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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of the monument</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_monument-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the monument subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Later reception</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_dimensions_and_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Overall dimensions and materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_dimensions_and_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Statue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedestal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pedestal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stairway_and_Bandel_Bench" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stairway_and_Bandel_Bench"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Stairway and Bandel Bench</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stairway_and_Bandel_Bench-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_nearby_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_nearby_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other nearby structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_nearby_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grotenburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grotenburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grotenburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grotenburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermann_Monument_in_New_Ulm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermann_Monument_in_New_Ulm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hermann Monument in New Ulm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermann_Monument_in_New_Ulm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Hermannsdenkmal</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هرمانزدنكمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرمانزدنكمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EC%83%81" title="헤르만 기념상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤르만 기념상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannss%C3%BAla" title="Hermannssúla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hermannssúla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="אנדרטת הרמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרטת הרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هيرمانسدينكمال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيرمانسدينكمال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentul_lui_Hermann" title="Monumentul lui Hermann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monumentul lui Hermann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Памятник Арминию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Памятник Арминию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83" title="Споменик Арменију – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Споменик Арменију" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hermannsdenkmal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Пам'ятник Армінію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пам'ятник Армінію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q664245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hermannsdenkmal%22">"Hermannsdenkmal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hermannsdenkmal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hermannsdenkmal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hermannsdenkmal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hermannsdenkmal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hermannsdenkmal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German sculpture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hermann Memorial</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Hermannsdenkmal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_160707-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hermannsdenkmal_160707-003.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal_160707-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hermannsdenkmal_160707-003.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_160707-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hermannsdenkmal_160707-003.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal_160707-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hermannsdenkmal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="51.911666666667" data-lon="8.8394444444444" data-overlays="["_293666fc6450ff5a7bfc657ec11ba88aaab8586e"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/51.911666666667/8.8394444444444/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,51.911666666667,8.8394444444444,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hermannsdenkmal&revid=1250679698&groups=_293666fc6450ff5a7bfc657ec11ba88aaab8586e" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,51.911666666667,8.8394444444444,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hermannsdenkmal&revid=1250679698&groups=_293666fc6450ff5a7bfc657ec11ba88aaab8586e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hermannsdenkmal&params=51_54_42_N_08_50_22_E_type:landmark_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°54′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°50′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.91167°N 8.83944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.91167; 8.83944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Teutoburger_Wald" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutoburger Wald">Teutoburger Wald</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bandel" title="Ernst von Bandel">Ernst von Bandel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Monument</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Copper plates on iron frame, sandstone pedestal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">53.46 metres (175.4 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Pedestal and base: 26.89 metres (88.2 ft)<br />Figure: 26.57 metres (87.2 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beginning date</th><td class="infobox-data">1838</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completion date</th><td class="infobox-data">1875</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data">1875</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dedicated to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> ("Hermann")</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Hermannsdenkmal_(view_from_the_southwest).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aerial_image_of_Hermannsdenkmal_%28view_from_the_southwest%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Hermannsdenkmal_%28view_from_the_southwest%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aerial_image_of_Hermannsdenkmal_%28view_from_the_southwest%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Hermannsdenkmal_%28view_from_the_southwest%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aerial_image_of_Hermannsdenkmal_%28view_from_the_southwest%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Hermannsdenkmal_%28view_from_the_southwest%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Hermannsdenkmal</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Hermannsdenkmal</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for "Hermann Memorial") is a monument located southwest of <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It stands on the densely forested <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grotenburg (page does not exist)">Grotenburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Grotenburg">de</a>]</span></i>, sometimes also called the <i>Teutberg</i> or <i>Teut</i>, a hill (elevation 386 m) in the <a href="/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest" title="Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburger Wald</a> (Teutoburg Forest) range. The monument is located inside the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">circular rampart</a>. </p><p>The monument was constructed between 1838 and 1875 to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> war chief <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> (in German, <i><a href="/wiki/Hermann_(name)" title="Hermann (name)">Hermann</a></i>) and his victory over <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> in 9 AD. When the statue was built, its location was believed to be near the original battle site, although experts now consider it more likely that the battle took place near <a href="/wiki/Kalkriese" title="Kalkriese">Kalkriese</a>, about 100 km to the north-west.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 9 AD, <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, a chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> people and an auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> commander, turned against his Roman allies and led an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> to ambush three <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> under the leadership of provincial governor <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a>. The vast majority of the Roman legions were destroyed. To Rome and its Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> the loss was a catastrophe and called the "<a href="/wiki/Varian_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Varian disaster">Varian disaster</a>". </p><p>This event later came to be seen as a vital turning point in Middle-European history as it may have been instrumental in limiting the advance of the Roman Empire into <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. In the 1520s, Arminius was equated with the name "Hermann", perhaps first by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany was among those countries where <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> became a rising force in the 19th century as opposition to aristocratic rule increased. Equating the nation with all of its people rather than just with its rulers was a revolutionary idea at the time. In Germany, it became entwined with the hopes of many for an end to the disunity that had ruled the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> at least since the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>. Nationalists wanted one of the German princes to unite all of Germany under a single rule. In this regard, Arminius came to be seen as a symbol, since he allegedly had "united" the Germanic tribes. Reports by Roman historians on internecine fighting among the tribes were deliberately ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35, 37">: 35, 37 </span></sup> </p><p>Arminius (or "Hermann") thus became a subject of popular literature such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a>'s three dramas on this topic (1769, 1784 and 1789). However, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a> likely did most to popularise Arminius in Germany with his <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hermannsschlacht_(Kleist)" title="Die Hermannsschlacht (Kleist)">Hermannsschlacht</a></i> (1808). At that point, the old Empire had been <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolved</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> had been defeated and partially dismembered by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and all hopes of a German Great Power emerging in the foreseeable future seemed lost. In this situation, Arminius served as an historical role model ("Father of the German Nation") for those willing to continue the fight against the Empire of France, which was seen as the latest successor of the Roman Empire as an external enemy (via the Medieval Popes and the early modern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, which re-ordered Europe after Napoleon's final defeat, disappointed hopes for a unified Germany as the princes were mostly able to retain their independent powers in the new <i><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Bund" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Bund">Deutscher Bund</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–39">: 37–39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_monument">History of the monument</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hermannsdenkmal_1900.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hermannsdenkmal_1900.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hermannsdenkmal_1900.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3397" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Hermannsdenkmal</i> <i>circa</i> 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_160707-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hermannsdenkmal_160707-007.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal_160707-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hermannsdenkmal_160707-007.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_160707-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hermannsdenkmal_160707-007.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal_160707-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>The statue up close. The sword has a length of 7 meters and weighs ca. 550 kg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hermannsdenkmal1.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hermannsdenkmal1.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hermannsdenkmal1.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hermann monument in Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_2016_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hermannsdenkmal_2016_1.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal_2016_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hermannsdenkmal_2016_1.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_2016_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hermannsdenkmal_2016_1.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal_2016_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Hermannsdenkmal in 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_2016_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hermannsdenkmal_2016_2.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal_2016_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hermannsdenkmal_2016_2.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_2016_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hermannsdenkmal_2016_2.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal_2016_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Hermannsdenkmal in 2016 from the back</figcaption></figure> <p>Against this backdrop <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bandel" title="Ernst von Bandel">Ernst von Bandel</a> came to the Teutoburg Forest in 1836 to put into action his life's dream of erecting a monument to Arminius. He considered building it near the <a href="/wiki/Externsteine" title="Externsteine">Externsteine</a>, but eventually settled on the <i>Grotenburg</i>, locally also sometimes referred to as <i>Teutburg</i> or <i>Teutoburg</i>. In 1837, an association called <i>Verein für das Hermannsdenkmal</i> was established at Detmold with the goal of funding the project, so Bandel could focus on the work of designing rather than on fundraising. Similar organisations were founded in other parts of Germany and donations started to come in. That same year, Prince <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Prince_of_Lippe" title="Leopold II, Prince of Lippe">Leopold II</a> gave his permission to build the monument, but only for the <i>Grotenburg</i> location, thereby settling the issue. He also provided the property rights for the project. The local residents agreed to forfeit their <a href="/wiki/Wood_pasture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pasture">wood pasture</a> rights on the peak. Bandel's family moved to Detmold.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40–45">: 40–45 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1838, Bandel changed his original draft idea for the figure of 1834 to take into account that a pedestal would be needed in this location, to make the statue visible from afar. Earthworks began in July 1838, and the foundation stone was laid in October 1838. Bandel then traveled to Italy and met King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig I">Ludwig I</a> of Bavaria en route, who promised him financial support but also asked for a design change. Thus the rock that was supposed to cap the temple and serve as the base for the figure was to be replaced by a dome surrounded by a gallery. Bandel included this in his final draft of 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46–50">: 46–50 </span></sup> </p><p>Problems emerged as Bandel's designs were subject to criticism and the financial viability of the project came to be questioned. Thus, in 1839, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Daniel_Rauch" title="Christian Daniel Rauch">Christian Daniel Rauch</a> presented an alternative design. The Prussian king preferred Bandel's more martial design. Yet despite an ample flow of donations, financial difficulties continued. An initial celebration on occasion of the finished base vault on 8 September 1841 already gave rise to some fervent anti-French rhetoric. In 1844, the pedestal was completed, but it had overshot cost estimates by 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">thaler</a>. This caused a rift between the <i>Verein</i> and Bandel, who moved back to <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–55">: 53–55 </span></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_revolution_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="German revolution of 1848">German revolution of 1848</a> failed to create a unified German state, the flow of donations for the monument became a trickle and work ceased. Bandel now used his private wealth to continue the work. By 1860, the design for the statue's internal iron frame had been created. A supportive <i>Verein</i> was founded in Hanover. From 1862, Bandel worked on the copper plates at a workshop in Hanover. In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Prussia defeated Austria</a> and German nationalism once again was on the rise. It became more associated with <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> than with the liberal ideas of 1848 and also more anti-French. That year, Prussia annexed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> and its king once again took an interest in the project. In 1869, William I of Prussia visited Bandel's workshop.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–59">: 53–59 </span></sup> </p><p>After the German victory over the French in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and the creation of the new German Empire, Bandel's Arminius monument perfectly captured the mood of the times and work advanced rapidly. The new <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> allocated 10,000 thaler. From August 1871, Bandel once again worked on the site and in 1872 moved there with his wife. In September 1873, the workshop in Hanover was closed and the finishing touch to the monument (the attaching of the Emperor William relief) was applied in July 1875. The monument was inaugurated on 16 August 1875, in the presence of Emperor William I and the crown prince, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick William</a>, which made this an event of national importance. Around 20,000 to 30,000 people participated in the festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61, 63, 67, 73">: 61, 63, 67, 73 </span></sup> </p><p>Although it was "given" to the German people in that ceremony, the <i>Verein</i> remained the legal owner of the monument. The <i>Verein</i> was dissolved in 1881 and transferred responsibility for it to the government of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Principality of Lippe</a>. After a long legal process, ownership passed to the foundation <i>Hermannsdenkmal-Stiftung</i> in 1928, which remains the caretaker today. After 1945, the foundation was linked closely to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landesverband_Lippe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landesverband Lippe (page does not exist)">Landesverband Lippe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesverband_Lippe" class="extiw" title="de:Landesverband Lippe">de</a>]</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_reception">Later reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its inauguration, the monument served as a memorial for the war against and victory over France. At the same time, Prussia and Germany were in the middle of <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i>, a fight against the power of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, thus Arminius became a convenient symbol of "another victory over Rome".<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73–5">: 73–5 </span></sup> </p><p>In the Empire, the <i>Hermannsdenkmal</i> was indeed treated as a national monument, but it remained controversial. At first it was Catholics, but later social democrats, unionists and communists who failed to identify with the monument. Until 1909 no large-scale events took place there, but the location was used for numerous private occasions in memory of the 1870/71 war. In 1881, Detmold was connected to the railway and tourists started to arrive, initially numbering just a few hundred per year, but by 1895 there were 20,500 visitors. In 1909, the 1900th anniversary of Arminius' battle was celebrated with a multi-day event (14 to 23 August), involving parades, costumes and re-enactments of the battle. Around 30,000 people attended the celebration on 15 August at the <i>Grotenburg</i>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Hans_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Hans Delbrück">Hans Delbrück</a> gave the keynote speech and the newly built Bandel Bench (financed by individual donations) was inaugurated. Missing from the scene was <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">the Kaiser</a>, however. Due to a past argument over the succession in the Principality of Lippe, the current Prince, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Prince_of_Lippe" title="Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe">Leopold IV</a> had asked for the Emperor to be omitted from the list of guests. The day ended with an outdoor staging of a new play by August Weweler, <i>Hermann der Cherusker</i>. This started an annual tradition of such theatrical events, known as the <i>Hünenring-Festspiele</i> after the setting, the <i>Kleiner Hünenring</i>. It was to last until the end of the Empire in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75–81">: 75–81 </span></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the monument became an instrument of military propaganda, which implied that the current war would end with a German victory like the battle fought by Arminius or the war of 1870/71. In 1915, the number of annual visitors exceeded 50,000 for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> the monument became a popular meeting point for associations and societies of the nationalist, monarchist and reactionary right whilst the government kept its distance. The 50th anniversary of the statue's inauguration from 1 to 19 August 1925 thus was an event dominated by the political right. On 8/9 August, around 50,000 visitors attended a procession. Another highlight was a long-distance relay race called <i>Hermannslauf</i> beginning at 16 different points all over Germany (such as <a href="/wiki/Rauher_Kulm" title="Rauher Kulm">Kulm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a>) and in which 120,000 runners participated. The final runners arrived at the <i>Grotenburg</i> on 16 August. The keynote speech of the celebration on 9 August was given by the head of the right-wing <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a></i>, and other nationalist groups such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Young_German_Order" title="Young German Order">Jungdeutscher Orden</a></i> were also prominent. Tourism flourished in the Weimar years: 1920 96,000 people climbed the monument, by 1925 that number had increased to 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> visited the monument in 1926 and after 1930 the Lippe <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> used the location for a number of assemblies. After the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's seizure of power</a> in 1933, the Detmold government tried to have the <i>Hermannsdenkmal</i> declared the official <i>Wallfahrtstätte der deutschen Nation</i> (pilgrimage site of the German nation) but was turned down by the Nazi government in Berlin. The Nazi leadership preferred to organise events at locations of its own choosing, with better transport facilities. The monument featured as a symbol in Nazi propaganda material, but as a place for assemblies it was mostly used only by the <a href="/wiki/Hitlerjugend" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitlerjugend">Hitlerjugend</a> and local branches of the various Nazi organisations. In 1936, the monument had 191,000 visitors. Events in 1935 (the monument's 60th anniversary) and 1941 (100 years since the foundation stone was laid) were smaller than the 1909 and 1925 celebrations and focused on glorifying Hitler and glamorizing him as the successor of Arminius.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–9">: 85–9 </span></sup> </p><p>Post-1945, attempts were made to de-politicise the monument. The 75th anniversary celebrations in 1950 were relatively low key, even though they lasted longer than any previous ones, from 6 July to 20 August. They mostly served to promote the region as a tourist destination. Annual visitor number rose to 400,000 in the 1960s and 1970s, but the focus shifted towards the view and the monument as a purely touristic sight, while the political connotations were pushed into the background. Events in 1975 and 2000 (100th and 125th anniversary) for the first time included critical debate of the 19th-century views of Arminius and the role of the monument in shaping the public's reception of the Germanic past.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89–92">: 89–92 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monument stands on the peak of the wooded hill known as <i>Grotenburg</i>, 386 m above NHN. The hill is part of the <a href="/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest" title="Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg Forest</a>. It is located south of the <i>Stadtteil</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiddesen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiddesen (page does not exist)">Hiddesen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddesen" class="extiw" title="de:Hiddesen">de</a>]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a>. To the southwest lies the <a href="/wiki/Sennelager_Training_Area" title="Sennelager Training Area">Sennelager Training Area</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall_dimensions_and_materials">Overall dimensions and materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overall dimensions and materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monument rises a total of 53.44 m. The statue accounts for 24.82 m (including the sword). Pedestal and base of the statue make up the difference. The statue was made from around 200 copper plates riveted together and supported by an iron frame. The copper weighs an estimated 11.8 metric tons. The pedestal is made of local <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, quarried on the hill nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–17">: 15–17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue">Statue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Statue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statue faces west. This reflects the idea that Varus' troops were coming from this direction. It is also intended to confront France, considered to be the <i>Erbfeind</i> (sworn enemy) of Germany in the 19th century. The subject wears clothes deemed historically accurate at the time and has a body shape which the designer considered to be "typically Germanic". The right arm holds the sword pointing upward. The left is supported by a large shield. The statue's left foot rests on a <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">Roman Eagle</a>, the standard of the Roman Legions. Next to it lies a <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>, the symbol of Roman judicial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–21">: 19–21 </span></sup> </p><p>The figure's position is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a></i>, with most of its weight on one foot so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs. Arminius is shown wearing trousers, a short skirt reaching to the upper thighs, a tabard held closed by a <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula</a> and boots. On the bearded head with short curly hair sits a winged helm. Bandel knew that Germanic tribes did not use winged helmets but wanted to show the eagle as a heraldic symbol of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–21">: 19–21 </span></sup> </p><p>The sword has the following inscription in gold letters: </p> <dl><dd><small>DEUTSCHE : EINIGKEIT : MEINE : STAERKE<br />MEINE : STAERKE : DEUTSCHLANDS : MACHT</small></dd> <dd><i>German unity (is) my strength – my strength (is) Germany's might.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup></dd></dl> <p>On the shield is written <i>Treufest</i> (roughly "always faithful").<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedestal">Pedestal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pedestal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pedestal is shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Monopteros" title="Monopteros">monopteros</a>, a Classical round temple. This is surrounded by ten columns, supporting <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic arches</a>. At the time of construction, the Gothic style (which actually originated in France) was deemed a "true German" style. Inside the pedestal is a spiral staircase of 75 steps leading up to a round platform encircling the dome on which stands the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>Three of the niches created by the columns contain inscriptions:<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–27">: 26–27 </span></sup> </p><p>The first shows a Latin quotation from <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i>, describing Arminius as the liberator of Germany (<i>Germaniae</i>). </p><p>The second refers to the <i><a href="/wiki/German_Campaign_of_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="German Campaign of 1813">Befreiungskriege</a></i> against Napoleon. It blames the prior defeats in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> on the help France received from some German states and celebrates <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> as the leader and liberator of Germany. It also gives the dates of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Battle of Issy</a> (i.e. the fall of Paris in 1815). </p><p>The third niche contains a relief of <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Emperor William I</a>, celebrating his victory over France in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870/71 and his role as unifier of Germany as the first Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. He is explicitly equated with Arminius in the inscription. Underneath, an inscription states that <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> declared war on Prussia in July 1870, which resulted in "utter defeat" for France at the hand of the combined German states and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stairway_and_Bandel_Bench">Stairway and Bandel Bench</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stairway and Bandel Bench"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These structures were added in 1908/09, based on an overall design by architect <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kreis" title="Wilhelm Kreis">Wilhelm Kreis</a>. The stairs lead up from a small landing to the statue from the front. The landing ends at the Bandel Bench, a semi-circular stone bench decorated with carvings of trophies taken from the Romans by the victorious Germans (designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Albermann" title="Wilhelm Albermann">Wilhelm Albermann</a>). In its centre sits a copper monument commemorating Bandel, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_H%C3%B6lbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolph Hölbe (page does not exist)">Rudolph Hölbe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_H%C3%B6lbe" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolph Hölbe">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–23">: 21–23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_nearby_structures">Other nearby structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other nearby structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near the monument stands the <i>Bandelhütte</i>, the historic hut where Bandel lived during the final years of construction (1872–75). Today, it features a small exhibition on the monument. A bit further away is the <i>Bismarckstein</i> monument, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grotenburg">Grotenburg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grotenburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hill also features two circular ramparts. One, around 300 m from the monument, is known as the <i>Kleiner Hünenring</i>. The other, larger one, surrounds the monument and is known as <i>Grotenburg</i> or <i>Großer Hünenring</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–13">: 11–13 </span></sup> </p><p>The latter had a total size of around 11 hectares. It likely was one of a number of similar structures built and used from the 3rd to 1st century BC by local tribes at the northern edges of the German <i><a href="/wiki/Mittelgebirge" title="Mittelgebirge">Mittelgebirge</a></i>, apparently inspired by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> hilltop settlements further south. The <i>Grotenburg</i> walls probably were of a type made up of earth and supported by timber, but not much is known about their construction. Almost nothing of the structure remains visible today, as the terrain has been altered by the building of the monument, the parking area and other touristic infrastructure. No archaeological findings have been made, with the exception of a possible Iron Age (Roman) spear head.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–3">: 31–3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hermann_Monument_in_New_Ulm">Hermann Monument in New Ulm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hermann Monument in New Ulm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Monument">Hermann Monument</a> was built in the 1890s in <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm, Minnesota</a>, a town settled by German immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_beigealert_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hermannsdenkmal_beigealert_06.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal_beigealert_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hermannsdenkmal_beigealert_06.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_beigealert_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hermannsdenkmal_beigealert_06.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal_beigealert_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="2602" /></a><figcaption>Detailed view of the statue: recognizable are the riveted copper-plates.</figcaption></figure> <p>The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 530,000 visitors a year. The statue's base may be climbed, affording wide landscape views over the surrounding tree cover. </p><p>Since 1972, a new form of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannslauf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermannslauf (page does not exist)">Hermannslauf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannslauf" class="extiw" title="de:Hermannslauf">de</a>]</span></i> starts at the monument every April. A long-distance signed hiking trail known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hermannsweg" title="Hermannsweg">Hermannsweg</a></i> leads past the monument. Since 2008, the <i>Hermannsdenkmal</i> has been a part of the signed tourist road <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stra%C3%9Fe_der_Monumente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Straße der Monumente (page does not exist)">Straße der Monumente</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fe_der_Monumente" class="extiw" title="de:Straße der Monumente">de</a>]</span></i>. </p><p>During thunderstorms the prominence of the statue causes it to be frequently struck by lightning. The <a href="/wiki/Blitzortung" title="Blitzortung">Blitzortung</a> network of lightning detectors recorded 234 strikes per year on or near the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Herman_the_German_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Herman the German (disambiguation)">Herman the German</a>" is also commonly used by English speakers as an affectionate name for the <i>Hermannsdenkmal</i> – and also as a jocular term for (male) Germans in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befreiungshalle" title="Befreiungshalle">Befreiungshalle</a> (Kelheim, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heldenberg_Memorial" title="Heldenberg Memorial">Heldenberg Memorial</a> (Austria)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniadenkmal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaniadenkmal (page does not exist)">List of Germania statues</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniadenkmal" class="extiw" title="de:Germaniadenkmal">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">List of tallest statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederwalddenkmal" class="mw-redirect" title="Niederwalddenkmal">Niederwalddenkmal</a> (Rüdesheim, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhmeshalle_(Munich)" title="Ruhmeshalle (Munich)">Ruhmeshalle</a> (Munich, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercing%C3%A9torix_(Millet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercingétorix (Millet)">Vercingétorix monument</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walhalla_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhalla temple">Walhalla temple</a> (Regensburg, Germany)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lipperland.de/?page_id=727">"Hermannsdenkmal bei Detmold im Teutoburger Wald | lipperland |"</a>. <i>lipperland.com</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lipperland.com&rft.atitle=Hermannsdenkmal+bei+Detmold+im+Teutoburger+Wald+%7C+lipperland+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flipperland.de%2F%3Fpage_id%3D727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermannsdenkmal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Welle" class="citation web cs1">Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/unearthing-the-mysteries-of-the-battle-that-created-germany/a-39817362">"Unearthing the mysteries of the 'battle that created Germany' | DW | 25.07.2017"</a>. <i>DW.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Unearthing+the+mysteries+of+the+%27battle+that+created+Germany%27+%7C+DW+%7C+25.07.2017&rft.au=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Funearthing-the-mysteries-of-the-battle-that-created-germany%2Fa-39817362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermannsdenkmal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenario2004" class="citation journal cs1">Benario, Herbert W (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3567880">"Arminius into Hermann: History into Legend"</a>. <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 83–94 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Arminius+into+Hermann%3A+History+into+Legend&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-94&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Benario&rft.aufirst=Herbert+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3567880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermannsdenkmal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booklet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Das Hermannsdenkmal – Daten, Fakten, Hintergründe (German)</i>. Scriptorium. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-932610-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-932610-39-4"><bdi>978-3-932610-39-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Hermannsdenkmal+%E2%80%93+Daten%2C+Fakten%2C+Hintergr%C3%BCnde+%28German%29&rft.pub=Scriptorium&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-932610-39-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermannsdenkmal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightningmaps.org/extra/toplist">"Top 20 lightning densities"</a>. <i>Lightning maps</i>. Blitztong.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lightning+maps&rft.atitle=Top+20+lightning+densities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightningmaps.org%2Fextra%2Ftoplist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermannsdenkmal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andreas Dörner: <i>Politischer Mythos und Symbolische Politik. Sinnstiftung durch Symbolische Formen.</i> Opladen 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-12697-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-12697-0">3-531-12697-0</a>.</li> <li>Günter Engelbert (ed.): <i>Ein Jahrhundert Hermannsdenkmal 1875–1975.</i> Detmold 1975.</li> <li>Roswitha Kaiser: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwl.org/wafd-download/PDF/Denkmalpflege_1_07.pdf">Hermann: Denkmal, Pflege und Inszenierung.</a> (PDF; 1,4 MB)</i> In: <i>Denkmalpflege in Westfalen-Lippe.</i> 01/07. LWL, Ardey, Münster, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0947-8299">0947-8299</a>, p. 13–18</li> <li>Stephanie Lux-Althoff (ed.): <i>125 Jahre Hermannsdenkmal: Nationaldenkmale im historischen und politischen Kontext</i>. Lemgo 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9807375-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-9807375-1-9">3-9807375-1-9</a>.</li> <li>Burkhard Meier: <i>Das Hermannsdenkmal und Ernst von Bandel.</i> Detmold 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9806101-7-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-9806101-7-9">3-9806101-7-9</a>.</li> <li>Dirk Mellies: <i>„Wir kämpfen unter Hermanns Zeichen bis alle unsere Feinde bleichen“. Die politische Rezeption des Hermannsdenkmals 1914–1933.</i> in: Hermann Niebuhr und Andreas Ruppert (ed.): Krieg – Revolution – Republik. Detmold 1914–1933: Dokumentation eines stadtgeschichtlichen Projekts. Bielefeld 2006, p. 335–373, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89528-606-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89528-606-0">3-89528-606-0</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Nipperdey: <i>Nationalidee und Nationaldenkmal in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert.</i> in: <i>Historische Zeitschrift</i> 206 (1968), p. 529–585.</li> <li>Georg Nockemann: <i>Hermannsdenkmal.</i> (Lippische Sehenswürdigkeiten, Heft 3). 2. edition, Lemgo 1984.</li> <li>Imke Ritzmann: <i>Ideengeschichtliche Aspekte des Hermannsdenkmals bei Detmold.</i> in: Lippische Mitteilungen 75 (2006), p. 193–229.</li> <li>Hans Schmidt: <i>Das Hermannsdenkmal im Spiegel der Welt.</i> Detmold 1975.</li> <li>Charlotte Tacke: <i>Denkmal im sozialen Raum. Nationale Symbole in Deutschland und Frankreich im 19. Jhdt.</i>: Göttingen 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-35771-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-35771-0">3-525-35771-0</a>.</li> <li>Michael Zelle: <i>Das Hermannsdenkmal</i> (Lippische Kulturlandschaften, Heft 25). Detmold 2014</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannsdenkmal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hermannsdenkmal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hermannsdenkmal">Hermannsdenkmal</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermannsdenkmal.de">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611020540/digital.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/data/322254663/322254663_tif/jpegs/322254663.pdf">News on fundraising activity for the monument from 18 November 1838</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stadtdetmold.de/hermannsdenkmal00.html">Monument on the town of Detmold website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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