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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aristocratic_menageries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristocratic_menageries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aristocratic menageries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aristocratic_menageries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aristocratic menageries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aristocratic_menageries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_period_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medieval period and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versailles_and_its_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versailles_and_its_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Versailles and its legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versailles_and_its_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travelling_menageries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travelling_menageries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Travelling menageries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travelling_menageries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Menagerie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena%C5%BEerie" title="Menažerie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menažerie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menagerie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nagerie" title="Ménagerie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ménagerie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena%C4%9Derio" title="Menaĝerio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menaĝerio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nagerie" title="Ménagerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ménagerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%80%EB%A6%AC" title="머내저리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머내저리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjerinjak" title="Zvjerinjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvjerinjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menajerio" title="Menajerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Menajerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serraglio_(recinto)" title="Serraglio (recinto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Serraglio (recinto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menagerie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena%C5%BCeria" title="Menażeria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Menażeria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Menagerie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Зверинец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зверинец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menajeri" title="Menajeri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menajeri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajo_dei_cava%C5%82i" title="Sarajo dei cavałi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sarajo dei cavałi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1401536#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:Bwrs" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Bwrs" data-mw-revid="938544933"><bdi>Bwrs</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bwrs" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Bwrs">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Bwrs" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Bwrs">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">21:26, 31 January 2020</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Medieval_period_and_Renaissance">→<bdi dir="ltr">Medieval period and Renaissance</bdi></a>: </span> hyenas)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 21:26, 31 January 2020 by <a href="/wiki/User:Bwrs" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Bwrs" data-mw-revid="938544933"><bdi>Bwrs</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bwrs" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Bwrs">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Bwrs" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Bwrs">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Medieval_period_and_Renaissance">→<bdi dir="ltr">Medieval period and Renaissance</bdi></a>: </span> hyenas)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Menagerie&diff=prev&oldid=938544933" title="Menagerie">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menagerie&direction=prev&oldid=938544933" title="Menagerie">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Menagerie&diff=cur&oldid=938544933" title="Menagerie">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menagerie&direction=next&oldid=938544933" title="Menagerie">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Menagerie&diff=next&oldid=938544933" title="Menagerie">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Menagerie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Menagerie (disambiguation)">The Menagerie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_M2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Versailles_M2.JPG/330px-Versailles_M2.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Versailles_M2.JPG/495px-Versailles_M2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Versailles_M2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> menagerie during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>menagerie</b> is a collection of captive animals, frequently exotic, kept for display; or the place where such a collection is kept, a precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoological garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was first used in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, in reference to the management of household or domestic stock. Later, it came to be used primarily in reference to <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> or royal animal collections. The French-language <i>Methodical Encyclopaedia</i> of 1782 defines a menagerie as an "establishment of luxury and curiosity". Later on, the term referred also to travelling animal collections that exhibited wild animals at fairs across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aristocratic_menageries">Aristocratic menageries</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Towrlndn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/200px-Towrlndn.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/300px-Towrlndn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/400px-Towrlndn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="2630" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> housed <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>'s royal menagerie for several centuries (Picture from the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>A menagerie was mostly connected with an aristocratic or royal court and was situated within a garden or park of a palace. These aristocrats wanted to illustrate their power and wealth, because exotic animals, alive and active, were less common, more difficult to acquire, and more expensive to maintain. </p><p>The aristocratic menageries are distinguished from the later <a href="/wiki/Zoological_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological garden">zoological gardens</a> since they were founded and owned by aristocrats whose intentions were not primarily of scientific and educational interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period_and_Renaissance">Medieval period and Renaissance</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, several sovereigns across Europe maintained menageries at their royal courts. An early example is that of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in the 8th century. His three menageries, at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingelheim_am_Rhein" title="Ingelheim am Rhein">Ingelheim</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, housed the first elephants seen in Europe since the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, along with monkeys, lions, bears, camels, falcons, and many exotic birds. Charlemagne received exotic animals for his collection as gifts from rulers of Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher40_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher40-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 797, the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>, presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named <a href="/wiki/Abul-Abbas" title="Abul-Abbas">Abul-Abbas</a>. The pachyderm arrived on July 1, 802 to the Emperor's residence in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>. He died in June 810.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a> had a small royal menagerie. At his manor, Woodstock, he began a collection of exotic animals. Around the year 1100 his son, Henry I, enclosed Woodstock and enlarged the collection. At the beginning of the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> is known to have kept a collection of animals at his palace in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, reportedly including <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prominent animal collection in medieval England was the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London#Royal_Menagerie" title="Tower of London">Tower Menagerie</a> in London that began as early as 1204. It was established by King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a>, who reigned in England from 1199 to 1216 and is known to have held <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> received a wedding gift in 1235 of three <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a> from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The most spectacular arrivals in the early years were a white bear and an elephant, gifts from the kings of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1251 and in 1254 respectively. In 1264, the animals were moved to the Bulwark, which was renamed the Lion Tower, near the main western entrance of the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This building was constituted by rows of <a href="/wiki/Cage_(enclosure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cage (enclosure)">cages</a> with arched entrances, enclosed behind grilles. They were set in two storeys, and it appears that the animals used the upper cages during the day and were moved to the lower storey at night.<sup id="cite_ref-ORegan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORegan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The menagerie was opened to the public during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> in the 16th century. During the 18th century, the price of admission was three half-pence, or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals recorded here at the end of the 18th century included lions, tigers, <a href="/wiki/Hyaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaena">hyaenas</a> and bears. Most of the animals were transferred in 1831 to the newly opened <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> at Regent's Park,<sup id="cite_ref-ORegan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORegan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which did not receive all the animals but rather shared them with <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Zoo" title="Dublin Zoo">Dublin Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullan109_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullan109-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tower Menagerie was finally closed in 1835, on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tower Menagerie in London can be considered to have been the royal menagerie of England for six centuries. </p><p>In the first half of the thirteenth century, Emperor Frederick II had three permanent menageries in Italy, at <a href="/wiki/Melfi" title="Melfi">Melfi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher41_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1235, the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> established at his court in southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> the "first great menagerie" in western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. An elephant, a white bear, a giraffe, a leopard, hyenas, lions, cheetahs, camels and monkeys were all exhibited; but the emperor was particularly interested in <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, and studied them sufficiently to write a number of authoritative books on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoage8-18_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoage8-18-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 15th century, the aristocracy of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a> began to collect exotic animals at their residences on the outskirts of the cities. The role played by animals within the gardens of Italian <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a> expanded at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the seventeenth century, and one prominent example was the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese</a> built 1608–1628 in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baratay43-46_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baratay43-46-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versailles_and_its_legacy">Versailles and its legacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiserliches_Pavillon_Schoenbrunn_August_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kaiserliches_Pavillon_Schoenbrunn_August_2006.jpg/300px-Kaiserliches_Pavillon_Schoenbrunn_August_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kaiserliches_Pavillon_Schoenbrunn_August_2006.jpg/450px-Kaiserliches_Pavillon_Schoenbrunn_August_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kaiserliches_Pavillon_Schoenbrunn_August_2006.jpg/600px-Kaiserliches_Pavillon_Schoenbrunn_August_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">Pavilion</a> constructed by Jean-Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey in 1759 at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> menagerie, the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiergarten Schönbrunn">Tiergarten Schönbrunn</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the seventeenth century, exotic birds and small animals provided diverting ornaments for the court of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; lions and other large animals were kept primarily to be brought out for staged fight. The collecting grew and attained more permanent lodgings in the 1660s, when Louis XIV constructed two new menageries: one at Vincennes, next to a palace on the eastern edge of Paris, and a more elaborate one, which became a model for menageries throughout Europe, at Versailles, the site of a royal hunting lodge two hours (by carriage) west of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1661, he had a menagerie of "ferocious" beasts built at Vincennes for the organization of fights. Surrounding a rectangular courtyard, a two-storey building with balconies allowed spectators to view the scene. The animals were housed on the ground floor in cells bordering the courtyard, with small yards on the outside where they could take a bit of exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-Baratay40-41_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baratay40-41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Vincennes, lions, tigers, and leopards were kept in cages around an amphitheater where the king could entertain courtiers and visiting dignitaries with bloody battles. In 1682, for instance, the ambassador of Persia enjoyed the spectacle of a fight to the death between a royal tiger and an elephant.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">palace of Versailles</a> was built, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> also erected a menagerie within the palace’s park.<sup id="cite_ref-Baratay48-49_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baratay48-49-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The menagerie at Versailles was to be something very different from the one at Vincennes.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of it was constructed in 1664 when the first animals were introduced, although the interior fittings were not finished until 1668-70. Situated in the south-west of the park, it was Louis XIV’s first major project at Versailles and one of several pleasure houses that were gradually assembled around the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-Baratay48-49_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baratay48-49-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represented the first menagerie according to <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style. The prominent feature of Baroque menageries was the circular layout, in the middle of which stood a beautiful pavilion. Around this pavilion was a walking path and outside this path were the enclosures and cages. Each enclosure had a house or stable at the far end for the animals and was bounded on three sides with walls. There were bars only in the direction of the pavilion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kisling82_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisling82-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal fights were halted at Vincennes around 1700, the site fell into disuse, and the animals were installed at Versailles with the others.<sup id="cite_ref-Baratay40-41_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baratay40-41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about this time, the lions, leopards, and tigers from the menagerie at Vincennes were transferred to Versailles, where they were housed in newly built enclosures fronted with iron bars.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This particular enterprise marked a decisive step in the creation of menageries of curiosities and was imitated to some extent throughout Europe after the late seventeenth century. Monarchs, princes and important lords built them in France (Chantilly from 1663), England (Kew, Osterley), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> (Het Loo from 1748), Portugal (Belém in 1726, Queluz around 1780), Spain (Madrid in 1774) and Austria (<a href="/wiki/Belvedere_(palace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvedere (palace)">Belvedere</a> in 1716, Schönbrunn in 1752) as well in the Germanic lands following the ravages of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) and the ensuing reconstruction. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a>, Elector of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, equipped <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> with a menagerie around 1680. The <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of the Palatinate">Elector of the Palatinate</a>, the Prince Regent of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> and many others followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Baratay40-41_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baratay40-41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This design was adopted particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> monarchy in Austria. In 1752 <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> erected his famous Baroque menagerie in the park of <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Being at first a courtly menagerie with private character it was opened to the general public in 1779. Initially, it was only open for "respectably dressed persons". </p><p>Another aristocratic menagerie was founded in 1774 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> on grounds which were part of the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Parque_del_Buen_Retiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Parque del Buen Retiro">Buen Retiro</a> Palace in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. During two centuries, it was a predecessor institution of the modern facilities of the <a href="/wiki/Zoo_Aquarium_de_Madrid" title="Zoo Aquarium de Madrid">Madrid Zoo Aquarium</a>, moved in 1972 to the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Campo" title="Casa de Campo">Casa de Campo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth century the aristocratic menageries were displaced by the modern <a href="/wiki/Zoological_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological garden">zoological gardens</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> approach. The last menagerie in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiergarten Schönbrunn">Tiergarten Schönbrunn</a> in Vienna, which was known officially as a "menagerie" until 1924, before evolving into a modern zoological garden with a scientific, educational and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservationist</a> orientation. Due to its local continuity, the former menagerie established in the medieval through baroque tradition of private wild-animal collections of princes and kings, is often seen as the oldest remaining zoo in the world. Although many of the old Baroque enclosures have been changed, one can still obtain a good impression of the symmetrical ensemble of the formerly imperial menagerie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travelling_menageries">Travelling menageries</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Travelling_menagerie" title="Travelling menagerie">Travelling menagerie</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> travelling menageries had first appeared at around 1700.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In contrast to the aristocratic menageries, these travelling animal collections were run by <a href="/wiki/Showman" title="Showman">showmen</a> who met the craving for sensation of the ordinary population. These animal shows ranged in size but the largest was <a href="/wiki/George_Wombwell" title="George Wombwell">George Wombwell</a>'s. The earliest record of a fatality at one such travelling menagerie was the death of <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Twynnoy" title="Hannah Twynnoy">Hannah Twynnoy</a> in 1703 who was killed by a tiger in <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury,_Wiltshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmesbury, Wiltshire">Malmesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>. Also in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> travelling menageries became even more popular during that time. </p><p>The first exotic animal known to have been exhibited in America was a lion, in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1710, followed a year later in the same city by a camel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kisling147-150_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisling147-150-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sailor arrived in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in August 1727 with another lion, which he exhibited in the city and surrounding towns for eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancocks86-87_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancocks86-87-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">elephant</a> was imported from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to America by a ship’s captain, Jacob Crowninshield, in 1796. It was first displayed in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and travelled extensively up and down the East Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Kisling147-150_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisling147-150-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1834 James and William Howes’ New York Menagerie toured <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoage98_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoage98-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>America’s touring menageries slowed to a crawl under the weight of the depression of the 1840s and then to a halt with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Only one travelling menagerie of any size existed after the war: The Van Amburgh menagerie travelled the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for nearly forty years. Unlike their <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> counterparts, America’s menageries and <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a> had combined as single travelling shows, with one ticket to see both. This increased the size and the diversity of their collections. <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a> advertised their shows as the “World’s Greatest Menagerie”.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancocks86-87_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancocks86-87-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHahn2003" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Daniel (2003). <i>The Tower Menagerie</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2081-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2081-1"><bdi>0-7432-2081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+Menagerie&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7432-2081-1&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenagerie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaratayHardouin-Fugier,_Elisabeth2002" class="citation book cs1">Baratay, Eric; Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth (2002). <i>Zoo: a History of the Zoological Gardens of the West</i>. London: Reaktion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3"><bdi>1-86189-111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoo%3A+a+History+of+the+Zoological+Gardens+of+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86189-111-3&rft.aulast=Baratay&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Hardouin-Fugier%2C+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenagerie" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/menagerie">"menagerie"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster On-line Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+On-line+Dictionary&rft.atitle=menagerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmenagerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenagerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher40-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher40_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Fisher_(naturalist)" title="James Fisher (naturalist)">Fisher, James</a>, <i>Zoos of the World: The Story of Animals in Captivity</i>, Aldus Book, London, 1966, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardini, Franco, <i>Europe and Islam</i>, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2001, pp. 14–15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22637-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22637-0">0-631-22637-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt15-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt15_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt15_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt15_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, Wilfrid, <i>The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Hamish Hamilton, 1976, pp. 15–17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-89331-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-89331-3">0-241-89331-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4371908.stm">"Big cats prowled London's tower"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, October 24, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORegan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORegan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORegan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Regan, Hannah, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba68/feat2.shtml">From bear pit to zoo</a>", British Archaeology, No. 68, December 2002, pp. 13–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullan109-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mullan109_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullan, Bob and Marvin, Garry, <i>Zoo Culture: The Book about Watching People Watch Animals</i>, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1987, p. 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79222-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-79222-9">0-297-79222-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher41-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher41_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Fisher_(naturalist)" title="James Fisher (naturalist)">Fisher, James</a>, <i>Zoos of the World: The Story of Animals in Captivity</i>, Aldus Book, London, 1966, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoage8-18-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoage8-18_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoage, Robert J., Roskell, Anne and Mansour, Jane, "Menageries and Zoos to 1900", in <i>New World, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Hoage, Robert J. and Deiss, William A. (ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996, pp. 8–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6">0-8018-5110-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baratay43-46-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baratay43-46_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baratay, Eric and Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth, <i>Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West</i>, Reaktion Books, London, 2002, pp. 43–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3">1-86189-111-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, Louise E., <i>Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth-Century Paris</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002, pp.37-67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6753-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6753-3">0-8018-6753-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baratay40-41-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baratay40-41_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baratay40-41_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baratay40-41_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baratay, Eric and Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth, <i>Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West</i>, Reaktion Books, London, 2002, pp.40-41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3">1-86189-111-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baratay48-49-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baratay48-49_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baratay48-49_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baratay, Eric and Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth, <i>Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West</i>, Reaktion Books, London, 2002, pp.48-49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-111-3">1-86189-111-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisling82-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kisling82_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strehlow, Harro, "Zoological Gardens of Western Europe", in <i>Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Collections to Zoological Gardens</i>, Vernon N. Kisling (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2001, p.82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X">0-8493-2100-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historic Madrid: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismomadrid.es/INGL/HIST/pagina/HISTLaCasaDeFieras/HISTLaCasaDeFieras.htm">The Wild Animal House in the Retiro Park</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108100313/http://www.turismomadrid.es/INGL/HIST/pagina/HISTLaCasaDeFieras/HISTLaCasaDeFieras.htm">Archived</a> 2009-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisling147-150-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kisling147-150_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kisling147-150_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kisling, Vernon N., "Zoological Gardens of the United States", in <i>Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Collections to Zoological Gardens</i>, Vernon N. Kisling (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2001, pp.147-150. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X">0-8493-2100-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hancocks86-87-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hancocks86-87_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancocks86-87_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hancocks, David, <i>A different nature: The paradoxical world of zoos and their uncertain future</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001, pp.86-87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21879-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21879-5">0-520-21879-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoage98-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoage98_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint, Richard W., "American Showmen and European Dealers: Commerce in Wild Animals in Nineteeth Century", in <i>New World, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Hoage, Robert J. and Deiss, William A. (ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996, p.98. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6">0-8018-5110-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/menagerie" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/menagerie">menagerie</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040227093516/http://zoovienna.at/e/index.html">Vienna Zoo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sculpturesversailles.fr/html/5/plans/intro0303.htm">La Ménagerie de Versailles</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (French)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Menagerie"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Menagerie">"Menagerie" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Menagerie&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenagerie" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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