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Although there would have been considerable economic and nutritional gains from using these animals for their milk and other products from living animals-that is, traction and wool-the first clear evidence for these appears much later, from the late fifth and fourth millennia BC 4,5 . Hence, the timing and region in which milking was first practised remain unknown. Organic residues preserved in archaeological pottery 6,7 have provided direct evidence for the use of milk in the fourth millennium in Britain 7-9 , and in the sixth millennium in eastern Europe 10 , based on the d 13 C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat 6,7 . Here we apply this approach to more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and southeastern Europe dating from the fifth to the seventh millennia BC. We show that milk was in use by the seventh millennium; this is the earliest direct evidence to date. Milking was particularly important in northwestern Anatolia, pointing to regional differences linked with conditions more favourable to cattle compared to other regions, where sheep and goats were relatively common and milk use less important. The latter is supported by correlations between the fat type and animal bone evidence.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"39040880"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Archaeology: The milk revoultion","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [961425]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card with-figures-carousel"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39040880,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Archaeology: The milk revoultion”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39040880/mini_magick20190223-2406-1aobypo.png?1550956048" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Archaeology: The milk revoultion</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="961425" href="https://dainst.academia.edu/RozGillis"><img alt="Profile image of Roz Gillis" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/961425/2211525/2589889/s65_roz.gillis.jpg" />Roz Gillis</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">4 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 4228455; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The domestication of cattle, sheep and goats had already taken place in the Near East by the eighth millennium BC 1-3 . Although there would have been considerable economic and nutritional gains from using these animals for their milk and other products from living animals-that is, traction and wool-the first clear evidence for these appears much later, from the late fifth and fourth millennia BC 4,5 . Hence, the timing and region in which milking was first practised remain unknown. Organic residues preserved in archaeological pottery 6,7 have provided direct evidence for the use of milk in the fourth millennium in Britain 7-9 , and in the sixth millennium in eastern Europe 10 , based on the d 13 C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat 6,7 . Here we apply this approach to more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and southeastern Europe dating from the fifth to the seventh millennia BC. We show that milk was in use by the seventh millennium; this is the earliest direct evidence to date. Milking was particularly important in northwestern Anatolia, pointing to regional differences linked with conditions more favourable to cattle compared to other regions, where sheep and goats were relatively common and milk use less important. The latter is supported by correlations between the fat type and animal bone evidence.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39040880,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4228455/Archaeology_The_milk_revoultion"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39040880,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4228455/Archaeology_The_milk_revoultion"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/39040880/figure_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 1| Map showing the locations of sites providing pottery for organic residue analysis. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2159219/table-1-ffa-free-fatty-acids-ketones-we-wax-esters-derived"><img alt="FFA, free fatty acids; K, ketones; WE, wax esters (derived from degraded beeswax); TAG, triacylglycerols. * Milk fats undetectable. + <30% milk fats. £>30% milk fats. Table 1| Details of sites, dates, sherds, and lipids and their concentrations " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/39040880/table_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">FFA, free fatty acids; K, ketones; WE, wax esters (derived from degraded beeswax); TAG, triacylglycerols. * Milk fats undetectable. + <30% milk fats. £>30% milk fats. Table 1| Details of sites, dates, sherds, and lipids and their concentrations </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2159210/figure-2-partial-gas-chromatograms-of-total-lipid-extracts"><img alt="Figure 2 | Partial gas chromatograms of total lipid extracts from pottery. Pottery was from: a, Magura (southeastern Europe); b, Makriyalos (northern Greece); ¢, Pendik (northwestern Anatolia); d, Catalhéyiik (central Anatolia); e, Cayonii Tepesi (southeastern Anatolia); and f, Tell Sabi Abyad (Levant). Abbreviations: N:0, fatty acids with N carbon atoms and no double bonds; K, mid-chain ketones with 31, 33 and 35 carbon atoms; DAG, diacylglycerols; TAG, triacylglycerols; and IS, internal standard (n-tetratriacontane). Sample reference numbers: a, MAG25; b, MAK100; c, PEN7; d, CAT 180; e, CT53; f, SAB21. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/39040880/figure_002.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 2 | Partial gas chromatograms of total lipid extracts from pottery. Pottery was from: a, Magura (southeastern Europe); b, Makriyalos (northern Greece); ¢, Pendik (northwestern Anatolia); d, Catalhéyiik (central Anatolia); e, Cayonii Tepesi (southeastern Anatolia); and f, Tell Sabi Abyad (Levant). Abbreviations: N:0, fatty acids with N carbon atoms and no double bonds; K, mid-chain ketones with 31, 33 and 35 carbon atoms; DAG, diacylglycerols; TAG, triacylglycerols; and IS, internal standard (n-tetratriacontane). Sample reference numbers: a, MAG25; b, MAK100; c, PEN7; d, CAT 180; e, CT53; f, SAB21. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2159213/figure-3-plots-of-the-values-for-archaeological-animal-fat"><img alt="Figure 3 | Plots of the A'°C values for archaeological animal fat residues in Neolithic pottery. Pottery was from: a, northwestern Anatolia; b, central Anatolia; c, southeastern Europe/northern Greece; and d, eastern Anatolia and the Levant. The A'°C values (= 8'°Cyg.9 — 8'°Cy6.9) for the ruminant dairy fats are more depleted than the ruminant adipose fats; the difference in the means is ~2.8%o which is highly significant (t-test; P< 0.0005). Pig fats have positive A’°C values which do not exhibit significant variance and the differences in the mean values are also highly significant (ANOVA; P<0.0005 between all three commodity groups; Bonferroni adjustment applied). 5°C = [(PCI?C) ampte!(°C/"*C) standard] — 1, expressed in per mil. All 5'°C values are relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) international standard. Additional support for the latter interpretations comes from cor- relations with animal bone evidence. A significant feature of the northwestern Anatolian group of sites is that, where data are avail- able, the proportion of cattle bones in animal bone assemblages is considerably higher than in sites in the other areas, presumably reflecting higher rainfall and greener grazing. A positive correlation (R? = 0.56) also exists between the proportion of sherds with rumin- ant milk A'*C values from different sites, and the relative importance of cattle in animal bone assemblages from the same sites (Fig. 4a), parallelling findings from British Neolithic sites’. Thus, the strong evidence for milk use at the northwestern Anatolian sites can reasonably be related to the importance of cattle in the bone " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/39040880/figure_003.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 3 | Plots of the A'°C values for archaeological animal fat residues in Neolithic pottery. Pottery was from: a, northwestern Anatolia; b, central Anatolia; c, southeastern Europe/northern Greece; and d, eastern Anatolia and the Levant. The A'°C values (= 8'°Cyg.9 — 8'°Cy6.9) for the ruminant dairy fats are more depleted than the ruminant adipose fats; the difference in the means is ~2.8%o which is highly significant (t-test; P< 0.0005). Pig fats have positive A’°C values which do not exhibit significant variance and the differences in the mean values are also highly significant (ANOVA; P<0.0005 between all three commodity groups; Bonferroni adjustment applied). 5°C = [(PCI?C) ampte!(°C/"*C) standard] — 1, expressed in per mil. All 5'°C values are relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) international standard. Additional support for the latter interpretations comes from cor- relations with animal bone evidence. A significant feature of the northwestern Anatolian group of sites is that, where data are avail- able, the proportion of cattle bones in animal bone assemblages is considerably higher than in sites in the other areas, presumably reflecting higher rainfall and greener grazing. A positive correlation (R? = 0.56) also exists between the proportion of sherds with rumin- ant milk A'*C values from different sites, and the relative importance of cattle in animal bone assemblages from the same sites (Fig. 4a), parallelling findings from British Neolithic sites’. Thus, the strong evidence for milk use at the northwestern Anatolian sites can reasonably be related to the importance of cattle in the bone </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2159215/figure-4-importantly-the-results-suggest-pattern-of-regional"><img alt="Importantly, the results suggest a pattern of regional variation in the importance of milk use rather than of general change with time. Milk appears to have been particularly important in the sites from northwestern Anatolia, ranging in date from the end of the seventh " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/39040880/figure_004.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Importantly, the results suggest a pattern of regional variation in the importance of milk use rather than of general change with time. Milk appears to have been particularly important in the sites from northwestern Anatolia, ranging in date from the end of the seventh </figcaption></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-loswp-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="31445462" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31445462/R_P_Evershed_et_al_2008_Earliest_date_for_milk_used_in_the_Near_East_andsoutheastern_Europe_linked_to_cattle_herding_Nature_455_528_531">R.P. Evershed et al. 2008. Earliest date for milk used in the Near East andsoutheastern Europe linked to cattle herding. Nature 455: 528–531</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42797203" href="https://huji.academia.edu/YossiGarfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="417370" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/PeterAkkermans">PETER M M G AKKERMANS</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The domestication of cattle, sheep and goats had already taken place in the Near East by the eighth millennium BC 1–3. Although there would have been considerable economic and nutritional gains from using these animals for their milk and other products from living animals—that is, traction and wool—the first clear evidence for these appears much later, from the late fifth and fourth millennia BC 4,5. Hence, the timing and region in which milking was first practised remain unknown. Organic residues preserved in archaeological pottery 6,7 have provided direct evidence for the use of milk in the fourth millennium in Britain 7–9 , and in the sixth millennium in eastern Europe 10 , based on the d 13 C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat 6,7. Here we apply this approach to more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and southeastern Europe dating from the fifth to the seventh millennia BC. We show that milk was in use by the seventh millennium ; this is the earliest direct evidence to date. Milking was particularly important in northwestern Anatolia, pointing to regional differences linked with conditions more favourable to cattle compared to other regions, where sheep and goats were relatively common and milk use less important. The latter is supported by correlations between the fat type and animal bone evidence. The use of milk, wool and traction, so-called 'secondary' products, obtained from domestic animals without killing them, marks an important step in the history of domestication 4,5. But evidence for when and how this first happened is inconclusive. Some researchers have argued that once animals were domesticated the potential benefits of these products would have been exploited rapidly 11. Others have pointed to the late appearance of unequivocal evidence—that is, representations of milking scenes, carts and ploughs—and to barriers , such as lactose intolerance in humans, suggesting that early domestication was predominantly for meat and hides, postulating a 'secondary products revolution' during the fifth or fourth millennium BC, 2,000–4,000 years after the first domestication of cattle, sheep and goats in the Near East and Europe 5,12. Evidence provided by figurines and pictures of animals before 4000 BC, and from artefacts (for example, ceramic strainers), has been variously interpreted 13 , as has evidence from animal bone assemblages, especially the ages at which animals were killed, taken as reflecting what they were kept for and how they were managed 14–16. The analysis of lipid residues from pottery, particularly our discovery that ruminant milk fatty acids can be distinguished from those of carcass fats, provided a new tool for detecting early milk use 6,7. The approach rests upon differences in the d 13 C value of the C 18:0 (in C x:y , x is the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid, and y is the number of double bonds) fatty acid of milk and carcass fats. This arises from a greater proportion of dietary carbohydrate-derived carbon being used in the biosynthesis of carcass fat C 18:0 , compared to milk fat, up to 40% of which derives from biohydrogenated dietary unsat-urated C 18 fatty acids (C 18:3, C 18:2 and C 18:1) 17,18. Using this approach, we recently provided evidence for widespread milk use at some of the earliest Neolithic sites in southern Britain 7–9. However, these sites, dating to the early fourth millennium BC, are late in relation to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of the Near East and southern and central Europe. The same technique has also provided evidence for milk use in Romania before 5000 BC 10. Reported here are results from analyses of organic residues from sherds of pottery vessels from fifth-to seventh-millennium BC sites in southeastern Europe, Anatolia and the Levant. Vessels most likely to have been used for food preparation were selected to test where milk use started, and whether the use of milk products first began in the region where farming was pioneered, namely within the Fertile Crescent, or whether it was an innovation of other regions. Figure 1 shows the locations of the 23 sites from which the sherds were sampled. The results of the analyses of 2,225 sherds are summarized in Table 1 and Figs 2 and 3; 12% of the sherds (255) yielded sufficient residue for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis. Typical gas chromatographic profiles of the residues displayed in Fig. 2 show that the C 16:0 and C 18:0 fatty acids predominate, the high abundance of the latter confirming that the residues derive from animal fats. Mean lipid concentrations varied over the range 0.54– 1.74 mg per g sherd. The lower concentrations and incidences of lipid residues in these assemblages, compared to pottery from northern European sites, probably relates to differences in vessel use, clay type, the greater age of the pottery and/or degradative factors associated</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"R.P. Evershed et al. 2008. Earliest date for milk used in the Near East andsoutheastern Europe linked to cattle herding. Nature 455: 528–531","attachmentId":51805104,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31445462/R_P_Evershed_et_al_2008_Earliest_date_for_milk_used_in_the_Near_East_andsoutheastern_Europe_linked_to_cattle_herding_Nature_455_528_531","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31445462/R_P_Evershed_et_al_2008_Earliest_date_for_milk_used_in_the_Near_East_andsoutheastern_Europe_linked_to_cattle_herding_Nature_455_528_531"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="12800568" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12800568/Earliest_date_for_milk_use_in_the_Near_East_and">Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31269613" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/IanHodder">Ian Hodder</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The domestication of cattle, sheep and goats had already taken place in the Near East by the eighth millennium BC 1-3 . Although there would have been considerable economic and nutritional gains from using these animals for their milk and other products from living animals-that is, traction and wool-the first clear evidence for these appears much later, from the late fifth and fourth millennia BC 4,5 . Hence, the timing and region in which milking was first practised remain unknown. Organic residues preserved in archaeological pottery 6,7 have provided direct evidence for the use of milk in the fourth millennium in Britain 7-9 , and in the sixth millennium in eastern Europe 10 , based on the d 13 C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat 6,7 . Here we apply this approach to more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and southeastern Europe dating from the fifth to the seventh millennia BC. We show that milk was in use by the seventh millennium; this is the earliest direct evidence to date. Milking was particularly important in northwestern Anatolia, pointing to regional differences linked with conditions more favourable to cattle compared to other regions, where sheep and goats were relatively common and milk use less important. The latter is supported by correlations between the fat type and animal bone evidence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and","attachmentId":37828868,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12800568/Earliest_date_for_milk_use_in_the_Near_East_and","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12800568/Earliest_date_for_milk_use_in_the_Near_East_and"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="413862" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/413862/Earliest_Date_for_Milk_Use_In_the_Near_East_and_Southeastern_Europe_Linked_to_Cattle_Herding">Earliest Date for Milk Use In the Near East and Southeastern Europe Linked to Cattle Herding</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="310998" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/ShahinaFarid">Shahina Farid</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Earliest Date for Milk Use In the Near East and Southeastern Europe Linked to Cattle Herding","attachmentId":51418925,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/413862/Earliest_Date_for_Milk_Use_In_the_Near_East_and_Southeastern_Europe_Linked_to_Cattle_Herding","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/413862/Earliest_Date_for_Milk_Use_In_the_Near_East_and_Southeastern_Europe_Linked_to_Cattle_Herding"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="4469424" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4469424/New_insights_into_the_early_Neolithic_economy_and_management_of_animals_in_Southern_and_Central_Europe_revealed_using_lipid_residue_analyses_of_pottery_vessels">New insights into the early Neolithic economy and management of animals in Southern and Central Europe revealed using lipid residue analyses of pottery vessels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="649836" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/M%C3%A9lanieRoffetSalque">Mélanie Roffet-Salque</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1423273" href="https://uni-koln.academia.edu/IsabelHohle">Isabel A . Hohle</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7448190" href="https://beniculturali.academia.edu/ATagliacozzo">Antonio Tagliacozzo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="402635" href="https://uib.academia.edu/DanielaHofmann">Daniela Hofmann</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11792930" href="https://sachsen.academia.edu/HaraldSt%C3%A4uble">Harald Stäuble</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23915701" href="https://independent.academia.edu/sabinewolfram">Sabine Wolfram</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25781529" href="https://beniculturali.academia.edu/AntonioTagliacozzo">Antonio Tagliacozzo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11953233" href="https://uibk.academia.edu/JoachimPechtl">Joachim Pechtl</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32520044" href="https://cardiff.academia.edu/AlasdairWhittle">Alasdair Whittle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Analyses of organic residues preserved in ceramic potsherds enable the identification of foodstuffs processed in rchaeological vessels. Differences in the isotopic composition of fatty acids allow differentiation of non-ruminant and ruminant fats, as well as adipose and dairy fats. This paper investigates the trends in milk use in areas where sheep and goats are dominant in the faunal assemblage and in some sites from the inearbandkeramik culture. Sites include: Colle Santo Stefano, Abruzzo, Italy, and the Oldest to Young Linearbandkeramik sites of Zwenkau, Eythra and Brodau, Saxony, and Wang and Niederhummel, Bavaria, Germany. More than 160 potsherds were investigated including cooking pots, bowls, jars, and ceramic sieves. The lipid residues presented provide direct evidence for the processing of ruminant and non-ruminant commodities at Zwenkau and Eythra, despite the absence of faunal remains at the sites. No dairy residues were detected in potsherds from LBK sites, except in a ceramic sieve at Brodau. Lipids from non-ruminant and ruminant fats, including from dairy fats, were detected at the site of Colle Santo Stefano showing a reliance on dairy products during the first half of the sixth millennium at this site; where sheep and goats were the major domestic animals.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New insights into the early Neolithic economy and management of animals in Southern and Central Europe revealed using lipid residue analyses of pottery vessels","attachmentId":42547850,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4469424/New_insights_into_the_early_Neolithic_economy_and_management_of_animals_in_Southern_and_Central_Europe_revealed_using_lipid_residue_analyses_of_pottery_vessels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4469424/New_insights_into_the_early_Neolithic_economy_and_management_of_animals_in_Southern_and_Central_Europe_revealed_using_lipid_residue_analyses_of_pottery_vessels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="95356871" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95356871/Dating_the_emergence_of_dairying_by_the_first_farmers_of_Central_Europe_using_14_C_analysis_of_fatty_acids_preserved_in_pottery_vessels">Dating the emergence of dairying by the first farmers of Central Europe using 14 C analysis of fatty acids preserved in pottery vessels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="671249" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/MichaelIlett">Michael Ilett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Direct, accurate, and precise dating of archaeological pottery vessels is now achievable using a recently developed approach based on the radiocarbon dating of purified molecular components of food residues preserved in the walls of pottery vessels. The method targets fatty acids from animal fat residues, making it uniquely suited for directly dating the inception of new food commodities in prehistoric populations. Here, we report a large-scale application of the method by directly dating the introduction of dairying into Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) cultural group based on dairy fat residues. The radiocarbon dates ( n = 27) from the 54th century BC from the western and eastern expansion of the LBK suggest dairy exploitation arrived with the first settlers in the respective regions and were not gradually adopted later. This is particularly significant, as contemporaneous LBK sites showed an uneven distribution of dairy exploitation. Significantly, our findings demon...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dating the emergence of dairying by the first farmers of Central Europe using 14 C analysis of fatty acids preserved in pottery vessels","attachmentId":97561826,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95356871/Dating_the_emergence_of_dairying_by_the_first_farmers_of_Central_Europe_using_14_C_analysis_of_fatty_acids_preserved_in_pottery_vessels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95356871/Dating_the_emergence_of_dairying_by_the_first_farmers_of_Central_Europe_using_14_C_analysis_of_fatty_acids_preserved_in_pottery_vessels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="9474423" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9474423/Dairying_in_antiquity_I_Evidence_from_absorbed_lipid_residues_dating_to_the_British_Iron_Age">Dairying in antiquity. I. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Iron Age</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22154066" href="https://uch.academia.edu/IronMaiden">Iron Maiden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Molecular and isotopic analyses were undertaken of absorbed lipid residues from 256 pottery vessels obtained from four southern British Bronze Age sites (Potterne, Brean Down, Black Patch and Trethellan Farm). The results confirm that not only were ancient Britons utilising dairy products during this period, but also that they were processed in pottery vessels on a large scale. This has been demonstrated through the determination of the compound-specific stable carbon isotope values of the principal fatty acids found in animal fats (C 16:0 and C 18:0 ) that allows ruminant dairy and ruminant/non-ruminant adipose fats to be distinguished. The proportion of sherds yielding degraded dairy fats at each of the sites is variable, with the highest occurrence being from Potterne, and the lowest occurrence being from Black Patch. The faunal remains, and vessel characteristics (e.g. rim diameter and vessel type) are compared with the organic residue analyses, and intra-site variability is investigated at Trethellan Farm.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dairying in antiquity. I. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Iron Age","attachmentId":47766272,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9474423/Dairying_in_antiquity_I_Evidence_from_absorbed_lipid_residues_dating_to_the_British_Iron_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9474423/Dairying_in_antiquity_I_Evidence_from_absorbed_lipid_residues_dating_to_the_British_Iron_Age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="10191058" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10191058/Milk_and_molecules_secrets_from_prehistoric_pottery">Milk and molecules: secrets from prehistoric pottery</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1383304" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/JessicaSmyth">Jessica Smyth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Fragments of Lives Past: archaeological objects from Irish road schemes, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Neolithic period is synonymous with a major step in human development – the domestication of plants and animals and the beginning of farming. In Europe, the shift to agriculture starts around 7000 cal BC, spreading across the continent over several thousand years. The island of Ireland lies geographically and chronologically at the end of this trajectory, in the centuries around 4000 cal BC. As in many parts of Europe, pottery appears in Ireland at the same time as farming, and examining the contents of pottery vessels can provide great insight into the lifestyles of early farming communities. SCHERD (a Study of Cuisine and animal Husbandry among Early farmers via Residue analysis and radiocarbon Dating) is a recently completed two-year research project based at the Organic Geochemistry Unit, University of Bristol, which saw the systematic analysis of ancient organic residues in nearly 500 pots from fifteen Irish Neolithic sites (c. 4000 – 2500 cal BC). Eight of these fifteen sites were recently excavated along Irish road schemes. Molecular and stable isotope analyses undertaken on the fat residues preserved in these pots have firmly established that dairying was taking place in early Neolithic Ireland. Indeed, current evidence indicates that by the time farming arrives at the western edge of Europe, i.e. the islands of Britain and Ireland, dairying is a key—perhaps even the primary— component of farming practice. T</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Milk and molecules: secrets from prehistoric pottery","attachmentId":38939857,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10191058/Milk_and_molecules_secrets_from_prehistoric_pottery","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10191058/Milk_and_molecules_secrets_from_prehistoric_pottery"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="14644498" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14644498/Neolithic_dairy_farming_at_the_extreme_of_agriculture_in_northern_Europe">Neolithic dairy farming at the extreme of agriculture in northern Europe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33595919" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/P%C3%A4iviOnkamo">Päivi Onkamo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4018049" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MikaLavento">Mika T Lavento</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="860641" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/VolkerHeyd">Volker Heyd</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The conventional &#39;Neolithic package&#39; comprised animals and plants originally domesticated in the Near East. As farming spread on a generally northwest trajectory across Europe, early pastoralists would have been faced with the challenge of making farming viable in regions in which the organisms were poorly adapted to providing optimal yields or even surviving. Hence, it has long been debated whether Neolithic economies were ever established at the modern limits of agriculture. Here, we examine food residues in pottery, testing a hypothesis that Neolithic farming was practiced beyond the 60th parallel north. Our findings, based on diagnostic biomarker lipids and δ(13)C values of preserved fatty acids, reveal a transition at ca 2500 BC from the exploitation of aquatic organisms to processing of ruminant products, specifically milk, confirming farming was practiced at high latitudes. Combining this with genetic, environmental and archaeological information, we demonstrate the o...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neolithic dairy farming at the extreme of agriculture in northern Europe","attachmentId":44011053,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14644498/Neolithic_dairy_farming_at_the_extreme_of_agriculture_in_northern_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14644498/Neolithic_dairy_farming_at_the_extreme_of_agriculture_in_northern_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="40576091" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40576091/Milk_of_ruminants_in_ceramic_baby_bottles_from_prehistoric_child_graves">Milk of ruminants in ceramic baby bottles from prehistoric child graves</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48788" href="https://comeniusuniversity.academia.edu/RoderickSalisbury">Roderick B . Salisbury</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166498" href="https://univie.academia.edu/KatharinaRebaySalisbury">Katharina Rebay-Salisbury</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The study of childhood diet, including breastfeeding and weaning, has important implications for our understanding of infant mortality and fertility in past societies. Stable isotope analyses of nitrogen from bone collagen and dentine samples of infants have provided information on the timing of weaning; however, little is known about which foods were consumed by infants in prehistory. The earliest known clay vessels that were possibly used for feeding infants appear in Neolithic Europe, and become more common throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages. However, these vessels—which include a spout through which liquid could be poured—have also been suggested to be feeding vessels for the sick or infirm. Here we report evidence for the foods that were contained in such vessels, based on analyses of the lipid ‘fingerprints’ and the compound-specific δ13C and Δ13C values of the major fatty acids of residues from three small, spouted vessels that were found in Bronze and Iron Age graves of infants in Bavaria. The results suggest that the vessels were used to feed infants with milk products derived from ruminants. This evidence of the foodstuffs that were used to either feed or wean prehistoric infants confirms the importance of milk from domesticated animals for these early communities, and provides information on the infant-feeding behaviours that were practised by prehistoric human groups.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Milk of ruminants in ceramic baby bottles from prehistoric child graves","attachmentId":60855615,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40576091/Milk_of_ruminants_in_ceramic_baby_bottles_from_prehistoric_child_graves","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40576091/Milk_of_ruminants_in_ceramic_baby_bottles_from_prehistoric_child_graves"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="37932769" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37932769/Determination_of_Milk_Products_in_Ceramic_Vessels_of_Corded_Ware_Culture_from_a_Late_Eneolithic_Burial_Molecules_2018_23_12_3247_https_doi_org_10_3390_molecules23123247">Determination of Milk Products in Ceramic Vessels of Corded Ware Culture from a Late Eneolithic Burial. Molecules 2018, 23(12), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123247.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96774891" href="https://upol.academia.edu/DianaSokolovsk%C3%A1">Diana Sokolovská</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36674977" href="https://upol.academia.edu/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1Ku%C4%8Dera">Lukáš Kučera</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="521097" href="https://jcu.academia.edu/Jarom%C3%ADrBene%C5%A1">Jaromír Beneš</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3474345" href="https://uapp.academia.edu/PavelFojt%C3%ADk">Pavel Fojtík</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this study, a soil from two ceramic vessels belonging to Corded Ware culture, 2707–2571 B.C., found in a cremation grave discovered in Central Moravia, Czech Republic, was analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS) combined with advanced statistical treatment (principal component analysis, PCA, and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA) and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MALDI–MS revealed the presence of triacylglycerols in both vessels. This analytical technique was used for the analysis of the soil content from archaeological ceramic vessels for the first time. Targeted ELISA experiments consequently proved the presence of milk proteins in both ceramic vessels. These results represent the first direct evidence of the use of milk or dairy products in the Eneolithic period in Moravian Corded Ware Culture and help to better understand the diet habits and living conditions of Eneolithic populations in Central Europe.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Determination of Milk Products in Ceramic Vessels of Corded Ware Culture from a Late Eneolithic Burial. Molecules 2018, 23(12), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123247.","attachmentId":57945825,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37932769/Determination_of_Milk_Products_in_Ceramic_Vessels_of_Corded_Ware_Culture_from_a_Late_Eneolithic_Burial_Molecules_2018_23_12_3247_https_doi_org_10_3390_molecules23123247","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37932769/Determination_of_Milk_Products_in_Ceramic_Vessels_of_Corded_Ware_Culture_from_a_Late_Eneolithic_Burial_Molecules_2018_23_12_3247_https_doi_org_10_3390_molecules23123247"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39040880,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39040880,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39040880" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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