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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xianbei_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xianbei_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Xianbei Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xianbei_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Three Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Wei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Wei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Wei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Wei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinicization_and_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinicization_and_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sinicization and assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinicization_and_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaf_headdresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaf_headdresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Leaf headdresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaf_headdresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Animal iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Horses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Figurines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Buddhist influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-dynastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-dynastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pre-dynastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-dynastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixteen_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteen_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sixteen Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteen_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yan_and_Tuyuhun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yan_and_Tuyuhun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Yan and Tuyuhun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yan_and_Tuyuhun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Dai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Liang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Liang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Southern Liang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Liang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Qin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Qin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Western Qin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Qin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Northern dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sui_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sui_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Sui dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sui_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Tang dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Modern descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xianbei</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syanbil%C9%99r" title="Syanbilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Syanbilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian-pi" title="Sian-pi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sian-pi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Сиенбей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сиенбей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ژیان‌بی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژیان‌بی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAn-p%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Siên-pî-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Siên-pî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EB%B9%84%EC%A1%B1" title="선비족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선비족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="शियानबेई लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शियानबेई लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Сәнби – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәнби" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ianbai" title="Šianbai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šianbai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hszienpejek" title="Hszienpejek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hszienpejek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91" title="鮮卑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鮮卑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="شیانبیئی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیانبیئی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Сяньби – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сяньби" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0janbeji" title="Šjanbeji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šjanbeji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C" title="سیانبێی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیانبێی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Сјанбеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сјанбеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbit" title="Xianbit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xianbit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xianbei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87" title="சியான்பே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியான்பே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เซียนเปย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซียนเปย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyenpiler" title="Siyenpiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyenpiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Сяньбі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сяньбі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="شیانبئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیانبئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%AAn_Ti" title="Tiên Ti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiên Ti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91" title="鮮卑 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鮮卑" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91" title="鲜卑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲜卑" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Xianbei</div><div class="ib-country-names">鮮卑<br />Xiānbēi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">3rd century BC–3rd century AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xianbei_Confederation_c._160_AD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the Xianbei Confederation under Tanshihuai during the late 2nd century. It spanned from the Liao River in the east to the borders of the Wusun in the west. North of them were the Dingling people that resided south of Lake Baikal.[1][2][3]"><img alt="Territory of the Xianbei Confederation under Tanshihuai during the late 2nd century. It spanned from the Liao River in the east to the borders of the Wusun in the west. North of them were the Dingling people that resided south of Lake Baikal.[1][2][3]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Xianbei_Confederation_c._160_AD.png/250px-Xianbei_Confederation_c._160_AD.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Xianbei_Confederation_c._160_AD.png/375px-Xianbei_Confederation_c._160_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Xianbei_Confederation_c._160_AD.png/500px-Xianbei_Confederation_c._160_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Xianbei Confederation under <a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a> during the late 2nd century. It spanned from the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> in the east to the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> in the west. North of them were the <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> people that resided south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Mount Danhan (around present-day <a href="/wiki/Shangdu_County" title="Shangdu County">Shangdu County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Xianbei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribal</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chieftain</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 156–181 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 181–189 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Helian</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 190s </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Kuitou</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">200<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">4,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,700,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Xianbei</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">鮮卑</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">鲜卑</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xiānbēi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shianbei</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hsien<sup>1</sup>-pei<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjɛ́n.péɪ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sīn bēi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tshinn-pi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">Sjen-pjie</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*S[a]r-pe</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Xianbei</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">鲜卑</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鮮卑</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiānbēi</span></i>) were an ancient nomadic people that once resided in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeastern China</a>. The Xianbei were strongly suggested to be a multilingual, multi-ethnic confederation consisting of mainly <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a> (who spoke either pre-Proto-Mongolic,<sup id="cite_ref-Golden2013p47_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden2013p47-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Kradin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Kradin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">Para-Mongolic languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and, to a minor degree, <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Xu173179_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu173179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden2013p47_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden2013p47-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They originated from the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu people</a> who splintered into the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> and Xianbei when they were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> at the end of the third century BC. Following the split, the Xianbei people did not have a direct contact with the Han dynasty, residing to the north of the Wuhuan. In the first century BC, the Xianbei began actively engaging in the struggle between the Han and Xiongnu, culminating in the Xianbei replacing the Xiongnu on the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a> in 93 AD. </p><p>In the mid-2nd century, the chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a> unified the Xianbei and waged war against the Han dynasty. His confederation threatened the Han's northern borders for many years, but quickly disintegrated following his death in 181 AD. After suffering several defeats by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms period</a>, the Xianbei migrated south and settled in close proximity to Han society and submitted as vassals to the Chinese dynasties. As one of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a>" that settled in northern China, the Xianbei fought as auxiliaries for the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a> before eventually distancing themselves and declaring their autonomy as the Jin was pushed to the south. During the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period, the Xianbei founded several short-lived states in the north and established themselves on the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017502_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017502-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Xianbei were at one point all subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin dynasty</a> before it fell apart not long after its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a> by the Eastern Jin. In the wake of the Former Qin's collapse, the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei dynasty">Northern Wei dynasty</a> and eventually reunited northern China, ushering China into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a>, all of which were either led or heavily influenced by the Xianbei, opposed and promoted <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> at one point or another but trended towards the latter and had merged with the general Chinese population by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlThe_Sixteen_States_of_the_Five_Barbarian_Peoples_五胡十六國_(www.chinaknowledge.de)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlThe_Sixteen_States_of_the_Five_Barbarian_Peoples_五胡十六國_(www.chinaknowledge.de)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gernet_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tanigawa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanigawa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Veer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Veer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> also arranged for ethnic Han elites to marry daughters of the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> imperial clan in the 480s.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson1991_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a> who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_Xianbei_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_Xianbei_warrior.jpg/220px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_Xianbei_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_Xianbei_warrior.jpg/330px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_Xianbei_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_Xianbei_warrior.jpg/440px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_Xianbei_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="3481" /></a><figcaption>Figure of a Xianbei warrior from the Northern dynasties (286–581) era. The figure wear a covered "wind hat", trousers, short upper tunic, and a cape tied around the neck, designed to protect against the wind and dust.</figcaption></figure> <p>Paul Pelliot tentatively reconstructs the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a> pronunciation of 鮮卑 as */serbi/, from *<b>Särpi</b>, after noting that Chinese scribes used 鮮 to transcribe Middle Persian <b>sēr</b> (<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">lion</a>) and 卑 to transcribe foreign syllable /pi/; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> गोपी <i>gopī</i> "milkmaid, cowherdess" became Middle Chinese 瞿卑 (<i>ɡɨo-piᴇ</i>) (> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mand.</a> <i>qúbēi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Toh_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toh-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Schuessler, however, the Eastern Han Chinese pronunciation of 鮮卑 is /sian pie/, and he does not reconstruct syllables ending in <i>-r</i> for this stage. He reconstructed the Later Han pronunciation of 室韋 as /śit wui/.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuessler2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuessler2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the one hand, <b>*Särpi</b> may be linked to the Mongolic root <i>*ser</i> ~<i>*sir</i> which means "crest, bristle, sticking out, projecting, etc." (cf. <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha</a> сэрвэн <i>serven</i>), possibly referring to the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_horse" title="Mongolian horse">Xianbei's horses</a> (semantically analogous with the Turkic ethnonym <i>Yabaqu</i> < <i>Yapağu</i> 'matted hair or wool', later 'a matted-haired animal, i.e. a colt')<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i> stated that before becoming an ethnonym, Xianbei had been a toponym, referring to the Great Xianbei mountains (大鮮卑山), which is now identified as the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a> range (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">大兴安岭</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">大興安嶺</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà Xīng'ān Lǐng</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shimunek (2018) reconstructs *<i>serbi</i> for Xiānbēi and *<i>širwi</i> for 室韋 <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shìwéi</a> < MC <i>*ɕiɪt̚-ɦʉi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paintings_on_north_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Paintings_on_north_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/250px-Paintings_on_north_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Paintings_on_north_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/375px-Paintings_on_north_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Paintings_on_north_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/500px-Paintings_on_north_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paintings_on_east_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Paintings_on_east_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/250px-Paintings_on_east_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Paintings_on_east_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/375px-Paintings_on_east_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Paintings_on_east_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/500px-Paintings_on_east_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/250px-Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/375px-Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/500px-Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Mural paintings of court life in Xu Xianxiu's Tomb, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Qi dynasty">Northern Qi dynasty</a>, 571 AD, located in <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> province</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a> contains early mentions of Xianbei, as in the poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Summons" title="The Great Summons">The Great Summons</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大招</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dà zhāo</i></span>) in the anthology <a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Verses of Chu</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly the chapter "Discourses of Jin 8" in <a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Discourses of the States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Donghu "Eastern Barbarians" were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> around 208 BC, the Donghu splintered into the Xianbei and Wuhuan.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i>, "the language and culture of the Xianbei are the same as the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first significant contact the Xianbei had with the Han dynasty was in 41 and 45, when they joined the Wuhuan and Xiongnu in raiding Han territory.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge.de_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge.de-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 49, the governor Ji Tong convinced the Xianbei chieftain Pianhe to turn on the Xiongnu with rewards for each Xiongnu head they collected.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge.de_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge.de-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 54, Yuchouben and Mantou of the Xianbei paid tribute to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu of Han</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071016_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071016-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 58, the Xianbei chieftain Pianhe attacked and killed Xinzhiben, a Wuhuan leader causing trouble in <a href="/wiki/Yuyang_Commandery" title="Yuyang Commandery">Yuyang Commandery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007899_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007899-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 85, the Xianbei secured an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xiongnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Xiongnu">Southern Xiongnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge.de_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge.de-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 87, the Xianbei attacked the Xiongnu <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Youliu" title="Youliu">Youliu</a> and killed him. They flayed him and his followers and took the skins back as trophies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007991_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007991-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 93, as the Northern Xiongnu were forced to the northwest by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, the Xianbei began occupying the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>, absorbing 100,000 Xiongnu tribes and increasing their strength. </p><p>In 109, the Wuhuan and Xianbei attacked <a href="/wiki/Wuyuan_Commandery" title="Wuyuan Commandery">Wuyuan Commandery</a> and defeated local Han forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007782_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007782-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xiongnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Xiongnu">Southern Xiongnu</a> chanyu <a href="/wiki/Wanshishizhudi" title="Wanshishizhudi">Wanshishizhudi</a> rebelled against the Han and attacked the Emissary Geng Chong but failed to oust him. Han forces under <a href="/wiki/Geng_Kui" title="Geng Kui">Geng Kui</a> retaliated and defeated a force of 3,000 Xiongnu but could not take the Southern Xiongnu capital due to disease among the horses of their Xianbei allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007782_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007782-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Xianbei under Qizhijian raided Han territory four times from 121 to 138.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 145, the Xianbei raided <a href="/wiki/Dai_Commandery" title="Dai Commandery">Dai Commandery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosmo2009106_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosmo2009106-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xianbei_Confederation">Xianbei Confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Xianbei Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a></div><p> Around the mid-2nd century, a chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a>, unified the Xianbei tribes and established an imperial court at Mount Danhan (彈汗山; in present-day <a href="/wiki/Shangdu_County" title="Shangdu County">Shangdu County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>). Under Tanshihuai, the Xianbei attacked the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> in the west and repelled the <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> from the north and <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> from the east. He divided the Xianbei empire into three sections, each governed by an appointed chieftain.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tanshihuai of the Xianbei divided his territory into three sections: the eastern, the middle and the western. From the <a href="/wiki/You_Beiping" class="mw-redirect" title="You Beiping">You Beiping</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a>, connecting the Fuyu and Mo to the east, it was the eastern section. There were more than twenty counties. The darens (chiefs) (of this section) were called Mijia 彌加, Queji 闕機, Suli 素利 and Huaitou 槐頭. From the You Beiping to Shanggu to the west, it was the middle section. There were more than ten counties. The darens of this section were called Kezui 柯最, Queju 闕居, Murong 慕容, et al. From Shanggu to Dunhuang, connecting the Wusun to the west, it was the western section. There were more than twenty counties. The darens (of this section) were called Zhijian Luoluo 置鞬落羅, Rilü Tuiyan 曰律推演, Yanliyou 宴荔游, et al. These chiefs were all subordinate to Tanshihuai.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>Throughout his reign, Tanshihuai aggressively raided the Han dynasty's northern borders, with his first recorded raid being in 156. In 166, he even allied with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xiongnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Xiongnu">Southern Xiongnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. These raids devastated the border commanderies and claimed many lives. Though the Han was able to repel them at times, they were concerned that they would not be able to subdue Tanshihuai. The Han attempted to appease him by offering him the title of King, but Tanshihuai rejected them and continued to harass their borders. </p><p>In 177, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yu_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xia Yu (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Xia Yu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Yan_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Yan (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Tian Yan</a> and the Southern Xiongnu <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tute_Ruoshi_Zhujiu" title="Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu">Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu</a> led a force of 30,000 against the Xianbei. They were defeated and returned with only one-tenth of their original forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosmo2009107_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosmo2009107-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorial made that year records that the Xianbei had taken all the lands previously held by the Xiongnu and their warriors numbered 100,000. Han deserters who sought refuge in their lands served as their advisers and refined metals as well as wrought iron came into their possession. Their weapons were sharper and their horses faster than those of the Xiongnu. Another memorial submitted in 185 states that the Xianbei were making raids on Han settlements nearly every year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2008445_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2008445-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the constant raids, the loose Xianbei confederacy lacked the organization of the Xiongnu empire, and they were struggling to sustain their growing population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017401_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017401-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanshihuai died in 181 and was succeeded by his son, Helian, but he lacked his father's abilities and was killed in a raid on <a href="/wiki/Beidi_Commandery" title="Beidi Commandery">Beidi</a> during the last years of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han" title="Emperor Ling of Han">Emperor Ling of Han</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007320_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007320-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helian's son, Qianman was too young at the time of his father's death, so the chieftains elected his nephew, Kuitou, to succeed him. Once Qianman came of age, however, he challenged his cousin to succession, destroying the last vestiges of unity among the Xianbei. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_broadsword,_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_(206_BCE_to_220_CE),_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu,_Jilin_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Iron_broadsword%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg/220px-Iron_broadsword%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Iron_broadsword%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg/330px-Iron_broadsword%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Iron_broadsword%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg/440px-Iron_broadsword%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3315" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Iron broadsword, Xianbei nation during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BCE to 220 CE), from a Xianbei tomb in <a href="/wiki/Yushu,_Jilin" title="Yushu, Jilin">Yushu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilin Province">Jilin Province</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Three Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kebineng" title="Kebineng">Kebineng</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_fasteners,_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_(206_BCE_to_220_CE),_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu,_Jilin_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Belt_fasteners%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg/220px-Belt_fasteners%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Belt_fasteners%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg/330px-Belt_fasteners%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Belt_fasteners%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg/440px-Belt_fasteners%2C_Xianbei_nation_during_the_Han_dynasty_%28206_BCE_to_220_CE%29%2C_from_Xianbei_tomb_in_Yushu%2C_Jilin_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption>Han-era Xianbei belt fasteners from a Xianbei tomb in Yushu, Jilin</figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Jian%27an_(Eastern_Han)" title="Jian'an (Eastern Han)">Jian'an era</a> (196–220), the Xianbei had split into many different groups, most notably with Kuitou ruling in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebineng" title="Kebineng">Kebineng</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, and Suli and Mijia in northern <a href="/wiki/Liaodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaodong">Liaodong</a>. Following his death, Kuitou's brothers <a href="/wiki/Budugen" title="Budugen">Budugen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuluohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuluohan (page does not exist)">Fuluohan</a> succeeded him. After <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Wolf_Mountain" title="Battle of White Wolf Mountain">Battle of White Wolf Mountain</a> in 207, Budugen, Fuluohan, Kebineng and others paid tribute to him. In 218, Fuluohan met with the Wuhuan chieftain Nengchendi to form an alliance, but Nengchendi double crossed him and called in Kebineng, who killed Fuluohan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007237_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007237-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budugen went to the court of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> in 224 to ask for assistance against Kebineng, but he eventually betrayed them and allied with Kebineng in 233. Kebineng killed Budugen soon afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny200725_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny200725-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebineng was from a minor Xianbei tribe. He rose to power west of <a href="/wiki/Dai_Commandery" title="Dai Commandery">Dai Commandery</a> by taking in a number of Chinese refugees, who helped him drill his soldiers and make weapons. After the defeat of the Wuhuan in 207, he also sent tribute to Cao Cao, and even provided assistance against the rebel Tian Yin. In 218 he allied himself to the Wuhuan rebel Nengchendi but they were heavily defeated and forced back across the frontier by <a href="/wiki/Cao_Zhang" title="Cao Zhang">Cao Zhang</a>. In 220, he acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Cao_Pi" title="Cao Pi">Cao Pi</a> as emperor of Cao Wei. Eventually, he turned on the Wei for frustrating his advances on Suli. Kebineng conducted raids on Cao Wei before he was killed in 235, after which his confederacy disintegrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007289_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007289-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xianbei_post_3K_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Xianbei_post_3K_%282024%29.png/220px-Xianbei_post_3K_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Xianbei_post_3K_%282024%29.png/330px-Xianbei_post_3K_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Xianbei_post_3K_%282024%29.png/440px-Xianbei_post_3K_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of major Xianbei clans in the early 4th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (July 2024)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the Xianbei tribes migrated south and settled on the borders of the Wei-Jin dynasties, where they often offered their submission. In 258, the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> tribe settled in the abandoned city of <a href="/wiki/Shengle" title="Shengle">Shengle</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Yin_Mountains" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017502_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017502-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of them, the <a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a> tribe settled between the <a href="/wiki/Luan_River" title="Luan River">Luan River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Liucheng</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> tribe were allowed to move deeper into <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a> tribe was founded in <a href="/wiki/Liaoxi_Commandery" title="Liaoxi Commandery">Liaoxi</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a> by a Xianbei ex-slave along with a group of exiles. In the west, an offshoot of the Murong moved into northern <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and mixed with the native <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang people</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge.de_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge.de-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qifu tribe settled near the <a href="/wiki/Longxi_Commandery" title="Longxi Commandery">Longxi basin</a>, while a branch of the Tuoba, the Tufa tribe, roamed the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi corridor</a>. In 270, the Tufa chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Tufa_Shujineng" title="Tufa Shujineng">Tufa Shujineng</a>, led the various ethnic tribes in the northwest in a <a href="/wiki/Tufa_Shujineng%27s_Rebellion" title="Tufa Shujineng's Rebellion">rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%ADn_Prefecture" title="Qín Prefecture">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liang_Province" title="Liang Province">Liang</a> provinces but was defeated in 279 by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Long_(Jin_dynasty)" title="Ma Long (Jin dynasty)">Ma Long</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Wei">Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Wei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Wei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Horse_%26_Rider.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Horse_%26_Rider.jpg/220px-Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Horse_%26_Rider.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Horse_%26_Rider.jpg/330px-Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Horse_%26_Rider.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Horse_%26_Rider.jpg/440px-Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Horse_%26_Rider.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Northern dynasties horseman</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Wei_Cavalry_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Northern_Wei_Cavalry_%284%29.jpg/220px-Northern_Wei_Cavalry_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Northern_Wei_Cavalry_%284%29.jpg/330px-Northern_Wei_Cavalry_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Northern_Wei_Cavalry_%284%29.jpg/440px-Northern_Wei_Cavalry_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Northern Wei cavalry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinastia_wei_del_nord,_due_cavalieri,_cina_del_nord,_500-550_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dinastia_wei_del_nord%2C_due_cavalieri%2C_cina_del_nord%2C_500-550_ca..JPG/220px-Dinastia_wei_del_nord%2C_due_cavalieri%2C_cina_del_nord%2C_500-550_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dinastia_wei_del_nord%2C_due_cavalieri%2C_cina_del_nord%2C_500-550_ca..JPG/330px-Dinastia_wei_del_nord%2C_due_cavalieri%2C_cina_del_nord%2C_500-550_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dinastia_wei_del_nord%2C_due_cavalieri%2C_cina_del_nord%2C_500-550_ca..JPG/440px-Dinastia_wei_del_nord%2C_due_cavalieri%2C_cina_del_nord%2C_500-550_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1723" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Northern Wei cavalry</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes</a>, the Xianbei of the northeast, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a>, were brought in to fight in the civil wars of the Jin princes and played a deciding factor in the wars. When the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> rebelled and founded the <a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao dynasty</a>, the Tuoba offered their assistance to Jin to fight the rebels. The Jin were heavily reliant on the Xianbei's military force as they gradually lost the north during the <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a>. For their services, the Duan and Tuoba were granted the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Liaoxi_Commandery" title="Liaoxi Commandery">Liaoxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dai_Commandery" title="Dai Commandery">Dai</a>, respectively. However, for varying reasons, most of the Xianbei eventually withdrew from the conflict, allowing the remnants of Jin to be quickly overwhelmed. Mass number of Chinese officers, soldiers and civilians fled south to join the Eastern Jin or north to join the Xianbei duchies. </p><p>The Xianbei founded several of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> in northern China. The <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a> were the most notable clan of this period. Having adopted the Jin governing system and customs, they rose to prominence during the fall of Western Jin by providing refuge and cooperating closely with the Chinese exiles, eventually establishing Xianbei rule over the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a> after they defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> in 352. They founded the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> (337–370), <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> (384–407) and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> (398–410), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> (384–394; not listed among the Sixteen Kingdoms). The Murong dominated the northeast and at one point vied to unify China, but fell short due to family infighting, corruption and weak rulers. Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, the Qifu established the <a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a> (385–431) while the Tufa established the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a> (397–414). </p><p>The Tuoba retained their fiefdom of <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a> (310–376), which was elevated to a kingdom in 315, before they were eventually conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin dynasty</a>. With the fall of Dai, northern China was briefly unified under the Qin, but as they rapidly collapsed following a disastrous defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a> in 383, the Tuoba restored their state as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a> (386–535), becoming the first of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a> (386–581). The Northern Wei grew in power after they defeated and supplanted the Later Yan on the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a>. In 439, they conquered the last of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a>, thereby unifying the north and completing the transition into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeltBuckleXianbei3-4thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BeltBuckleXianbei3-4thcentury.jpg/220px-BeltBuckleXianbei3-4thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BeltBuckleXianbei3-4thcentury.jpg/330px-BeltBuckleXianbei3-4thcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BeltBuckleXianbei3-4thcentury.jpg/440px-BeltBuckleXianbei3-4thcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Xianbei belt buckles, 3–4th century AD</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinicization_and_assimilation">Sinicization and assimilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sinicization and assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei</a></div> <p>The Northern Wei unification was long-lasting and brought a period of relative peace to the north in the wake of the chaotic Sixteen Kingdoms period. The Xianbei had naturally been in the process of <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> since they first entered the Chinese interior, but this process became systemic during the late Northern Wei period. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei</a> established a policy of systematic sinicization that was continued by his successors and largely abandoned Xianbei traditions. The royal family took sinicization a step further by decreeing the <a href="/wiki/Change_of_Xianbei_names_to_Han_names" title="Change of Xianbei names to Han names">change of Xianbei names to Han names</a>, even changing their own family name from Tuoba to Yuan. Xiaowen also moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> in the Chinese heartlands away from <a href="/wiki/Pingcheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingcheng">Pingcheng</a> near the northern frontiers. While the population in Luoyang were open to accepting the policies, the population near the old capital were more conservative and held on to their Xianbei culture. </p><p>Marriages to Han elite families were encouraged, and the Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the Xianbei <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> royal family in the 480s.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson1991_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a> who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei</a> were married to Han Chinese elites, the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a> royal Liu Hui (劉輝), married Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主) of the Northern Wei,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Princess Huayang (華陽公主) to Sima Fei (司馬朏), a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a> royalty, Princess Jinan (濟南公主) to Lu Daoqian (盧道虔), Princess Nanyang (南陽長公主) to <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Baoyin" title="Xiao Baoyin">Xiao Baoyin</a> (蕭寶寅), a member of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a> royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozhuang_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei's</a> sister the Shouyang Princess was wedded to the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu of Liang</a>'s son Xiao Zong (蕭綜).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Six_Frontier_Towns" title="Six Frontier Towns">Six Frontier Towns Rebellion</a> and the events that followed, the Northern Wei split into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a> (534–550) and <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a> (535–556) before becoming the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> (550–577) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> (557–581) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chaos allowed the Xianbei frontier nobility to enter the Central Plains and give pushback on the Wei's sinicization policies. The Northern Qi was ruled by the Gao clan, a Xianbeified Han Chinese family who relied on the Xianbei elites and favoured their traditions. Meanwhile, the Northern Zhou was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a> clan of Xianbei ethnicity. Ruling over a predominantly Chinese population, the military reforms of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou saw an attempt to revive the Xianbei warrior culture, which includes reverting the sinicized names of the Northern Wei and rewarding Han Chinese officers with Xianbei names. The Prime Minister of Northern Zhou, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Yang Jian</a>, later had these names restored back to Han names. </p><p>In 581, Yang Jian founded the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618) and unified China in 589 after absorbing the <a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen dynasty</a> (557–589). When the Sui came to an end amidst peasant <a href="/wiki/Rebellions" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions">rebellions</a> and renegade troops, his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Li Yuan</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907). Both Sui and Tang were founded by families who identified with their Han Chinese lineage, and were backed by an alliance of Chinese and Xianbei nobles from the Northern Zhou who sought to protect their common interest.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through these political establishments, the Xianbei who entered China and their culture were largely merged with the Chinese, examples such as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu of Tang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Taimu" title="Empress Taimu">Duchess Dou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a>'s wife, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a>, both have Xianbei ancestries,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those who remained behind in the northern grassland evolved into tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>. </p><p>In the West, the Xianbei kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> remained independent until it was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> in 670. After the fall of the kingdom, the Xianbei people underwent a diaspora over a vast territory that stretched from the northwest into central and eastern parts of China. <a href="/wiki/Murong_Nuohebo" title="Murong Nuohebo">Murong Nuohebo</a> led the Tuyuhun people eastward into central China, where they settled in modern <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>, Ningxia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic base of the Xianbei was <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> combined with agricultural practice. They were the first to develop the <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanate</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-Wittfogel_1949_p._1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittfogel_1949_p._1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which formation of social classes deepened, and developments also occurred in their literacy, arts and culture. They used a zodiac calendar and favoured song and music. <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> were the main religions among the Xianbei people. After they abandoned the frigid north and migrated into <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">Northern China</a>, they gradually abandoned nomadic lifestyle and were <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicized</a> and assimilated with the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen</a> of the Xianbei-led state of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> in northern China, eventually decreed the <a href="/wiki/Change_of_Xianbei_names_to_Han_names" title="Change of Xianbei names to Han names">changes of Xianbei names to Han names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Tanshihuai, the Xianbei did not have a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary system</a>, and their chieftains were chosen by electing a member of their tribe based on their character and abilities. Even as they established their states on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plains (China)">Central Plains</a> and adopted the Chinese hereditary system, influential brothers, uncles and cousins of the Xianbei rulers often posed as rival claimants to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_gold_horse_head_ornament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_gold_horse_head_ornament.jpg/220px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_gold_horse_head_ornament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_gold_horse_head_ornament.jpg/330px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_gold_horse_head_ornament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_gold_horse_head_ornament.jpg/440px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_gold_horse_head_ornament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>Xianbei head ornament with horse motif. Northern dynasties (A.D. 386 – 581)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HearingsNorthernWei5thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HearingsNorthernWei5thcentury.jpg/220px-HearingsNorthernWei5thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HearingsNorthernWei5thcentury.jpg/330px-HearingsNorthernWei5thcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HearingsNorthernWei5thcentury.jpg/440px-HearingsNorthernWei5thcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> earrings. Northern Wei dynasty, 5th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Art of the Xianbei portrayed their nomadic lifestyle and consisted primarily of metalwork and figurines. The style and subjects of Xianbei art were influenced by a variety of influences, and ultimately, the Xianbei were known for emphasizing unique nomadic motifs in artistic advancements such as leaf headdresses, crouching and geometricized animals depictions, animal pendant necklaces, and metal <a href="/wiki/Openwork" title="Openwork">openwork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dawn_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaf_headdresses">Leaf headdresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leaf headdresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buyao" title="Buyao">Buyao</a></div> <p>The leaf headdresses were very characteristic of Xianbei culture, and they are found especially in Murong Xianbei tombs. Their corresponding ornamental style also links the Xianbei to Bactria. These gold hat ornaments represented trees and antlers and, in Chinese, they are referred to as buyao ("step sway") since the thin metal leaves move when the wearer moves. Sun Guoping first uncovered this type of artifact, and defined three main styles: "Blossoming Tree" (huashu), which is mounted on the front of a cap near the forehead and has one or more branches with hanging leaves that are circle or droplet shaped, "Blossoming Top" (dinghua), which is worn on top of the head and resembles a tree or animal with many leaf pendants, and the rare "Blossoming Vine" (huaman), which consists of "gold strips interwoven with wires with leaves."<sup id="cite_ref-leaves_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaves-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaf headdresses were made with hammered gold and decorated by punching out designs and hanging the leaf pendants with wire. The exact origin, use, and wear of these headdresses is still being investigated and determined. However, headdresses similar to those later also existed and were worn by women in the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-dawn_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leaves_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaves-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_iconography">Animal iconography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Animal iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Horse_plaque,_Xianbei_culture,_Inner_Mongolia_province,_China,_Eastern_Han_dynasty,_1st_century_BC_to_1st_century_AD,_silver_repousse_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland,_Oregon_-_DSC08648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flying_Horse_plaque%2C_Xianbei_culture%2C_Inner_Mongolia_province%2C_China%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_1st_century_BC_to_1st_century_AD%2C_silver_repousse_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland%2C_Oregon_-_DSC08648.jpg/260px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flying_Horse_plaque%2C_Xianbei_culture%2C_Inner_Mongolia_province%2C_China%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_1st_century_BC_to_1st_century_AD%2C_silver_repousse_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland%2C_Oregon_-_DSC08648.jpg/390px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flying_Horse_plaque%2C_Xianbei_culture%2C_Inner_Mongolia_province%2C_China%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_1st_century_BC_to_1st_century_AD%2C_silver_repousse_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland%2C_Oregon_-_DSC08648.jpg/520px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Flying Horse plaque, Xianbei culture, Inner Mongolia province, China. 1st century BC to 1st century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another key form of Xianbei art is animal iconography, which was implemented primarily in metalwork. The Xianbei stylistically portrayed crouching animals in geometricized, abstracted, repeated forms, and distinguished their culture and art by depicting animal predation and same-animal combat. Typically, sheep, deer, and horses were illustrated. The artifacts, usually plaques or pendants, were made from metal, and the backgrounds were decorated with openwork or mountainous landscapes, which harks back to the Xianbei nomadic lifestyle. With repeated animal imagery, an openwork background, and a rectangular frame, the included image of the three deer plaque is a paradigm of the Xianbei art style. Concave plaque backings imply that plaques were made using <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a>, or raised designs were impressed on the back of hammered metal sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-nomadic_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomadic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horses">Horses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nomadic traditions of the Xianbei inspired them to portray horses in their artwork. The horse played a large role in the existence of the Xianbei as a nomadic people, and in one tomb, a horse skull lay atop Xianbei bells, buckles, ornaments, a saddle, and one gilded bronze stirrup.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Xianbei not only created art for their horses, but they also made art to depict horses. Another recurring motif was the winged horse. It has been suggested by archaeologist Su Bai that this symbol was a "heavenly beast in the shape of a horse" because of its prominence in Xianbei mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-nomadic_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomadic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This symbol is thought to have guided an early Xianbei southern migration, and is a recurring image in many Xianbei art forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figurines">Figurines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Figurines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xianbei figurines help to portray the people of the society by representing pastimes, depicting specialized clothing, and implying various beliefs. Most figurines have been recovered from Xianbei tombs, so they are primarily military and musical figures meant to serve the deceased in afterlife processions and guard their tomb. Furthermore, the figurine clothing specifies the according social statuses: higher-ranking Xianbei wore long-sleeved robes with a straight neck shirt underneath, while lower-ranking Xianbei wore trousers and belted tunics.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_influences">Buddhist influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhist influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xianbei Buddhist influences were derived from interactions with Han culture. The Han bureaucrats initially helped the Xianbei run their state, but eventually the Xianbei became Sinophiles and promoted Buddhism. The beginning of this conversion is evidenced by the Buddha imagery that emerges in Xianbei art. For instance, the included Buddha imprinted leaf headdress perfectly represents the Xianbei conversion and Buddhist synthesis since it combines both the traditional nomadic Xianbei leaf headdress with the new imagery of Buddha. This Xianbei religious conversion continued to develop in the Northern Wei dynasty, and ultimately led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes" title="Yungang Grottoes">Yungang Grottoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dawn_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">Para-Mongolic languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Xianbei</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Serbi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Xianbei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Xianbei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century AD</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">Para-Mongolic</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-Shimunek2017_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimunek2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Xianbei</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Li_Xian,_panel_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_panel_1.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_panel_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_panel_1.jpg/255px-Tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_panel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_panel_1.jpg/340px-Tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_panel_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the Tuoba-Xianbei <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> general <a href="/wiki/Li_Xian_(Northern_Zhou_general)" title="Li Xian (Northern Zhou general)">Li Xian</a> (504–569 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Xianbei are thought to have spoken <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Mongolic">Para-Mongolic</a> languages, with early and substantial <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> influences, as Claus Schönig asserts: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Xianbei derived from the context of the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a>, who are likely to have contained the linguistic ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. Later branches and descendants of the Xianbei include the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tabghach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>, who seem to have been linguistically Para-Mongolic. [...] Opinions differ widely as to what the linguistic impact of the Xianbei period was. Some scholars (like Clauson) have preferred to regard the Xianbei and Tabghach (Tuoba) as Turks, with the implication that the entire layer of early Turkic borrowings in Mongolic would have been received from the Xianbei, rather than from the Xiongnu. However, since the Mongolic (or Para-Mongolic) identity of the Xianbei is increasingly obvious in the light of recent progress in <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a> studies, it is more reasonable to assume (with Doerfer) that the flow of linguistic influence from Turkic into Mongolic was at least partly reversed during the Xianbei period, yielding the first identifiable layer of Mongolic (or Para-Mongolic) loanwords in Turkic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It is also possible that the Xianbei spoke more than one language.<sup id="cite_ref-Holcombe_Xianbei_in_Chinese_History_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holcombe_Xianbei_in_Chinese_History-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shimunek2018_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimunek2018-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xu173179_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu173179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golden2013p47_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden2013p47-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are no remaining works written in Xianbei, which are thought to have been written using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. Only a few words remain, such as 啊干 'elder brother'.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xianbei_warrior_horsemen_armed_with_long_bows._Northern_Qi_dynasty_(%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A_550%E2%80%93577_CE),_Taiyuan,_Shanxi_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Xianbei_warrior_horsemen_armed_with_long_bows._Northern_Qi_dynasty_%28%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A_550%E2%80%93577_CE%29%2C_Taiyuan%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg/330px-Xianbei_warrior_horsemen_armed_with_long_bows._Northern_Qi_dynasty_%28%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A_550%E2%80%93577_CE%29%2C_Taiyuan%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Xianbei_warrior_horsemen_armed_with_long_bows._Northern_Qi_dynasty_%28%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A_550%E2%80%93577_CE%29%2C_Taiyuan%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg/495px-Xianbei_warrior_horsemen_armed_with_long_bows._Northern_Qi_dynasty_%28%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A_550%E2%80%93577_CE%29%2C_Taiyuan%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Xianbei_warrior_horsemen_armed_with_long_bows._Northern_Qi_dynasty_%28%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A_550%E2%80%93577_CE%29%2C_Taiyuan%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg/660px-Xianbei_warrior_horsemen_armed_with_long_bows._Northern_Qi_dynasty_%28%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A_550%E2%80%93577_CE%29%2C_Taiyuan%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Xianbei warrior horsemen armed with long bows. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> dynasty (北齊 550–577 CE), Taiyuan, Shanxi Province.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Du, et al. (2024), some historians believe that the Xianbei could have had "exotic" features such as high nose bridges, blond hair and thick beards. However, other scholars have suggested the appearance of the Xianbei was not dramatically different from modern East Asians. A genetic analysis of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou">Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou</a> revealed that he had an East Asian appearance, consistent with the hypothesis that the Xianbei were primarily of East Asian appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Du_Zhu_Qiao_Zhang_2024_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du_Zhu_Qiao_Zhang_2024-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yellow hair in Chinese sources could have meant brown rather than blonde and described other people such as the Jie rather than the Xianbei. Historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Edward H. Schafer</a> believes many of the Xianbei were blondes, but others such as Charles Holcombe think it is "likely that the bulk of the Xianbei were not visibly very different in appearance from the general population of northeastern Asia."<sup id="cite_ref-Holcombe_Xianbei_in_Chinese_History_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holcombe_Xianbei_in_Chinese_History-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese anthropologist Zhu Hong and Zhang Quan-chao studied Xianbei crania from several sites of Inner Mongolia and noticed that anthropological features of studied Xianbei crania show that the racial type is closely related to the modern East-Asians, and some physical characteristics of those skulls are closer to modern Mongols, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people#Genetics" title="Donghu people">Donghu people § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate#Genetics" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu#Genetics" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns#Genetics" title="Huns">Huns § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Genetics" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gokt%C3%BCrks#Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Goktürks">Goktürks § Genetics</a></div> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_FEBS_Journal" title="The FEBS Journal">The FEBS Journal</a></i> in October 2006 examined the <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> of 21 Tuoba Xianbei buried at the Qilang Mountain Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, China. The 21 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup O (mtDNA)">O</a> (9 samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D</a> (7 samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C</a> (5 samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup B (mtDNA)">B</a> (2 samples) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.20066244Table_1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.20066244Table_1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These haplogroups are characteristic of Northeast Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.20066244_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.20066244-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among modern populations they were found to be most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.20066242,_6244–6245_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.20066242,_6244–6245-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study published in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Journal_of_Genetics" title="Russian Journal of Genetics">Russian Journal of Genetics</a> in April 2014 examined the mtDNA of 17 Tuoba Xianbei buried at the Shangdu Dongdajing cemetery in Inner Mongolia, China. The 17 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)#D4" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D4</a> (four samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)#D5'6" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D5</a> (three samples), C (five samples), A (three samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup G (mtDNA)">G</a> and B.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.2014310Table_2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.2014310Table_2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i> in November 2007 examined 17 individuals buried at a <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> Xianbei cemetery in Lamadong, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, China ca. 300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang_al.2007404_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang_al.2007404-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were determined to be carriers of the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1b1</a>, D (three samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup F (mtDNA)">F1a</a> (three samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M</a>, B, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup B (mtDNA)">B5b</a>, C (three samples) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup G (mtDNA)">G2a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang_al.2007408Table_3_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang_al.2007408Table_3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These haplogroups are common among East Asians and some Siberians. The maternal haplogroups of the Murong Xianbei were noticeably different from those of the Huns and Tuoba Xianbei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang_al.2007404_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang_al.2007404-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study published in the <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i> in August 2018 noted that the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">haplogroup C2b1a1b</a> has been detected among the Xianbei and the <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>, and was probably an important lineage among the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A full genome analysis published in November 2023 analyzed the genomic data of nine Xianbei individuals (ca. 200 CE to 300 CE), together with previous published Xianbei samples, covering almost the entire period of Xianbei as well as pre- and post-Xianbei periods, and found that the Xianbei displayed a homogenous population with nearly exclusive <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a> ancestry. The authors further remark that these results are consistent with an <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur River region</a>, specifically around the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan mountain range area</a>, origin for the ancestral Xianbei population. Early Xianbei did not display signs of admixture from surrounding groups, while later Xianbei displayed limited amounts of admixture with "late Xiongnu-<a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian-like</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> ("Yellow River farmer-like") groups. Later Xianbei in Northern China adopted an agricultural lifestyle and mixed with the local population, contributing to the genetic history of Northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2024 study on Xianbei remains, including the remains of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou">Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou</a>, found them to be derived primarily from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asians</a> at c. 62–96%, with a lower amount of admixture from Neolithic 'Yellow River farmers' (associated with <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>) at c. 4–32%. <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herder</a> ancestry was only found at low amounts or absent entirely among the different Xianbei remains (average at c. 2–7%). The analysed Xianbei remains display their closest genetic affinities to ancient <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe people</a>, as well as modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a>. The amount of Ancient Northeast Asian and Yellow River farmer ancestries varied depending on geographic location, suggesting a form of heterogeneity among the ancient Xianbei. In contrast to the Xianbei, the early <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> ruling class, the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a>, was found to be nearly entirely derived from Ancient Northeast Asians without significant Yellow River ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2168px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_01_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Qi hunting scene"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_01_large.jpg/2160px-Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_01_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="2160" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_01_large.jpg/3240px-Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_01_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_01_large.jpg/4320px-Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_01_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="24256" data-file-height="2808" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_01_large.jpg" title="File:Tomb of Northern Qi Dynasty in Jiuyuangang, Xinzhou, Mural 01 large.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> hunting scene</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1660px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_02_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Qi hunting scene"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_02_large.jpg/1652px-Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_02_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="1652" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_02_large.jpg/2478px-Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_02_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_02_large.jpg/3304px-Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang%2C_Xinzhou%2C_Mural_02_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="18703" data-file-height="2831" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_02_large.jpg" title="File:Tomb of Northern Qi Dynasty in Jiuyuangang, Xinzhou, Mural 02 large.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> hunting scene</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_female_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_female_warrior.jpg/220px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_female_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_female_warrior.jpg/330px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_female_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_female_warrior.jpg/440px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_figure_of_a_female_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Female Xianbei figure</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-dynastic">Pre-dynastic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pre-dynastic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a> (檀石槐, 136–181), Xianbei leader who led the Xianbei confederation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebineng" title="Kebineng">Kebineng</a> (軻比能, died 235), Xianbei chieftain who lived during the late <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Shujineng" title="Tufa Shujineng">Tufa Shujineng</a> (禿髮樹機能, died 279), Xianbei chieftain who lived during the Three Kingdoms period</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteen_Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sixteen Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yan_and_Tuyuhun">Yan and Tuyuhun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Yan and Tuyuhun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Hui" title="Murong Hui">Murong Hui</a> (慕容廆, 269–333), chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong tribe</a> and Duke of Liaodong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Tuyuhun" class="mw-redirect" title="Murong Tuyuhun">Murong Tuyuhun</a> (慕容吐谷渾, 246–317), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a> (慕容皝, 297–348), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a> (慕容垂, 326–396), a general of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Ke" title="Murong Ke">Murong Ke</a> (慕容恪, died 367), a general and statesman of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chong" title="Murong Chong">Murong Chong</a> (慕容沖, 359–386) second ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a> (慕容德, 336–405), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dai">Dai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu" title="Tuoba Yilu">Tuoba Yilu</a> (拓跋猗盧, died 316), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Dai">Tuoba Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Shiyijian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Shiyijian">Tuoba Shiyiqian</a> (拓跋什翼犍, 320–376), last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Dai">Tuoba Dai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Liang">Southern Liang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Southern Liang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Wugu" title="Tufa Wugu">Tufa Wugu</a> (禿髮烏孤, died 399), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Rutan" title="Tufa Rutan">Tufa Rutan</a> (禿髮傉檀, 365–415), last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Qin">Western Qin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Western Qin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Gangui" title="Qifu Gangui">Qifu Gangui</a> (乞伏乾歸, died 412), second ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Chipan" title="Qifu Chipan">Qifu Chipan</a> (乞伏熾磐, died 428), third ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_dynasties">Northern dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Northern dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurongPainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MurongPainting.jpg/220px-MurongPainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/MurongPainting.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting a <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Xianbei Murong</a> archer in a tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> (337–370).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Gui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Gui">Tuoba Gui</a> (拓跋珪, 371–409), founding emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Tao">Tuoba Tao</a> (拓拔燾, 408–452), third emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_He" title="Yuan He">Tufa Poqiang</a> (禿髮破羌, 407–479), a paramount general of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Tai" title="Yuwen Tai">Yuwen Tai</a> (宇文泰, 507–556), a paramount general of the state <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a>, a branch successor state of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Xin" title="Dugu Xin">Dugu Xin</a> (独孤信, 503–557), a paramount general of the state <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jiong" title="Yuchi Jiong">Yuchi Jiong</a> (尉遲迥, died 580), a paramount general of the states <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Zhaojun" title="Lou Zhaojun">Lou Zhaojun</a> (婁昭君, 501–562), an <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a> of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lingxuan" title="Lu Lingxuan">Lu Lingxuan</a> (陸令萱, died 577), a <a href="/wiki/Lady_in_waiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady in waiting">lady in waiting</a> in the palace of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Hu" title="Yuwen Hu">Yuwen Hu</a> (宇文護, 513–572), a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaojing_of_Eastern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei">Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei</a> (魏孝靜帝, 524-550) founder and only emperor of the state <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Tipo" title="Mu Tipo">Mu Tipo</a> (穆提婆, 527–577), a paramount official of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Sheli" title="Mu Sheli">Mu Yeli</a> (穆邪利, 557–577), an empress of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Anagong" title="Gao Anagong">Gao Anagong</a> (高阿那肱, died 580), a paramount official and general of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dugu_(Northern_Zhou)" title="Empress Dugu (Northern Zhou)">Queen Dugu</a> (獨孤王后, 536–558), a queen of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuwen Yong">Yuwen Yong</a> (宇文邕, 543–578), emperor of the state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sui_dynasty">Sui dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sui dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Dugu Qieluo</a> (獨孤伽羅, 544–602), formally <b>Empress Wenxian</b> (文獻皇后), an empress of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yichen_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yichen (Sui dynasty)">Yuchi Yichen</a> (尉遲義臣, died 617), a prominent general of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shu" title="Yuwen Shu">Yuwen Shu</a> (宇文述, died 616), a paramount general of the Sui dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a> (宇文化及, 569–619), a paramount general of the Sui dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Zhiji" title="Yuwen Zhiji">Yuwen Zhiji</a> (宇文智及, 572–619), a general of the Sui dynasty</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_dynasty">Tang dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (長孫皇后, 601–636), an empress of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. She was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Wuji" title="Zhangsun Wuji">Zhangsun Wuji</a> (長孫無忌, died 659), a paramount official who served both as general and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellor</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jingde" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi Jingde">Yuchi Jingde</a> (尉遲敬德, 585–658), a famous general who lived in the early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, Yuchi Jingde and another general <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shubao" title="Qin Shubao">Qin Shubao</a> are worshipped as <a href="/wiki/Door_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Door god">door gods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutu_Tong" title="Qutu Tong">Qutu Tong</a> (屈突通, 557–628), a general in the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties of China. He was listed as one of 24 founding officials of the Tang dynasty honored on the <a href="/wiki/Lingyan_Pavilion" title="Lingyan Pavilion">Lingyan Pavilion</a> due to his contributions in wars during the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">transitional period from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Shunde" title="Zhangsun Shunde">Zhangsun Shunde</a> (長孫顺德, ?–?), a general in the early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shiji" title="Yuwen Shiji">Yuwen Shiji</a> (宇文士及, died 642), an official who served both as general and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellor</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhining" title="Yu Zhining">Yu Zhining</a> (于志寧, 588–665), a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reigns of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Dexuan" title="Dou Dexuan">Dou Dexuan</a> (竇德玄, 598–666), a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Jie" title="Yuwen Jie">Yuwen Jie</a> (宇文節, ?–?), a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Shide" title="Lou Shide">Lou Shide</a> (婁師德, 630–699), a scholar-general of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doulu_Qinwang" title="Doulu Qinwang">Doulu Qinwang</a> (豆盧欽望, 624–709), a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Huaizhen" title="Dou Huaizhen">Dou Huaizhen</a> (竇懷貞, died 713), a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Rong" title="Yuwen Rong">Yuwen Rong</a> (宇文融, died 731), a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Qianyao" title="Yuan Qianyao">Yuan Qianyao</a> (源乾曜, died 731), a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Di_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Yu Di (Tang dynasty)">Yu Di</a> (于頔, died 818), a general and official of the Tang dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_Chengcui" title="Tutu Chengcui">Tutu Chengcui</a> (吐突承璀, died 820), a paramount <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuch</a> official of the middle <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> (元稹, 779–831), a poet and politician of the middle <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Cong" title="Yu Cong">Yu Cong</a> (于琮, died 881), a chancellor of the late Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Yizong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doulu_Zhuan" title="Doulu Zhuan">Doulu Zhuan</a> (豆盧瑑, died 881), a chancellor of the late Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Xizong</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_descendants">Modern descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Change_of_Xianbei_names_to_Han_names" title="Change of Xianbei names to Han names">Change of Xianbei names to Han names</a></div> <p>Most Xianbei clans adopted Chinese family names during the Northern Wei dynasty. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Change_of_Xianbei_names_to_Han_names" title="Change of Xianbei names to Han names">many were sinicized</a> under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei</a>. </p><p>The Northern Wei's Eight Noble Xianbei surnames <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:八大贵族">八大贵族</a> were the Buliugu 步六孤, Helai 賀賴, <a href="/wiki/Dugu_(surname)" title="Dugu (surname)">Dugu</a> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%AD%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:獨孤">獨孤</a>, Helou 賀樓, Huniu 忽忸, Qiumu 丘穆, Gexi 紇奚, and Yuchi <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E9%81%B2" class="extiw" title="zh:尉遲">尉遲</a>. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a>" (Tu) people in modern China may have descended from the Xianbei who were led by <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> Khan to migrate westward and establish the <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuyuhun Kingdom">Tuyuhun Kingdom</a> (284–670) in the third century and <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> (1038–1227) through the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today they are primarily distributed in Qinghai and Gansu Province, and speak a Mongolic language. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Xibe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Xibe people">Xibe</a> or "Xibo" people also believe they are descendants of the Xianbei, with considerable controversies that have attributed their origins to the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Elunchun</a>, and the Xianbei.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xianbei descendants among the Korean population carry surnames such as Mo 모 (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%A7%93" class="extiw" title="zh:慕姓">慕</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mù</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">mu</span></i> (shortened from <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a>)), Seok Sŏk Sek 석 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A7%93" class="extiw" title="zh:石姓">石</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shí</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shih</span></i> (shortened from Wushilan 烏石蘭), Won Wŏn 원 (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%A7%93" class="extiw" title="zh:元姓">元</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yuán</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">yüan</span></i> (the adopted Chinese surname of the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a>)) and Dokgo <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:독고">독고</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%AD%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:獨孤">獨孤</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dúgū</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tuku</span></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Dugu_(surname)" title="Dugu (surname)">Dugu</a>)).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/75px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/113px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric</a> period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3300–2500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2750–1900 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan_culture" title="Munkhkhairkhan culture">Munkhkhairkhan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1800–1600 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sagsai_culture" title="Sagsai culture">Sagsai culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanzuukh_culture" title="Ulaanzuukh culture">Ulaanzuukh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">Slab-grave culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture">Chandman culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600–300 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 209 BC–93 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 93–234</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganates</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 555–630<br />682–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 628–646</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Tang protectorate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 647–682</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 744–840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 907–1125</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Mongol khanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 9th–12th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1130–1206</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1271–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–1635</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat Confederation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1399–1634</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1634–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1691–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">National Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">People's Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921<br />1921–1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1924–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/File:The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/100px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/150px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/200px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient to Classical period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan (Warring States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Yan (Three Kingdoms)">Yan (Three Kingdoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Sima Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval to Early Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Andong Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Xingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Ming rule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commission" title="Nurgan Regional Military Commission">Nurgan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaxa_(state)" title="Jaxa (state)">Jaxa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Korean invasion of Manchuria">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dalian" title="Russian Dalian">Russian Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fengtian_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengtian Clique">Fengtian Clique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="View this 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style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang Zhengming (2017) accepts the reading 鮮卑<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also seen in the early 19th century version published by Jinzhang bookstore (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錦章図書局</span></span>) in Shanghai<sup id="cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as the ethnonym of the people who accompanied the Chu. However, 鮮卑 Xianbei is likely a scribal error for <b>鮮牟 Xianmou</b> (as in other versions like Sibu Congkan (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:四部叢刊">四部叢刊</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-gy-sbck-140_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-sbck-140-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Siku Quanshu</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:四庫全書">四庫全書</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-gy-skqs-42_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-skqs-42-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Wei Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Wei Zhao</a> states that the 鮮牟 Xianmou were an <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Eastern Yi</a> nation,<sup id="cite_ref-gy-sbck-140-wz_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-sbck-140-wz-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gy-skqs-43_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-skqs-43-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 鮮卑 Xianbei were of <a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Mountain Rong</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent scribal error results in contradicting statements, apparently by Wei Zhao, that the Xianbei were an Eastern Yi nation<sup id="cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36-dy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-dy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a people of Mountain Rong origin.<sup id="cite_ref-gy-wul-1-42-sr_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-wul-1-42-sr-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huang_Pilie" title="Huang Pilie">Huang Pilie</a> (1763–1825) states that the reading 鮮卑 Xianbei was inauthentic and identifies the 鮮牟 Xianmou with <b>根牟 <a href="/wiki/Genmou" title="Genmou">Genmou</a></b>, an Eastern Yi nation conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a> in the 9th year of Duke Xuan of Lu's reign (600 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianbei&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/53"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/53">53–54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nomads in Central Asia." N. Ishjamts. In: <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250</i>. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SGZ 30. 837–838, note. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Alex J. (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360903531958">"An overview of the history and culture of the Xianbei ('Monguor'/'Tu')"</a>. <i>Asian Ethnicity</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 95–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14631360903531958">10.1080/14631360903531958</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-1369">1463-1369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnicity&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+the+history+and+culture+of+the+Xianbei+%28%27Monguor%27%2F%27Tu%27%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-164&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14631360903531958&rft.issn=1463-1369&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14631360903531958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangBaylyScheidel2020" class="citation book cs1">Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977311-4"><bdi>978-0-19-977311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+World+History+of+Empire%3A+Volume+One%3A+The+Imperial+Experience&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977311-4&rft.aulast=Bang&rft.aufirst=Peter+Fibiger&rft.au=Bayly%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Scheidel%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mkLEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden2013p47-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golden2013p47_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden2013p47_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden2013p47_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2013">Golden 2013</a>, p. 47, quote: "The Xianbei confederation appears to have contained speakers of Pre-Proto-Mongolic, perhaps the largest constituent linguistic group, as well as former Xiongnu subjects, who spoke other languages, Turkic almost certainly being one of them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulleyblank1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1983_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in The Origins of Chinese Civilization, University of California Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GK1hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452">p. 452</a> of pp. 411–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Kradin-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Kradin_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKradin_N._N.2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kradin" title="Nikolay Kradin">Kradin N. N.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/heterarchy-and-hierarchy-among-the-ancient-mongolian-nomads">"Heterarchy and hierarchy among the ancient Mongolian nomads"</a>. <i>Social Evolution & History</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Evolution+%26+History&rft.atitle=Heterarchy+and+hierarchy+among+the+ancient+Mongolian+nomads&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=188&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Kradin+N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fheterarchy-and-hierarchy-among-the-ancient-mongolian-nomads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanhunen2006">Janhunen 2006</a>, pp. 405–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu173179-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xu173179_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xu173179_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Elina-Qian (2005). <i>Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan</i>. University of Helsinki. p. 173-179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp <i>Die frühen Türken in Zentralasien</i>, Darmstadt 1992, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017502-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017502_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2017502_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Crespigny2017">de Crespigny 2017</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheobald" class="citation web cs1">Theobald, Ulrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/xianbei.html">"Xianbei 鮮卑"</a>. <i>Chinaknowledge.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinaknowledge.de&rft.atitle=Xianbei+%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FAltera%2Fxianbei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlThe_Sixteen_States_of_the_Five_Barbarian_Peoples_五胡十六國_(www.chinaknowledge.de)-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlThe_Sixteen_States_of_the_Five_Barbarian_Peoples_五胡十六國_(www.chinaknowledge.de)_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/shiliuguo.html">"The Sixteen States of the Five Barbarian Peoples 五胡十六國"</a>. <i>Chinaknowledge.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinaknowledge.de&rft.atitle=The+Sixteen+States+of+the+Five+Barbarian+Peoples+%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FDivision%2Fshiliuguo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gernet-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gernet_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gernet" title="Jacques Gernet">Gernet, Jacques</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA186"><i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521497817" title="Special:BookSources/9780521497817"><bdi>9780521497817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=186-87&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521497817&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djqb7L-pKCV8C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanigawa-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanigawa_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanigawaFogel1985" class="citation book cs1">Tanigawa, Michio; Fogel, Joshua (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uWUnbWbq7QC&pg=PA120"><i>Medieval Chinese Society and the Local "community"</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 120–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520053700" title="Special:BookSources/9780520053700"><bdi>9780520053700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+Society+and+the+Local+%22community%22&rft.pages=120-21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780520053700&rft.aulast=Tanigawa&rft.aufirst=Michio&rft.au=Fogel%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uWUnbWbq7QC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Der_Veer-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Veer_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Veer2002" class="citation book cs1">Van Der Veer, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slp8RTUn97AC&pg=PA200">"Contexts of Cosmopolitanism"</a>. In Vertovec, Steven; Cohen, Robin (eds.). <i>Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context and Practice</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199252282" title="Special:BookSources/9780199252282"><bdi>9780199252282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contexts+of+Cosmopolitanism&rft.btitle=Conceiving+Cosmopolitanism%3A+Theory%2C+Context+and+Practice&rft.pages=200-01&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780199252282&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Veer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dslp8RTUn97AC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardess2010" class="citation book cs1">Dardess, John W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzEUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Governing China: 150–1850</i></a>. Hackett. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603844475" title="Special:BookSources/9781603844475"><bdi>9781603844475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+China%3A+150%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781603844475&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzEUAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson1991-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson1991_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson1991_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubie_Sharon_Watson1991" class="citation book cs1">Rubie Sharon Watson (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA80"><i>Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 80–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07124-7"><bdi>978-0-520-07124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+Inequality+in+Chinese+Society&rft.pages=80-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07124-7&rft.au=Rubie+Sharon+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAIcwz3V_JsC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493331/TANG-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y"><i>Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Divorce+and+the+Divorced+Woman+in+Early+Medieval+China+%28First+through+Sixth+Century%29&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F33493331%2FTANG-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf%3Fsequence%3D4%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toh-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toh_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp146_xiongnu.pdf">"The <i>-yu</i> Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Gaoju Onomastica. Appendix I: the ethnicon Xianbei"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>. <b>146</b>: 10–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+-yu+Ending+in+Xiongnu%2C+Xianbei%2C+and+Gaoju+Onomastica.+Appendix+I%3A+the+ethnicon+Xianbei&rft.volume=146&rft.pages=10-12&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Toh&rft.aufirst=Hoong+Teik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp146_xiongnu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuessler2007-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schuessler2007_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2007" class="citation book cs1">Schuessler, Axel (2007). <i>ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese</i>. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2975-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-2975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Old+Chinese&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2975-9&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maiet.cfuv.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/014golden.pdf">“The Stateless Nomads of Central Eurasia”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215100255/https://maiet.cfuv.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/014golden.pdf">Archived</a> 15 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity</i> Edited by DiCosmo, Maas. p. 347-348. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316146040.024">https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316146040.024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hou Hanshu</i> vol. 90 "鮮卑者，亦東胡之支也，別依鮮卑山，故因號焉" "the Xianbei people branched off from the so-called 'Eastern Hu' and came to settle around Mt. Xianbei after which name they were designated" translated by Toh (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Weishu</i> vol. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseng2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Tseng, Chin Yin (2012). <i>The Making of the Tuoba Northern Wei: Constructing Material Cultural Expressions in the Northern Wei Pingcheng Period (398–494 CE)</i> (PhD). University of Oxford. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Making+of+the+Tuoba+Northern+Wei%3A+Constructing+Material+Cultural+Expressions+in+the+Northern+Wei+Pingcheng+Period+%28398%E2%80%93494+CE%29&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tseng&rft.aufirst=Chin+Yin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimunek2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shimunek, Andrew (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37176756">"Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China"</a>. <i>Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill)</i>: 331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004351981_019">10.1163/9789004351981_019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35195-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35195-0"><bdi>978-90-04-35195-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philology+of+the+Grasslands%3A+Essays+in+Mongolic%2C+Turkic%2C+and+Tungusic+Studies%2C+Edited+by+%C3%81kos+Bertalan+Apat%C3%B3czky+et+al.+%28Leiden%3A+Brill%29&rft.atitle=Early+Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic+lexical+contact%3A+Jurchen+numerals+from+the+%E5%AE%A4%E9%9F%A6+Shirwi+%28Shih-wei%29+in+North+China&rft.pages=331&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004351981_019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35195-0&rft.aulast=Shimunek&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37176756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chu Ci</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/chu-ci/da-zhao#n51934">"Da Zhao"</a>. quote: "小腰秀頸，若<b>鮮卑</b>只。". translation (by Gopal Sukhu, 2017): "And she is as small-waisted and long-necked [a]s a <b>Xianbei</b> woman."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/guo-yu/jin-yu-ba#n24816">"Jinyu 8"</a> quote: "昔成王盟諸侯于岐陽，楚為荊蠻，置茅蕝，設望表，與<b>鮮卑</b>守燎，故不與盟。" translation: "Of yore, <a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou" title="King Cheng of Zhou">King Cheng</a> convened an alliance-covenant ceremony with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility#Honors_and_awards,_and_clan_law,_of_the_Zhou_dynasty" title="Chinese nobility">various vassals</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qishan_County" title="Qishan County">(Mt.) Qi</a>'s south-side, the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">barbarians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Jingzhou (ancient China)">Jing</a>, held up bundles of <a href="/wiki/Cogon_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogon grass">cogon grass</a> (through which to pour sacrificial wine), set up spirit tablets (for making offerings to the spirits of mountains and streams), and tended to the torches along with the <b>Xianbei</b>, therefore (the Chu) were not present at the alliance-covenant ceremony."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) A History Of Chu (Volume 1) Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. p. 42-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) A History Of Chu (Volume 1) Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kthDEAAAQBAJ&q=xianbei+%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">p. 45</a>. quote: "and tending the shrine flames together with the <b>Xianbei 鮮卑</b> clan leader."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36">p. 36</a> Waseda University Library's copy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-sbck-140-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-sbck-140_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">p. 140</a> of 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-skqs-42-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-skqs-42_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3–7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=42#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">p. 42</a> of 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-sbck-140-wz-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-sbck-140-wz_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao, 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B">p. 140</a> of 154. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-skqs-43-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-skqs-43_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao. Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3–7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=43#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">p. 43</a> of 148. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu", 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77609&page=90#%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%8E%E4%BB%8A%E4%B9%8B%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">p. 90</a> of 160, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 6–8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68894&page=28">p. 28</a> of 111, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-dy-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36-dy_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36">p. 36</a>. quote: "鮮卑東夷國". Waseda University Library's copy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-wul-1-42-sr-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-wul-1-42-sr_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_1.pdf&page=42">p. 42</a>. quote: "山戎今之鮮卑". Waseda University Library's copy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Chunqiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> "Duke Xuan's 9th year" <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E7%B6%93_9">jing</a>; quote:（秋，取根牟。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou." <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_9">zhuan</a>; quote:（秋，取根牟，言易也。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou. It's said that was easy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Du_Yu" title="Du Yu">Du Yu</a>, 《春秋經傳集解》 <i>Chunqiu Zuozhuan – Collected Explanations</i>, "vol. 2" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77349&page=151#%E6%A0%B9%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%9F">p. 151 of 190</a>. quote:（根牟東夷國也）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Yuangao & Wang Shumin (2002). 國語集解 (<i>Discourses of the States – Collected Explanations</i>) Publisher: <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a>. p. 430. quote:（黃丕烈曰：「鮮牟，一本作『鮮卑』，非。『鮮牟』即宣九年之『根牟』也，…… 。」）; rough translation: "Huang Pilie said: 'Xianmou (鮮牟), in one copy it is written as Xianbei (鮮卑), which is inauthentic. The Xianmou (鮮牟) are the Genmou (根牟) in (Duke) Xuan's 9th year. [...].'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Elina-Qian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/19205"><i>Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan</i></a>, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Sanping (1996). 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538117972" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538117972"><bdi>978-1538117972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Early+Medieval+China&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1538117972&rft.aulast=Hinsch&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84BqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsch2016" class="citation book cs1">Hinsch, Bret (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1L7kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Women in Imperial China</i></a>. 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(2007). <i>Six Dynasties Civilization</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07404-8"><bdi>978-0-300-07404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Dynasties+Civilization&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07404-8&rft.aulast=Dien&rft.aufirst=Albert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shimunek2017-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shimunek2017_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimunek2017" class="citation book cs1">Shimunek, Andrew (2017). <i>Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10855-3"><bdi>978-3-447-10855-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993110372">993110372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Ancient+Southern+Mongolia+and+North+China%3A+a+Historical-Comparative+Study+of+the+Serbi+or+Xianbei+Branch+of+the+Serbi-Mongolic+Language+Family%2C+with+an+Analysis+of+Northeastern+Frontier+Chinese+and+Old+Tibetan+Phonology&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993110372&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10855-3&rft.aulast=Shimunek&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holcombe_Xianbei_in_Chinese_History-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holcombe_Xianbei_in_Chinese_History_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holcombe_Xianbei_in_Chinese_History_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Holcombe, Charles (2013). 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Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill). Retrieved 22 September 2019. quote: "Asdemonstrated by Ratchnevsky (1966: 231), the Shirwi confederation was a multiethnic, multilingual confederation of Tungusic-speaking Mo-ho 靺鞨 people (i.e. ancestors of the Jurchen), the Meng-wa 蒙瓦 ~ Meng-wu 蒙兀, whom Pelliot (1928) and others have shown were Proto-Mongolic speakers, and other groups. The dominant group among the Shirwi undoubtedly were ethnolinguistic descendants of the Serbi (鮮卑 Hsien-pei), and spoke a language closely related to Kitan and more distantly related to Mongolic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin" class="citation journal cs1">Vovin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4208086/Old_Turkic_Kinship_Terms_in_Early_Middle_Chinese_co_athoured_with_David_McCraw_">"Old Turkic Kinship Terms in Early Middle Chinese (co-athoured with David McCraw)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Old+Turkic+Kinship+Terms+in+Early+Middle+Chinese+%28co-athoured+with+David+McCraw%29&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4208086%2FOld_Turkic_Kinship_Terms_in_Early_Middle_Chinese_co_athoured_with_David_McCraw_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovınMccraw2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vovın, Alexander; Mccraw, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tdkbelleten.gov.tr/eng/abstarct/871/eng">"Eski Orta Çincedeki Eski Türkçe Akrabalık Terimleri"</a>. <i>Yearbook of Turkic Studies - Belleten</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 105–116. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0564-5050">0564-5050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yearbook+of+Turkic+Studies+-+Belleten&rft.atitle=Eski+Orta+%C3%87incedeki+Eski+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+Akrabal%C4%B1k+Terimleri&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-116&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0564-5050&rft.aulast=Vov%C4%B1n&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Mccraw%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftdkbelleten.gov.tr%2Feng%2Fabstarct%2F871%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2015/0123/49027.html?1421983660">"Tomb Murals with Largest Known Hunting Scene of the Northern Dynasties Discovered in Shanxi, NW China (2015)"</a>. The Institute of Archaeology CASS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomb+Murals+with+Largest+Known+Hunting+Scene+of+the+Northern+Dynasties+Discovered+in+Shanxi%2C+NW+China+%282015%29&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Archaeology+CASS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2FNews%2FNew_discoveries%2F2015%2F0123%2F49027.html%3F1421983660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Du_Zhu_Qiao_Zhang_2024-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Du_Zhu_Qiao_Zhang_2024_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuZhuQiaoZhang2024" class="citation journal cs1">Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Wei, Pianpian; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wen, Shaoqing (28 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00240-9">"Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>34</b> (7). Elsevier: 1587–1595.e5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024CBio...34E1587D">2024CBio...34E1587D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.02.059">10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38552628">38552628</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>In addition, Xianbei's appearance remains controversial in historical records. Some have described the Xianbei people as having some exotic characteristics with thick beards, yellow hair, and protuberant "high" noses33,34,35; others believe that most Xianbei were not visibly dramatically different from the general population of northeastern Asia.29 The latter view is in line with our genetic prediction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+genome+of+the+Chinese+Emperor+Wu+of+Northern+Zhou&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1587-1595.e5&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.02.059&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38552628&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024CBio...34E1587D&rft.aulast=Du&rft.aufirst=Panxin&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Kongyang&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Hui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jianlin&rft.au=Meng%2C+Hailiang&rft.au=Huang%2C+Zixiao&rft.au=Yu%2C+Yao&rft.au=Xie%2C+Shouhua&rft.au=Allen%2C+Edward&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Jianxue&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Baoshuai&rft.au=Chang%2C+Xin&rft.au=Ren%2C+Xiaoying&rft.au=Xu%2C+Yiran&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Qi&rft.au=Han%2C+Sheng&rft.au=Jin%2C+Li&rft.au=Wei%2C+Pianpian&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Wen%2C+Shaoqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Ffulltext%2FS0960-9822%2824%2900240-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXianbei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumen2011" class="citation web cs1">Tumen, D. 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External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050211184004/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/twain/1279/royalhouse/xianbei/senbeilanguage.htm">鮮卑語言 The Xianbei language</a> (Chinese Traditional Big5 code page) via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/English/hph05.html">The Routes of TanShiHuai's campaigns in 156–178 AD</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:16_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Shi Le's conquest of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei%E2%80%93Later_Zhao_War" title="Ran Wei–Later Zhao War">Wei–Zhao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ran_Wei_by_Former_Yan" title="Conquest of Ran Wei by Former Yan">Conquest of Wei by Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions">Huan Wen's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Fu Jian's unification of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yu%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions">Liu Yu's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei's unification of North China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The 16 Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao (304–329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang (397–460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia (407–431)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han (304–347)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin (351–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang (386–403)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao (319–351)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan (337–370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan (384–409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin (385–431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang (397–414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan (398–410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin (384–417)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang (318–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang (400–421)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan (407–436)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei (350–352)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Qi (350–356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan (384–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei (388–392)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Chu (403–404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Shu (405–413)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi (296–580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (310–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei (386–535)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Liu Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of the Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Donghu_and_Xianbei" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Donghu_and_Xianbei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Donghu and Xianbei (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donghu and Xianbei"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Donghu_and_Xianbei" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Xianbei (93–234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran (330–555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan (337–370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan (384–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan (384–409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan (398–410)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei (386–535)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei (534–550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei (535–557)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi (550–577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou (557–581)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan (250–338)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen (260–345)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun (284–670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (310–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin (385–431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang (397–414)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebineng" title="Kebineng">Kebineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Shujineng" title="Tufa Shujineng">Tufa Shujineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Ke" title="Murong Ke">Murong Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chao" title="Murong Chao">Murong Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu" title="Tuoba Yilu">Tuoba Yilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Gui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Gui">Tuoba Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Tao">Tuoba Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Tai" title="Yuwen Tai">Yuwen Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Xin" title="Dugu Xin">Dugu Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jiong" title="Yuchi Jiong">Yuchi Jiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Zhaojun" title="Lou Zhaojun">Lou Zhaojun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lingxuan" title="Lu Lingxuan">Lu Lingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Hu" title="Yuwen Hu">Yuwen Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuwen Yong">Yuwen Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Mugul%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiulü Mugulü">Yujiulü Mugulü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Cheluhui" title="Yujiulü Cheluhui">Yujiulü Cheluhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Shelun" title="Yujiulü Shelun">Yujiulü Shelun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Datan" title="Yujiulü Datan">Yujiulü Datan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiulu_Anagui" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiulu Anagui">Yujiulu Anagui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anluochen" title="Yujiulü Anluochen">Yujiulü Anluochen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Dengshuzi" title="Yujiulü Dengshuzi">Yujiulü Dengshuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Dugu Qieluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Yichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi Yichen">Yuchi Yichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shu" title="Yuwen Shu">Yuwen Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Zhiji" title="Yuwen Zhiji">Yuwen Zhiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Wuji" title="Zhangsun Wuji">Zhangsun Wuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jingde" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi Jingde">Yuchi Jingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutu_Tong" title="Qutu Tong">Qutu Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Shunde" title="Zhangsun Shunde">Zhangsun Shunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shiji" title="Yuwen Shiji">Yuwen Shiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhining" title="Yu Zhining">Yu Zhining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups">Mongol ethnic groups</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave culture">Slab Grave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Mongol_clans" title="List of modern Mongol clans">Modern clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonos_tribe" title="Chonos tribe">Chonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katagans" title="Katagans">Katagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olkhonud" title="Olkhonud">Olkhonud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taichiud" title="Taichiud">Taichiud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Khotogoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southern_Mongols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Southern Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dorbet">Eastern Dorbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khoton</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyot</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a> (<i>Yunnan Mongol</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvan</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei">Donghu and Xianbei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a><br /> <sup>*</sup>Mongolized ethnic groups.<sup>**</sup>Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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