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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History of imperialism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_imperialism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of imperialism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early empires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Classical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Post-classical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Early Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Colonial empires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Late modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Fall of empires </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fall_of_empires-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fall of empires subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_from_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Transition from empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Contemporary usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 United States of America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Timeline of empires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Theoretical research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theoretical research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empire_versus_nation_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_versus_nation_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Empire versus nation state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_versus_nation_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Universal empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_bomb_and_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_bomb_and_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Atomic bomb and empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_bomb_and_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumscription_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumscription_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Circumscription theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumscription_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Cited sources and further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Empire</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk" title="Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إمبراطورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%C3%A2ri%C4%BEi" title="Amirâriľi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amirâriľi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu" title="Imperiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi" title="Mburuvi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperiya" title="İmperiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmperiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="ایمپیراتورلوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایمپیراتورلوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8-kok" title="Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Империя – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Империя" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo" title="Imperyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo" title="Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh" title="Impalaeriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi" title="Imperi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth" title="Ymerodraeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich" title="Kaiserreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A0%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="އަންބަރާޠޫރިއްޔަތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަންބަރާޠޫރިއްޔަތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisririik" title="Keisririik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυτοκρατορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio" title="Imperio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio" title="Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inperio" title="Inperio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inperio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" title="Empire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht" title="Impireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio" title="Imperio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo" title="Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio" title="Imperio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeti_Mepere_anya" title="Steeti Mepere anya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Steeti Mepere anya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran" title="Kekaisaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimsveldi" title="Heimsveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimsveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero" title="Impero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אימפריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אימפריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaharajan" title="Kamaharajan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamaharajan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Империя – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Империя" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperator%C3%AE" title="Împeratorî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratorî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Империя – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Империя" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ຈັກກະວັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C4%93rija" title="Impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperija" title="Imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero" title="Impero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero" title="Impero – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Impero" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birodalom" title="Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Империја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Империја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira" title="Empira – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar" title="Empayar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E" title="ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯆꯥꯎ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯆꯥꯎ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гүрэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijk_(staat)" title="Rijk (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijk (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Импери – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" title="Empire – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Empire" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri" title="Empèri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiya" title="Imperiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imperiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਲਤਨਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲਤਨਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="سترواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire" title="Impire – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio" title="Império – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mparatorl%C4%B1q" title="İmparatorlıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İmparatorlıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu" title="Imperiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhapaq_suyu" title="Qhapaq suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" title="Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria" title="Perandoria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" title="Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperij" title="Imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperija" title="Imperija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Imperija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperija" title="Imperija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imperija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiumi" title="Imperiumi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Imperiumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo" title="Imperyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4" title="จักรวรรดิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Империя – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Империя" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multiple states under one central authority, usually created by conquest</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about political and historical terms. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Empire (disambiguation)">Empire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ancient Empires" redirects here. For the game, see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Empires_(mobile_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Empires (mobile game)">Ancient Empires (mobile game)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. 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(June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/300px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/450px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/600px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">   The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> at its greatest territorial extent in 117 AD, the time of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s death</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_client_rulers" title="List of Roman client rulers">Roman vassal states</a></div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> (rule by few)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> (rule by none)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> (socio-political ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> (socio-economic ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> (geo-cultural ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic 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href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military <a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">outposts</a>, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">dominant</a> center and subordinate peripheries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200230-1">[1]</a> The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>) has political control over the peripheries.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Within an empire, different populations may have different sets of rights and may be governed differently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbankCooper20108-3">[3]</a> The word "empire" derives from the Roman concept of <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a>. Narrowly defined, an empire is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> uses the title of "<a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Empress-regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress-regnant"> "empress"</a>; but not all states with aggregate territory under the rule of supreme authorities are called "empires" or are ruled by an emperor; nor have all self-described empires been accepted as such by contemporaries and historians (the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a> of 1976 to 1979, and some <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdoms in early England being examples).<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> There have been "ancient and modern, centralized and decentralized, ultra-brutal and relatively benign" empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200235-5">[4]</a> An important distinction has been between land empires made up solely of contiguous territories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>; and those - based on sea-power - which include territories that are remote from the 'home' country of the empire, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> or the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200235-5">[4]</a> Aside from the more formal usage, the concept of empire in popular thought is associated with such concepts as <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, with "imperialism" referring to the creation and maintenance of unequal relationships between nations and not necessarily the policy of a state headed by an emperor or empress. The word "empire" can also refer colloquially to a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce"> business</a> enterprise (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Transnational_corporation" title="Transnational corporation">transnational corporation</a>), to a political organization controlled by a single individual (a <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political boss</a>) or by a group (political bosses).<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> "Empire" is often used as a term to describe overpowering situations causing displeasure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> An empire is an aggregate of many separate states or territories under a supreme ruler or oligarchy.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> This is in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, which is an extensive state voluntarily composed of autonomous states and peoples. An empire is a large polity which rules over territories outside of its original borders. Definitions of what physically and politically constitutes an empire vary. It might be a state affecting <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial policies</a> or a particular <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">political structure</a>. Empires are typically formed from diverse ethnic, national, cultural, and religious components.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200215-9">[8]</a> 'Empire' and 'colonialism' are used to refer to relationships between a powerful state or society versus a less powerful one; <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a> has defined empire as "effective control, whether formal or informal, of a subordinated society by an imperial society".<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Imperialism for Doyle is simply the process of establishing and maintaining an empire.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> This is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> in the Marxist-Leninst sense of late modern phenomenon following the European Colonialism and representing the last stage of Capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Initially, the term was <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a>, where the qualifier "new" differentiated the contemporary imperialism from earlier imperialism, such as the formation of ancient empires and the first wave of European colonization.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Eventually, Lenin cancelled all earlier forms and began the history of Imperialism in the 1760s. The Leninist definition of imperialism removed the essence of empire from politics to economics and explicitly denied that modern capitalist imperialism had anything in common with the empires of the past.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Few historians follow the Marxist approach and most recognize that imperialism predates the European colonialism and capitalism by 4.5 millennia at least. The Marxist historians moved so far from mainstream historians’ debates on empire that communication almost ceases.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Tom Nairn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a> define empires as polities that "extend relations of power across territorial spaces over which they have no prior or given legal sovereignty, and where, in one or more of the domains of economics, politics, and culture, they gain some measure of extensive <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over those spaces to extract or accrue value".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesNairn2006xxiii-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a> has defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign".<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Peter Bang characterizes empire as "composite, layered and anything but uniform in their internal organization of power," and comprising "a range of different territories and communities, subjected hierarchically in various ways to a dominant power."<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> However, sometimes an empire is only a semantic construction, such as when a ruler assumes the title of "emperor".<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> That polity over which the ruler reigns logically becomes an "empire", despite having no additional territory or hegemony. Examples of this form of empire are the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> proclaimed in 1897 when Korea, far from gaining new territory, was on the verge of being annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, one of the last to use the name officially. Among the last states in the 20th century known as empires in this sense were the Central African Empire, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, and Korea. Scholars typically distinguish empires from nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-:11-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In an empire, there is a hierarchy whereby one group of people (usually, the metropole) has command over other groups of people, and there is a hierarchy of rights and prestige for different groups of people.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Josep Colomer</a> distinguished between empires and <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> in the following way: <ol><li>Empires were vastly larger than states</li> <li>Empires lacked fixed or permanent boundaries whereas a state had fixed boundaries</li> <li>Empires had a "compound of diverse groups and territorial units with asymmetric links with the center" whereas a state had "supreme authority over a territory and population"</li> <li>Empires had multi-level, overlapping jurisdictions whereas a state sought monopoly and homogenization<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[23]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></div> Many empires were the result of military conquest, incorporating the vanquished states into a political union, but imperial hegemony can be established in other ways. According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Luttwak" title="Edward Luttwak">Edward Luttwak</a>, there are two main ways to establish and maintain an imperial <a href="/wiki/Political_structure" title="Political structure">political structure</a>: (i) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control by force or (ii) as a coercive, <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemonic</a> empire of indirect control. The former method provides greater tribute and direct political control, yet limits further expansion because it absorbs military forces to fixed garrisons. The latter method provides less tribute and indirect control, but avails military forces for further expansion.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Empires can expand by both land and sea. Territorial empires (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>) tend to be <a href="/wiki/Connected_space" title="Connected space">contiguous</a> areas extending directly outwards from the original frontier. The terrestrial empire's maritime analogue is the <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a>, an empire composed of islands and coasts which are accessible to its terrestrial homeland, such as the Athenian-dominated <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British empires</a>) with looser structures and more scattered territories, often consisting of many islands and other forms of possessions which required the creation and maintenance of a powerful navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200215,_66-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Athenian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> developed at least in part under <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elective</a> auspices. Empires such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> also came together by electing the emperor with votes from member realms through the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election" title="Imperial election">Imperial election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> declared itself an empire after separating from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in 1822. France has twice transitioned from being called the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">French Republic</a> to being called the French Empire while it retained an overseas empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbankCooper2010-29">[28]</a> Europeans began applying the designation of "empire" to non-European monarchies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>, eventually leading to the looser denotations applicable to any political structure meeting their criteria of "<a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a>". Some monarchies styled themselves as having greater size, scope, and power than the territorial, politico-military, and economic facts support. As a consequence, some monarchs assumed the title of "<a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a>" (or its corresponding translation, <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>, empereur, <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> etc.) and renamed their states as "The Empire of ..." Empires were seen as an expanding power, administration, ideas, beliefs and cultural habits. Some empires tended to impose their culture on the subject states to strengthen the imperial structure; others opted for <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Cultures generated by empires could have notable effects that outlasted the empire itself. In the mid-Twentieth century, the word "empire" obtained a negative connotation, viewed as inherently immoral or illegitimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200216–17-31">[30]</a> Traditional or overt empire destroyed and discredited itself in the World Wars. The matters are worse in the German language where empire is "reich" and immediately associates with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> For the first time in history, countries which proudly called themselves empires disappeared from the map. The postwar world came under the domination of two superpowers both of which proclaimed themselves to be enemies of empire. As former colonies came to make up the majority of states in the United Nations, "empire" lost all legitimacy in this major international forum. "Any state stupid enough to call itself an empire became subject automatically to UN resolutions on decolonisation."<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Most recent histories of empires have been hostile, especially if the authors were promoting nationalism. Stephen Howe, although himself hostile, listed positive qualities: the guaranteed stability, security, and legal order for their subjects. They tried to minimize ethnic and religious antagonism inside the empire. The aristocracies that ruled them were often more cosmopolitan and broad-minded than their nationalistic successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002126–127-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_imperialism">History of imperialism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of imperialism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_empires">Early empires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early empires">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#f8eaba">Early empires</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/200px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/300px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/400px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="1637" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Persia</a> at its zenith</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucid-Empire_200bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seleucid-Empire_200bc.jpg/250px-Seleucid-Empire_200bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seleucid-Empire_200bc.jpg/330px-Seleucid-Empire_200bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seleucid-Empire_200bc.jpg/500px-Seleucid-Empire_200bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="716" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seleucid Empire and Mauryan Empire in 200 BCE. The Seleucid Empire reached its peaked under Antiochus III.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Stephen Howe writes that with the exception of the Roman, Chinese and "perhaps ancient Egyptian states", early empires seldom survived the death of their founder and were usually limited in scope to conquest and collection of tribute, having little impact on the everyday lives of their subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200237,_39-37">[36]</a> With the exception of Rome, the periods of dissolution following imperial falls were equally short. Successor states seldom outlived their founders and disappeared in the next and often larger empire. Some empires, like the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> were outright conquered by a larger empire. The historical pattern was not a simple rise-and-fall cycle; rather it was rise, fall, and greater rise. <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Naroll" title="Raoul Naroll">Raoul Naroll</a> called it "expanding pulsation"<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_(historian)" title="Ian Morris (historian)">Ian Morris</a> "exponential growth"<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Empires were limited in scope to conquest, as Howe observed, but conquest is a considerable scope. Many fought to the death to avoid it or to be liberated from it. Imperial conquests and attempts of conquest significantly contributed to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">list of wars by death toll</a>. The imperial impact on subjects can be regarded as "little," but only on those subjects who survived the imperial conquest and rule. We cannot ask the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, for example, whether empire had little impact on their lives. We seldom hear the voices of subject peoples because history is mostly written by winners. The imperial sources tend to ignore or reduce the resistance by subdued states.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> But one rich primary source of the subject population is the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a>. The hatred towards the ruling empires expressed in this source makes impression of an impact more serious than estimated by Howe. A classical writer and adherent of empire, <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> explicitly preferred to avoid the views of subject populations.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> And another classical Roman patriot, <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a> confessed that "words cannot express how bitterly we are hated" by subject peoples.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The earliest known empire appeared in southern Egypt sometime around 3200 BC. Southern Egypt was divided by three kingdoms each centered on a powerful city. Hierapolis conquered the other two cities over two centuries, and later grew into the country of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001-43">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> (24th century BC), was an early all-Mesopotamian empire which spread into Anatolia, the Levant and Ancient Iran. This imperial achievement was repeated by <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in the 19th and 18th centuries BC. In the 15th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, was <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">ancient Africa</a>'s major force upon incorporating <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City-state#Ancient_city-states" title="City-state">ancient city-states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC in China rose the <a href="/wiki/Shang_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Shang Empire">Shang Empire</a> which was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> Empire <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC. Both equalled or surpassed in territory their contemporary Near Eastern empires such as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Empire">Egyptian Empire</a> and those of the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a>. The Zhou Empire dissolved in 770 BC into feudal multi-state system which lasted for five and a half centuries until the universal conquest of <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> in 221 BC. The first empire comparable to Rome in organization was the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (916–612 BC). The <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> was the first empire within the territory of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. By the 6th century BC, after having allied with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian empire">Babylonians</a>, Scythians and Cimmerians to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, the Medes were able to establish their own empire, which was the largest of its day and lasted for about sixty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001-43">[42]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#f8eaba">Empires of the Classical period</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire-117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Roman_Empire-117AD.png/250px-Roman_Empire-117AD.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Roman_Empire-117AD.png/330px-Roman_Empire-117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Roman_Empire-117AD.png/500px-Roman_Empire-117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="624" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117). This would be the peak of the empire's territorial extent.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Han_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_Han_dynasty.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Han_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_Han_dynasty.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Han_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_Han_dynasty.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Han_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Han_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Empire">Han Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">China</a> in 2 AD</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a> (mid-First Millennium BC) witnessed unprecedented imperial expansion in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean region</a> and China,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> distinguished as the most "dramatic" surge in premodern history.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The successful and extensive <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (550–330 BC), also known as the first Persian Empire, covered <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and North-Western <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It is considered the first great empire in history or the first "world empire".<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> It was overthrown and replaced by the short-lived empire of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. His Empire was succeeded by three Empires ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian</a>, which, despite being independent, are called the "<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> Empire" by virtue of their similarities in culture and administration. Meanwhile, in the western Mediterranean the Empires of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> began their rise. Having decisively defeated Carthage in 202 BC, Rome defeated Macedonia in 200 BC and the Seleucids in 190–189 BC to establish an all-Mediterranean Empire. The Seleucid Empire broke apart and its former eastern part was absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. In 30 BC Rome annexed Ptolemaic Egypt. In India during the <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a> appeared the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>—a geographically extensive and powerful empire, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185 BC. The empire was founded in 322 BC by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> through the help of <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Namita2008-47">[46]</a> who rapidly expanded his power westward across central and western India, taking advantage of the disruptions of local powers following the withdrawal by Alexander the Great. By 320 BC, the Maurya Empire had fully occupied <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern India">northwestern India</a> as well as defeating and conquering the <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> left by Alexander. Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka the Great">Ashoka the Great</a>, the Maurya Empire became the first Indian empire to conquer the whole Indian Peninsula — an achievement repeated only twice, by the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Empires. In the reign of Ashoka <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> spread to become the dominant religion in many parts of the ancient India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001-43">[42]</a> In 221 BC, China became an empire when the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">State of Qin</a> ended the chaotic <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">other six states</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin Empire</a> (221–207 BC). Its sovereign adopted the new title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Huangdi</a> (皇帝), which is translated in English as "Emperor". The Qin Empire is known for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>, as well as the standardization of currency, weights, measures and writing system. It laid the foundation for China's first golden age, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC–AD 9, AD 25–220). The Han Empire <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">expanded into Central Asia</a> and established trade through the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> was, for the first time, adopted as an official state ideology. During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> were pacified. By this time, only four empires stretched between the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>: the Han Empire of China, the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> of Persia, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="End of the Han dynasty">collapse of the Han Empire</a> in AD 220 saw China fragmented into the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, only to be unified once again by the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin Empire</a> (AD 266–420). The relative weakness of the Jin Empire plunged China into political disunity that would last from AD 304 to AD 589 when the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui Empire</a> (AD 581–618) reunited China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001-43">[42]</a> The Romans were the first people to invent and embody the concept of "empire" in their two mandates: to wage war and to make and execute laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> They were the most extensive Western empire until the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, and left a lasting impact on European society. Many languages, cultural values, religious institutions, political divisions, urban centers, and legal systems can trace their origins to the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire governed and rested on exploitative actions. They took slaves and money from the peripheries to support the imperial center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> However, the absolute reliance on conquered peoples to carry out the empire's fortune, sustain wealth, and fight wars would ultimately lead to the collapse of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> The Romans were strong believers in what they called their "civilizing mission". This term was legitimized and justified by writers like Cicero who wrote that only under Roman rule could the world flourish and prosper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> This ideology, that was envisioned to bring a new world order, was eventually spread across the Mediterranean world and beyond. People started to build houses like Romans, eat the same food, wear the same clothes and engage in the same games.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> Even rights of citizenship and authority to rule were granted to people not born within Roman territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> The Latin word <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> derives from imperare, meaning "to command", and originally referred to a magistrate's authority (usually in a military sense). As the Roman state expanded overseas, the term began to be used to describe Rome's authority over its <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a>. Successful generals were often given the title <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a>, an honorific roughly meaning "commander". Although historians use the terms "Republic" and "Empire" to identify the periods of Roman history before and after absolute power was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the Romans themselves continued to refer to their government as the <a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a>, meaning "public affair". On the other hand, the concept of imperium Romanum, as in, the authority of the Romans, is attested since the 2nd century BC. The modern concepts of "Empire" and "Emperor" did not appear until several centuries later, long after the fall of Rome in the West. Augustus established a new <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> monarchy, but sought to maintain the appearance of a republican government. He and his early successors used the informal titles of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a>, but over time the title of imperator came to denote the office of (what is now referred to as) "<a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, founded in the early Imperial Period, spread across Europe, first by the activities of Christian evangelists, and later by official imperial promulgation. The legal systems of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and its former colonies are strongly influenced by Roman law.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Similarly, the United States was founded on a model inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, with upper and lower legislative assemblies, and executive power vested in a single individual, the president. The president, as "commander-in-chief" of the armed forces, reflects the ancient Roman titles imperator princeps.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Since 2002, all the world is divided between <a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command#List_of_combatant_commands" title="Unified combatant command">US "commands"</a> literally reflecting Roman imperia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_period">Post-classical period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-classical period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#f8eaba">Empires of the Post-classical period</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian555AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/200px-Justinian555AD.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/300px-Justinian555AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/400px-Justinian555AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1144" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> in 555</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg/250px-The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg/330px-The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg/500px-The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="1452" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> at its greatest extent in c. 620 under Khosrow II</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Caliphate_740-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Caliphate_740-en.svg/200px-Caliphate_740-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Caliphate_740-en.svg/300px-Caliphate_740-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Caliphate_740-en.svg/400px-Caliphate_740-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="1904" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The extent of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> in 740</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/200px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/300px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/400px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The territory directly held by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Empire</a> of China in 700 AD</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chola_Empire_Map_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.png/200px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.png/300px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.png/400px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="880" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> c.1030</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_of_the_Mongol_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Expansion_of_the_Mongol_Empire.svg/200px-Expansion_of_the_Mongol_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Expansion_of_the_Mongol_Empire.svg/300px-Expansion_of_the_Mongol_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Expansion_of_the_Mongol_Empire.svg/400px-Expansion_of_the_Mongol_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="595" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the 13th century</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png/200px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png/300px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png/400px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> at its greatest extent in 1335</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Serbian_Empire,_University_of_Belgrade,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_University_of_Belgrade%2C_1922.jpg/200px-Map_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_University_of_Belgrade%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_University_of_Belgrade%2C_1922.jpg/300px-Map_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_University_of_Belgrade%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_University_of_Belgrade%2C_1922.jpg/400px-Map_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_University_of_Belgrade%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1809" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> in 1350</div></div></div></div></div> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, the term "<a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian Empire</a>" came to denote the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> imperial states established in the pre–<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> and, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001-43">[42]</a> In the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab Empire</a> was established by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Over the next century, in one of the fastest and vastest expansions in history,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> his Empire conquered Persia and expanded on three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe). At their height, under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, the territory that was conquered by the Arab Empire stretched from Iberia (at the Pyrenees) in the west to India (at Sind) in the east. In 751 AD, the Arab and <a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Chinese</a> Empires clashed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a>. These two Empires crossed the whole Old World from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasties</a>) dominated the political, economic and cultural landscapes during this era, the most powerful of which was probably the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Empire</a> (618–690, 705–907). Other influential Chinese empires during the post-classical period include the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui Empire</a> (581–618), the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Great Liao Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia Empire</a> (1038–1227), the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Great Jin Empire</a> (1115–1234), the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao Empire</a> (1124–1218), the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Great Yuan Empire</a> (1271–1368), and the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Great Ming Empire</a> (1368–1644). During this period, Japan and Korea underwent voluntary <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The Sui, Tang and Song empires had the world's largest economy and were the most technologically advanced during their time;<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> the Great Yuan Empire was the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires#Empires_at_their_greatest_extent" title="List of largest empires">ninth largest empire</a> by total land area; while the Great Ming Empire is famous for the <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">seven maritime expeditions</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001-43">[42]</a> Around the 6th century, the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Kingship" title="Yamato Kingship">Yamato clan</a> set up Japan's first empire and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">first and only dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> During the next two centuries, Japan's kingdoms and tribes came to be unified under this dynasty. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese emperor">Japanese emperor</a> adopted the Chinese title <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kinmei" title="Emperor Kinmei">Emperor Kinmei</a> (509–571) is considered the first historically verifiable Japanese emperor.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The Japanese imperial dynasty continues to this day, albeit in an almost entirely ceremonial role, and represents the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_monarchies_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest monarchies in the world">oldest continuous hereditary monarchy in the world</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> empire in the medieval times that dominated the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> trade. It was a <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> that ruled over large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Middle Ages</a>. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, the Ajuran Sultanate successfully resisted an <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate#Ajuran-Oromo_battles" title="Ajuran Sultanate">invasion</a> from the west and a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate#Ajuran-Portuguese_battles" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran-Portuguese wars</a>. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somali maritime enterprise</a> were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shapes-65">[64]</a> In the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> witnessed the rise of a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> thallasocracy, the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya Empire">Srivijaya Empire</a>, which thrived for 600 years and was succeeded by the Hindu-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> that ruled from the 13th to 15th centuries. In the Southeast Asian mainland, the Hindu-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> was centered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> and flourished from the 9th to 13th centuries. Following the demise of the Khmer Empire, the Siamese Empire flourished alongside the Burmese and Lan Chang Empires from the 13th through the 18th centuries. In <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, during 917, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, sometimes called the Byzantine Empire, was forced to recognize the Imperial title of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon the Great</a>, who were then called <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>, the first ruler to hold that precise imperial title. The <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>, established in the region in 680–681, remained a major power in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> until its fall in the late 14th century. Bulgaria gradually reached its cultural and territorial apogee in the 9th century and early 10th century under <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Prince Boris I</a> and Simeon I, when it became one of the largest states in Europe. This period is considered the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_medieval_Bulgarian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture">Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> At the time, in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">Medieval West</a>, the title "empire" had a specific technical meaning that was exclusively applied to states that considered themselves the heirs and successors of the Roman Empire. Among these were the "Byzantine Empire", which was the actual continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern portion of the Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, the largely Germanic <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Yet, these states did not always fit the geographic, political, or military profiles of empires in the modern sense of the word. To legitimise their imperium, these states directly claimed the title of Empire from Rome. The sacrum Romanum imperium (Holy Roman Empire), which lasted from 800 to 1806, claimed to have exclusively comprehended Christian principalities, and was only nominally a discrete imperial state. The Holy Roman Empire was not always centrally-governed, as it had neither core nor peripheral territories, and was not governed by a central, politico-military elite. Hence, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s remark that the Holy Roman Empire "was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" is accurate to the degree that it ignores<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> German rule over Italian, French, Provençal, Polish, Flemish, Dutch, and Bohemian populations, and the efforts of the ninth-century <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a> (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Ottonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonians">Ottonians</a>) to establish central control. Voltaire's "nor an empire" observation applies to its late period. In the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> expanded the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> to be the largest contiguous empire in the world history. However, within two generations, the empire was separated into four discrete khanates under Genghis Khan's grandsons. One of them, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, conquered China and established the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> with the imperial capital at <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. One family ruled the whole Eurasian land mass from the Pacific to the Adriatic and Baltic Seas. The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a> had significantly eased <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> across Asia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In 1204, after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusaders</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> (1204–1261) in that city, while the defeated Byzantine Empire's descendants established two smaller, short-lived empires in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> (1204–1261) and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> (1204–1461). Constantinople was retaken in 1261 by the Byzantine successor state centered in <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, re-establishing the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> until 1453, by which time the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (ca. 1300–1918), had conquered most of the region. The Ottoman Empire was a successor of the Abbasid Empire and one of the most powerful empires in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200246-72">[71]</a> Centered on modern day Turkey, the Ottoman Empire overthrew the Byzantine Empire and dominated the eastern Mediterranean, battering at Austria and Malta, key geographical locations to central and south-west Europe respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200246-72">[71]</a> This was not just a rivalry of East and West but a rivalry between Christians and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200246-72">[71]</a> Both the Christians and Muslims had alliances with other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200246-72">[71]</a> The flows of trade and of cultural influences across the supposed great divide never ceased, so the countries never stopped bartering with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">[6]</a> These epochal clashes between civilizations profoundly shaped many people's thinking back then, and continues to do so in the present day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200230-1">[1]</a> Modern hatred against Muslim communities in South-Eastern Europe, mainly in Bosnia and Kosovo, has often been articulated in terms of seeing them as unwelcome residues of this imperialism: in short, as Turks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200247-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_period">Early Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Modern period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#f8eaba">Early Modern Empires</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Gunpowder_Empires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Islamic_Gunpowder_Empires.jpg/250px-Islamic_Gunpowder_Empires.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Islamic_Gunpowder_Empires.jpg/330px-Islamic_Gunpowder_Empires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Islamic_Gunpowder_Empires.jpg/500px-Islamic_Gunpowder_Empires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="549" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The three Muslim <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">Gunpowder empires</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in 18th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Empire_cca_1580_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg/250px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg/330px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg/500px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2344" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Ming_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Empire">Ming Empire</a> of China in 1550</div></div></div></div></div> In 1547, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> was coronated as <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Emperor of Russia</a>. He transformed Russia from a medieval state to a fledgling empire and began the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">conquest of Siberia</a>. With this conquest completed by 1778, the Russian Empire became the second contiguous empire in size after the Mongol Empire. The Islamic <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empires</a> started to develop from the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200554-74">[73]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> conquered most of the Indian peninsula and spread <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> across it. It later disintegrated with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a>. In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s direct descendant <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>. His successors such <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> extended the empire. In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> expanded the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> over most of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and imposed <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The Mughal Empire became the world's largest economy and leading manufacturing power with a nominal GDP that valued a quarter of world GDP, superior than the combination of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Parthasarathi38-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-78">[77]</a> It has been estimated that the Mughal emperors controlled an unprecedented one-fourth of the world's entire economy and was home to one-fourth of the world's population at the time.<a href="#cite_note-harrison-79">[78]</a> After the death of Aurangzeb, which marks the end of the medieval India and the beginning of European invasion in India, the empire was weakened by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>'s invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-80">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Empire</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, who allied with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Other independent empires were also established, such as those ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a><a href="#cite_note-hassanalimirza2-84">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Great Qing Empire</a> of China (1644–1912) was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires#Empires_at_their_greatest_extent" title="List of largest empires">fourth largest empire</a> in world history by total land area, and <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">laid the foundation for the modern territorial claims</a> of both the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a>. Apart from having direct control over much of East Asia, the empire also exerted domination over <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_China#Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tributaries of China">other states</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Chinese tributary system</a>. The multiethnic and multicultural nature of the Great Qing Empire was crucial to the subsequent birth of the nationalistic concept of <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">zhonghua minzu</a>. The empire reached its peak during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, after which the empire entered a period of prolonged decline, culminating in its collapse as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> (or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896), was a <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a> state of the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Region" title="Ashanti Region">Ashanti Region</a>, Akanland in modern-day Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) were a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people in West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>, created an empire that stretched from central Akanland (in modern-day Ghana) to present day <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a> kingdom to the north and <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Historiographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographies">historiographies</a> of any indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> political entity. In the pre-Columbian Americas, two Empires were prominent—the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Azteca</a> in Mesoamerica and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> in Peru. Both existed for several generations before the arrival of the Europeans. Inca had gradually conquered the whole of the settled Andean world as far south as today Santiago in Chile. In <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tu%27i_Tonga_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu'i Tonga Empire">Tonga Empire</a> was a lonely empire that existed from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> to the Modern period.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_empires">Colonial empires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonial empires">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/200px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/400px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>All areas of the world that were once part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. The Portuguese established in the early 16th century together with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> the first global empire and trade network.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Empire">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Beginning in the 15th century, a number of west European countries reached and colonized overseas regions across the globe. Ushering the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the imperial expansion advanced to a new global scale. The extensive overseas expansion, particularly in the South Asia and Americas by the Portuguese and Spanish, later joined by the English, French and Dutch, created empires on which the <a href="/wiki/Sun_never_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun never sets">Sun never sets</a>. The global scale is one of main distinctions between the colonial and traditional land empires.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Colonial empires were a transformative period in world history when previously isolated parts of the world became connected to form one <a href="/wiki/World_system" class="mw-redirect" title="World system">world system</a>, laid the groundwork for globalization, and set human history on the global common course. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> colonized vast portions of the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania to become one of the most powerful empires of the period, the longest-lived <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empire</a> in European history,<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest empires</a> in history. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> expanded over the same continents as well as in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> exceeding the Portuguese rival in size and, among colonial empires, remaining second only to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Taagepera1997-93">[92]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Empires_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Modern_Empires_-_en.svg/500px-Modern_Empires_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Modern_Empires_-_en.svg/960px-Modern_Empires_-_en.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4371" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption>Diachronic map of the main empires of the modern era (1492–1945)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#f8eaba">Empires of the Modern period</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/200px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/300px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/400px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Red shows self-governing North American British colonies and pink shows claimed and largely indirectly controlled territories in 1775.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ottoman_empire.svg/200px-Ottoman_empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ottoman_empire.svg/300px-Ottoman_empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ottoman_empire.svg/400px-Ottoman_empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> at its greatest extent</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg/200px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg/300px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg/400px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1399" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish empire">Spanish</a>–<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese</a> Empire of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1580–1640) was the first global imperial entity. The map includes all Spanish territories, but only territories Portugal had during the Iberian Union.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Empire_on_World_1812.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/French_Empire_on_World_1812.png/250px-French_Empire_on_World_1812.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/French_Empire_on_World_1812.png/330px-French_Empire_on_World_1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/French_Empire_on_World_1812.png/500px-French_Empire_on_World_1812.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The map includes Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/First_French_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First French empire">First French empire</a> with its colonial ownership in 1812. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s rule over Europe led to massive changes not only in Europe but across the world.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Empire-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/200px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/300px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/400px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="1586" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1866 became the second largest contiguous empire to have ever existed. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">The Russian Federation</a> is currently the largest state on the planet.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BritishEmpire1919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BritishEmpire1919.png/200px-BritishEmpire1919.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BritishEmpire1919.png/300px-BritishEmpire1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BritishEmpire1919.png/400px-BritishEmpire1919.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">the largest empire in history</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:EmpireFrench.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EmpireFrench.png/200px-EmpireFrench.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EmpireFrench.png/300px-EmpireFrench.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EmpireFrench.png/400px-EmpireFrench.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Evolution of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a> in the 16th to the 20th century. In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">the second largest empire in the world</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Italian_Empire.png/200px-Italian_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Italian_Empire.png/300px-Italian_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Italian_Empire.png/400px-Italian_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian colonial empire">Italian Empire</a> in 1942</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg/200px-Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg/300px-Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg/400px-Qing_dynasty_in_1760.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">China's <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> in 1760</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/400px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">19th to 20th century <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> at its maximum extent, 1942</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> established an <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">absolute imperial record in size</a> and, for a century, was the foremost global power.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The British established their <a href="/wiki/First_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First British Empire">first empire</a> (1583–1783) in North America by colonising lands that made up <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, including parts of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada#Canada_under_British_rule_(1763–1867)" title="History of Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. In 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> of the Thirteen Colonies declared itself independent from the British Empire, thus beginning the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Britain turned towards Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa, with subsequent exploration and conquests leading to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second British Empire">Second British Empire</a> (1783–1815), which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Imperial_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain's Imperial Century">Britain's Imperial Century</a> (1815–1914). It became the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest empires">largest empire</a> in world history, encompassing one quarter of the world's land area and one fifth of its population.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The impacts of this period are still prominent in the current age "including widespread use of the English language, belief in Protestant religion, economic globalization, modern precepts of law and order, and representative democracy."<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In India, Britain confronted the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> (1799–1849) in the Punjab region. Weakened by the death of its founder, <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, in 1839, the empire fell to the British after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh war">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> in 1849. During the same period, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> (also known as the Maratha Confederacy) was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818, and at its peak, the empire's territories covered much of Southern Asia. The empire was founded and consolidated by Shivaji. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor Aurangzeb, it expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat, which halted the expansion of the empire. Later, the empire was divided into a confederacy of states which, in 1818, were lost to the British during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Maratha wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> France was a dominant empire possessing many <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a> in various locations around the world. During <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s long reign, from 1643 to 1715, France was Europe's most populous, richest and powerful country. From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>’s total area at its peak in 1680 was over 10 million km2 (3.9 million sq mi), the second largest empire in the world at the time behind only the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> It had many possessions around the world, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. At its peak in 1750, French India had an area of 1.5 million km2 and a total population of 100 million people and was the most populous colony under <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French rule</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Empire">Napoleonic Empire</a> (1804–1814) conquered much of the continental Europe. It ruled over 90 million people and was the leading world power of the time. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second largest in the world behind the British Empire. The French colonial empire extended over 13.5 million km2 (5.2 million sq mi) of land at its height in the 1920s and 1930s with a totaled population of 150 million people. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 13.5 million km2 (5.2 million sq mi) at the time, which is 10.0% of the Earth's total land area. The total area of the French colonial empire, with the first (mainly in the Americas and Asia) and second (mainly in Africa and Asia), the French colonial empires combined, reached 24 million km2 (9.3 million sq mi), the second largest in the world (the first being the British Empire).<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> (1822–1889) was the only South American modern monarchy, established by the heir of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> as an independent nation eventually became an emerging international power. The new country was huge but sparsely populated and ethnically diverse. In 1889 the monarchy was overthrown in a sudden <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_period">Late modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late modern period">edit</a>]</div> Beginning around 1760, the <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Empire:_1875%E2%80%931914" title="The Age of Empire: 1875–1914">Age of Imperialism</a> characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States and Japan. Though the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783) and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> in the 1820s ended the first era of European colonialism, the period featured an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At the time, states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments. During the era of New Imperialism, the European powers and Japan conquered almost all of Africa and most of Asia. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing imperial rivalries, their imperial ambitions, and a "<a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a>". With the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815), the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (1804–1867) emerged reconstituted as the Empire of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (1867–1918) and claimed to "inherite" the imperium of Central and Western Europe. Another "heir to the Holy Roman Empire", was the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918). In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1870-1914), European empires separated between themselves almost all the continent. Symbolized by the <a href="/wiki/Pink_Map" title="Pink Map">Pink Map</a>, the Portuguese claimed sovereignty over a wide land corridor stretching between the Atlantic shore of Angola and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> shore of Mozambique. This led to the <a href="/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" title="1890 British Ultimatum">1890 British Ultimatum</a> as Britain aimed to established their own and longer corridor from Egypt to South Africa. In the clash of the corridors, the British prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898 and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–05 signaled the advent of new extra-European empires, the United States and Japan respectively. The two events marked the closure of the "imperial belt"--belt of great empires stretching from west to east. Originally formed in the Old World during the <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, this belt shifted northward during the medieval period due to climatic change, penetrated to North America in the colonial period, and "closed" in the Far East c.1900.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The history of empires ceased being eurocentric. The <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Harbor attack">Pearl Harbor attack</a> symbolized the fact that two non-European empires clashed on the opposite to Europe place of the globe. The world political map was completed c.1900 leaving no sovereign void and with empires ruling over four-fifth of the world. A contemporary observer, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, generalized that great empires claim spheres of interest over a wide orbit and in the 1900s "such orbits encompass the whole surface of the planet."<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Though seldom viewed through an imperial lens, the World Wars were imperial wars. All great powers which waged both World Wars were empires fighting for their survival or expansion.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Many scholars suppose that the end of the overseas space for imperial expansion contributed to the intensity of the World Wars if not was their main factor (chapter "Circumscription theory" below). According to one thesis, the overseas world provided European empires with an enormous outlet and thus prevented Europe from unifying into a single European empire. The European powers turned their exceeding energies outward and the internal European <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">power was balanced</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Correspondingly, the thesis continues,<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> when the space for expansion ended, the empires became destined for head-on collisions, as reflected in the anxious,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">claustrophobic</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> mood of the <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">Fin de siècle</a>. This was the time when the theory of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">lebensraum</a> developed and the term <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> was coined to designate a new science, accompanied by an avalanche of literature envisaging war.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Furthermore, the global closure coincided with unprecedented technological advances in weapons now produced on the industrial scale. The same year (1904), <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a> outlined the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Pivot_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical Pivot of History">global closure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooks_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brooks Adams">Henry Brooks Adams</a> the <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change#Early_observations" title="Accelerating change">law of acceleration</a> in technological progress and production. These factors caused a clash of empires of epic proportions, as vividly described by its famous participant: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> And the first gust of wind swept across Europe grown nervous. The time that now followed lay in the chests of men like a heavy nightmare... And then the first mighty lightening flash struck the earth ... and with the thunder of heaven there mingled the roar of World War batteries... The fight for freedom has began mightier than the Earth has ever seen.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></blockquote> The Ottoman, Austrian and Russian Empires were defeated in the First World War, though the latter Empire soon reappeared in its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet</a> form. The German, Italian and Japanese Empires were defeated in the Second World War. Weakend by the same War, the rest of the European Empires underwent <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>. The Soviet Empire collapsed in 1989-1991. The United States remained the only superpower, but whether its foreign policy qualifies as imperial is debatable (chapters "Contemporary usage" and 'Present" below). Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Kemp_(Egyptologist)" title="Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)">Barry Kemp</a> developed a "basic model" of imperial evolution. At the start, according to the model, we have a number of roughly equal players. The game inexorably follows a trajectory toward a critical point when one player accumulated sufficient power to outweigh other players and becomes unstoppable. Imagining an imperial game of this kind outlines the "essence of the basic process at work in history."<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Kemp specialized on the Bronze Age and by accident published his game theory in 1989, the moment before modern empires completed his "basic process." An Historian specializing on the world history explicitly applied Kemp's game analogy to modern empires. The global closure c.1900 marks the point when empires ended their "regular season" and entered "play-offs." The knock-out tournament began with "<a href="/wiki/Wild_card_(sports)" title="Wild card (sports)">wild card playoff</a>" (First World War), proceeded with "breath-stopping series of quarterfinals and semifinals" (Second World War), and "culminated with a deadly boring final that went into triple overtime until the Soviets scored a golden own goal."<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_empires">Fall of empires</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fall of empires">edit</a>]</div> The fall of an empire is typically associated with a change in the <a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)" title="New world order (politics)">world order</a>, with a new <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a> replacing the former empire. There is typically a decline in <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a>. During the fall, the empire typically retreats its expanded operations. <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a> shrinks as the former empire shifts its priorities towards <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic policy</a>. Living conditions may deteriorate as the economy shrinks. <a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a> or territorial divisions may occur. However, this process is not universal. Some empires are more resilient and fall gracefully while others experience complete chaos. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></div> The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">western half of the Roman Empire</a> is seen as one of the most pivotal points in all of human history. This event traditionally marks the transition from classical civilization to the birth of Europe. The Roman Empire started to decline at the end of the reign of the last of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>, Marcus Aurelius in 161–180 A.D. There is still a debate over the cause of the fall of one of the largest empires in history. Piganiol argues that the Roman Empire under its authority can be described as "a period of terror",<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> holding its imperial system accountable for its failure. Another theory blames the rise of Christianity as the cause, arguing that the spread of certain Christian ideals caused internal weakness of the military and state.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In his book The Fall of the Roman Empire, Peter Heather contends that there are many factors, including issues of money and manpower, which produce military limitations and culminate in the Roman army's inability to effectively repel invading barbarians at the frontier.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The Western Roman economy was already stretched to its limit in the 4th and 5th centuries C.E. due to continual conflict and loss of territory which, in turn, generated loss of revenue from the tax base. There was also the looming presence of the Persians which, at any time, took a large percentage of the fighting force's attention. At the same time the Huns, a nomadic warrior people from the steppes of Asia, are also putting extreme pressure on the German tribes outside of the Roman frontier, which gave the German tribes no other choice, geographically, but to move into Roman territory. At this point, without increased funding, the Roman army could no longer effectively defend its borders against major waves of Germanic tribes. This inability is illustrated by the crushing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">defeat at Adrianople</a> in 378 C.E. and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">Crossing of the Rhine</a> in 406 C.E. An empire can fall for many reasons. However, why the fall of the Roman Empire was fatal, that is why the post-classical Europe never repeated its ancient unity, is a completely different question. <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> in the Roman case led to the theory of inevitable imperial fall and Western <a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">declinism</a> in imperiology which remains the only widely believed case of <a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">historical inevitability</a>. To describe any polity as an empire is usually to damn it as doomed to disappear,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> usually due to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_overstretch" title="Imperial overstretch">imperial overstretch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comparative_history" title="Comparative history">Comparative history</a> however alters the Eurocentric theory. The Chinese Empire rose synchronously with Rome and never fell. More precisely, China underwent several disintegrations but each time reunified. Asking why the post-Roman Europe, contrary to China, never reunified reveals factors which the <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case study</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a> cannot reveal. The latter question was addressed in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_studies_of_the_Roman_and_Han_empires#Political_pattern" title="Comparative studies of the Roman and Han empires">this comparative analysis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_from_empire">Transition from empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transition from empire">edit</a>]</div> In time, an empire may change from one political entity to another. For example, the Holy Roman Empire, a German re-constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, metamorphosed into various political structures (i.e., federalism), and eventually, under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule, re-constituted itself in 1804 as the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, an empire of much different politics and scope, which in turn became the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> in 1867. The Roman Empire, perennially reborn, also lived on as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (Eastern Roman Empire) – temporarily splitting into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> before its remaining territory and centre became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. A similarly persistent concept of empire saw the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> become the Khanate of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of China">Empire of China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> before resurrection as the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> and as the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. An autocratic empire can become a republic with its imperial dominions reduced to a core territory (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a> shorn of the German colonial empire im 1918–1919, the Ottoman Empire in 1918–1923, the Austro-Hungarian Empire after 1918, or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> after 1918 and again in 1989–91). Or it can become a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> within the same borders (e.g., the Central African Empire in 1979). Alternatively, an empire can integrate the ruling metropole with the ruled periphery to become state. Originally imperial cores, <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskovy" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskovy">Muskovy</a> merged with their imperial peripheries to form the states of England, Spain, Italy, Germany and Russia respectively. After 1945 the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> retained its Emperor but lost its colonial possessions and became the State of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Despite the semantic reference to imperial power, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is a <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with a homogeneous population of 127 million people that is 98.5 percent ethnic Japanese, making it one of the largest nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The deconstruction of European colonial empires also quickened and became commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>. The British Empire evolved into a loose, multinational <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> metamorphosed to a <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophone commonwealth</a>. The same process happened to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, which evolved into a <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Lusophone commonwealth</a>, and to the former territories of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, which alongside the Lusophone countries of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, created an <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Ibero-American commonwealth</a>. France returned the French territory of <a href="/wiki/Kwang-Chou-Wan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwang-Chou-Wan">Kwang-Chou-Wan</a> to China in 1946. The British gave <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> back to China in 1997 after 150 years of rule. The Portuguese territory of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> reverted to China in 1999. Macau and Hong Kong did not become part of the provincial structure of China; they have autonomous systems of government as <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Regions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China</a>. France still governs <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon">Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> (TAAF), <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>), and exerts hegemony in <a href="/wiki/Francafrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Francafrique">Francafrique</a> ("French Africa"; 29 francophone countries such as <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, etc.). Fourteen <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> remain under British sovereignty. Fifteen countries of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> share their head of state, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_of_America">United States of America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States of America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></div> Contemporaneously, the concept of empire is politically valid, yet is not always used in the traditional sense. One of widely discussed cases is the United States. Characterizing aspects of the US in regards to its <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">territorial expansion</a>, foreign policy, and its international behavior as "American Empire" is common. The term "American Empire" refers to the United States' <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">cultural ideologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of U.S. foreign policy">foreign policy</a> strategies. The term is most commonly used to describe the U.S.'s status since the 20th century, but it can also be applied to the United States' world standing before the rise of nationalism in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELensZinn2003-121">[120]</a> The US itself was at one point a colony in the British Empire. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> used the term "<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a>" and argued that "no constitution was ever before so well calculated as ours for extensive empire & self government".<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Jefferson in the 1780s while awaiting the fall of the Spanish empire, said: "till our population can be sufficiently advanced to gain it from them piece by piece".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELensZinn200363–64-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Even so, the ideology that the US was founded on anti-imperialist principles has prevented many from acknowledging America's status as an empire. This active rejection of imperialist status is not limited to high-ranking government officials, as it has been ingrained in American society throughout its entire history. As David Ludden explains, "journalists, scholars, teachers, students, analysts, and politicians prefer to depict the U.S. as a nation pursuing its own interests and ideals".<a href="#cite_note-Ludden2004-126">[125]</a> This often results in imperialist endeavors being presented as measures taken to enhance state security. Ludden explains this phenomenon with the concept of "ideological blinders", which he says prevent American citizens from realizing the true nature of America's current systems and strategies. These "ideological blinders" that people wear have resulted in an "invisible" American empire of which most American citizens are unaware.<a href="#cite_note-Ludden2004-126">[125]</a> Besides its anti-imperialist principles, the United States is not traditionally recognized as an empire, because the U.S. adopted a different political system from those that previous empires had used. Despite the anti-imperial ideology and systematic differences, the political objectives and strategies of the United States government have been quite similar to those of previous empires.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Throughout the 19th century, the United States government attempted to <a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territorial acquisitions">expand its territory</a> by any means necessary. Regardless of the supposed motivation for this constant expansion, all of these land acquisitions were carried out by <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">imperialistic means</a>. This was done by financial means in some cases, and by military force in others. Most notably, the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the Texas Annexation (1845), and the Mexican Cession (1848) highlight the imperialistic goals of the United States during this "modern period" of imperialism. The U.S. government has stopped adding additional territories, where they permanently and politically take over since the early 20th century, and instead have established 800 military bases as their outposts.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> With this overt but subtle military control of other countries, scholars consider <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy strategies</a> to be imperialistic.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Academic Krishna Kumar argues that the distinct principles of nationalism and imperialism may result in common practice; that is, the pursuit of nationalism can often coincide with the pursuit of imperialism in terms of strategy and decision making.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Stuart Creighton Miller posits that the public's sense of innocence about Realpolitik (politics based on practical considerations, rather than ideals) impacts popular recognition of US imperial conduct since it governed other countries via surrogates. These surrogates were domestically weak, right-wing governments that would collapse without US support.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Former President George W. Bush's Secretary of Defense, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, said: "We don't seek empires. We're not imperialistic; we never have been."<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> This was said in the context of the international opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> led by the United States in manner widely regarded as imperial. With the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> underway, historian <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lens" title="Sidney Lens">Sidney Lens</a> argued that, from its inception, the US has used every means available to dominate foreign peoples and states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELensZinn2003Back_cover-133">[132]</a> The same time, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_A._Cohen" title="Eliot A. Cohen">Eliot A. Cohen</a> suggested: "The Age of Empire may indeed have ended, but then an age of American hegemony has begun, regardless of what one calls it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200456-134">[133]</a> Some scholars did not bother how to call it: "When it walks like a duck, talks like a duck, it's a duck."<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> was formed as a polity in 1993, it has established its own currency, its own <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">citizenship</a>, established discrete <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">military forces</a>, and exercises its limited hegemony in the Mediterranean, eastern parts of Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. The big size and high development index of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">EU economy</a> often has the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_effect" title="Brussels effect">ability to influence</a> global trade regulations in its favor. The political scientist Jan Zielonka suggests that this behavior is imperial because it coerces its neighbouring countries into adopting its European economic, legal, and political structures.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> MP of the United Kingdom, opposed the <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> policies of the European Union by saying, "I think they're (the European Union) building an empire there, they want us (the United Kingdom) to be a part of their empire and I don't want that."<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Agnia_Grigas" title="Agnia Grigas">Agnia Grigas</a> argued that Moscow pursues the policy of "reimperialization."<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Two days after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, historian specializing on empires, <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, interpreted the policy of Putin as an attempt to bring back the tsarist Russian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> By this time, the "neo-imperialism," or "neo-imperial ambitions" of Russia became widely claimed.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> When Vladimir Putin denies the reality of the Ukrainian state, says another historian of empires <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>, he is speaking the familiar language of empire. For five hundred years, European conquerors saw themselves as actors with purpose, and the colonized as instruments to realize the imperial vision.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> himself used to state: "For Russia to survive, it must remain an empire."<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In June 2022, on the 350 anniversary of the birth of the 18th-century Russian tsar Peter the Great, Putin has compared himself to him associating their twin historic quests to win back Russian lands. For critics this association implied that Putin's "complaints about historical injustice, eastward NATO expansion, and other grievances with the west were all a façade for a traditional war of conquest" and imperialism. "After months of denials that Russia is driven by imperial ambitions in Ukraine, Putin appeared to embrace that mission."<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> On the same occasion, <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Podolyak" title="Mykhailo Podolyak">Mykhailo Podolyak</a>, an adviser to the Ukrainian government, suggested Russia's "de-imperialization," instead of Russia's official war aim of "de-Nazification" of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Later that year, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> approached the new Russian Empire as a fact and opined that this Empire must be defeated.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Other pundits described the new Russian Empire as a failed attempt because Russia failed to annex the whole of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_empires">Timeline of empires</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Timeline of empires">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Empire">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The chart below shows a timeline of polities that have been called empires. Dynastic changes are marked with a white line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001-43">[42]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s timeline listed below includes the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern portion</a>.</li> <li>The Empires of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> were Byzantine successor states.</li> <li>The Empire of Bronze Age Egypt is not included in the graph. Established by Narmer circa 3000 BC, it lasted as long as China until it was conquered by Achaemenid Persia in 525 BC.</li> <li>Japan is presented for the period of its overseas Empire (1895–1945). The original Japanese Empire of "the Eight Islands" would be third persistent after Egypt and China.</li> <li>Many Indian empires are also included, though only <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan dynasty">Mauryans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a> ruled for large periods in India.</li></ul> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_k3meq3jfdoxztvmqqd04ocokodl26s9"></map><img usemap="#timeline_k3meq3jfdoxztvmqqd04ocokodl26s9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/k3meq3jfdoxztvmqqd04ocokodl26s9.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_research">Theoretical research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theoretical research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire_versus_nation_state">Empire versus nation state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Empire versus nation state">edit</a>]</div> Empires have been the dominant international organization in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">world history</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> The fact that tribes, peoples, and nations have made empires points to a fundamental political dynamic, one that helps explain why empires cannot be confined to a particular place or era but emerged and reemerged over thousands of years and on all continents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbankCooper20108-3">[3]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Empires ... can be traced as far back as the recorded history goes; indeed, most history is the history of empires ... It is the nation-state—an essentially 19th-century ideal—that is the historical novelty and that may yet prove to be the more ephemeral entity.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Our field's fixation on the Westphalian state has tended to obscure the fact that the main actors in global politics, for most of time immemorial, have been empires rather than states ... In fact, it is a very distorted view of even the Westphalian era not to recognize that it was always at least as much about empires as it was states. Almost all of the emerging European states no sooner began to consolidate than they were off on campaigns of conquest and commerce to the farthest reaches of the globe... Ironically, it was the European empires that carried the idea of the sovereign territorial state to the rest of the world ...<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Empire has been the historically predominant form of order in world politics. Looking at a time frame of several millennia, there was no global anarchic system until the European explorations and subsequent imperial and colonial ventures connected disparate regional systems, doing so approximately 500 years ago. Prior to this emergence of a global-scope system, the pattern of world politics was characterized by regional systems. These regional systems were initially anarchic and marked by high levels of military competition. But almost universally, they tended to consolidate into regional empires ... Thus it was empires—not anarchic state systems—that typically dominated the regional systems in all parts of the world ... Within this global pattern of regional empires, European political order was distinctly anomalous because it persisted so long as an anarchy.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></blockquote> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pagden" title="Anthony Pagden">Anthony Pagden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_A._Cohen" title="Eliot A. Cohen">Eliot A. Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Burbank" title="Jane Burbank">Jane Burbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cooper_(historian)" title="Frederick Cooper (historian)">Frederick Cooper</a> estimate that "empires have always been more frequent, more extensive political and social forms than tribal territories or nations have ever been."<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Many empires endured for centuries, while the age of the ancient Egyptian, Chinese and Japanese Empires is counted in millennia. "Most people throughout history have lived under imperial rule."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200450-159">[158]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Empires have played a long and critical part in human history ... [Despite] efforts in words and wars to put national unity at the center of political imagination, imperial politics, imperial practices, and imperial cultures have shaped the world we live in ... Rome was evoked as a model of splendor and order into the Twentieth century and beyond... By comparison, the nation-state appears as a blip on the historical horizon, a state form that emerged recently from under imperial skies and whose hold on the world's political imagination may well prove partial or transitory... The endurance of empire challenges the notion that the nation-state is natural, necessary, and inevitable ...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbankCooper20102–3-160">[159]</a></blockquote> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a> wrote that "in the broad sweep of human history ... the form of states system has been the exception rather than the rule".<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> His colleague <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a> confirmed this conclusion for the pre-modern period: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> The history of interstate relations was largely that of successive great empires. The pattern of international political change during the millennia of the pre-modern era has been described as an imperial cycle ... World politics was characterized by the rise and decline of powerful empires, each of which in turn unified and ordered its respective international system. The recurrent pattern in every civilization of which we have knowledge was for one state to unify the system under its imperial domination. The propensity toward universal empire was the principal feature of pre-modern politics.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></blockquote> Historian Michael Doyle who undertook an extensive research on empires extended the observation into the modern era: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Empires have been the key actors in world politics for millennia. They helped create the interdependent civilizations of all the continents ... Imperial control stretches through history, many say, to the present day. Empires are as old as history itself ... They have held the leading role ever since.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></blockquote> The author of <a href="/wiki/The_Idea_of_Nationalism:_A_Study_in_Its_Origins_and_Background" title="The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background">The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kohn" title="Hans Kohn">Hans Kohn</a>, acknowledged that it was the opposite idea—of imperialism—that was, perhaps, the most influential single idea for two millennia, the ordering of human society through unified dominion and common civilization.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Yet a century ago, most of the world was ruled by persons who proudly proclaimed themselves Emperors and were proud of their Empires. Of the great powers, only the United States and France were republics.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_empire">Universal empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Universal empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal monarchy</a></div> Expert on warfare <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> generalized on what he called "universal empire"—empire unifying all the contemporary system: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Balance of power systems have in the past tended, through the process of conquest of lesser states by greater states, towards reduction in the number of states involved, and towards less frequent but more devastating wars, until eventually a universal empire has been established through the conquest by one of all those remaining.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></blockquote> German Sociologist Friedrich Tenbruck finds that the macro-historic process of imperial expansion gave rise to <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">global history</a> in which the formations of universal empires were most significant stages.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> A later group of political scientists, working on the phenomenon of the current <a href="/wiki/Unipolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipolarity">unipolarity</a>, in 2007 edited research on several pre-modern civilizations by experts in respective fields. The overall conclusion was that the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> was inherently unstable order and usually soon broke in favor of imperial order.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Yet before the advent of the unipolarity, world historian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold Toynbee</a> and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wight" title="Martin Wight">Martin Wight</a> had drawn the same conclusion with an unambiguous implication for the modern world: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> When this [imperial] pattern of political history is found in the New World as well as in the Old World, it looks as if the pattern must be intrinsic to the political history of societies of the species we call civilizations, in whatever part of the world the specimens of this species occur. If this conclusion is warranted, it illuminates our understanding of civilization itself.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Most states systems have ended in universal empire, which has swallowed all the states of the system. The examples are so abundant that we must ask two questions: Is there any states system which has not led fairly directly to the establishment of a world empire? Does the evidence rather suggest that we should expect any states system to culminate in this way? ... It might be argued that every state system can only maintain its existence on the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a>, that the latter is inherently unstable, and that sooner or later its tensions and conflicts will be resolved into a monopoly of power.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></blockquote> The earliest thinker to approach the phenomenon of universal empire from a theoretical point of view was <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (2:3): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> In previous times events in the world occurred without impinging on one another ... [Then] history became a whole, as if a single body; events in Italy and Libya came to be enmeshed with those in Asia and Greece, and everything gets directed towards one single goal.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, having witnessed the battle at Jena in 1806 when Napoleon overwhelmed Prussia, described what he perceived as a deep historical trend: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> There is necessary tendency in every cultivated State to extend itself generally ... Such is the case in Ancient History ... As the States become stronger in themselves and cast off that [Papal] foreign power, the tendency towards a Universal Monarchy over the whole Christian World necessarily comes to light ... This tendency ... has shown itself successively in several States which could make pretensions to such a dominion, and since the fall of the Papacy, it has become the sole animating principle of our History ... Whether clearly or not—it may be obscurely—yet has this tendency lain at the root of the undertakings of many States in Modern Times ... Although no individual Epoch may have contemplated this purpose, yet is this the spirit which runs through all these individual Epochs, and invisibly urges them onward.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></blockquote> Fichte's later compatriot, Geographer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, in the mid-Nineteenth century observed a macro-historic trend of imperial growth in both Hemispheres: "Men of great and strong minds, as well as whole nations, acted under influence of one idea, the purity of which was utterly unknown to them."<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The imperial expansion filled the world <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900.<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_2015-174">[173]</a> Three famous contemporary observers—<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> described the event, Turner predicting American overseas expansion<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> and Mackinder stressing that the world empire is now in sight.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In 1870, Argentine diplomat, jurist and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alberdi" title="Juan Bautista Alberdi">Juan Bautista Alberdi</a> described imperial consolidation. As von Humboldt, he found this trend unplanned and irrational but evident beyond doubt in the "unwritten history of events." He linked this trend to the recent <a href="/wiki/Evolution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution theory">Evolution theory</a>: Nations gravitate towards the formation of a single universal society. The laws that lead the nations in that direction are the same natural laws that has formed societies and are part of evolution. These evolutionary laws exist disregarding whether men recognize them.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> observed that the "drive toward the building of continually larger states continues throughout the entirety of history" and is active in the present.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> He drew "Seven Laws of Expansionism". His seventh law stated: "The general trend toward amalgamation transmits the tendency of territorial growth from state to state and increases the tendency in the process of transmission." He commented on this law to make its meaning clear: "There is on this small planet sufficient space for only one great state."<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Three other contemporaries—<a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Strong" title="Josiah Strong">Josiah Strong</a> and George <a href="/wiki/Vacher_de_Lapouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a>—stressed that imperial expansion cannot indefinitely proceed on the definite surface of the globe and therefore world empire is imminent. Kang Youwei in 1885 believed that the imperial trend will culminate in the contest between Washington and Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The same year, Josiah Strong bet on the Anglo-Saxons to establish a world empire centered on the United States.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Vacher de Lapouge in 1899 estimated that the final contest will be between Russia and America in which America is likely to triumph.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The above envisaged contests indeed took place, known to us as World War I and II. Writing during the First, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a> compared two emergences of universal empires and implied for the modern world: The Chinese League of States failed as well as the Taoist idea of intellectual self-disarmament. The Chinese states defended their last independence with bitterness but in vain. Also in vain Rome attempted to avoid conquest of the Hellenistic east. Imperialism is so necessary a product of any civilization that when a strongest people refuse to assume the role of master, it is pushed into it. It is the same with us. The <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conference of 1907</a> was the prelude of World War, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Conference</a> of 1921 will have been that of other wars. Napoleon introduced the idea of military world empire different from the preceding European maritime empires. The contest "for the heritage of the whole world" will culminate "within two generations" (from 1922). The destinies of small states are "without importance to the great march of things." The strongest race will win and seize the management of the world.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Writing during the next World War, political scientists Derwent Whittlesey, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9" title="Robert Strausz-Hupé">Robert Strausz-Hupé</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_H._Herz" title="John H. Herz">John H. Herz</a> concluded: "Now that the earth is at last parceled out, consolidation has commenced."<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In "this world of fighting superstates there could be no end to war until one state had subjected all others, until world empire had been achieved by the strongest. This undoubtedly is the logical final stage in the geopolitical theory of evolution."<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> The world is no longer large enough to harbor several self-contained powers ... The trend toward world domination or hegemony of a single power is but the ultimate consummation of a power-system engrafted upon an otherwise integrated world.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></blockquote> Writing in the last year of the War, American theologian Parley Paul Wormer, German historian <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Dehio" title="Ludwig Dehio">Ludwig Dehio</a>, and Hungarian-born writer <a href="/wiki/Emery_Reves" title="Emery Reves">Emery Reves</a> drew similar conclusions. Fluctuating but persistent movement occurred through the centuries toward ever greater unity. The forward movement toward ever larger unities continues and there is no reason to conclude that it has come to an end. More likely, the greatest convergence of all time is at hand. "Possibly this is the deeper meaning of the savage world conflicts" of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> [T]he old European tendency toward division is now being thrust aside by the new global trend toward unification. And the onrush of this trend may not come to rest until it has asserted itself throughout our planet ... The global order still seems to be going through its birth pangs ... With the last tempest barely over, a new one is gathering.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></blockquote> The famous <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace" title="The Anatomy of Peace">Anatomy of Peace</a> by Reves, written and published in 1945, supposed that without the industrial power of the United States, Hitler already might have established world empire. Proposing <a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">world federalism</a>, the book warned: Every dynamic force, every economic and technological reality, every "law of history" and logic "indicates that we are on the verge of a period of empire building," which is "the last phase of the struggle for the conquest of the world." As an elimination contest, one of the three remaining powers or a combination "will achieve by force that unified control made mandatory by the times we live in… Anyone of three, by defeating the other two, would conquer and rule the world." If we fail to institute a unified control over the world in democratic way, the "iron law of history" would compel us to wage wars until world empire is finally attained through conquest. Since the former way is improbable due human blindness, we should precipitate the unification by conquest as quickly as possible and start the restoration of human liberties within the world empire.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_bomb_and_empire">Atomic bomb and empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Atomic bomb and empire">edit</a>]</div> Reves added "Postscript" to the Anatomy, opening: "A few weeks after the publication of this book, the first atomic bomb exploded over the city of Hiroshima…" This new physical fact however has changed nothing in the political situation. The world empire remains inevitable and nothing else in the book would have been said differently had it been written after August 6, 1945. Not much chance we have to establish <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a> before the next horrible war between the two superpowers and whoever is victorious would establish the world empire.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> The book sold an exceptional 800,000 copies in thirty languages, was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and numerous other prominent figures, and in 1950 Reves was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. The year after the War and in the first year of the nuclear age, Einstein and British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, known as prominent pacifists, outlined for the near future a perspective of world empire (world government established by force). Einstein believed that, unless world government is established by agreement, an imperial world government would come by war or wars.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Russell expected a <a href="/wiki/Third_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World War">third World War</a> to result in a world government under the empire of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Three years later, another prominent pacifist, theologian <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a>, generalized on the ancient Empires of Egypt, Babylon, Persia and Greece to imply for the modern world: "The analogy in present global terms would be the final unification of the world through the preponderant power of either America or Russia, whichever proved herself victorious in the final struggle."<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Russian colleague of Russell and Niebuhr, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Fedotov" title="Georgy Fedotov">Georgy Fedotov</a>, wrote in 1945: All empires are but stages on the way to the sole empire which must swallow all others. The only question is who will build it and on which foundations. Universal unity is the only alternative to annihilation. Unity by conference is utopian but unity by conquest by the strongest power is not and probably the uncompleted in this War will be completed in the next. "Pax Atlantica" is the best of possible outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Originally drafted as a secret study for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>) in 1944<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> and published as a book three years later, The Struggle for the World... by <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a> concludes: If either of the two Superpowers wins, the result would be a universal empire which in our case would also be a world empire. The historical stage for a world empire had already been set prior to and independently of the discovery of atomic weapons but these weapons make a world empire inevitable and imminent. "The atomic weapons ... will not permit the world to wait." Only a world empire can establish monopoly on atomic weapons and thus guarantee the survival of civilization. A world empire "is in fact the objective of the Third World War which, in its preliminary stages, has already began". The issue of a world empire "will be decided, and in our day. In the course of the decision, both of the present antagonists may, it is true, be destroyed, but one of them must be."<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> The next year, world historian <a href="/wiki/Crane_Brinton" title="Crane Brinton">Crane Brinton</a> similarly supposed that the bomb may in the hands of a very skillful and lucky nation prove to be the weapon that permits that nation to unify the world by imperial conquest, to do what Napoleon and Hitler failed to do. Combined with other "wonders of science," it would permit a quick and easy conquest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a> concluded that the "best" outcome of World War III would be world empire: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Today war has become an instrument of universal destruction, an instrument that destroys the victor and the vanquished ... At worst, victor and loser would be undistinguishable under the leveling impact of such a catastrophe ... At best, the destruction on one side would not be quite as great as on the other; the victor would be somewhat better off than the loser and would establish, with the aid of modern technology, his domination over the world.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></blockquote> Expert on earlier civilizations, Toynbee, further developed the subject of World War III leading to world empire: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> The outcome of the Third World War ... seemed likely to be the imposition of an ecumenical peace of the Roman kind by the victor whose victory would leave him with a monopoly on the control of atomic energy in his grasp ... This denouement was foreshadowed, not only by present facts, but by historical precedents, since, in the histories of other civilizations, the time of troubles had been apt to culminate in the delivery of a knock-out blow resulting in the establishment of a universal state ...<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></blockquote> The year this volume of <a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_History" title="A Study of History">A Study of History</a> was published, US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> announced "<a href="/wiki/Massive_retaliation" title="Massive retaliation">a knock-out blow</a>" as an official doctrine, a detailed <a href="/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan" title="Single Integrated Operational Plan">Plan</a> was elaborated and <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine mapped the design.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Section VIII, "Atomic Armaments", of the famous National Security Council Report 68 (<a href="/wiki/NSC_68" title="NSC 68">NSC 68</a>), approved by President Harry Truman in 1951, uses the term "blow" 17 times, mostly preceded by such adjectives as "powerful", "overwhelming", or "crippling". Another term applied by the strategists was "Sunday punch".<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Having modeled the rise of the world empire on the cases of previous empires, Toynbee noted that, by contrast, the modern ultimate "blow" would be atomic. But he remains optimistic: No doubt, the modern world has far greater capacity to reconstruct than the earlier civilizations had.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-204">[203]</a> A pupil of Toynbee, <a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. McNeill (historian)">William McNeill</a>, associated with the case of ancient China, which "put a quietus upon the disorders of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring states">warring states</a> by erecting an imperial bureaucratic structure ... The warring states of the Twentieth century seem headed for a similar resolution of their conflicts."<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> The ancient "resolution" McNeill evoked was one of the most sweeping universal conquests in world history, performed by <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin</a> in 230–221 BC. Chinese classic <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (d. 86 BC) described the event (6:234): "Qin raised troops on a grand scale" and "the whole world celebrated a great bacchanal". <a href="/wiki/Herman_Kahn" title="Herman Kahn">Herman Kahn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> criticized an assembled group of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">SAC</a> officers for their war plan (<a href="/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan" title="Single Integrated Operational Plan">SIOP</a>-62). He did not use the term <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">bacchanal</a> but he coined on the occasion an associating word: "Gentlemen, you do not have a war plan. You have a war orgasm!"<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> History did not completely repeat itself but it passed close. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumscription_theory">Circumscription theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Circumscription theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_theory" title="Circumscription theory">Circumscription theory</a></div> According to the circumscription theory of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carneiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Carneiro">Robert Carneiro</a>, "the more sharply circumscribed area, the more rapidly it will become politically unified."<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The Empires of Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> China<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato Dynasty">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> are named the most durable political structures in human history. Correspondingly, these are the three most circumscribed civilizations in human history. The Empires of Egypt (established by <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> c. 3000 BC) and China (established by <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Cheng</a> in 221 BC) endured for over two millennia. German Sociologist Friedrich Tenbruck, criticizing the Western idea of progress, emphasized that China and Egypt remained at one particular stage of development for millennia. This stage was universal empire. The development of Egypt and China came to a halt once their empires "reached the limits of their natural habitat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETenbruck199484,_86–87-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">Sinology</a> does not recognize the Eurocentric view of the "inevitable" imperial fall;<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Egyptology<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato Dynasty">Japanology</a> pose equal challenges. Carneiro explored the Bronze Age civilizations. Stuart J. Kaufman, Richard Little and <a href="/wiki/William_Wohlforth" title="William Wohlforth">William Wohlforth</a> researched the next three millennia, comparing eight civilizations. They conclude: The "rigidity of the borders" contributed importantly to hegemony in every concerned case.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Hence, "when the system's borders are rigid, the probability of hegemony is high".<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The circumscription theory was stressed in the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_studies_of_the_Roman_and_Han_empires" title="Comparative studies of the Roman and Han empires">comparative studies of the Roman and Chinese Empires</a>. The circumscribed Chinese Empire recovered from all falls, while the fall of Rome, by contrast, was fatal. "What counteracted this [imperial] tendency in Europe ... was a countervailing tendency for the geographical boundaries of the system to expand." If "Europe had been a closed system, some great power would eventually have succeeded in establishing absolute supremacy over the other states in the region".<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> The ancient Chinese system was relatively enclosed, whereas the European system began to expand its reach to the rest of the world from the onset of system formation... In addition, overseas provided outlet for territorial competition, thereby allowing international competition on the European continent to ... trump the ongoing pressure toward convergence.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></blockquote> In the 1945 book, The Precarious Balance, on four centuries of the European power struggle, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Dehio" title="Ludwig Dehio">Ludwig Dehio</a> explained the durability of the European states system by its overseas expansion: "Overseas expansion and the system of states were born at the same time; the vitality that burst the bounds of the Western world also destroyed its unity."<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace" title="The Anatomy of Peace">more famous 1945 book</a>, Reves similarly argued that the era of outward expansion is forever closed and the historic trend of expansion will result in direct collision between the remaining powers.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-223">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">Edward Carr</a> causally linked the end of the overseas outlet for imperial expansion and World Wars. In the nineteenth century, he wrote during the Second World War, imperialist wars were waged against "primitive" peoples. "It was silly for European countries to fight against one another when they could still ... maintain social cohesion by continuous expansion in Asia and Africa. Since 1900, however, this has no longer been possible: "the situation has radically changed". Now wars are between "imperial powers."<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a> wrote that the very imperial expansion into relatively empty geographical spaces in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, in Africa, Eurasia, and western North America, deflected great power politics into the periphery of the earth, thereby reducing conflict. For example, the more attention Russia, France and the United States paid to expanding into far-flung territories in imperial fashion, the less attention they paid to one another, and the more peaceful, in a sense, the world was. But by the late nineteenth century, the consolidation of the great nation-states and empires of the West was consummated, and territorial gains could only be made at the expense of one another.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_H._Herz" title="John H. Herz">John H. Herz</a> outlined one "chief function" of the overseas expansion and the impact of its end: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> [A] European balance of power could be maintained or adjusted because it was relatively easy to divert European conflicts into overseas directions and adjust them there. Thus the openness of the world contributed to the consolidation of the territorial system. The end of the 'world frontier' and the resulting closedness of an interdependent world inevitably affected the system's effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a></blockquote> Some later commentators[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] drew similar conclusions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> For some commentators, the passing of the Nineteenth century seemed destined to mark the end of this long era of European empire building. The unexplored and unclaimed "blank" spaces on the world map were rapidly diminishing ... and the sense of "global closure" prompted an anxious <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin-de-siècle</a> debate about the future of the great empires ... The "closure" of the global imperial system implied ... the beginning of a new era of intensifying inter-imperial struggle along borders that now straddled the globe.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></blockquote> The opportunity for any system to expand in size seems almost a necessary condition for it to remain balanced, at least over the long haul. Far from being impossible or exceedingly improbable, systemic hegemony is likely under two conditions: "when the boundaries of the international system remain stable and no new major powers emerge from outside the system."<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> With the system becoming global, further expansion is precluded. The geopolitical condition of "global closure"<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> will remain to the end of history. Since "the contemporary international system is global, we can rule out the possibility that geographic expansion of the system will contribute to the emergence of a new balance of power, as it did so many times in the past."<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> had put it, "this process can no longer continue without interplanetary wars."<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> One of the leading experts on <a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">world-systems theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a>, noted that circumscription theory is applicable to the global system, since the global system is circumscribed.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> In fact, within less than a century of circumscribed existence, the global system overcame the centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> and reached the state of <a href="/wiki/Unipolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipolarity">unipolarity</a>. Given "constant spatial parameters" of the global system, its unipolar structure is neither historically unusual nor theoretically surprising.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Randall_Schweller" title="Randall Schweller">Randall Schweller</a> theorized that a "closed international system", such as the global system became a century ago, would reach "<a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>" in a kind of <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">thermodynamic law</a>. Once the state of entropy is reached, there is no going back. The initial conditions are lost forever. Stressing the curiosity of this fact, Schweller writes that since the moment the modern world became a closed system, the process has worked in only one direction: from many poles to two poles to one pole. Thus, unipolarity might represent entropy—stable and permanent loss of variation—in the global system.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Present">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax Americana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combined_Air_Operations_Center_151007-F-MS415-019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Combined_Air_Operations_Center_151007-F-MS415-019.jpg/250px-Combined_Air_Operations_Center_151007-F-MS415-019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Combined_Air_Operations_Center_151007-F-MS415-019.jpg/330px-Combined_Air_Operations_Center_151007-F-MS415-019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Combined_Air_Operations_Center_151007-F-MS415-019.jpg/500px-Combined_Air_Operations_Center_151007-F-MS415-019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base" title="Al Udeid Air Base">Al Udeid Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></figcaption></figure> For <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Dominic Lieven</a>, empire is all about unequal distribution of power and consequent domination. Thus the 2000s world order is more imperial than the 19th-century one because instead of several empire of roughly equal power there is one imperial superpower. ‘Empire’ has therefore replaced "<a href="/wiki/Anarchy_(international_relations)" title="Anarchy (international relations)">anarchy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Chalmers Johnson</a> argues that the US global network of hundreds of military bases already represents a global empire in its initial form: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> For a major power, prosecution of any war that is not a defense of the homeland usually requires overseas military bases for strategic reasons. After the war is over, it is tempting for the victor to retain such bases and easy to find reasons to do so. Commonly, preparedness for a possible resumption of hostilities will be invoked. Over time, if a nation's aims become imperial, the bases form the skeleton of an empire.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Dalby" title="Simon Dalby">Simon Dalby</a> associates the network of bases with the Roman imperial system: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Looking at these impressive facilities which reproduce substantial parts of American suburbia complete with movie theatres and restaurant chains, the parallels with Roman garrison towns built on the Rhine, or on Hadrian's wall in England, where the remains are strikingly visible on the landscape, are obvious ... Less visible is the sheer scale of the logistics to keep garrison troops in residence in the far-flung reaches of empire ... That [military] presence literally builds the cultural logic of the garrison troops into the landscape, a permanent reminder of imperial control.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz" title="Kenneth Pomeranz">Kenneth Pomeranz</a> and Harvard Historian <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> share the above-cited views: "With American military bases in over 120 countries, we have hardly seen the end of empire." This "vast archipelago of US military bases … far exceeds 19th-century British ambitions. Britain's imperium consisted of specific, albeit numerous, colonies and clients; the American imperial vision is much more global…"<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Conventional maps of US military deployments understate the extent of America's military reach. A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense Department</a> map of the world, which shows the areas of responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Combatant Command">five major regional commands</a>, suggests that America's sphere of military influence is now literally global ... The regional combatant commanders—<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">the 'pro-consuls' of this imperium</a>—have responsibility for swaths of territory beyond the wildest imaginings of their Roman predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a></blockquote> Another Harvard Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Maier" title="Charles S. Maier">Charles S. Maier</a> opens his Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors with these words: "What a substratum for empire! Compared with which, the foundation of the Macedonian, the Roman and the British, sink into insignificance."<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> One of the most accepted distinctions between earlier empires and the American Empire is the latter's "global" or "planetary" scope.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> French former Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Vedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Vedrine">Hubert Vedrine</a> wondered: "The situation is unprecedented: What previous empire subjugated the entire world...?"<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> The quests for universal empire are old but the present quest outdoes the previous in "the notable respect of being the first to actually be global in its reach."<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> Another historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a>, who in 1986 <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers" title="The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers">predicted</a> the imminent US "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_overstretch" title="Imperial overstretch">imperial overstretch</a>," in 2002 acknowledged about the present world system: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Nothing has ever existed like this disparity of power. The Pax Britannica was run on the cheap. Napoleon's France and Philip II's Spain had powerful foes and were part of a multipolar system. Charlemagne's empire was merely western European in stretch. The Roman Empire stretched further afield, but there was another great empire in Persia and a larger one in China. There is ... no comparison.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Russell_Mead" title="Walter Russell Mead">Walter Russell Mead</a> observes that the United States attempts to recreate "globally" what the ancient empires of Egypt, China and Rome had each accomplished on a regional basis.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Leeds, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a>, concludes that due to its planetary dimension, the new empire cannot be drawn on a map: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> The new 'empire' is not an entity that could be drawn on a map... Drawing a map of the empire would also be a pointless exercise because the most conspicuously 'imperial' trait of the new empire's mode of being consists in viewing and treating the whole of the planet ... as a potential grazing ground...<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a></blockquote> Times Atlas of Empires numbers 70 empires in the world history. Niall Ferguson lists numerous parallels between them and the United States. He concludes: "To those who would still insist on American exceptionalism, the historian of empires can only retort: as exceptional as all the other 69 empires."<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a> stressed one element not exceptional for the American Empire—the concept of <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a>. All dominant empires thought they were special.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future">Future</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Future">edit</a>]</div> In 1945, Historian <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Dehio" title="Ludwig Dehio">Ludwig Dehio</a> predicted global unification due to the circumscription of the global system, although he did not use this term. Being global, the system can neither expand nor be subject to external intrusion as the European states system had been for centuries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> In all previous struggles for supremacy, attempts to unite the European peninsula in a single state have been condemned to failure primarily through the intrusion of new forces from outside the old Occident. The Occident was an open area. But the globe was not, and, for that very reason, ultimately destined to be unified... And this very process [of unification] was clearly reflected in both World Wars.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a></blockquote> Fifteen years later, Dehio confirmed his hypothesis: The European system owed its durability to its overseas outlet. "But how can a multiple grouping of world states conceivably be supported from outside in the framework of a finite globe?"<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> During the same time, <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> developed a similar concept. Balance-of-power politics has aimed less at preserving peace than at preserving the independence of states and preventing the development of world empire. In the course of history, the balance of power repeatedly re-emerged, but on ever-wider scale. Eventually, the scale became global. Unless we proceed to "interplanetary wars," this pattern can no longer continue. In spite of significant reversals, the "trend towards world unity" can "scarcely be denied." World unity appears to be "the limit toward which the process of world history seems to tend."<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> The same "interplanetary" motif is present also in the <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace" title="The Anatomy of Peace">Anatomy of Peace</a>: The era of outward expansion is forever closed. "Until and unless we are able to communicate with another planet, the theater of human history will be limited to geographically determined, constant and known dimensions." The historic trend of expansion will result in direct collision between the remaining powers. Multiplied by modern technology, the centripetal forces will accomplish what the greatest empires of the past failed. "For the first time in human history, one power can conquer and rule the world."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-223">[222]</a> The "Father of American Anthropology," <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, known for his <a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">historical particularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a>, outlined the "inexorable laws of history" by which political units grow larger in size and smaller in number. The process began in the earliest times and has continued almost always in the same direction. In the long run, the tendency to unification has been more powerful than of disintegration. "Thus the history of mankind shows us the grand spectacle of the grouping of man in units of ever increasing size." The progress in the direction of unification has been so regular and so marked that we must needs conclude that the same tendencies will govern our history in the future. Today the unity of the world is not less conceivable than the modern nations were in the early history. The practical difficulties that stand in the way of the formation of still larger units count for nothing before the "inexorable laws of history."<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> Seven later scholars—<a href="/wiki/Hornell_Hart" title="Hornell Hart">Hornell Hart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Naroll" title="Raoul Naroll">Raoul Naroll</a>,<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Louis Morano,<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> the author of the circumscription theory <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carneiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Carneiro">Robert Carneiro</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Ausubel" title="Jesse H. Ausubel">Jesse H. Ausubel</a> & Cesare Marchetti<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a>—researched expanding imperial cycles. All argued that these cycles represent an historical trend leading to world empire. Naroll and Carneiro also found this outcome "close at hand," c. 2200 and 2300 respectively. In 2013, Marchetti and Ausubel estimated that the global empire is to rise within "a couple more generations."<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, writing yet in 1943, drew a more specific and immediate future imperial project: After the War America is bound "to take over the command of the skies." The danger of "the utter annihilation of all enemy towns and lands" can "only be prevented by the air superiority of a single power ... America's air role is the only alternative to intercontinental wars." Despite his outstanding anti-imperialism, Coudenhove-Kalergi detailed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> No imperialism, but technical and strategic problems of security urge America to rule the skies of the globe, just as Britain during the last century ruled the seas of the world... Pacifists and anti-imperialists will be shocked by this logic. They will try to find an escape. But they will try in vain... At the end of the war the crushing superiority of American plane production will be an established fact... The solution of the problem ... is by no means ideal, nor even satisfactory. But it is the minor evil...<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></blockquote> Coudenhove-Kalergi envisaged a kind of <a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax Americana</a> modeled on "Pax Romana": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> During the third century BC the Mediterranean world was divided on five great powers—Roma and Carthage, Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The balance of power led to a series of wars until Rome emerged the queen of the Mediterranean and established an incomparable era of two centuries of peace and progress, the 'Pax Romana'... It may be that America's air power could again assure our world, now much smaller than the Mediterranean at that period, two hundred years of peace...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Coudenhove-Kalergi1943299-263">[262]</a></blockquote> This period would be necessary transitory stage before <a href="/wiki/World_State" class="mw-redirect" title="World State">World State</a> is eventually established, though he did not specify how the last transformation is expected to occur. Coudenhove-Kalergi's follower in the teleological theory of World State, Toynbee, specified two ways. One is by wars going on to a bitter end at which one surviving great power "knocks out" its last remaining competitor and establishes world empire, like the earlier empires used to on the regional scale. The other alternative is the United Nations. Having devoted his life to the study of history and international affairs, Toynbee did not bet on the United Nations. Instead, he identified symptoms of the traditional power politics leading to the world empire by a universal conquest.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-204">[203]</a> Toynbee emphasized that the world is ripe for conquest: "...Hitler's eventual failure to impose peace on the world by the force of arms was due, not to any flaw in his thesis that the world was ripe for conquest, but to an accidental combination of incidental errors in his measures..." But "in falling by so narrow a margin to win the prize of world-dominion for himself, Hitler had left the prize dangling within the reach of any successor capable of pursuing the same aims of world-conquest with a little more patience, prudence, and tact." With his "revolution of destruction," Hitler has performed the "yeoman service" for "some future architect of a Pax Ecumenica... For a post-Hitlerian empire-builder, Hitler's derelict legacy was a gift of the Gods."<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> The next "architect of a Pax Ecumenica," known more commonly as <a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax Americana</a>, demonstrated "more patience, prudence, and tact." Consequently, as President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> put it, the NATO allies became "almost psychopathic" whenever anyone talked about a US withdrawal, and the reception of his successor <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in Berlin was "almost hysterical," as Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> characterized it.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">John Ikenberry</a> finds that the Europeans wanted a stronger, more formal and more imperial system than the United States was initially willing to provide. In the end the United States settled for this "form of empire—a Pax Americana with formal commitments to Europe."<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> According to a much debated thesis, the United States became "empire by invitation."<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> The period discussed in the thesis (1945–1952) ended precisely the year Toynbee theorized on "some future architect of a Pax Ecumenica." Dissociating America from Rome, Eisenhower gave a pessimistic forecast. In 1951, before he became president, he had written on West Europe: "We cannot be a modern Rome guarding the far frontiers with our legions if for no other reason than that these are not, politically, our frontiers. What we must do is to assist these [West European] peoples." Two years later, he wrote: When it was decided to deploy US divisions to Europe, no one had "for an instant" thought that they would remain there for "several decades"—that the United States could "build a sort of Roman Wall with its own troops and so protect the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrachtenberg1999147–148-268">[267]</a> Eisenhower assured <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet first secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> on Berlin in 1959: "Clearly we did not contemplate 50 years in occupation there." It lasted, remarks <a href="/wiki/Marc_Trachtenberg" title="Marc Trachtenberg">Marc Trachtenberg</a>, from July 1945 to September 1994, 10 months short of 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrachtenberg1999401-269">[268]</a> Notably, when the US troops eventually left, they left eastward. Confirming the theory of the "empire by invitation," with their first opportunity East European states extended the "invitation."<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> envisaged the "Imperial Age" for the world in both senses of "empire," spatial (as a world-wide unit ruled by one center) and governmental (as ruled by Emperor). Published in 1922, <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a> predicts the triumph of the strongest race in the fight for the whole world within "two generations" and of "Caesarism" over democracy "within a century."<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> In 2022, the Spenglerian century ended short of global "Caesarism," albeit two years before its end <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> had been advised to <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">cross the Rubicon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> Chalmers Johnson regards the global military reach of the United States as empire in its "initial" form.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Simes" title="Dimitri Simes">Dimitri Simes</a> finds that most of the world sees the United States as a "nascent" imperial power.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> Some scholars concerned how this empire would look in its ultimate form. The ultimate form of empire was described by Michael Doyle in his Empires. It is empire in which its two main components—the ruling core and the ruled periphery—merged to form one integrated whole. At this stage the empire as defined ceases to exist and becomes world state. Doyle exemplifies the transformation on the case of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">edict in AD 212</a> extended the Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Mediterranean world.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> Doyle's case of the Roman Empire had also been evoked by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a> in her 1988 article, "The Future of the American Empire." Strange emphasized that the most persistent empires were those which best managed to integrate the ruling core and the peripheral allies. The article is partly a reply on the published a year earlier bestseller <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers" title="The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers">The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers</a> which predicted imminent US "imperial overstretch." Strange found this outcome unlikely, stressing the fact that the peripheral allies have been successfully recruited into the American Empire.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Envisaging a world empire of either the United States or the Soviet Union (whoever is victorious in World War III), <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> projected the Roman scenario too: "Like the Romans, they will, in the course of time, extend citizenship to the vanquished. There will then be a true world state, and it will be possible to forget that it will have owed its origin to conquest."<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> International Relations scholar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a> supposes world empire by universal conquest and subsequent consolidation, provided the conquering power recognizes all conquered members. For his example he also invokes the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> In satirical criticism of the European pro-American stance in the wake of September 11, French Philosopher <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Debray" title="Régis Debray">Régis Debray</a> warned that the logical culmination of the motto "We are all Americans" would be a modernized Edict of Caracalla extending US citizenship to all the West and thus establishing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_West" title="United States of the West">United States of the West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> To the case of Caracalla, Toynbee added the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid cosmopolitan reformation</a> of 750 AD. Both "were good auguries for the prospect that, in a post-Modern chapter of Western history, a supranational commonwealth originally based on the hegemony of a paramount power over its satellites might eventually be put on the sounder basis of a constitutional partnership in which all the people of all the partner states would have their fare share in the conduct of common affairs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee1954554-555-281">[280]</a> To the cases of Caracalla and the Abbasid revolution, Max Ostrovsky added the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> in 206 BC and more gradual cosmopolitan reformations he finds characteristic to all persistent empires and expects in the future global empire.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crane_Brinton" title="Crane Brinton">Crane Brinton</a> expected that the world empire would not be built instantly but not as slowly as Rome, for much in the modern world has been speeded up.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Galton_Darwin" title="Charles Galton Darwin">Charles Galton Darwin</a>, a grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">father of Evolution Theory</a>, suggested that China, as an isolated and enduring civilization, seems to provide the most relevant model for the global future. As the Chinese Empire, the regions of the world, periodically albeit more rarely, will be united by force into an uneasy world-empire, which will endure for a period until it falls.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Along China, Ostrovsky mentions Egypt as a model for the future but, by contrast, estimates that the intermediate periods of the global empire will be shorter and rarer.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">World domination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lists">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">List of empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">List of largest empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_sovereign_states" title="List of former sovereign states">List of former sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">List of transcontinental countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Hindu empires and dynasties">List of Hindu empires and dynasties</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)</a> had general recognition as a kingdom, despite its grandiose name. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200230-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200230_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200230_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe 2002</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReus-Smit2013" class="citation book cs1">Reus-Smit, Christian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/individual-rights-and-the-making-of-the-international-system/A915E13F20DDBD0F5FEE91A59D7C827A">Individual Rights and the Making of the International System</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85777-2"><bdi>978-0-521-85777-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individual+Rights+and+the+Making+of+the+International+System&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85777-2&rft.aulast=Reus-Smit&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Findividual-rights-and-the-making-of-the-international-system%2FA915E13F20DDBD0F5FEE91A59D7C827A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbankCooper20108-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurbankCooper20108_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurbankCooper20108_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurbankCooper2010">Burbank & Cooper 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200235-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200235_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200235_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe 2002</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61337">"Empire"</a>. Oxford Dictionary Online. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F61337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2002-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2002_7-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61337?rskey=ZzCRVM&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid">"Oxford Dictionary Online"</a>. Retrieved 2020-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F61337%3Frskey%3DZzCRVM%26result%3D1%26isAdvanced%3Dfalse%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> "An extensive territory under the control of a supreme ruler (typically an emperor) or an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, often consisting of an aggregate of many separate states or territories. In later use also: an extensive group of subject territories ultimately under the rule of a single sovereign state." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200215-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200215_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe2002">Howe 2002</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2018" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Michael (5 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlluDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Empires</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3413-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-3413-7</bdi></a>. <q>I favor the behavioral definition of empire as effective control, whether formal or informal, of a subordinated society by an imperial society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-3413-7&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlluDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2018" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Michael (5 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlluDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Empires</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 30, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3413-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-3413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires&rft.pages=30%2C+37&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-3413-7&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlluDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Lenin, Vladimir. (1917). <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a>. (Петроград: Жизнь и Знание). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Louis, W. Roger (2006). "32: Robinson and Gallagher and their critics". Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. (London: I.B.Tauris), p. 910. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Lieven, Dominic</a> (2012). "Empire, history and the contemporary global order," Proceedings of the British Academy, vol 131: p 130, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/2012/pba131p127.pdf">https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/2012/pba131p127.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Lieven, Dominic</a> (2012). 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Blackwell. pp. 4, 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital%2C+and+European+States%2C+AD+990%E2%80%931992&rft.pages=4%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuV8KywAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColomer2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Colomer, Josep M. (2017). "Empires Versus States". Empires Versus States. 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Economic and Political Weekly. 39 (44). 30 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=America%27s+Invisible+Empire&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=44&rft.date=2004-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fjournal%2F2004%2F44%2Fcommentary%2Famericas-invisible-empire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> Text available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18738.htm">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127021121/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18738.htm">Archived</a> 2017-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, author link <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.fas.nyu.edu/object/davidludden">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118042321/http://history.fas.nyu.edu/object/davidludden">Archived</a> 2016-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalesevic2013" class="citation book cs1">Malesevic, Sinisa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjSDSfD0L3QC">Nation-states and nationalisms organization, ideology and solidarity</a>. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7206-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-7206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-states+and+nationalisms+organization%2C+ideology+and+solidarity&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-7206-9&rft.aulast=Malesevic&rft.aufirst=Sinisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjSDSfD0L3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImmerwahr2019" class="citation book cs1">Immerwahr, Daniel (2019). How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Hide+an+Empire%3A+A+History+of+the+Greater+United+States&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Immerwahr&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebrixLacy2009" class="citation book cs1">Debrix, Francois; Lacy, Mark, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kb6mw3glvZMC&pg=PA129">The Geopolitics of American Insecurity: Terror, Power and Foreign Policy</a>. Routledge. pp. 129–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04540-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04540-2"><bdi>978-1-134-04540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geopolitics+of+American+Insecurity%3A+Terror%2C+Power+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04540-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkb6mw3glvZMC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Krishan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/KUMNAE-2">"Nation-states as empires, empires as nation-states: two principles, one practice?"</a>. Theory and Society. 39 (2): 119–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11186-009-9102-8">10.1007/s11186-009-9102-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144559989">144559989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Society&rft.atitle=Nation-states+as+empires%2C+empires+as+nation-states%3A+two+principles%2C+one+practice%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11186-009-9102-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144559989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Krishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FKUMNAE-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Johnson, Chalmers, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (2000), pp. 72–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiall_Ferguson" class="citation web cs1">Niall Ferguson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715062644/http://booksellers.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780143034797,00.html">"Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire"</a>. 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Ancient Implications and Modern Transformations in the Recent US Discourse on an American Empire", Mediterraneo Antico, 13/1-2, (2010): p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_K._Simes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitri K. Simes">Dimitri K. Simes</a>, "America's Imperial Dilemma", Foreign Affairs, 82/6, (2003): p 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Clyde_V._Prestowitz_Jr." title="Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr.">Clyde V. Prestowitz</a>'s version it also "quacks" like a duck. Rogue Nation: American Unilateralism and the Failure of Good Intentions, (New York: Basic Books, 2004: p 25). </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIan_Black2002" class="citation news cs1">Ian Black (December 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,,863888,00.html">"Living in a euro wonderland"</a>. Guardian. 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Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans. 9 (1). informaworld: 47–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14613190701217001">10.1080/14613190701217001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154857668">154857668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+Europe+and+the+Balkans&rft.atitle=EU%27s+region-building+and+boundary-drawing+policies%3A+the+European+approach+to+the+Southern+Mediterranean+and+the+Western+Balkans+1&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14613190701217001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154857668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nikolaos+Tzifakis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_R._Hurt2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen R. 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Retrieved 2007-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Co-operation+and+coercion%3F+The+Cotonou+Agreement+between+the+European+Union+and+acp+states+and+the+end+of+the+Lom%C3%A9+Convention&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713701373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153354532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Stephen+R.+Hurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaylorandfrancis.metapress.com%2Findex%2FHNG8A7X4G9BWAM84.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruno_CoppietersMichael_EmersonMichel_HuysseuneTamara_Kovziridze" class="citation web cs1">Bruno Coppieters; Michael Emerson; Michel Huysseune; Tamara Kovziridze; <a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Tocci" title="Nathalie Tocci">Nathalie Tocci</a>; Gergana Noutcheva; Marius Vahl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202121945/http://www.belspo.be/belspo/home/publ/pub_ostc/WM/rS10303_en.pdf">"Europeanisation and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery"</a> (PDF). Belgian Science Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belspo.be/belspo/home/publ/pub_ostc/WM/rS10303_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-12-02. 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Empires. London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrange1988" class="citation journal cs1">Strange, Susan (1988). "The Future of the American Empire". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Affairs" title="Journal of International Affairs">Journal of International Affairs</a>. 42 (1): 9, 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+the+American+Empire&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9%2C+11&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1951" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (April 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1951/03/the-future-of-man/305193">"The Future of Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Man&rft.date=1951-04&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1951%2F03%2Fthe-future-of-man%2F305193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Wendt, Alexander, (2003). "Why the World State is Inevitable: Teleology and the Logic of Anarchy," European Journal of International Relations. 9 (4): pp 54–56, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/03wendt.pdf">https://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/03wendt.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Wendt, Alexander (2005). "Agency, Teleology and the World State: A Reply to Shannon". European Journal of International Relations. 11 (4): p 595. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> In French, Debray, Régis (2002). L'édit de Caracalla ou plaidoyer pour des Etats-Unis d'occident, (Paris: Fayard), p 40, 64, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/leditdecaracalla0000xavi/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater">https://archive.org/details/leditdecaracalla0000xavi/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee1954554-555-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToynbee1954554-555_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToynbee1954">Toynbee 1954</a>, p. 554-555. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Ostrovsky, Max, (2007). The Hyperbola of the World Order, (Lanham: University Press of America), p 350, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/yarctgxhyperbola0000ostr/page/350/mode/2up?view=theater">https://archive.org/details/yarctgxhyperbola0000ostr/page/350/mode/2up?view=theater</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Brinton, Crane, (1948). From Many, One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1971), p 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Darwin, Charles Galton, (1950). "The Next Million Years," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/fateofman00brin/fateofman00brin.pdf">The Fate of Man</a>. (New York: G. Braziller, 1961), pp 499, 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Ostrovsky 2007: pp 352, 362, 367. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources_and_further_reading">Cited sources and further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cited sources and further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown, Peter</a> (24 September 2020). "No Barbarians Needed". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. LXVII (14): 61–62. <q>Warlordism, not any great movement of peoples, was the political virus that brought down the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Roman empire in the West</a>. [...] 'In less than a generation, provinces [became] kingdoms.' [Due to Europe's] state of perpetual war [amid] the persistent polycentrism made possible by the disappearance of Rome, [b]y the time of the Reformation the 'competitive fragmentation of power' ensured that Europe was studded with safety zones that protected beleaguered dissidents. [...] The best thing that Rome ever did for Europe was to die and not return.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=No+Barbarians+Needed&rft.volume=LXVII&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988">, review of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kulikowski" title="Michael Kulikowski">Kulikowski, Michael</a>. The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Empire%3A+From+Constantine+to+the+Destruction+of+Roman+Italy&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScheidel" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a>. Escape from Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escape+from+Rome%3A+The+Failure+of+Empire+and+the+Road+to+Prosperity&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet L. Nelson">Nelson, Janet L.</a> King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+and+Emperor%3A+A+New+Life+of+Charlemagne&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurbankCooper2010" class="citation book cs1">Burbank, Jane; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cooper_(historian)" title="Frederick Cooper (historian)">Cooper, Frederick</a> (2010). Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12708-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12708-8"><bdi>978-0-691-12708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+in+World+History%3A+Power+and+the+Politics+of+Difference&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12708-8&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_A._Cohen" title="Eliot A. Cohen">Cohen, Eliot A.</a> (July–August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2004-07-01/history-and-hyperpower">"History and the Hyperpower"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 83 (4): 49–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20034046">10.2307/20034046</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20034046">20034046</a>. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=History+and+the+Hyperpower&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2004-07%2F2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20034046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20034046%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Eliot+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Funited-states%2F2004-07-01%2Fhistory-and-hyperpower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColomer2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep</a> (2016). The European Empire. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5233-1890-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5233-1890-2"><bdi>978-1-5233-1890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Empire&rft.pub=Createspace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5233-1890-2&rft.aulast=Colomer&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColomer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415437752">Great Empires, Small Nations. The uncertain future of the sovereign state</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Empires%2C+Small+Nations.+The+uncertain+future+of+the+sovereign+state&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Colomer&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415437752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrooksParsons2016" class="citation book cs1">Crooks, Peter; Parsons, Timothy H., eds. (2016). Empires and bureaucracy in world history: from late antiquity to the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+bureaucracy+in+world+history%3A+from+late+antiquity+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, John (2008). After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405. London: Bloomsbury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Tamerlane%3A+The+Global+History+of+Empire+since+1405&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2006" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, J.H. (2006). Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830. 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Retrieved 2008-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Empires%3A+A+Theory+of+De-Development&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.date=1996-01&rft.aulast=Galtung&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcend.org%2Fgalt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"> Written for the United Nations Research Institute on Development, UNRISD, Geneva.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeiss1983" class="citation book cs1">Geiss, Imanuel (1983). War and Empire in the Twentieth Century. Aberdeen University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-030387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-030387-1"><bdi>978-0-08-030387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Empire+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-08-030387-1&rft.aulast=Geiss&rft.aufirst=Imanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilpin1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Gilpin, Robert</a> (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27376-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27376-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27376-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Change+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27376-3&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2002). Empire: A Very Short Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280223-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280223-1"><bdi>978-0-19-280223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280223-1&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInnis1950" class="citation book cs1">Innis, Harold (1950). Empire and Communications (1972 revision ed.). <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Communications&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.edition=1972+revision&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Innis&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988">, Rev. by Mary Q. Innis; foreword by Marshall McLuhan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesNairn2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Nairn, Tom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3587722">Globalization and Violence</a>. Vol. 1: Globalizing Empires, Old and New. London: Sage Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Nairn%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3587722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (March–April 2005). "Gunpowder and Empire: Indian Case". Social Scientist. 33 (3/4): 54–65. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518112">3518112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Gunpowder+and+Empire%3A+Indian+Case&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2005-03%2F2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (2003). Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763. New York: HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+How+Spain+Became+a+World+Power%2C+1492%E2%80%931763&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers%3A+Economic+Change+and+Military+Conflict+from+1500+to+2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+1987&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Krishan (2019). Visions of empire: How five imperial regimes shaped the world. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19280-2"><bdi>978-0-691-19280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+empire%3A+How+five+imperial+regimes+shaped+the+world&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19280-2&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Krishan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988">, examines the Roman, Ottoman, Habsburg, Russian, British and French empires.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLensZinn2003" class="citation book cs1">Lens, Sidney; Zinn, Howard (2003). The Forging of the American Empire: From the Revolution to Vietnam: A History of American Imperialism. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2100-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-2100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+the+American+Empire%3A+From+the+Revolution+to+Vietnam%3A+A+History+of+American+Imperialism&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2100-4&rft.aulast=Lens&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPagden2001" class="citation book cs1">Pagden, Anthony (2001). Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest from Greece to the Present. New York: Modern Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+and+Empires%3A+A+Short+History+of+European+Migration%2C+Exploration%2C+and+Conquest+from+Greece+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStearns2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stearns, Peter, ed. (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65237-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65237-4"><bdi>978-0-395-65237-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+History%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern%2C+Chronologically+Arranged&rft.pages=passim&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-395-65237-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam1993" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1993). The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Empire+in+Asia%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTracy1990" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, James D., ed. (1990). The Rise of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Merchant+Empires%3A+State+Power+and+World+Trade%2C+1350%E2%80%931750&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Empire at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/empire" class="extiw" title="wikt:empire">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Empires" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Empires">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Empire" class="extiw" title="q:Empire">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Empire" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Empire">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349" class="extiw" title="d:Q48349">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce, James</a> (1878). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Empire">"Empire" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). pp. 181–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Empire&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/COLONIES.html">Index of Colonies and Possessions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_imperialism" title="Ecological imperialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template talk:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata514" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-585dc88b6-strtv","wgBackendResponseTime":285,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.117","walltime":"2.474","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17402,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":455472,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41935,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":652736,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1992.041 1 -total"," 37.37% 744.364 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.96% 357.862 61 Template:Cite_book"," 8.89% 177.117 44 Template:Sfn"," 7.60% 151.447 36 Template:Cite_web"," 6.85% 136.503 2 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 6.67% 132.964 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.19% 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