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<span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_of_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Date of stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Four Branches of the <i>Mabinogi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Native tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Romances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_later_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_later_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on later works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_later_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_and_retellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_and_retellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Translations and retellings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_and_retellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_text_and_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_text_and_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Welsh text and editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh_text_and_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مابينوغون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مابينوغون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogi" title="Mabinogi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mabinogi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogi" title="Mabinogi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mabinogi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogi" title="Mabinogi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mabinogi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="مابینوگیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مابینوگیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogi" title="Mabinogi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mabinogi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%B9%84%EB%85%B8%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%A8" title="마비노기온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마비노기온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מבינוגיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבינוגיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogi" title="Mabinogi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mabinogi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%93%E3%83%8E%E3%82%AE%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="マビノギオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マビノギオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мабиногион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мабиногион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mabinogion" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мабіногіон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мабіногіон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%BA%E5%90%89%E6%98%82" title="马比诺吉昂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马比诺吉昂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q815523#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mabinogi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mabinogi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mabinogi (disambiguation)">Mabinogi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceridwen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ceridwen.jpg/220px-Ceridwen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ceridwen.jpg/330px-Ceridwen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ceridwen.jpg/440px-Ceridwen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ceridwen" title="Ceridwen">Ceridwen</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Williams_(Welsh_artist)" title="Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)">Christopher Williams</a> (1910)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Mabinogion</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Welsh pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[mabɪˈnɔɡjɔn]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/94\/Mabinogion.wav\/Mabinogion.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mabinogion.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Mabinogion.wav/Mabinogion.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Mabinogion.wav" title="File:Mabinogion.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a collection of the earliest Welsh <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> stories, compiled in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> in the 12th–13th centuries from earlier oral traditions. There are two main source <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>, created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span>–1410, as well as a few earlier fragments. Often included in the broader mythologies described as the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>, the Mabinogion consists of eleven stories of widely different types, offering drama, philosophy, romance, tragedy, fantasy and humour. Strictly speaking, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Four Branches of the Mabinogi</a> are the main sequence of related tales, but seven others include a classic hero quest, "<a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch and Olwen</a>"; a historic legend, complete with glimpses of a far off age, in "<a href="/wiki/Lludd_and_Llefelys" title="Lludd and Llefelys">Lludd and Llefelys</a>"; and other tales portraying a very different <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> from the later popular versions. </p><p>The stories were created and amended by various narrators over a very long period of time, and scholars beginning from the 18th century predominantly viewed the tales as fragmentary pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an investigation of the <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> common plot structures, characterisation, and language styles, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Four Branches of the Mabinogi</a>, has led to an understanding of the integrity of the tales, and they are now seen as a sophisticated narrative tradition, both oral and written, with ancestral construction from oral storytelling,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and overlay from Anglo-French influences.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first modern publications of the stories were English translations by <a href="/wiki/William_Owen_Pughe" title="William Owen Pughe">William Owen Pughe</a> of several tales in journals in 1795, 1821, and 1829, which introduced usage of the name "Mabinogion".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838–45, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Guest" title="Lady Charlotte Guest">Lady Charlotte Guest</a> first published the full collection we know today,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bilingually in Welsh and English, which popularised the name.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later Guest translation of 1877 in one volume has been widely influential and remains actively read today.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#90db90;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Celtic_mythology" title="Category:Celtic mythology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90db90;"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythologies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coventina" title="Coventina"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hope-coventina01a.jpg/190px-Hope-coventina01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hope-coventina01a.jpg/285px-Hope-coventina01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hope-coventina01a.jpg/380px-Hope-coventina01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Animism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#90db90;;color: var(--color-base)">Brythonic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px #e7f4e7;background:#e7f4e7;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#90db90;;color: var(--color-base)">Gaelic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px #e7f4e7;background:#e7f4e7;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#90db90;;color: var(--color-base)">Literary works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px #e7f4e7;background:#e7f4e7;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fianna Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings' Cycles</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mabinogion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#90db90;;color: var(--color-base)">Motifs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px #e7f4e7;background:#e7f4e7;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_game" title="Beheading game">Beheading game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curadm%C3%ADr" title="Curadmír">Champion's portion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geas" title="Geas">Geas</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#90db90;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px #e7f4e7;background:#e7f4e7;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible 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href="/wiki/File:Jesus-College-MS-111_00349_175r_(cropped_%26_lightened).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jesus-College-MS-111_00349_175r_%28cropped_%26_lightened%29.jpg/220px-Jesus-College-MS-111_00349_175r_%28cropped_%26_lightened%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jesus-College-MS-111_00349_175r_%28cropped_%26_lightened%29.jpg/330px-Jesus-College-MS-111_00349_175r_%28cropped_%26_lightened%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jesus-College-MS-111_00349_175r_%28cropped_%26_lightened%29.jpg/440px-Jesus-College-MS-111_00349_175r_%28cropped_%26_lightened%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>The opening few lines of the Mabinogi, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a></i>, scanned by the Bodleian Library</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recent translation is a compact version by Sioned Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Bollard has published a series of volumes with his own translation, with copious photography of the sites in the stories.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tales continue to inspire new fiction, dramatic retellings,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> visual artwork, music and research,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from early reinterpretations by <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Walton" title="Evangeline Walton">Evangeline Walton</a> in 1936, to <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>, to the 1975 song "<a href="/wiki/Rhiannon_(song)" title="Rhiannon (song)">Rhiannon</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>, to the 2009–2014 series of books commissioned by Welsh independent publisher <a href="/wiki/Seren_Books" title="Seren Books">Seren Books</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name first appears in 1795 in <a href="/wiki/William_Owen_Pughe" title="William Owen Pughe">William Owen Pughe</a>'s translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Pwyll" title="Pwyll">Pwyll</a></i> in the journal <i>Cambrian Register</i> under the title "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, being Ancient Welsh Romances".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name appears to have been current among Welsh scholars of the London-Welsh Societies and the regional <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfodau</a> in Wales. It was inherited as the title by the first publisher of the complete collection, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Guest" title="Lady Charlotte Guest">Lady Charlotte Guest</a>. </p><p>The form <i>mabynnogyon</i> occurs once at the end of the first of the <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Four Branches of the Mabinogi</a></i> in one manuscript. It is now generally agreed that this one instance was a mediaeval scribal error which assumed 'mabinogion' was the plural of 'mabinogi', which is already a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> plural occurring correctly at the end of the remaining three branches.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>mabinogi</i> itself is something of a puzzle, although clearly derived from the Welsh <i>mab</i>, which means "son, boy, young person".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1632 the lexicographer <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(Mallwyd)" title="John Davies (Mallwyd)">John Davies</a> quotes a sentence from <i><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy" title="Math fab Mathonwy">Math fab Mathonwy</a></i> with the notation "Mabin" in his <i>Antiquae linguae Britannicae ... dictionarium duplex</i>, article "Hob". <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a>, of the earlier school traditions in mythology, found a suggestive connection with <a href="/wiki/Maponos" title="Maponos">Maponos</a>, "the Divine Son", a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gaulish deity</a>. </p><p>Sioned Davies suggests the title <i>Mabinogi</i> properly applies only to the Four Branches,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a tightly organised quartet very likely by one author, where the other seven stories are very diverse. Each of these four tales ends with the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> "thus ends this branch of the Mabinogi" (in various spellings), hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mabinogion_page_452.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Mabinogion_page_452.png/220px-The_Mabinogion_page_452.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Mabinogion_page_452.png/330px-The_Mabinogion_page_452.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Mabinogion_page_452.png/440px-The_Mabinogion_page_452.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from Lady Guest's Mabinogion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lady Charlotte Guest's work was helped by the earlier research and translation work of William Owen Pughe.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of Charlotte Guest's translation of the Mabinogion appeared in 1838, and it was completed in seven parts in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A three-volume edition followed in 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a revised edition in 1877. Her version of the <i>Mabinogion</i> was the most frequently used English version until the 1948 translation by <a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Gwyn Jones</a> and Thomas Jones, which has been widely praised for its combination of literal accuracy and elegant literary style.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several more, listed below, have since appeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_of_stories">Date of stories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Date of stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Sheringham_-_The_Panel_of_the_Mabinogi_-_ref_10525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/George_Sheringham_-_The_Panel_of_the_Mabinogi_-_ref_10525.jpg/220px-George_Sheringham_-_The_Panel_of_the_Mabinogi_-_ref_10525.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/George_Sheringham_-_The_Panel_of_the_Mabinogi_-_ref_10525.jpg/330px-George_Sheringham_-_The_Panel_of_the_Mabinogi_-_ref_10525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/George_Sheringham_-_The_Panel_of_the_Mabinogi_-_ref_10525.jpg/440px-George_Sheringham_-_The_Panel_of_the_Mabinogi_-_ref_10525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption><i>The Panel of the Mabinogi</i> (watercolour and gouache on silk) by <a href="/wiki/George_Sheringham" title="George Sheringham">George Sheringham</a> (1884–1937) </figcaption></figure> <p>Dates for the tales in the <i>Mabinogion</i> have been much debated, a range from 1050 to 1225 being proposed,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the consensus being that they are to be dated to the late 11th and 12th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories of the <i>Mabinogion</i> appear in either or both of two medieval Welsh manuscripts, the <a href="/wiki/White_Book_of_Rhydderch" title="White Book of Rhydderch">White Book of Rhydderch</a> or <i>Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch</i>, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a> or <i>Llyfr Coch Hergest</i>, written about 1382–1410, though texts or fragments of some of the tales have been preserved in earlier 13th century and later manuscripts. Scholars agree that the tales are older than the existing manuscripts, but disagree over just how much older. It is clear that the different texts included in the <i>Mabinogion</i> originated at different times (though regardless their importance as records of early myth, legend, folklore, culture, and language of Wales remains immense). </p><p>Thus the tale of Culhwch ac Olwen, with its primitive warlord Arthur and his court based at <a href="/wiki/Celliwig" title="Celliwig">Celliwig</a>, is generally accepted to precede the Arthurian romances, which themselves show the influence of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i></span> (1134–36) and the romances of <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those following <a href="/wiki/R._S._Loomis" class="mw-redirect" title="R. S. Loomis">R. S. Loomis</a> would date it before 1100, and see it as providing important evidence for the development of Arthurian legend, with links to <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> and early Welsh poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rhonabwy" title="The Dream of Rhonabwy">The Dream of Rhonabwy</a> is set in the reign of the historical <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Maredudd" title="Madog ap Maredudd">Madog ap Maredudd</a> (1130–60), and must therefore either be contemporary with or postdate his reign, being perhaps early 13th C.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much debate has been focused on the dating of the <i>Four Branches of the Mabinogi</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Ifor Williams</a> offered a date prior to 1100, based on linguistic and historical arguments,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while later <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Lewis" title="Saunders Lewis">Saunders Lewis</a> set forth a number of arguments for a date between 1170 and 1190; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards" title="Thomas Charles-Edwards">Thomas Charles-Edwards</a>, in a paper published in 1970, discussed the strengths and weaknesses of both viewpoints, and while critical of the arguments of both scholars, noted that the language of the stories best fits the 11th century, (specifically 1050–1120),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although much more work is needed. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sims-Williams" title="Patrick Sims-Williams">Patrick Sims-Williams</a> argued for a plausible range of about 1060 to 1200, which seems to be the current scholarly consensus (fitting all the previously suggested date ranges).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stories">Stories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harlech_Statue_The_Two_Kings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Harlech_Statue_The_Two_Kings.jpg/220px-Harlech_Statue_The_Two_Kings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Harlech_Statue_The_Two_Kings.jpg/330px-Harlech_Statue_The_Two_Kings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Harlech_Statue_The_Two_Kings.jpg/440px-Harlech_Statue_The_Two_Kings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2187" /></a><figcaption><i>The Two Kings</i> (sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Roberts-Jones" title="Ivor Roberts-Jones">Ivor Roberts-Jones</a>, 1984) near <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a>, Wales. <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_the_Blessed" title="Brân the Blessed">Bendigeidfran</a> carries the body of his nephew Gwern.</figcaption></figure> <p>The collection represents the vast majority of prose found in medieval Welsh manuscripts which is not translated from other languages. Notable exceptions are the <i>Areithiau Pros</i>. None of the titles are contemporary with the earliest extant versions of the stories, but are on the whole modern ascriptions. The eleven tales are not adjacent in either of the main early manuscript sources, the <a href="/wiki/White_Book_of_Rhydderch" title="White Book of Rhydderch">White Book of Rhydderch</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1375</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>), and indeed <i>Breuddwyd Rhonabwy</i> is absent from the White Book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi">Four Branches of the <i>Mabinogi</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Four Branches of the Mabinogi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Four Branches of the <i>Mabinogi</i></a> (<i>Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi</i>) are the most clearly mythological stories contained in the <i>Mabinogion</i> collection. <a href="/wiki/Pryderi" title="Pryderi">Pryderi</a> appears in all four, though not always as the central character. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pwyll_Pendefig_Dyfed" title="Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed">Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pwyll" title="Pwyll">Pwyll</a>, Prince of Dyfed</i>) tells of Pryderi's parents and his birth, loss and recovery.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branwen_ferch_Ll%C5%B7r" title="Branwen ferch Llŷr">Branwen ferch Llŷr</a></i> (<i>Branwen, daughter of Llŷr</i>) is mostly about <a href="/wiki/Branwen" title="Branwen">Branwen</a>'s marriage to the King of Ireland. Pryderi appears but does not play a major part.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manawydan_fab_Ll%C5%B7r" title="Manawydan fab Llŷr">Manawydan fab Llŷr</a></i> (<i>Manawydan, son of Llŷr</i>) has Pryderi return home with <a href="/wiki/Manawydan" title="Manawydan">Manawydan</a>, brother of Branwen, and describes the misfortunes that follow them there.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy_(branch)" title="Math fab Mathonwy (branch)">Math fab Mathonwy</a></i> (<i>Math, son of Mathonwy</i>) is mostly about the eponymous Math and <a href="/wiki/Gwydion" title="Gwydion">Gwydion</a>, who come into conflict with Pryderi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_tales">Native tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Native tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also included in Guest's compilation are five stories from Welsh tradition and legend: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Breuddwyd_Macsen_Wledig" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig">Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig</a></i> (<i>The Dream of Macsen Wledig</i>)</li> <li><i>Lludd a Llefelys</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lludd_and_Llefelys" title="Lludd and Llefelys">Lludd and Llefelys</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch ac Olwen</a></i> (<i>Culhwch and Olwen</i>)</li> <li><i>Breuddwyd Rhonabwy</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rhonabwy" title="The Dream of Rhonabwy">The Dream of Rhonabwy</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanes_Taliesin" title="Hanes Taliesin">Hanes Taliesin</a></i> (<i>The History of <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>The tales <i>Culhwch and Olwen</i> and <i>The Dream of Rhonabwy</i> have interested scholars because they preserve older traditions of King Arthur. The subject matter and the characters described events that happened long before medieval times. After the departure of the Roman Legions, the later half of the 5th century was a difficult time in Britain. King Arthur's twelve battles and defeat of invaders and raiders are said to have culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a>. </p><p>There is no consensus about the ultimate meaning of <i>The Dream of Rhonabwy</i>. On one hand it derides <a href="/wiki/Madoc" title="Madoc">Madoc</a>'s time, which is critically compared to the illustrious Arthurian age. However, Arthur's time is portrayed as illogical and silly, leading to suggestions that this is a satire on both contemporary times and the myth of a heroic age.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Rhonabwy</i> is the most literary of the medieval Welsh prose tales. It may have also been the last written. A <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> at the end declares that no one is able to recite the work in full without a book, the level of detail being too much for the memory to handle. The comment suggests it was not popular with storytellers, though this was more likely due to its position as a literary tale rather than a traditional one.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tale <i>The Dream of Macsen Wledig</i> is a romanticised story about the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>, called <i>Macsen Wledig</i> in Welsh. Born in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, he became a legionary commander in Britain, assembled a Celtic army and assumed the title of Roman Emperor in 383. He was defeated in battle in 385 and beheaded at the direction of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Eastern Roman emperor</a>. </p><p>The story of <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a> is a later survival, not present in the Red or White Books, and is omitted from many of the more recent translations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romances">Romances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Romances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tales called the <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Welsh_Romances" title="Three Welsh Romances">Three Welsh Romances</a></i> (<i>Y Tair Rhamant</i>) are Welsh-language versions of Arthurian tales that also appear in the work of <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have debated whether the Welsh Romances are based on Chrétien's poems or if they derive from a shared original.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it is arguable that the surviving Romances might derive, directly or indirectly, from Chrétien, it is probable that he in turn based his tales on older, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Welsh stories are not direct translations and include material not found in Chrétien's work. </p> <ul><li><i>Owain, neu Iarlles y Ffynnon</i> (<i>Owain, or the Countess</i> (or <i>Lady</i>) <i>of the Fountain</i>)</li> <li><i>Peredur fab Efrog</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Peredur_son_of_Efrawg" title="Peredur son of Efrawg">Peredur son of Efrawg</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Geraint ac Enid</i> (<i>Geraint and Enid</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_later_works">Influence on later works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence on later works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Morris_(author)" title="Kenneth Morris (author)">Kenneth Morris</a>, himself a Welshman, pioneered the adaptation of the <i>Mabinogion</i> with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fates_of_the_Princes_of_Dyfed" title="The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed">The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed</a></i> (1914) and <i>Book of the Three Dragons</i> (1930).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Walton" title="Evangeline Walton">Evangeline Walton</a> adapted the <i>Mabinogion</i> in the novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Mighty" title="The Island of the Mighty">The Island of the Mighty</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Llyr" title="The Children of Llyr">The Children of Llyr</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Rhiannon" title="The Song of Rhiannon">The Song of Rhiannon</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Annwn" title="Prince of Annwn">Prince of Annwn</a></i> (1974), each one of which she based on one of the branches, although she began with the fourth and ended by telling the first. These were published together in chronological sequence as <i>The Mabinogion Tetralogy</i> in 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Mabinogi" title="Y Mabinogi">Y Mabinogi</a></i> is a film version, produced in 2003. It starts with live action among Welsh people in the modern world. They then 'fall into' the legend, which is shown through animated characters. It conflates some elements of the myths and omits others. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The tale of "<a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch and Olwen</a>" was adapted by Derek Webb in Welsh and English as a dramatic recreation for the reopening of <a href="/wiki/Narberth_Castle" title="Narberth Castle">Narberth Castle</a> in Pembrokeshire in 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Alexander" title="Lloyd Alexander">Lloyd Alexander</a>'s award-winning <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Prydain" title="The Chronicles of Prydain">The Chronicles of Prydain</a></i> fantasy novels for younger readers are loosely based on Welsh legends found in the <i>Mabinogion</i>. Specific elements incorporated within Alexander's books include the Cauldron of the Undead, as well as adapted versions of important figures in the <i>Mabinogion</i> such as Prince Gwydion and Arawn, Lord of the Dead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garner" title="Alan Garner">Alan Garner</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Owl_Service" title="The Owl Service">The Owl Service</a></i> (Collins, 1967; first US edition Henry Z. Walck, 1968) alludes to the mythical <a href="/wiki/Blodeuwedd" title="Blodeuwedd">Blodeuwedd</a> featured in the Fourth Branch of the <i>Mabinogi</i>. In Garner's tale three teenagers find themselves re-enacting the story. They awaken the legend by finding a set of dinner plates (a "dinner service") with an owl pattern, which gives the novel its title.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a> of <i>The Mabinogion</i>, especially the <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Four Branches of the Mabinogi</a></i>, is important in <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Glendower_(novel)" title="Owen Glendower (novel)">Owen Glendower</a></i> (1941), and <i><a href="/wiki/Porius:_A_Romance_of_the_Dark_Ages" title="Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages">Porius</a></i> (1951).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hooker" title="Jeremy Hooker">Jeremy Hooker</a> sees <i>The Mabinogion</i> as having "a significant presence […] through character's knowledge of its stories and identification of themselves or others with figures or incidents in the stories".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, there are "almost fifty allusions to these four […] tales"' (The <i>Four Branches of the Mabinogi</i>) in the novel, though "some ... are fairly obscure and inconspicuous".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in <i>Porius</i> Powys creates the character Sylvannus Bleheris, Henog of <a href="/wiki/Dyfed" title="Dyfed">Dyfed</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">the Four Pre-Arthurian Branches of the Mabinogi</a></i> concerned with <a href="/wiki/Pryderi" title="Pryderi">Pryderi</a>, as a way linking the mythological background of <i>Porius</i> with this aspect of the <i>Mabinogion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> worked on a translation of <i>Pwyll Prince of Dyfed</i>, held at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his entire legendarium was influenced by existing mythologies including the <i>Mabinogion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflected in his choice of the term <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> as a title for his collection of ancestral tales. The title of his <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a> echoes the Mabinogion's <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Medieval Welsh literature</a></li> <li>Three paintings by Welsh artist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Williams_(Welsh_artist)" title="Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)">Christopher Williams</a>: <i>Ceridwen</i> (1910) and <i>Branwen</i> (1915) at the <a href="/wiki/Glynn_Vivian_Art_Gallery" title="Glynn Vivian Art Gallery">Glynn Vivian Art Gallery</a>, and <i>Blodeuwedd</i> (1930) at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Museum" title="Newport Museum">Newport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion_sheep_problem" title="Mabinogion sheep problem"><i>Mabinogion</i> sheep problem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notably Matthew Arnold; William J. Gruffydd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson. 1961. The International Popular Tale and the Early Welsh Tradition. The Gregynog Lectures. Cardiff: CUP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bollard 1974; Gantz 1978; Ford 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John K. Bollard. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/themabinogi/mabinogiandmabinogion">Mabinogi and Mabinogion - The Mabinogi</a>". <i>The Legend and Landscape of Wales Series</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioned Davies. 1998. "Written Text as Performance: The Implications for Middle Welsh Prose Narratives", in: <i>Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies</i>, 133–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioned Davies. 2005. "'He Was the Best Teller of Tales in the World': Performing Medieval Welsh Narrative", in: <i>Performing Medieval Narrative</i>, 15–26. Cambridge: Brewer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lady Charlotte Guest. <i>The Mabinogion. A Facsimile Reproduction of the Complete 1877 Edition</i>, Academy Press Limited Edition 1978, Chicago, Ill. p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1. William Owen Pughe. 1795. "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, Being Ancient Welsh Romances". <i>Cambrian Register</i>, 177–187.<br />2. William Owen Pughe. 1821. "The Tale of Pwyll". <i>Cambro-Briton Journal</i> 2 (18): 271–275.<br /> 3. William Owen Pughe. 1829. "The Mabinogi: Or, the Romance of Math Ab Mathonwy". <i>The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repository</i> 1: 170–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuest2002" class="citation web cs1">Guest, Lady Charlotte (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102124/http://aoda.org/pdf/mbng.pdf">"The Mabinogion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>aoda.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aoda.org/pdf/mbng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aoda.org&rft.atitle=The+Mabinogion&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Lady+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoda.org%2Fpdf%2Fmbng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/myths_mabinogion.shtml">"Myths and legends – The Mabinogion"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>. BBC Wales – History –Themes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Myths+and+legends+%E2%80%93+The+Mabinogion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fsociety%2Fmyths_mabinogion.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Available online since 2004. Charlotte Guest. 2004. "The Mabinogion". Gutenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5160">http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5160</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioned Davies. 2007. <i>The Mabinogion</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1. John Kenneth Bollard. 2006. <i>Legend and Landscape of Wales: The Mabinogi</i>. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.<br />2. John Kenneth Bollard. 2007. <i>Companion Tales to The Mabinogi</i>. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.<br />3. John Kenneth Bollard. 2010. <i>Tales of Arthur: Legend and Landscape of Wales</i>. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press. Photography by Anthony Griffiths.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Robin Williams; Daniel Morden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/myths_mabinogion.shtml">"BBC – Wales History – The Mabinogion"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Wales+History+%E2%80%93+The+Mabinogion&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fsociety%2Fmyths_mabinogion.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uO9ZDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Mabinogion%2C+or+Juvenile+Amusements%2C+being+Ancient+Welsh+Romances.%22&pg=PT19">Peter Stevenson, <i>Welsh Folk Tales</i>. The History Press, 2017, np</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Davies trans. <i>The Mabinogion</i> (Oxford 2007) pp. ix–x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Ousby (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English</i> (Cambridge 1995), p. 579</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioned Davies (translator). <i>The Mabinogion</i> (Oxford 2007), p. ix–x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioned Davies (translator), <i>The Mabinogion</i> (Oxford 2007), p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.wales/article/s-GUES-ELI-1812">"Guest (Schreiber), Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography" title="Dictionary of Welsh Biography">Dictionary of Welsh Biography</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guest+%28Schreiber%29%2C+Lady+Charlotte+Elizabeth+Bertie&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Welsh+Biography&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiography.wales%2Farticle%2Fs-GUES-ELI-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/figures/lady_charlotte_guest.shtml">"BBC Wales History – Lady Charlotte Guest"</a>. <i>BBC Wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Wales&rft.atitle=BBC+Wales+History+%E2%80%93+Lady+Charlotte+Guest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Ffigures%2Flady_charlotte_guest.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/GLA/Guest.html">"Lady Charlotte Guest. extracts from her journal 1833–1852"</a>. <i>Genuki: UK and Ireland Genealogy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genuki%3A+UK+and+Ireland+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Lady+Charlotte+Guest.+extracts+from+her+journal+1833%E2%80%931852&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genuki.org.uk%2Fbig%2Fwal%2FGLA%2FGuest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504015452/http://data-wales.co.uk/guest.htm">"Lady Charlotte Guest"</a>. <i>Data Wales Index and search</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data-wales.co.uk/guest.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data+Wales+Index+and+search&rft.atitle=Lady+Charlotte+Guest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data-wales.co.uk%2Fguest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meic_Stephens" title="Meic Stephens">Stephens, Meic</a>, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00meic/page/306"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00meic/page/306">306, 326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211586-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211586-3"><bdi>0-19-211586-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Literature+of+Wales&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=306%2C+326&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-211586-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00meic%2Fpage%2F306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Andrew Breeze</a>, <i>The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion</i> (Leominster 2009), p. 72, 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Ousby (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English</i> (Cambridge 1995), p. 579</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioned Davies (translator), <i>The Mabinogion</i> (Oxford 2007), p. xxiii, 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Mustard (translator), <i>Parzival</i> (New York 1961) pp. xxxi, xlii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioned Davies (translator), <i>The Mabinogion</i> (Oxford 2007), p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Andrew Breeze</a>, <i>The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion</i> (Leominster 2009), p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Andrew Breeze</a>, <i>The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion</i> (Leominster 2009), p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims-Williams, Patrick, 'The Submission of Irish Kings in Fact and Fiction: Henry II, Bendigeidfran, and the dating of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi', <i>Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies</i>, 22 (Winter 1991), 31–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brynley F. Roberts (1991). "The Dream of Rhonabwy", in: Norris J. Lacy, <i>The New Arthurian Encyclopedia</i>, pp. 120–121. New York: Garland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4">0-8240-4377-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan (1991). "'Breuddwyd Rhonabwy' and Later Arthurian Literature", in: Rachel Bromwich et al., "The Arthur of the Welsh", p. 183. Cardiff: University of Wales. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1107-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-1107-5">0-7083-1107-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Staines (Translator) <i>The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes</i>. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 1990, p. 1, 257, 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessie L. Weston (1993; originally published 1920). <i>From Ritual To Romance</i>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Sherman Loomis (1991). <i>The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol</i>, Princeton, p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02075-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02075-2">0-691-02075-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Brebner describes <i>The Mabinogion</i> as "indispensable for understanding Powys's later novels", by which he means <i>Owen Glendower</i> and <i>Porius</i> (fn, p. 191).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"John Cowper Powys: 'Figure of the Marches'", in his <i>Imagining Wales</i> (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Keith, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cowper Powys, "The Characters of the Book", <i>Porius</i>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Phelpstead, <i>Tolkien and Wales: Language, Literature and Identity</i>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a>, <i>The Road to Middle Earth</i>, pp. 193–194: "The hunting of the great wolf recalls the chase of the boar <a href="/wiki/Twrch_Trwyth" title="Twrch Trwyth">Twrch Trwyth</a> in the Welsh <i>Mabinogion</i>, while the motif of 'the hand in the wolf's mouth' is one of the most famous parts of the <i>Prose Edda</i>, told of <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenris Wolf</a> and the god <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tyr</a>; Huan recalls several faithful hounds of legend, <a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garm</a>, Gelert, Cafall".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooker2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Mark T. (2006). "The Feigned-manuscript Topos". <i>Tolkienian mathomium: a collection of articles on J. R. R. Tolkien and his legendarium</i>. Llyfrawr. pp. <span class="nowrap">176–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-9370-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-9370-8"><bdi>978-1-4116-9370-8</bdi></a>. <q>The 1849 translation of The Red Book of Hergest by Lady Charlotte Guest (1812–1895), which is more widely known as The Mabinogion, is likewise of undoubted authenticity (...) It is now housed in the library at Jesus College, Oxford. Tolkien's well-known love of Welsh suggests that he would have likewise been well-acquainted with the source of Lady Guest's translation. For the Tolkiennymist, the coincidence of the names of the sources of Lady Charlotte Guest's and Tolkien's translations is striking: <i>The Red Book of Hergest</i> and <i>The Red Book of Westmarch</i>. Tolkien wanted to write (translate) a mythology for England, and Lady Charlotte Guest's work can easily be said to be a 'mythology for Wales.' The implication of this coincidence is intriguing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Feigned-manuscript+Topos&rft.btitle=Tolkienian+mathomium%3A+a+collection+of+articles+on+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+and+his+legendarium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Llyfrawr&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4116-9370-8&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_and_retellings">Translations and retellings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Translations and retellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). <i>Tales of Arthur: Legend and Landscape of Wales</i>. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84851-112-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84851-112-5">978-1-84851-112-5</a>. (Contains "The History of Peredur or The Fortress of Wonders", "The Tale of the Countess of the Spring", and "The History of Geraint son of Erbin", with textual notes.)</li> <li>Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). <i>Companion Tales to The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales</i>. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84323-825-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84323-825-X">1-84323-825-X</a>. (Contains "How Culhwch Got Olwen", "The Dream of Maxen Wledig", "The Story of Lludd and Llefelys", and "The Dream of Rhonabwy", with textual notes.)</li> <li>Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). <i>The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales</i>. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84323-348-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84323-348-7">1-84323-348-7</a>. (Contains the Four Branches, with textual notes.)</li> <li>Caldecott, Moyra (retold by), and Lynette Gussman (illustrator). <i>Three Celtic Tales</i>. Bladud Books, Bath, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84319-548-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84319-548-8">1-84319-548-8</a>. (Contains "The Twins of the Tylwyth Teg", "Taliesin and Avagddu" and "Bran, Branwen and Evnissyen")</li> <li>Davies, Sioned. <i>The Mabinogion</i>. Oxford World's Classics, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4068-0509-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4068-0509-2">1-4068-0509-2</a>. (Omits "Taliesin". Has extensive notes.)</li> <li>Ellis, T. P., and John Lloyd. <i>The Mabinogion: a New Translation.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929. (Omits "Taliesin"; only English translation to list manuscript variants.)</li> <li>Ford, Patrick K. <i>The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03414-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03414-7">0-520-03414-7</a>. (Includes "Taliesin" but omits "The Dream of Rhonabwy", "The Dream of Macsen Wledig" and the three Arthurian romances.)</li> <li>Gantz, Jeffrey. Trans. <i>The Mabinogion.</i> London and New York: Penguin Books, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044322-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044322-3">0-14-044322-3</a>. (Omits "Taliesin".)</li> <li>Guest, Lady Charlotte. <i>The Mabinogion.</i> Dover Publications, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-29541-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-29541-9">0-486-29541-9</a>. (Guest omits passages which only a Victorian would find at all risqué. This particular edition omits all Guest's notes.)</li> <li>Jones, Gwyn and Jones, Thomas. <i>The Mabinogion.</i> Golden Cockerel Press, 1948. (Omits "Taliesin".) <ul><li>Everyman's Library edition, 1949; revised in 1989, 1991.</li> <li>Jones, George (Ed), 1993 edition, Everyman S, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87297-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87297-4">0-460-87297-4</a>.</li> <li>2001 Edition, (Preface by John Updike), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41175-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41175-5">0-375-41175-5</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Knill, Stanley. <i>The Mabinogion Brought To Life</i>. Capel-y-ffin Publishing, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4895-1528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4895-1528-5">978-1-4895-1528-5</a>. (Omits <i>Taliesin</i>. A retelling with General Explanatory Notes.) Presented as prose but comprising 10,000+ lines of hidden decasyllabic verse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh_text_and_editions">Welsh text and editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Welsh text and editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Branwen Uerch Lyr</i>. Ed. Derick S. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. II. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a>, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85500-059-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85500-059-8">1-85500-059-8</a></li> <li><i>Breuddwyd Maxen</i>. Ed. Ifor Williams. Bangor: Jarvis & Foster, 1920.</li> <li><i>Breudwyt Maxen Wledig</i>. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. XI. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2005.</li> <li><i>Breudwyt Ronabwy</i>. Ed. Melville Richards. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1948.</li> <li><i>Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale</i>. Rachel, Bromwich and D. Simon Evans. Eds. and trans. Aberystwyth: University of Wales, 1988; Second edition, 1992.</li> <li><i>Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys</i>. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. VII. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1975.</li> <li><i>Historia Peredur vab Efrawc</i>. Ed. Glenys Witchard Goetinck. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 1976.</li> <li><i>Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch</i>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/J._Gwenogvryn_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Gwenogvryn Evans">J. Gwenogvryn Evans</a>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973.</li> <li><i>Math Uab Mathonwy</i>. Ed. Ian Hughes. Aberystwyth: Prifysgol Cymru, 2000.</li> <li><i>Owein or Chwedyl Iarlles y Ffynnawn</i>. Ed. R.L. Thomson. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1986.</li> <li><i>Pedeir Keinc y Mabinogi</i>. Ed. Ifor Williams. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1951. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1407-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-1407-4">0-7083-1407-4</a></li> <li><i>Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet</i>. Ed. R. L. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. I. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85500-051-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85500-051-2">1-85500-051-2</a></li> <li><i>Ystorya Gereint uab Erbin</i>. Ed. R. L. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. X. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1997.</li> <li><i>Ystoria Taliesin</i>. Ed. Patrick K. Ford. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1092-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-1092-3">0-7083-1092-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Breeze, A. C.</a> <i>The Origins of the "Four Branches of the Mabinogi"</i>. Leominster: Gracewing Publishing, Ltd., 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8524-4553-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8524-4553-9">0-8524-4553-9</a></li> <li>Charles-Edwards, T.M. "The Date of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi" <i>Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</i> (1970): 263–298.</li> <li>Ford, Patrick K. "Prolegomena to a Reading of the Mabinogi: 'Pwyll' and 'Manawydan.'" <i>Studia Celtica</i> 16/17 (1981–82): 110–125.</li> <li>Ford, Patrick K. "Branwen: A Study of the Celtic Affinities", <i>Studia Celtica</i> <b>22/23</b> (1987/1988): 29–35.</li> <li>Hamp, Eric P. "Mabinogi". <i>Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</i> (1974–1975): 243–249.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker2005" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Will (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mabinogi.net/"><i>The Four Branches of the Mabinogi</i></a>. Oregon House, CA: Bardic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0974566757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0974566757"><bdi>978-0974566757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Branches+of+the+Mabinogi&rft.place=Oregon+House%2C+CA&rft.pub=Bardic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0974566757&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mabinogi.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sims-Williams, Patrick. "The Submission of Irish Kings in Fact and Fiction: Henry II, Bendigeidfran, and the dating of the <i>Four Branches of the Mabinogi</i>", <i>Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies</i>, <b>22</b> (Winter 1991): 31–61.</li> <li>Sullivan, C. W. III (editor). <i>The Mabinogi, A Books of Essays</i>. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1482-5">0-8153-1482-5</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Mabinogion" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mabinogion&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMabinogion" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabinogion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mabinogion" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Mabinogion"><i>Mabinogion</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">1913 <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a> article <b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Mabinogion" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></b>.</div></div> </div> <p>The Guest translation can be found with all original notes and illustrations at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mabinogion_-_From_the_Llyfr_Coch_o_Hergest,_and_other_ancient_Welsh_manuscripts,_with_an_English_translation_and_notes_(IA_bub_gb_LsJgqSFFqkkC).pdf" title="File:The Mabinogion - From the Llyfr Coch o Hergest, and other ancient Welsh manuscripts, with an English translation and notes (IA bub gb LsJgqSFFqkkC).pdf">The Mabinogion - From the Llyfr Coch o Hergest, and other ancient Welsh manuscripts, with an English translation and notes (1st version; 1838 and 1845)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/mab/index.htm">Sacred Texts: The <i>Mabinogion</i></a></li></ul> <p>The original Welsh texts can be found at: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TextOfTheMabinogion"><i>Mabinogion</i></a> (an 1887 edition at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>; contains all the stories except the "Tale of Taliesin")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/celt/mcymr/pkm/pkm.htm?pkm001.htm"><i>Mabinogion</i></a> (Contains only the four branches reproduced, with textual variants, from Ifor Williams' edition.)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/cy:Pwyll_Pendeuic_Dyuet" class="extiw" title="s:cy:Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet">Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/cy:Branwen_uerch_Lyr" class="extiw" title="s:cy:Branwen uerch Lyr">Branwen uerch Lyr</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/cy:Manawydan_uab_Llyr" class="extiw" title="s:cy:Manawydan uab Llyr">Manawydan uab Llyr</a></li></ul> <p>Versions without the notes, presumably mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> edition, can be found on numerous sites, including: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5160">Project Gutenberg Edition of <i>The Mabinogion</i></a> (From the 1849 edition of Guest's translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missgien.net/arthurian/mabinogion">The Arthurian Pages: <i>The Mabinogion</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325123149/http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/mindex.html">Branwaedd: <i>Mabinogion</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/mabinogion.html">Timeless Myths: Mabinogion</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Mabinogion&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Mabinogion</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <p>A discussion of the words <i>Mabinogi</i> and <i>Mabinogion</i> can be found at </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themabinogi.googlepages.com/mabinogiandmabinogion">Mabinogi and "Mabinogion"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nantlle.com/mabinogi-saesneg-places-mentioned-in-the-first-branch.htm">A discussion of places mentioned</a></li></ul> <p>A theory on authorship can be found at </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/is-this-welsh-princess-the-first-british-woman-author-1282555.html">Is this Welsh princess the first British woman author?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welsh_mythology" title="Template talk:Welsh mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_mythology_series116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> series</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#c1e6c1;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Texts and tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Four Branches of the <i>Mabinogi</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pwyll_Pendefig_Dyfed" title="Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed">Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branwen_ferch_Ll%C5%B7r" title="Branwen ferch Llŷr">Branwen ferch Llŷr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manawydan_fab_Ll%C5%B7r" title="Manawydan fab Llŷr">Manawydan fab Llŷr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy_(branch)" title="Math fab Mathonwy (branch)">Math fab Mathonwy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch and Olwen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preiddeu_Annwfn" title="Preiddeu Annwfn">Preiddeu Annwfn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pa_gur" title="Pa gur">Pa gur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Welsh_Romances#Owain,_or_the_Lady_of_the_Fountain" title="Three Welsh Romances">Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Welsh_Romances#Geraint_and_Enid" title="Three Welsh Romances">Geraint and Enid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peredur_son_of_Efrawg" title="Peredur son of Efrawg">Peredur son of Efrawg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rhonabwy" title="The Dream of Rhonabwy">The Dream of Rhonabwy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geraint_son_of_Erbin" title="Geraint son of Erbin">Geraint son of Erbin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cad_Goddeu" title="Cad Goddeu">Cad Goddeu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology#The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig" title="Welsh mythology">The Dream of Macsen Wledig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Englynion_y_Beddau" title="Englynion y Beddau">Englynion y Beddau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Welsh_folklore)" title="Giants (Welsh folklore)">Giant tales</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lludd_and_Llefelys" title="Lludd and Llefelys">Lludd and Llefelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaon_fab_Taliesin" title="Afaon fab Taliesin">Afaon fab Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaethon" title="Amaethon">Amaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawn" title="Arawn">Arawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianrhod" title="Arianrhod">Arianrhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afallach" title="Afallach">Afallach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleiddwn" title="Bleiddwn">Bleiddwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blodeuwedd" title="Blodeuwedd">Blodeuwedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedwyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_the_Blessed" title="Brân the Blessed">Bendigeidfran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwen" title="Branwen">Branwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradog_ap_Bran" title="Caradog ap Bran">Caradog ap Bran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Caswallawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceridwen" title="Ceridwen">Ceridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigfa" title="Cigfa">Cigfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creiddylad" title="Creiddylad">Creiddylad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culhwch" title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyledr_Wyllt" title="Cyledr Wyllt">Cyledr Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymidei_Cymeinfoll" title="Cymidei Cymeinfoll">Cymidei Cymeinfoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynon_ap_Clydno" title="Cynon ap Clydno">Cynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4n" title="Dôn">Dôn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drudwas_ap_Tryffin" title="Drudwas ap Tryffin">Drudwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_ail_Don" title="Dylan ail Don">Dylan ail Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dywel_fab_Erbin" title="Dywel fab Erbin">Dywel fab Erbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edern_ap_Nudd" title="Edern ap Nudd">Edern ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efnysien" title="Efnysien">Efnysien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Elen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elffin_ap_Gwyddno" title="Elffin ap Gwyddno">Elffin ap Gwyddno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliwlod" title="Eliwlod">Eliwlod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufydd_fab_D%C3%B4n" title="Eufydd fab Dôn">Eufydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroswydd" title="Euroswydd">Euroswydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraint" title="Geraint">Geraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilfaethwy" title="Gilfaethwy">Gilfaethwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glewlwyd_Gafaelfawr" title="Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr">Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goewin" title="Goewin">Goewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofannon" title="Gofannon">Gofannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goreu_fab_Custennin" title="Goreu fab Custennin">Goreu fab Custennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronw_Pebr" title="Gronw Pebr">Gronw Pebr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwawl" title="Gwawl">Gwawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwern" title="Gwern">Gwern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwrhyr_Gwalstawd_Ieithoedd" title="Gwrhyr Gwalstawd Ieithoedd">Gwrhyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyddno_Garanhir" title="Gwyddno Garanhir">Gwyddno Garanhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwydion" title="Gwydion">Gwydion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwythyr_ap_Greidawl" title="Gwythyr ap Greidawl">Gwythyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gwalchmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafgan" title="Hafgan">Hafgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefeydd" title="Hefeydd">Hefeydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueil_mab_Caw" title="Hueil mab Caw">Hueil mab Caw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hychddwn" title="Hychddwn">Hychddwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyddwn" title="Hyddwn">Hyddwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddog_ap_Mynio" title="Iddog ap Mynio">Iddog ap Mynio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Gawr" title="Idris Gawr">Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llefelys" title="Llefelys">Llefelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes" title="Lleu Llaw Gyffes">Lleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7r" title="Llŷr">Llŷr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lludd_Llaw_Eraint" title="Lludd Llaw Eraint">Lludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwyd_ap_Cil_Coed" title="Llwyd ap Cil Coed">Llwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabon_ap_Modron" title="Mabon ap Modron">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madoc_ap_Uthyr" title="Madoc ap Uthyr">Madoc ap Uthyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Macsen Wledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallt-y-Nos" title="Mallt-y-Nos">Mallt-y-Nos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawydan" title="Manawydan">Manawydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy" title="Math fab Mathonwy">Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matholwch" title="Matholwch">Matholwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menw" title="Menw">Menw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modron" title="Modron">Modron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfydd" title="Morfydd">Morfydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfran" title="Morfran">Morfran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Myrddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisien" title="Nisien">Nisien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penarddun" title="Penarddun">Penarddun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penpingion" class="mw-redirect" title="Penpingion">Penpingion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Peredur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryderi" title="Pryderi">Pryderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwyll" title="Pwyll">Pwyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cyllin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cyllin">Saint Cyllin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Eigen" title="Saint Eigen">Saint Eigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanddef" title="Sanddef">Sanddef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seithenyn" title="Seithenyn">Seithenyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegid_Foel" title="Tegid Foel">Tegid Foel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teyrnon" title="Teyrnon">Teyrnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysbaddaden" title="Ysbaddaden">Ysbaddaden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Animals and<br />creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adar_Llwch_Gwin" title="Adar Llwch Gwin">Adar Llwch Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adar_Rhiannon" title="Adar Rhiannon">Adar Rhiannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aderyn_y_Corff" title="Aderyn y Corff">Aderyn y Corff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanc" title="Afanc">Afanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenin_Llwyd" title="Brenin Llwyd">Brenin Llwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavall" title="Cavall">Cavall (Cafall, Cabal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Welsh_folklore)" title="Giants (Welsh folklore)">Cewri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblyn" title="Coblyn">Coblyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraniaid" title="Coraniaid">Coraniaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%B5n_Annwn" title="Cŵn Annwn">Cŵn Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dreigiau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllgi" title="Gwyllgi">Gwyllgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llamhigyn_y_D%C5%B5r" title="Llamhigyn y Dŵr">Llamhigyn y Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgen_(mythological_creature)" title="Morgen (mythological creature)">Morgens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling#Wales" title="Changeling">Plentyn Newid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAca" title="Púca">Pwca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twrch_Trwyth" title="Twrch Trwyth">Twrch Trwyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celliwig" title="Celliwig">Celliwig</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer_Sidi" title="Caer Sidi">Caer Sidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantre%27r_Gwaelod" title="Cantre'r Gwaelod">Cantre'r Gwaelod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyfed" title="Dyfed">Dyfed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Narberth,_Pembrokeshire" title="Narberth, Pembrokeshire">Arberth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassholm" title="Grassholm">Gwales</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aberffraw" title="Aberffraw">Aberffraw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantref_Arfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantref Arfon">Arfon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardudwy" title="Ardudwy">Ardudwy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caer_Dathyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Caer Dathyl">Caer Dathyl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludgate" title="Ludgate">Ludgate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Neith" title="Cross of Neith">Cross of Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a> (Caledfwlch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_Dadeni" title="Pair Dadeni">Cauldron of rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llech_Ronw" title="Llech Ronw">Llech Ronw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Treasures_of_the_Island_of_Britain" title="Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain">Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welsh_language494" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_language" title="Template:Welsh language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welsh_language" title="Template talk:Welsh language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Welsh_language494" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Welsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Welsh">Modern Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treachery_of_the_Blue_Books" title="Treachery of the Blue Books">Treachery of the Blue Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Not" title="Welsh Not">Welsh Not</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li>Morphology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_syntax" title="Welsh syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_numerals" title="Welsh numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%BC" title="Ỽ">Ỽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_with_loop" title="Y with loop">Y with loop</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dictionaries <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geiriadur_Prifysgol_Cymru" title="Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Academy_English%E2%80%93Welsh_Dictionary" title="Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary">Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_toponymy" title="Welsh toponymy">Toponymy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_place_names_in_other_countries" title="Welsh place names in other countries">outside Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Welsh_origin_in_the_United_States" title="List of place names of Welsh origin in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales" title="Road signs in Wales">on road signage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Welsh_origin" title="List of English words of Welsh origin">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_exonyms" title="Welsh exonyms">Exonyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Medieval Welsh literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mabinogion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Ysgolion_Meithrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin">Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wlpan" title="Wlpan">Wlpan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Bible translations into Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_magazines" title="Category:Welsh-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_newspapers" title="Category:Welsh-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_novels" title="Category:Welsh-language novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_in_Welsh" title="Category:Poems in Welsh">Poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_areas_by_percentage_of_Welsh-speakers" title="List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers">by county or county borough in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsker_Line" title="Landsker Line">Landsker Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Tract" title="Welsh Tract">Welsh Tract</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_surnames" title="Category:Welsh-language surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-speaking_politicians" title="List of Welsh-speaking politicians">Politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-speaking_people_by_occupation" title="Category:Welsh-speaking people by occupation">Other occupations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_media" title="List of Welsh-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_programmes" title="List of Welsh-language programmes">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_S4C" title="Timeline of S4C">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru_2" title="BBC Radio Cymru 2">Cymru 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cymru" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Cymru">Capital Cymru</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golwg" title="Golwg">Golwg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golwg360" title="Golwg360">Golwg360</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes-e" title="Maes-e">Maes-e</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafod_y_Ddraig" title="Tafod y Ddraig">Tafod y Ddraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Cymro" title="Y Cymro">Y Cymro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barn_(Welsh_magazine)" title="Barn (Welsh magazine)">Barn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_music" title="Category:Welsh-language music">Music</a> and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod" title="Urdd National Eisteddfod">Urdd National Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesiwn_Fawr_Dolgellau" title="Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau">Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwmae_Sumae_Day" title="Shwmae Sumae Day">Shwmae Sumae Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwyl" title="Tafwyl">Tafwyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Selar_Awards" title="Y Selar Awards">Y Selar Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Music_Day" title="Welsh Language Music Day">Welsh Language Music Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Learner_of_the_Year" title="Welsh Learner of the Year">Welsh Learner of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nant_Gwrtheyrn" title="Nant Gwrtheyrn">Nant Gwrtheyrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_films" title="Category:Welsh-language films">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyfedeg" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a> (south-western)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyseg" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a> (south-eastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyndodeg" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a> (north-western) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofi_dialect" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powyseg" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a> (north/central-eastern)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Economy,_Energy_and_Welsh_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language">Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arfor" title="Arfor">Arfor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleg_Cymraeg_Cenedlaethol" title="Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol">Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymdeithas_y_Dysgwyr" title="Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr">Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymreigyddion_y_Fenni" title="Cymreigyddion y Fenni">Cymreigyddion y Fenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Welsh Language Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymuned" title="Cymuned">Cymuned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyfodol_i%27r_Iaith" title="Dyfodol i'r Iaith">Dyfodol i'r Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menter_Iaith" title="Menter Iaith">Menter Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Adfer" title="Mudiad Adfer">Mudiad Adfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdd_Gobaith_Cymru" title="Urdd Gobaith Cymru">Urdd Gobaith Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Welsh_Translators_and_Interpreters" title="Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters">Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Interpretation_and_Translation_Service" title="Wales Interpretation and Translation Service">Wales Interpretation and Translation Service</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Courts_Act_1942" title="Welsh Courts Act 1942">Welsh Courts Act 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales_(Official_Languages)_Act_2012" title="National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012">National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/16px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/24px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/32px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> 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