of the 'Feminine' in Indian Religion and Society: A Christian Perspective" by Johnson Thomaskutty"</a>: 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%26quot%3BGlimpses+of+the+%27Feminine%27+in+Indian+Religion+and+Society%3A+A+Christian+Perspective%26quot%3B+by+Johnson+Thomaskutty&rft.pages=81&rft.aulast=Thomaskutty&rft.aufirst=Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F830821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharjiSukumari1998" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharji, Sukumari; Sukumari (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UszWGeqkZcC&pg=PP11"><i>Legends of Devi</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1438-6"><bdi>978-81-250-1438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Devi&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1438-6&rft.aulast=Bhattacharji&rft.aufirst=Sukumari&rft.au=Sukumari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UszWGeqkZcC%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for a full overview and list of goddesses see: Shaw, Miranda (2006). <i>Buddhist Goddesses of India,</i> Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcwg.scrippscollege.edu/blog/acquisition-essays/collection-highlights/wisdom-compassion-and-wrath-the-many-faces-of-female-buddhist-deities-intern-exhibition-online/">"| Wisdom, Compassion and Wrath: The Many Faces of Female Buddhist Deities – Intern Exhibition OnlineRuth Chandler Williamson Gallery"</a>. <i>rcwg.scrippscollege.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rcwg.scrippscollege.edu&rft.atitle=%7C+Wisdom%2C+Compassion+and+Wrath%3A+The+Many+Faces+of+Female+Buddhist+Deities+%E2%80%93+Intern+Exhibition+OnlineRuth+Chandler+Williamson+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcwg.scrippscollege.edu%2Fblog%2Facquisition-essays%2Fcollection-highlights%2Fwisdom-compassion-and-wrath-the-many-faces-of-female-buddhist-deities-intern-exhibition-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Miranda (2006). <i>Buddhist Goddesses of India,</i> pp. 5-6. Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Miranda (2006). <i>Buddhist Goddesses of India,</i> pp. 6-7. Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Miranda (2006). <i>Buddhist Goddesses of India,</i> p. 8. Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubinmuseum.org/blog/female-power-in-the-himalayas">"Female Power in the Himalayas | Rubin Museum of Art"</a>. <i>rubinmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rubinmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Female+Power+in+the+Himalayas+%7C+Rubin+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubinmuseum.org%2Fblog%2Ffemale-power-in-the-himalayas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6330">"Subject: Goddess Terminology (Devi)"</a>. <i>www.himalayanart.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.himalayanart.org&rft.atitle=Subject%3A+Goddess+Terminology+%28Devi%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanart.org%2Fsearch%2Fset.cfm%3FsetID%3D6330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istina.rin.ru/eng/ufo/text/663.html">"Samael & Lilith - Unexplained - IN SEARCH FOR TRUTH"</a>. <i>rin.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rin.ru&rft.atitle=Samael+%26+Lilith+-+Unexplained+-+IN+SEARCH+FOR+TRUTH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistina.rin.ru%2Feng%2Fufo%2Ftext%2F663.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2004" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Howard (2004). <i>Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195358708" title="Special:BookSources/0195358708"><bdi>0195358708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+of+Souls%3A+The+Mythology+of+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0195358708&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Kabbalah_and_Mysticism/Modern_Times/Mysticism_Renewed/Jewish_Renewal.shtml">"Shekhinah: The Divine Feminine"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Shekhinah%3A+The+Divine+Feminine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fbeliefs%2FTheology%2FKabbalah_and_Mysticism%2FModern_Times%2FMysticism_Renewed%2FJewish_Renewal.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shekhina">"Shekhina | Divine Presence, Feminine Aspect, Holiness | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Shekhina+%7C+Divine+Presence%2C+Feminine+Aspect%2C+Holiness+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShekhina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2014" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Tzvi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2438527/jewish/The-Shechina.htm">"Who Is Shechinah, And What Does She Want from My Life?"</a>. <i>Chabad</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Shechinah%2C+And+What+Does+She+Want+from+My+Life%3F&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Tzvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F2438527%2Fjewish%2FThe-Shechina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ten-sefirot-shekhinah-malkhut">"Ten Sefirot: Shekhinah, Malkhut"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Ten+Sefirot%3A+Shekhinah%2C+Malkhut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ften-sefirot-shekhinah-malkhut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telshemesh.org/shekhinah/">"The Shekhinah | telshemesh.org"</a>. <i>www.telshemesh.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telshemesh.org&rft.atitle=The+Shekhinah+%7C+telshemesh.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telshemesh.org%2Fshekhinah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html">"Redemptoris Mater (25 March 1987) | John Paul II"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Redemptoris+Mater+%2825+March+1987%29+%7C+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Way-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Way_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhme1622" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_B%C3%B6hme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Böhme">Böhme, Jacob</a> (1622). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passtheword.org/DIALOGS-FROM-THE-PAST/waychrst.htm"><i>The Way to Christ</i></a>. William Law (trans.). Pater-noster Row, London: M. Richardson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+to+Christ&rft.place=Pater-noster+Row%2C+London&rft.pub=M.+Richardson&rft.date=1622&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hme&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passtheword.org%2FDIALOGS-FROM-THE-PAST%2Fwaychrst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520908833" title="Special:BookSources/9780520908833"><bdi>9780520908833</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>goddess.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780520908833&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindugoddessesvi0000kins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>: "Applied to a woman. one's goddess: the woman whom one 'worships' or devotedly admires."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (April 2016)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beavis, Mary Ann and Helen Hye-Sook Hwang (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magobooks.com/textbooks/goddesses-in-myth-history-and-culture/"><i>Goddesses in Myth, History and Culture</i></a>, Mago Books, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1976331021" title="Special:BookSources/1976331021">1976331021</a></li> <li>Dexter, Miriam Robbins, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mair" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Mair">Victor Mair</a> (2010). <i>Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>.</li> <li>Barnhart, Robert K (1995). <i>The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7">0-06-270084-7</a></li> <li>Gorshunova . Olga V.(2008), <i>Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora…</i>, (<i> Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia</i>) in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, n° 1, pp. 71–82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0869-5415">0869-5415</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaheri2014" class="citation book cs1">Taheri, Sadreddin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roshangaran-pub.ir/bookshow/B968846641"><i>Goddesses in Iranian Culture and Mythology</i></a>. Tehran: Roshangaran va Motale’at-e Zanan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789641940821" title="Special:BookSources/9789641940821"><bdi>9789641940821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+Iranian+Culture+and+Mythology&rft.pub=Tehran%3A+Roshangaran+va+Motale%E2%80%99at-e+Zanan+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789641940821&rft.aulast=Taheri&rft.aufirst=Sadreddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froshangaran-pub.ir%2Fbookshow%2FB968846641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a 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