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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1900–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ice station</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940–2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940–2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1940–2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940–2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2007_descent_to_the_North_Pole_seabed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_descent_to_the_North_Pole_seabed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>2007 descent to the North Pole seabed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_descent_to_the_North_Pole_seabed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MLAE_2009_Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MLAE_2009_Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>MLAE 2009 Expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MLAE_2009_Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MLAE_2013_Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MLAE_2013_Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>MLAE 2013 Expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MLAE_2013_Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_and_night" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_and_night"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Day and night</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_and_night-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate,_sea_ice_at_North_Pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate,_sea_ice_at_North_Pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate, sea ice at North Pole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate,_sea_ice_at_North_Pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_claims_to_the_North_Pole_and_Arctic_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_claims_to_the_North_Pole_and_Arctic_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_claims_to_the_North_Pole_and_Arctic_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">North Pole</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut%C3%B4b_Bar%C3%B4h" title="Kutôb Barôh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kutôb Barôh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpool" title="Noordpool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noordpool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpol" title="Nordpol – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordpol" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B3" title="ስሜን ዋልታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን ዋልታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taven%C3%A4%C3%A4pi" title="Tavenääpi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tavenääpi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEende_%C3%BE%C3%A6re_eaxe" title="Norþende þære eaxe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþende þære eaxe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="القطب الشمالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القطب الشمالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Norte" title="Polo Norte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polo Norte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Հիւսիսային Բեւեռ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիւսիսային Բեւեռ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81" title="সুমেৰু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সুমেৰু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_Norte" title="Polu Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polu Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimal_q%C3%BCtb%C3%BC" title="Şimal qütbü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimal qütbü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="قوزئی قوطبو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی قوطبو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Kutub Kalér – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kutub Kalér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="উত্তর মেরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর মেরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-ke%CC%8Dk" title="Pak-ke̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak-ke̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Төньяҡ полюс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ полюс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Паўночны полюс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночны полюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Паўночны полюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночны полюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_na_Polo" title="Amihanan na Polo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amihanan na Polo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Северен полюс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северен полюс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noadpoi" title="Noadpoi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Noadpoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverni_pol" title="Sjeverni pol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverni pol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennahel_an_Norzh" title="Pennahel an Norzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pennahel an Norzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Хойто туйл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хойто туйл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Nord" title="Pol Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pol Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Çурçĕрти полюс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕрти полюс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_p%C3%B3l" title="Severní pól – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní pól" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegwn_y_Gogledd" title="Pegwn y Gogledd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pegwn y Gogledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davvipola" title="Davvipola – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Davvipola" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpol" title="Nordpol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordpol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjapoolus" title="Põhjapoolus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhjapoolus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βόρειος Πόλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρειος Πόλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_norte" title="Polo norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polo norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_poluso" title="Norda poluso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norda poluso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparburua" title="Iparburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="قطب شمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطب شمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="North Pole" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4le_Nord" title="Pôle Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pôle Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardpoal" title="Noardpoal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardpoal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pol_Thuaidh" title="An Pol Thuaidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pol Thuaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Norte" title="Polo Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polo Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="ГӀинбухера дунен шод – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀинбухера дунен шод" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%BB%9E" title="北極點 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="北極點" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5" title="ઉત્તર ધ્રુવ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્તર ધ્રુવ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EA%B7%B9%EC%A0%90" title="북극점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북극점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Հյուսիսային բևեռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային բևեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="उत्तरी ध्रुव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तरी ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerny_%C4%8Dop" title="Sewjerny čop – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerny čop" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polovi_sjeverne_polutke" title="Polovi sjeverne polutke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polovi sjeverne polutke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_polo" title="Norda polo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Norda polo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianan_nga_Ungto" title="Amianan nga Ungto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amianan nga Ungto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Nord" title="Polo Nord – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polo Nord" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0urheimskauti%C3%B0" title="Norðurheimskautið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðurheimskautið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_nord" title="Polo nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polo nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הקוטב הצפוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקוטב הצפוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Lor" title="Kutub Lor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kutub Lor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಧ್ರುವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಧ್ರುವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Шимал полюс – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шимал полюс" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჩრდილოეთი პოლუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი პოლუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Солтүстік полюс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік полюс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennaghel_an_North" title="Pennaghel an North – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pennaghel an North" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncha_ya_kaskazini" title="Ncha ya kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ncha ya kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemsera_Bakur" title="Cemsera Bakur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cemsera Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%8E%D0%BB" title="Түндүк уюл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түндүк уюл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD" title="ຂົ້ວໂລກເໜືອ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຂົ້ວໂລກເໜືອ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polus_arcticus" title="Polus arcticus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polus arcticus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCpols" title="Ziemeļpols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļpols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpol" title="Nordpol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nordpol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_a%C5%A1igalis" title="Šiaurės ašigalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės ašigalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naordpoeal" title="Naordpoeal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Naordpoeal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szaki-sark" title="Északi-sark – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Északi-sark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Северен Пол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северен Пол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendrontany_Avaratra" title="Tendrontany Avaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendrontany Avaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഉത്തരധ്രുവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തരധ്രുവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="उत्तर ध्रुव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="قطب شمالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قطب شمالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Utara" title="Kutub Utara – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kutub Utara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Умард туйл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Умард туйл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မြောက်ဝင်ရိုးစွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြောက်ဝင်ရိုးစွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpool" title="Noordpool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordpool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="उत्तरी ध्रुव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तरी ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E7%82%B9" title="北極点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北極点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Къилбаседа полюс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилбаседа полюс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdpuul_(eerd)" title="Nuurdpuul (eerd) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdpuul (eerd)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2l_N%C3%B2rd" title="Pòl Nòrd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pòl Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waantaa_Kaabaa" title="Waantaa Kaabaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waantaa Kaabaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_qutb" title="Shimoliy qutb – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy qutb" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਧਰੁਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਧਰੁਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%E2%80%99amisan_%E2%80%99Apocok_kaitiraan" title="No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="شمالی قطب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی قطب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2l_N%C3%B2rd" title="Pòl Nòrd – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pòl Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordpool" title="Noordpool – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Noordpool" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biegun_p%C3%B3%C5%82nocny" title="Biegun północny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biegun północny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Norte" title="Polo Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polo Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqa_polyus" title="Arqa polyus – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arqa polyus" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimaliy_qutup" title="Şimaliy qutup – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şimaliy qutup" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polul_Nord" title="Polul Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polul Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_qhipa" title="Chinchay qhipa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay qhipa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Северный пол – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Северный пол" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Северный полюс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северный полюс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Хоту полюс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хоту полюс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱨᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قطب شمالی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قطب شمالی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_norte" title="Polu norte – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polu norte" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli_i_Veriut" title="Poli i Veriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poli i Veriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_Nord" title="Polu Nord – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Polu Nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="උත්තර ධ්‍රැවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උත්තර ධ්‍රැවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Pole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="اترين قطب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اترين قطب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%BD_p%C3%B3l" title="Severný pól – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severný pól" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severni_te%C4%8Daj" title="Severni tečaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severni tečaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirifka_waqooyi" title="Cirifka waqooyi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cirifka waqooyi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جەمسەری باکوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەمسەری باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Сјеверни пол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сјеверни пол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverni_pol" title="Sjeverni pol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverni pol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoisnapa" title="Pohjoisnapa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjoisnapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpolen" title="Nordpolen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordpolen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilagang_Polo" title="Hilagang Polo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hilagang Polo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வட துருவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வட துருவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_nord" title="Pole nord – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pole nord" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Төньяк котып – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк котып" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ఉత్తర ధ్రువం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్తర ధ్రువం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ขั้วโลกเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขั้วโลกเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Kutbu" title="Kuzey Kutbu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Kutbu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirgazyk_pol%C3%BDus" title="Demirgazyk polýus – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demirgazyk polýus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuung_A%CC%B1za_Swanta" title="Tsuung A̱za Swanta – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tsuung A̱za Swanta" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Північний полюс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північний полюс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قطب شمالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قطب شمالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%82%DB%87%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%BE" title="شىمالى قۇتۇپ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىمالى قۇتۇپ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoi%C5%BEnaba" title="Pohjoižnaba – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pohjoižnaba" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Bắc Cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5h%27anaba" title="Põh'anaba – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põh'anaba" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5" title="北極 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="北極" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ordpole" title="Nôordpole – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nôordpole" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katungtungan_Amihanan" title="Katungtungan Amihanan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katungtungan Amihanan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottub_B%C3%ABj-g%C3%A0nnaar" title="Dottub Bëj-gànnaar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dottub Bëj-gànnaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%BB%9E" title="北極點 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北極點" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="צפון פאלוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון פאלוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5" title="北極 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北極" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_puolios" title="Šiaurės puolios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šiaurės puolios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E7%82%B9" title="北极点 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北极点" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Pole&params=90_N_0_E_region:XN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">90°N</span> <span class="longitude">0°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">90°N 0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">90; 0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northern point where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/North_Pole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="North Pole (disambiguation)">North Pole (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Pole&params=90_N_0_E_region:XN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">90°N</span> <span class="longitude">0°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">90°N 0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">90; 0</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg/275px-Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg/413px-Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg/550px-Arctic_Ocean_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Azimuthal_(projections_onto_a_plane)" title="Map projection">azimuthal projection</a> showing the Arctic Ocean and the North Pole. The map also shows the <a href="/wiki/75th_parallel_north" title="75th parallel north">75th parallel north</a> and <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60th parallel north</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Pole,_Arctic_Ocean,_sea_ice_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg/275px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg/413px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg/550px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Temporary research station of German-Swiss expedition on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> at the Geographic North Pole. Drillings at the landing site at 90°N showed an average ice thickness of 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) on April 16, 1990</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Pole,_Arctic_Ocean,_sea_ice_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg/275px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg/413px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg/550px-North_Pole%2C_Arctic_Ocean%2C_sea_ice_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ridge_(ice)" title="Pressure ridge (ice)">pressure ridge</a> at the North Pole is about 1 km (0.62 mi.) long, formed between two ice floes of multi-year ice.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>North Pole</b>, also known as the <b>Geographic North Pole</b>, <b>Terrestrial North Pole</b> or <b>90th Parallel North</b>, is the point in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's axis of rotation</a> meets its surface. It is called the <b>True North Pole</b> to distinguish from the <a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">Magnetic North Pole</a>. </p><p>The North Pole is by definition the northernmost point on the Earth, lying <a href="/wiki/Antipode_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipode (geography)">antipodally</a> to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. It defines geodetic <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> 90° North, as well as the direction of <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a>. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. No time zone has been assigned to the North Pole, so any time can be used as the local time. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere. The nearest land is usually said to be <a href="/wiki/Kaffeklubben_Island" title="Kaffeklubben Island">Kaffeklubben Island</a>, off the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> about 700 km (430 mi) away, though some perhaps semi-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. The nearest permanently inhabited place is <a href="/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut" title="Alert, Nunavut">Alert</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, Canada, which is located 817 km (508 mi) from the Pole. </p><p>While the South Pole lies on a continental <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">land mass</a>, the North Pole is located in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>. The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m (13,980 ft) by the Russian <a href="/wiki/MIR_(submersible)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIR (submersible)">Mir submersible</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">2007</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at 4,087 m (13,409 ft) by <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole (<a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">unlike the South Pole</a>). However, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and later Russia, constructed a number of <a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">manned drifting stations</a> on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Since 2002, a group of Russians have also annually established a private base, <a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a>, close to the Pole. This operates for a few weeks during early spring. Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice-free because of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic ice shrinkage</a>, with timescales varying from 2016<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the late 21st century or later. </p><p>Attempts to reach the North Pole began in the late 19th century, with the record for "<a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a>" being surpassed on numerous occasions. The first undisputed expedition to reach the North Pole was that of the airship <i><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a></i>, which overflew the area in 1926 with 16 men on board, including expedition leader <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>. Three prior expeditions – led by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Frederick Cook</a> (1908, land), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> (1909, land) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> (1926, aerial) – were once also accepted as having reached the Pole. However, in each case later analysis of expedition data has cast doubt upon the accuracy of their claims. </p><p>The first verified individuals to reach the North Pole on the ground was in 1948 by a 24-man Soviet party, part of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuznetsov_(explorer)" title="Aleksandr Kuznetsov (explorer)">Aleksandr Kuznetsov</a>'s <i>Sever-2</i> expedition to the Arctic, who flew part-way to the Pole first before making the final trek to the Pole on foot. The first complete land expedition to reach the North Pole was in 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Ralph Plaisted</a>, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean-Luc Bombardier, using snowmobiles and with air support.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precise_definition">Precise definition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polar_motion" title="Polar motion">Polar motion</a></div> <p>The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> predicted that the axis might "wobble" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude", as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the <a href="/wiki/Chandler_wobble" title="Chandler wobble">Chandler wobble</a> after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the "instantaneous pole", but because of the "wobble" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required. </p><p>It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevations or <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orography</a>) to fixed landforms. However, given <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostasy</a>, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Yet the <a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> have defined a framework called the <a href="/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Terrestrial Reference System">International Terrestrial Reference System</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">List of Arctic expeditions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_firsts_in_the_Geographic_North_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole">List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1900">Pre-1900</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg/300px-Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg/450px-Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg/600px-Mercator_north_pole_1595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a>'s map of the North Pole from 1595</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg/220px-C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg/330px-C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg/440px-C.G._Zorgdragers_Bloeyende_opkomst_der_aloude_en_hedendaagsche_Groenlandsche_visschery_-_no-nb_digibok_2014010724007-V1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3721" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>C.G. Zorgdragers map of the North Pole from 1720</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as the 16th century, many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the <a href="/wiki/Polynya" title="Polynya">Polynya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open_Polar_Sea" title="Open Polar Sea">Open Polar Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships, already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes. </p><p>One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer <a href="/wiki/William_Parry_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Parry (explorer)">William Edward Parry</a>, who in 1827 reached latitude 82°45′ North. In 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a>, a US attempt on the Pole led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">Charles Francis Hall</a>, ended in disaster. Another British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> attempt to get to the pole, part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a>, by Commander <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Albert H. Markham</a> reached a then-record 83°20'26" North in May 1876 before turning back. An 1879–1881 expedition commanded by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US naval</a> officer <a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">George W. De Long</a> ended tragically when their ship, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a>, was crushed by ice. Over half the crew, including De Long, were lost. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nansen-fram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nansen-fram.jpg/220px-Nansen-fram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nansen-fram.jpg/330px-Nansen-fram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Nansen-fram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Nansen's ship <i>Fram</i> in the Arctic ice</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1895, the Norwegian explorers <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Hjalmar Johansen</a> struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen's icebound ship <i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i>. The pair reached latitude 86°14′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards, eventually reaching <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a>. </p><p>In 1897, Swedish engineer <a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">Salomon August Andrée</a> and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon <i>Örnen</i> ("Eagle"), but came down 300 km (190 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Kvit%C3%B8ya" title="Kvitøya">Kvitøya</a>, the northeasternmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> archipelago. They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months after their crash. In 1930 the remains of <a href="/wiki/S._A._Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897">this expedition</a> were found by the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Bratvaag_Expedition" title="Bratvaag Expedition">Bratvaag Expedition</a>. </p><p>The Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Cagni" title="Umberto Cagni">Umberto Cagni</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian Royal Navy</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regia Marina</i></span>) sailed the converted whaler <i><a href="/wiki/Jason_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason (ship)">Stella Polare</a></i> ("Pole Star") from Norway in 1899. On 11 March 1900, Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km (22 to 25 mi). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp, remaining there until 23 June. On 16 August, the <i>Stella Polare</i> left <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Island" title="Rudolf Island">Rudolf Island</a> heading south and the expedition returned to Norway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1940"><span id="1900.E2.80.931940"></span>1900–1940</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg/220px-Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg/330px-Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg/440px-Peary_Sledge_Party_and_Flags_at_the_Pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2706" /></a><figcaption>Peary's sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole, 1909. From left: Ooqueah, Ootah, Henson, Egingwah, and Seeglo.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The US explorer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Frederick Cook</a> claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> men, Ahwelah and Etukishook, but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a>, who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Matthew Henson</a> and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah, and Ooqueah. However, Peary's claim remains highly disputed and controversial. Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in navigation, and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work, which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PuckMagazine13Oct1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PuckMagazine13Oct1909.jpg/220px-PuckMagazine13Oct1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PuckMagazine13Oct1909.jpg/330px-PuckMagazine13Oct1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PuckMagazine13Oct1909.jpg/440px-PuckMagazine13Oct1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="5092" /></a><figcaption>Although heavily disputed by modern historians, Peary & his team were given credit for the discovery of the North Pole by the contemporary press.</figcaption></figure> <p>The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people, almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point. Peary's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line – the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing – is contradicted by Henson's account of tortuous detours to avoid <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ridge_(ice)" title="Pressure ridge (ice)">pressure ridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead_(sea_ice)" title="Lead (sea ice)">open leads</a>. </p><p>The British explorer <a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Wally Herbert</a>, initially a supporter of Peary, researched Peary's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer's navigational records. He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for Peary came again in 2005, however, when British explorer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Avery" title="Tom Avery">Tom Avery</a> and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary's journey with replica wooden sleds and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Eskimo_Dog" title="Canadian Eskimo Dog">Canadian Eskimo Dog</a> teams, reaching the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours – nearly five hours faster than Peary. However, Avery's fastest 5-day march was 90 nautical miles (170 km), significantly short of the 135 nautical miles (250 km) claimed by Peary. Avery writes on his web site that "The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has grown enormously since we set out from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Columbia" title="Cape Columbia">Cape Columbia</a>. Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice, I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> and pilot <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bennett" title="Floyd Bennett">Floyd Bennett</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VII" title="Fokker F.VII">Fokker tri-motor</a> aircraft. Although verified at the time by a committee of the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>, this claim has since been undermined<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the 1996 revelation that Byrd's long-hidden diary's solar <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> data (which the NGS never checked) consistently contradict his June 1926 report's parallel data by over 100 mi (160 km).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secret report's alleged en-route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later (while the original version was hidden for 70 years), a realization first published in 2000 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> after scrupulous refereeing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first consistent, verified, and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926, by Norwegian explorer <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> and his US sponsor <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Lincoln Ellsworth</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Norge</i>, though Norwegian-owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a>. The flight started from <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> in Norway, and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew from the <i>Norge</i>, overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928, in the airship <i><a href="/wiki/Airship_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Airship Italia">Italia</a></i>. The <i>Italia</i> crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpolar_flight_of_Chkalov,_Baydukov_and_Belyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transpolar flight of Chkalov, Baydukov and Belyakov (page does not exist)">Another transpolar flight</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ru:Беспосадочный перелёт Москва — Северный полюс — Ванкувер">ru</a>]</span> was accomplished in a Tupolev ANT-25 airplane with a crew of <a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Valery Chkalov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Georgy Baydukov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Alexander Belyakov</a>, who flew over the North Pole on 19 June 1937, during their direct flight from the Soviet Union to the USA without any stopover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_station">Ice station</h3></div> <p>In May 1937 the world's first <a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">North Pole ice station</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">North Pole-1</a>, was established by Soviet scientists 20 kilometres (13 mi) from the North Pole after the ever first landing of four heavy and one light aircraft onto the ice at the North Pole. The expedition members — oceanographer <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Pyotr Shirshov</a>, meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Konstantinovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fyodorov">Yevgeny Fyodorov</a>, radio operator <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Ernst Krenkel</a>, and the leader <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Ivan Papanin</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months. By 19 February 1938, when the group was picked up by the ice breakers <i><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Taymyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Icebreaker Taymyr">Taimyr</a></i> and <i>Murman</i>, their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940–2000"><span id="1940.E2.80.932000"></span>1940–2000</h3></div> <p>In May 1945 an <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> of the <i>Aries</i> expedition became the first <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles. The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. It carried an 11-man crew, with Kenneth C. Maclure of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> in charge of all scientific observations. In 2006, Maclure was honoured with a spot in <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame">Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other scientists and flight crew (24 people in total)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuznetsov_(explorer)" title="Aleksandr Kuznetsov (explorer)">Aleksandr Kuznetsov</a>'s <i>Sever-2</i> expedition (March–May 1948).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was organized by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party flew on three planes (pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy, Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov) from <a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a> to the North Pole and landed there at 4:44pm (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">Moscow Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:00" title="UTC+04:00">UTC+04:00</a>) on 23 April 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations. On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent. </p><p>Next year, on 9 May 1949<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two other Soviet scientists (Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They jumped from a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a>, registered CCCP H-369.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 May 1952, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Fletcher" title="Joseph O. Fletcher">Joseph O. Fletcher</a> and Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Pershing_Benedict" title="William Pershing Benedict">William Pershing Benedict</a>, along with scientist <a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Albert P. Crary</a>, landed a modified <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a> at the North Pole. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the Soviet landings became widely known. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Skate_(SSN-578)_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg/220px-USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg/330px-USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg/440px-USS_Skate_%28SSN-578%29_surfaced_in_Arctic_-_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a> at drift station Alpha, 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States Navy submarine <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></i> (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On 17 March 1959 <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></i> (SSN-578) surfaced at the Pole, breaking through the ice above it, becoming the first naval vessel to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Ralph Plaisted</a>, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier, who traveled over the ice by <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobile</a> and arrived on 19 April 1968. The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position. </p><p>On 6 April 1969 <a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Wally Herbert</a> and companions Allan Gill, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Koerner" title="Roy Koerner">Roy Koerner</a> and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans-Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot (albeit with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">dog teams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">airdrops</a>). They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean – and by its longest axis, <a href="/wiki/Barrow,_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow, Alaska">Barrow, Alaska</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> – a feat that has never been repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardianobit_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianobit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of suggestions (later proven false) of Plaisted's use of air transport, some sources classify Herbert's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianobit_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianobit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s Plaisted's pilots <a href="/wiki/Welland_Phipps" title="Welland Phipps">Weldy Phipps</a> and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">pole of inaccessibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_186141_Nuclear_icebreaker_Arktika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Soviet icebreaker <a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_nuclear_icebreaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker)"><i>Arktika</i></a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Surface_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface ship">surface ship</a> to reach the North Pole, 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 August 1977 the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">nuclear-powered icebreaker</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_nuclear_icebreaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker)">Arktika</a></i> completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole. </p><p>In 1982 <a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Ranulph Fiennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Charles R. Burton</a> became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season. They departed from Cape Crozier, <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982. They travelled on foot and snowmobile. From the Pole, they travelled towards Svalbard but, due to the unstable nature of the ice, ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days. They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship <i>MV Benjamin Bowring</i> and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80:31N 00:59W. As a result of this journey, which formed a section of the three-year <a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> 1979–1982, Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles, by surface travel alone.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This achievement remains unchallenged to this day. The expedition crew included a <a href="/wiki/Jack_Russell_Terrier" title="Jack Russell Terrier">Jack Russell Terrier</a> named <a href="/wiki/Bothie_(dog)" title="Bothie (dog)">Bothie</a> who became the first dog to visit both poles.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Hillary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a> (the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest) and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (the first man to stand on the moon) landed at the North Pole in a small twin-engined ski plane.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest. </p><p>In 1986 <a href="/wiki/Will_Steger" title="Will Steger">Will Steger</a>, with seven teammates, became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply. </p><p><a href="/wiki/USS_Gurnard_(SSN-662)" title="USS Gurnard (SSN-662)">USS <i>Gurnard</i> (SSN-662)</a> operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Pintado_(SSN-672)" title="USS Pintado (SSN-672)">USS <i>Pintado</i> (SSN-672)</a>. On 12 November 1984 <i>Gurnard</i> and <i>Pintado</i> became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, <i>Gurnard</i> deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. <i>Gurnard</i> surfaced at the North Pole on 18 April, in the company of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Seahorse_(SSN-669)" title="USS Seahorse (SSN-669)">USS <i>Seahorse</i> (SSN-669)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no source here or on Gurnard's wiki page (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 6 May 1986 <a href="/wiki/USS_Archerfish_(SSN-678)" title="USS Archerfish (SSN-678)">USS <i>Archerfish</i> (SSN 678)</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Ray_(SSN-653)" title="USS Ray (SSN-653)">USS <i>Ray</i> (SSN 653)</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Hawkbill_(SSN-666)" title="USS Hawkbill (SSN-666)">USS <i>Hawkbill</i> (SSN-666)</a> surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole. </p><p>On 21 April 1987 <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Kazama" title="Shinji Kazama">Shinji Kazama</a> of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazama_1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazama_1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kazama_2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazama_2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 May 1987 <a href="/wiki/USS_Billfish_(SSN-676)" title="USS Billfish (SSN-676)">USS <i>Billfish</i> (SSN 676)</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sea_Devil_(SSN-664)" title="USS Sea Devil (SSN-664)">USS <i>Sea Devil</i> (SSN 664)</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Superb_(S109)" title="HMS Superb (S109)">HMS <i>Superb</i> (S 109)</a> surfaced at the North Pole, the first international surfacing at the North Pole. </p><p>In 1988 a team of 13 (9 Soviets, 4 Canadians) <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Canadian_1988_Polar_Bridge_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Canadian 1988 Polar Bridge Expedition">skied across the arctic</a> from Siberia to northern Canada. One of the Canadians, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weber_(explorer)" title="Richard Weber (explorer)">Richard Weber</a>, became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_World_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arctic_World_05.jpg/220px-Arctic_World_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arctic_World_05.jpg/330px-Arctic_World_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arctic_World_05.jpg/440px-Arctic_World_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Participants of the first German North Pole expedition 1990 from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_World.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_World.jpg/220px-Arctic_World.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_World.jpg/330px-Arctic_World.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arctic_World.jpg/440px-Arctic_World.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>The German North Pole expedition 1990, Ski-Doo for local research on <a href="/wiki/Pack-ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack-ice">pack-ice</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On April 16, 1990, a German-Swiss expedition led by a team of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a> reached the Geographic North Pole for studies on pollution of <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a>, snow and air. Samples taken were analyzed in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research" title="Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research</a>. Further stops for sample collections were on multi-year <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> at 86°N, at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Columbia" title="Cape Columbia">Cape Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt_Island" title="Ward Hunt Island">Ward Hunt Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 May 1990 <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8rge_Ousland" title="Børge Ousland">Børge Ousland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erling_Kagge" title="Erling Kagge">Erling Kagge</a> became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported, after a 58-day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada, a distance of 800 km.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel <a href="/wiki/RV_Polarstern" title="RV Polarstern"><i>Polarstern</i></a> and the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Oden_(1988_icebreaker)" title="Oden (1988 icebreaker)"><i>Oden</i></a> reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">tug of war</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> game on an ice floe. <i>Polarstern</i> again reached the pole exactly 10 years later,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Healy_(WAGB-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Healy (WAGB-20)"><i>Healy</i></a>. </p><p>In 1998, 1999, and 2000, <a href="/wiki/Lada_Niva" title="Lada Niva">Lada Niva</a> Marshs (special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO, Lada/Vaz's experimental product division) were driven to the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole. The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20–15 km/h in an average temperature of −30 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte_Northpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Charlotte_Northpole.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Northpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Charlotte_Northpole.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Northpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Charlotte_Northpole.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Northpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Charlotte_(SSN-766)" title="USS Charlotte (SSN-766)">USS <i>Charlotte</i></a> at the North Pole in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Commercial airliner flights on the <a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">polar routes</a> may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole. For example, a flight from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> may come close as latitude 89° N, though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>. In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air (landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine, and are even available to small groups of tourists through <a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure holiday</a> companies. Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years. The temporary seasonal Russian camp of <a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a> has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002, and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties. Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter. </p><p>The first attempt at <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">underwater</a> exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>, but ended in fatality. The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club, and ended in success on 24 April 1999. The divers were Michael Wolff (Austria), Brett Cormick (UK), and Bob Wass (USA).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 the United States Navy submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Charlotte_(SSN-766)" title="USS Charlotte (SSN-766)">USS <i>Charlotte</i></a> (SSN-766) surfaced through 155 cm (61 in) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2007 British endurance swimmer <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gordon_Pugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Gordon Pugh">Lewis Gordon Pugh</a> completed a 1 km (0.62 mi) swim at the North Pole. His feat, undertaken to highlight the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a>, took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His later attempt to paddle a <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayak</a> to the North Pole in late 2008, following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole, was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days. The expedition was then abandoned. </p><p>By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships: 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish <i>Oden</i>, 3 times by German <a href="/wiki/RV_Polarstern" title="RV Polarstern"><i>Polarstern</i></a>, 3 times by <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Healy_(WAGB-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Healy (WAGB-20)">USCGC <i>Healy</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Polar_Sea" title="USCGC Polar Sea">USCGC <i>Polar Sea</i></a>, and once by <a href="/wiki/CCGS_Louis_S._St-Laurent" title="CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent">CCGS <i>Louis S. St-Laurent</i></a> and by Swedish <i><a href="/wiki/Vidar_Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidar Viking">Vidar Viking</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007_descent_to_the_North_Pole_seabed">2007 descent to the North Pole seabed</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/220px-Mir_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/330px-Mir_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/440px-Mir_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/MIR_(submersible)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIR (submersible)">MIR submersible</a>, one of the two vehicles that were used in <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole, to a depth of 4.3 km (2.7 mi), as part of the research programme in support of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic#2001_Russian_claim" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">2001 extended continental shelf claim</a> to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor. The descent took place in two <a href="/wiki/MIR_(submersible)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIR (submersible)">MIR submersibles</a> and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer <a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Artur Chilingarov</a>. In a symbolic act of visitation, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russian flag</a> was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MLAE_2009_Expedition">MLAE 2009 Expedition</h4></div> <p>In 2009 the Russian <a href="/wiki/MLAE-2009" title="MLAE-2009">Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE-2009)</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Elagin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily Elagin">Vasily Elagin</a> as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs. The vehicles, Yemelya-1 and Yemelya-2, were designed by Vasily Elagin, a Russian mountain climber, explorer and engineer. They reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009, 17:30 (Moscow time). The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation. The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MLAE_2013_Expedition">MLAE 2013 Expedition</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ML130310.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ML130310.JPG/220px-ML130310.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ML130310.JPG/330px-ML130310.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ML130310.JPG/440px-ML130310.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Yemelya, an all terrain Russian amphibious vehicle</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE 2013) with Vasily Elagin as a leader, and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Andrey Vankov, Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs—Yemelya-3 and Yemelya-4—started from Golomyanny Island (the <a href="/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya">Severnaya Zemlya</a> Archipelago) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean. The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast. The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 (83°08N, 075°59W <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt_Island" title="Ward Hunt Island">Ward Hunt Island</a>), and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in <a href="/wiki/Resolute_Bay" title="Resolute Bay">Resolute Bay</a>, NU. The way between the Russian borderland (Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, 80°15N, 097°27E) and the Canadian coast (Ward Hunt Island, 83°08N, 075°59W) took 55 days; it was ~2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total. The expedition was totally self-dependent and used no external supplies. The expedition was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society" title="Russian Geographical Society">Russian Geographical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yemelya.ru_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yemelya.ru-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Day_and_night">Day and night</h2></div> <p>The sun at the North Pole is continuously <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">above the horizon</a> during the summer and continuously <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">below the horizon</a> during the winter. <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">Sunrise</a> is just before the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a> (around 20 March); the Sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 23½° elevation at the summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> (around 21 June), after which time it begins to sink, reaching <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a> just after the <a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">September equinox</a> (around 23 September). When the Sun is visible in the polar sky, it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon. This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation (in degrees) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox. Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">twilight</a> period that occurs before sunrise and after sunset has three different definitions: </p> <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Twilight#Civil_twilight" title="Twilight">civil twilight</a> period of about two weeks;</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Twilight#Nautical_twilight" title="Twilight">nautical twilight</a> period of about five weeks; and</li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Twilight#Astronomical_twilight" title="Twilight">astronomical twilight</a> period of about seven weeks.</li></ul> <p>These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> and its revolution around the Sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the Sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the Sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the Sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference. </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> is undefined at the north pole, the exact time is a matter of convention. Polar expeditions use whatever time is most convenient, such as <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a> or the time zone of their origin.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate,_sea_ice_at_North_Pole"><span id="Climate.2C_sea_ice_at_North_Pole"></span>Climate, sea ice at North Pole</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg/300px-2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg/450px-2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/2007_Arctic_Sea_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic ice shrinkages</a> of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to the 1979–2000 average.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate of the Arctic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></div> <p>The North Pole is substantially warmer than the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean (which acts as a reservoir of heat), rather than at altitude on a continental land mass. Despite being an ice cap, the northernmost weather station in Greenland has a tundra climate (Köppen <i>ET</i>) due to the July and August mean temperatures peaking just above freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winter temperatures at the <a href="#Greenlandic_Weather_Station">northernmost weather station</a> in Greenland can range from about −50 to −13 °C (−58 to 9 °F), averaging around −31 °C (−24 °F), with the North Pole being slightly colder. However, a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for a time at a <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> buoy, located at 87.45°N, on 30 December 2015. It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between −1 and 2 °C (30 and 35 °F) during the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)). The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-weather_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How do freezing temperatures (i.e. temperatures below 0 degrees C) form a similar spike as the 13 degrees C? (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> spike in temperatures occurred on 15 November 2016 when temperatures hit freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet again, February 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup, the world's northernmost weather station in Greenland, reached 6.1 °C (43.0 °F) and spent 24 straight hours above freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of 1.6 °C (34.9 °F)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This does not correspond to the table. Why not? (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This same temperature of 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) was also recorded at the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Burbank_Airport" title="Hollywood Burbank Airport">Hollywood Burbank Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> at the very same time.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) thick,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> has contributed to this, but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have significant commercial implications; see "Territorial claims", below. </p><p>The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Greenlandic_Weather_Station"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Greenlandic Weather Station</span></span> at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Pole&params=83_38_N_033_22_W_type:landmark_scale:30000_region:GL&title=Greenlandic+weather+station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">83°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">033°22′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">83.633°N 33.367°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">83.633; -33.367</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Greenlandic weather station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> located 709 km (441 mi) from the North Pole (eleven year average observations). </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13<br />(9) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14<br />(7) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(48) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29<br />(−20) </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30<br />(−22) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22<br />(−8) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9<br />(16) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8<br />(18) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26<br />(−15) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−15<br />(6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32<br />(−26) </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23<br />(−9) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27<br />(−17) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28<br />(−18) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16<br />(3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33<br />(−27) </td> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35<br />(−31) </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34<br />(−29) </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26<br />(−15) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12<br />(10) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30<br />(−22) </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18<br />(−1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−47<br />(−53) </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−50<br />(−58) </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−50<br />(−58) </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41<br />(−42) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24<br />(−11) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12<br />(10) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12<br />(10) </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41<br />(−42) </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−47<br />(−53) </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−50<br />(−58) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000AF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000A5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">90.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000A5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">90.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000A7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">85.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Weatherbase<sup id="cite_ref-weather_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bears</a> are believed to travel rarely beyond about 82° North, owing to the scarcity of food, though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole, and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi (1.6 km) from the Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seal</a> has also been seen at the Pole, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic foxes</a> have been observed less than 60 km (37 mi) away at 89°40′ N.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the <a href="/wiki/Snow_bunting" title="Snow bunting">snow bunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_fulmar" title="Northern fulmar">northern fulmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">black-legged kittiwake</a>, though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-calgary_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calgary-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole, but these are probably few in number.<sup id="cite_ref-calgary_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calgary-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was later reported that a <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemone</a> had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">amphipods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_claims_to_the_North_Pole_and_Arctic_regions">Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_over_the_North_Pole_at_the_International_Date_line_at_20,000_feet_Aug_6th_2015_by_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sunset_over_the_North_Pole_at_the_International_Date_line_at_20%2C000_feet_Aug_6th_2015_by_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG/220px-Sunset_over_the_North_Pole_at_the_International_Date_line_at_20%2C000_feet_Aug_6th_2015_by_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sunset_over_the_North_Pole_at_the_International_Date_line_at_20%2C000_feet_Aug_6th_2015_by_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG/330px-Sunset_over_the_North_Pole_at_the_International_Date_line_at_20%2C000_feet_Aug_6th_2015_by_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sunset_over_the_North_Pole_at_the_International_Date_line_at_20%2C000_feet_Aug_6th_2015_by_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG/440px-Sunset_over_the_North_Pole_at_the_International_Date_line_at_20%2C000_feet_Aug_6th_2015_by_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Sunset over the North Pole at the <a href="/wiki/International_Dateline" class="mw-redirect" title="International Dateline">International Dateline</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic countries, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States, are limited to a 200-<a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical-mile</a> (370 km; 230 mi) <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> off their coasts, and the area beyond that is administered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a>. </p><p>Upon ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>, a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200-mile exclusive economic zone. If validated, such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway (ratified the convention in 1996<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Russia (ratified in 1997<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Canada (ratified in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Denmark (ratified in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-ratif_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratif-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907 Canada invoked the "<a href="/wiki/Sector_principle" title="Sector principle">sector principle</a>" to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole. This claim has not been relinquished, but was not consistently pressed until 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_associations">Cultural associations</h2></div> <p>In some children's <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">workshop and residence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Legends_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legends-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> has assigned postal code <a href="/wiki/H0H_0H0" class="mw-redirect" title="H0H 0H0">H0H 0H0</a> to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of "<a href="/wiki/Ho_ho_ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho ho ho">Ho ho ho</a>!").<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This association reflects an age-old esoteric mythology of <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a> that posits the North Pole, the otherworldly world-axis, as the abode of God and superhuman beings.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a> has documented, the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and Iranian mysticism. "The Orient sought by the mystic, the Orient that cannot be located on our maps, is in the direction of the north, beyond the north.".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaean cosmology</a>, the North Pole and <a href="/wiki/Pole_star#In_religion_and_mythology" title="Pole star">Polaris</a> are considered to be auspicious, since they are associated with the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> face north when praying, and <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">temples</a> are also oriented towards the north. On the contrary, South is associated with the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhayro_2020_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhayro_2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to its remoteness, the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iranian</a> tradition called <a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a> (Jabal Qaf), the "farthest point of the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to certain authors, the Jabal Qaf of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Muslim cosmology</a> is a version of <a href="/wiki/Rupes_Nigra" title="Rupes Nigra">Rupes Nigra</a>, a mountain whose ascent, like <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante's</a> climbing of the <a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Mountain of Purgatory</a>, represents the pilgrim's progress through spiritual states.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iranian theosophy, the heavenly Pole, the focal point of the spiritual ascent, acts as a magnet to draw beings to its "palaces ablaze with immaterial matter."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic ice pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">Celestial pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic pole">Ecliptic pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole,_Alaska" title="North Pole, Alaska">North Pole, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole,_New_York" title="North Pole, New York">North Pole, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_of_astronomical_bodies" title="Poles of astronomical bodies">Poles of astronomical bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Willem Barentsz</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is from a Greenlandic weather station at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Pole&params=83_38_N_033_22_W_type:landmark_scale:30000_region:GL&title=Greenlandic+Weather+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">83°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">033°22′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">83.633°N 33.367°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">83.633; -33.367</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Greenlandic Weather Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> located 709 km (441 mi) from the North Pole</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKL0286134520070802">Russian sub plants flag at North Pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222062205/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKL0286134520070802">Archived</a> 22 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters, 2 August 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFАндерсон,_Уильям_Роберт1965" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_(naval_officer)" title="William Anderson (naval officer)">Андерсон, Уильям Роберт</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/memo/usa/anderson_w/18.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Наутилус" у Северного полюса"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voenizdat" title="Voenizdat">Воениздат</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502200719/http://militera.lib.ru/memo/usa/anderson_w/18.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81%22+%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.date=1965&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%2C+%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fmemo%2Fusa%2Fanderson_w%2F18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouton,_M.W.1968" class="citation book cs1">Mouton, M.W. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rftTUAUXOIC&pg=PA202"><i>The International Regime of the Polar Regions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hague_Academy_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Academy of International Law">Acadimie de Droit International de La Ha</a>. pp. 202 (34). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9028614420" title="Special:BookSources/978-9028614420"><bdi>978-9028614420</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Regime+of+the+Polar+Regions&rft.pages=202+%2834%29&rft.pub=Acadimie+de+Droit+International+de+La+Ha&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-9028614420&rft.au=Mouton%2C+M.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rftTUAUXOIC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Richard (8 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13002706">New warning on Arctic sea ice melt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119063807/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13002706">Archived</a> 19 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ljunggren, David (5 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-arctic-idUSTRE52468B20090305">Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814093837/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-arctic-idUSTRE52468B20090305">Archived</a> 14 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746/">"Who Discovered the North Pole?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105110454/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Who+Discovered+the+North+Pole%3F&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwho-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_John_K.1953" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, John K. (July 1953). "The Open Polar Sea". <i>Geographical Review</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 338–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F211752">10.2307/211752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/211752">211752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Open+Polar+Sea&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=338-365&rft.date=1953-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F211752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F211752%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wright%2C+John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522020627/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pearyfrontis.html">"At the North Pole, 6–7 April 1909: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web"</a>. Heritage.nf.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pearyfrontis.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+the+North+Pole%2C+6%E2%80%937+April+1909%3A+Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage+Web&rft.pub=Heritage.nf.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fexploration%2Fpearyfrontis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce1997" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Robert (1997). <i>Cook and Peary: the Polar Controversy Resolved</i>. Stackpole.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cook+and+Peary%3A+the+Polar+Controversy+Resolved&rft.pub=Stackpole&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, B. (2005). <i>True North</i>. W W Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32738-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32738-8"><bdi>0-393-32738-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+North&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-32738-8&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224045237/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-wally-herbert-453324.html">"Sir Wally Herbert"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 16 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-wally-herbert-453324.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sir+Wally+Herbert&rft.date=2007-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fsir-wally-herbert-453324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomavery.net/gallery_np2005.php">Tom Avery website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122113921/http://www.tomavery.net/gallery_np2005.php">Archived</a> 22 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/flight/controversy.php">The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the Controversy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013144532/http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/flight/controversy.php">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Byrd Polar Research Center of the Ohio State University. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf"><i>DIO</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214012122/http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf">Archived</a> 14 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vol. 10 [2000] (refereed both at University of Cambridge and by the <i>DIO</i> board), which reveals errors of grade school arithmetic in the Byrd-defenses of W.Molett (pp. 55 & 98) and consultant J. Portney (pp. 73–75), neither of whom attempts to explain Byrd's surgical censoring of his original June report, or his and the National Geographic's hiding of said report for decades. Similarly, Avery's chimeral try at replicating the Peary 1909 trip via 2005 ice, may divert from but cannot explain Peary's data-blanks, data-alterations, nor why he, when reading his diary to Congress on 7 January 1911, understandably <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#wpst">deleted</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070852/http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#wpst">Archived</a> 24 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (only) its sole attempt at explaining (crudely and inadequately) his steering: "setting course by moon, our shadows etc". See <i>The Washington Post</i> 20 April 1989. Compare diary 2 April 1909 to p. 302 of the Peary Hearings: complete verbatim copy at 1916 <i>Congressional Record</i> Vol. 53, Appendix pp. 293–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/09/did-byrd-reach-pole-his-diary-hints-no.html">Did Byrd Reach Pole? His Diary Hints 'No'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113223332/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/09/did-byrd-reach-pole-his-diary-hints-no.html">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. (9 May 1996). Retrieved 2012-07-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Rawlins <i><a href="/wiki/Polar_Record" title="Polar Record">Polar Record</a></i> (Scott Polar Research Institute) vol. 36 pp. 25–50. SPRI's preface: the paper "is considered to be of such significance to the community that it has been published here despite an expanded version being published this same month in <i>DIO</i>." Both versions (p. 38 and 59, respectively) note that while Byrd's New York ticker-tape parade and his National Geographic Society gold medal presentation were on 23 June 1926, the NGS exam of his later-hidden original report was from early 23 June through late 28 June (six days, mistakenly cited as "five consecutive days" in the report), a chronology so revealing that the September <i>National Geographic</i> pp. 384–385 stripped out the dates (only) from the NGS' own report, which was published uncensored (thanks to the Secretary of the Navy) at <i>The New York Times</i> 30 June, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tierney, John. (7 September 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/who-was-first-at-the-north-pole/">Who Was First at the North Pole?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102233931/http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/who-was-first-at-the-north-pole/">Archived</a> 2 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-07-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=66677">"North Pole Drifting Stations (1930s–1980s)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution" title="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a>. 17 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502171337/http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=66677">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Pole+Drifting+Stations+%281930s%E2%80%931980s%29&rft.pub=Woods+Hole+Oceanographic+Institution&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoi.edu%2Fpage.do%3Fpid%3D66677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockerby2010" class="citation web cs1">Lockerby, Patrick (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science20.com/chatter_box/arctic_heroes_2_north_pole_1">"Arctic Heroes #2 – North Pole 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003519/http://www.science20.com/chatter_box/arctic_heroes_2_north_pole_1">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Heroes+%232+%E2%80%93+North+Pole+1&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Lockerby&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science20.com%2Fchatter_box%2Farctic_heroes_2_north_pole_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2011" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Terence (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiansinthearc006180mbp"><i>The Russians in the Arctic</i></a>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-245-58209-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-245-58209-4"><bdi>978-1-245-58209-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians+in+the+Arctic&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-245-58209-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiansinthearc006180mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliday, Hugh A. (January/February 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025111929/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/canadianmilitaryhistory/04-01.asp">The Aries Flights Of 1945</a>, <i>Legion Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA7"><i>Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-422-0"><bdi>978-1-57607-422-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+polar+frontiers%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-422-0&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/chronograph/910/">"Советские граждане были доставлены на точку Северного полюса, где, образно говоря, проходит земная ось"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vokrug_sveta" title="Vokrug sveta">Вокруг Света</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070325/http://vokrugsveta.ru/chronograph/910/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vokrugsveta.ru%2Fchronograph%2F910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/21.html">"Concise chronology of approach to the poles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Scott Polar Research Institute">Scott Polar Research Institute</a> (SPRI). February 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516042713/http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concise+chronology+of+approach+to+the+poles&rft.pub=Scott+Polar+Research+Institute+%28SPRI%29&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spri.cam.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Finfosheets%2F21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203114959/http://www.aari.nw.ru/resources/d0014/vve/#v48">"Высокоширотная воздушная экспедиция "Север-2" (1948 г.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">ФГБУ "Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт"</a> (ФГБУ "ААНИИ"). 2005–2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aari.nw.ru/resources/d0014/vve/#v48">the original</a> on 3 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-2%22+%281948+%D0%B3.%29&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A3+%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%22+%28%D0%A4%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A3+%22%D0%90%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%98%22%29&rft.date=2005%2F2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aari.nw.ru%2Fresources%2Fd0014%2Fvve%2F%23v48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFУфаркин,_Николай_Васильевич" class="citation web cs1">Уфаркин, Николай Васильевич. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1592">"Черевичный Иван Иванович"</a>. Патриотический интернет проект "Герои Страны". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202132003/http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1592">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%22%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%22&rft.au=%D0%A3%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warheroes.ru%2Fhero%2Fhero.asp%3FHero_id%3D1592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoginov" class="citation web cs1">Loginov, Dmitri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111194459/http://readr.ru/dmitriy-loginov-velikiy-polyarniy-vodovorot-prosipaetsya.html">"Великий полярный водоворот просыпается"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readr.ru/dmitriy-loginov-velikiy-polyarniy-vodovorot-prosipaetsya.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F&rft.aulast=Loginov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freadr.ru%2Fdmitriy-loginov-velikiy-polyarniy-vodovorot-prosipaetsya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218040102/http://www.skypole.ru/about/volovitch_e.htm">"Volovich Vitaly Georgievich"</a>. Polar World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skypole.ru/about/volovitch_e.htm">the original</a> on 18 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volovich+Vitaly+Georgievich&rft.pub=Polar+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skypole.ru%2Fabout%2Fvolovitch_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2010" class="citation web cs1">Barlow, John Matthew (29 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605124121/http://www.cdfai.org/PDF/The%20Cold%20War%20in%20the%20Arctic.pdf">"The Cold War in the Arctic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Defence_and_Foreign_Affairs_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute">Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute</a> (CDFAI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdfai.org/PDF/The%20Cold%20War%20in%20the%20Arctic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+in+the+Arctic&rft.pub=Canadian+Defence+and+Foreign+Affairs+Institute+%28CDFAI%29&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=John+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdfai.org%2FPDF%2FThe%2520Cold%2520War%2520in%2520the%2520Arctic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818100636/http://century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/pathfinders/Arctic%20Aerial%20Exploration.htm">"Arctic Aerial Exploration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/pathfinders/Arctic%20Aerial%20Exploration.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Aerial+Exploration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.century-of-flight.net%2FAviation%2520history%2Fpathfinders%2FArctic%2520Aerial%2520Exploration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafronov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Safronov, Ivan Jr. (29 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1211994">"Десантников отправят на Северный полюс"</a>. <i>Коммерсантъ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119195818/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1211994">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.aulast=Safronov&rft.aufirst=Ivan+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F1211994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607155556/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/user/fact_may.htm">Aviation History Facts</a>, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen, Joel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryhonors.sid-hill.us/history/skate.htm">FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408065040/http://militaryhonors.sid-hill.us/history/skate.htm">Archived</a> 8 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. militaryhonors.sid-hill.us</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenny Booth (13 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523132909/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1927969.ece">'Greatest polar explorer' Sir Wally Herbert dies</a>, <i>The Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianobit-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianobit_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianobit_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Headland (15 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,2103675,00.html">Sir Wally Herbert</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northpolewomen.com/History.htm">Polar History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811095520/http://www.northpolewomen.com/History.htm">Archived</a> 11 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. northpolewomen.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamstad,_C.J.Pickering,_Keith2011" class="citation book cs1">Ramstad, C.J. & Pickering, Keith (2011). <i>First to the Pole</i>. North Star Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87839-446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87839-446-3"><bdi>978-0-87839-446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+to+the+Pole&rft.pub=North+Star+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87839-446-3&rft.au=Ramstad%2C+C.J.&rft.au=Pickering%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarworld.co.uk/sirwally_history.htm">Sir Wally Herbert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426044517/http://www.polarworld.co.uk/sirwally_history.htm">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Polarworld.co.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimery2015" class="citation web cs1">Dimery, Rob (18 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/60at60/2015/8/1982-first-surface-circumnavigation-via-both-geographical-poles-392920">"1982: First Surface Circumnavigation via both Geographical Poles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018193003/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/60at60/2015/8/1982-first-surface-circumnavigation-via-both-geographical-poles-392920">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=1982%3A+First+Surface+Circumnavigation+via+both+Geographical+Poles&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft.aulast=Dimery&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2F60at60%2F2015%2F8%2F1982-first-surface-circumnavigation-via-both-geographical-poles-392920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-06-mn-6925-story.html">"Made 50,000-Mile Journey With Expedition : Bothie, the Only Dog to Visit Both Poles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 6 January 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015063455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-06-mn-6925-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Made+50%2C000-Mile+Journey+With+Expedition+%3A+Bothie%2C+the+Only+Dog+to+Visit+Both+Poles&rft.date=1985-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-01-06-mn-6925-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruhns, Sarah (27 August 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/neil-armstrong-and-sir-edmund-hillarys-trip-to-the-north-pole">When Neil Armstrong and Edmund Hillary Took a Trip to the North Pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512111015/http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/neil-armstrong-and-sir-edmund-hillarys-trip-to-the-north-pole">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. atlasobscura.com. Retrieved 9 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazama_1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kazama_1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084614/http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/nsmainnew.htm">"North and South Pole successful"</a>. ExplorersWeb Inc. 16 June 2004. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+and+South+Pole+successful&rft.pub=ExplorersWeb+Inc&rft.date=2004-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventurestats.com%2Ftables%2Fnsmainnew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazama_2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kazama_2_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/e92d963b8b0826cb9349a21074fffecf">"Japanese Is First to Reach North Pole by Motorcycle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. 21 April 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107052822/https://apnews.com/e92d963b8b0826cb9349a21074fffecf">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Japanese+Is+First+to+Reach+North+Pole+by+Motorcycle&rft.date=1987-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fe92d963b8b0826cb9349a21074fffecf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Elisabeth (7 June 1990). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North_Pole_expedition_1990.pdf">"Eisige Ruhe – grandios, überwältigend und bedrohlich (Bericht über Nordpol-Expedition)"</a> [Icy calm – grandiose, overwhelming and threatening (report on North Pole expedition)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JLU Uni-Forum</i> (in German). <b>1990</b> (3): 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120234456/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North_Pole_expedition_1990.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JLU+Uni-Forum&rft.atitle=Eisige+Ruhe+%E2%80%93+grandios%2C+%C3%BCberw%C3%A4ltigend+und+bedrohlich+%28Bericht+%C3%BCber+Nordpol-Expedition%29&rft.volume=1990&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1990-06-07&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ANorth_Pole_expedition_1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/first-people-to-reach-the-north-pole/">First people to reach the north pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128152333/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/first-people-to-reach-the-north-pole/">Archived</a> 28 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fütterer, D. et al. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10013/epic.10107.d001">"The Expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV Polarstern in 1991"</a>, Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, <b>107</b>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10013%2Fepic.10107.d001">10013/epic.10107.d001</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiede, J. et al. (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10013/epic.10426.d001">"POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII/2 Cruise Report: AMORE 2001 (Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition)"</a>, Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, <b>421</b>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10013%2Fepic.10426.d001">10013/epic.10426.d001</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ladaniva.co.uk/baxter/resources/LadaOddities.htm">"Lada Oddities"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061114/http://www.ladaniva.co.uk/baxter/resources/LadaOddities.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>ladaniva.co.uk</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosloot, Hans "Amphihans". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphibiousvehicle.net/amphi/Va_Vz.html">"The Amphiclopedia Vi to Wa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122238/http://www.amphibiousvehicle.net/amphi/Va_Vz.html">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>amphibiousvehicle.net</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormick2000" class="citation web cs1">Cormick, Brett (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324132821/http://www.divernetxtra.com/technol/0200northpole.htm">"Diving the top of the world"</a>. Diver. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divernetxtra.com/technol/0200northpole.htm">the original</a> on 24 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diving+the+top+of+the+world&rft.pub=Diver&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Cormick&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divernetxtra.com%2Ftechnol%2F0200northpole.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ozeck, Dave (12 January 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201130555/http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=21223">USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under-Ice Transit</a>. news.navy.mil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6899612.stm">Swimmer rises to Arctic challenge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522090543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6899612.stm">Archived</a> 22 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC news (15 July 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБанько2007" class="citation news cs1">Банько, Юрий (19 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2007/09/19/arktika-shelf.html">"Вчера и сегодня мы – первые. А завтра?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Российская газета</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119082205/http://www.rg.ru/2007/09/19/arktika-shelf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D1%8B+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5.+%D0%90+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%3F&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Farktika-shelf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221152823/http://www.aari.nw.ru/docs/press_release/20070709_fedorov.html">«Академик Федоров» – выходит из порта Санкт-Петербург в экспедицию «Арктика-2007»</a>. Press release of the <a href="/wiki/AARI" class="mw-redirect" title="AARI">AARI</a> (9 July 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6927395.stm">Russia plants flag under N Pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6927395.stm">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News (2 August 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ntv.ru/114406/video/">News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223093114/http://news.ntv.ru/114406/video/">Archived</a> 23 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/russias-north-pole-obsession/">Russia’s North Pole Obsession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013160922/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/russias-north-pole-obsession/">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times (2 August 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yemelya.ru-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yemelya.ru_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yemelya.ru/diary2013_en.php?lnk=2013">"Diary of MLAE-2013"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023150915/http://www.yemelya.ru/diary2013_en.php?lnk=2013">Archived</a> 23 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>yemelya.ru</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/what-time-zones-are-used-at-the-north-pole-and-south-pole">"What time zones are used at the North Pole and South Pole?"</a>. <i>BBC Science Focus Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406054420/https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/what-time-zones-are-used-at-the-north-pole-and-south-pole">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Science+Focus+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+time+zones+are+used+at+the+North+Pole+and+South+Pole%3F&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefocus.com%2Fplanet-earth%2Fwhat-time-zones-are-used-at-the-north-pole-and-south-pole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritz2015" class="citation web cs1">Fritz, Angela (30 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/12/30/freak-storm-has-pushed-north-pole-to-freezing-point-50-degrees-above-normal/">"Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231045454/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/12/30/freak-storm-has-pushed-north-pole-to-freezing-point-50-degrees-above-normal/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2015</span> – via washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freak+storm+pushes+North+Pole+50+degrees+above+normal+to+melting+point&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcapital-weather-gang%2Fwp%2F2015%2F12%2F30%2Ffreak-storm-has-pushed-north-pole-to-freezing-point-50-degrees-above-normal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weather_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weather_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314131802/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=110340&cityname=Closest+Data+for+North+Pole+-+440+mi%2F709+km%2C+Greenland&units=">"CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI/709 KM, GREENLAND"</a>. Weatherbase. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=110340&cityname=Closest+Data+for+North+Pole+-+440+mi%2F709+km%2C+Greenland&units=#">the original</a> on 14 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CLOSEST+DATA+FOR+NORTH+POLE+-+440+MI%2F709+KM%2C+GREENLAND&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweatherall.php3%3Fs%3D110340%26cityname%3DClosest%2BData%2Bfor%2BNorth%2BPole%2B-%2B440%2Bmi%252F709%2Bkm%252C%2BGreenland%26units%3D%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563">"Antarctic Sun: Heat Wave"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563">Archived</a> 23 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US Antarctic Program</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weather.com/news/climate/news/north-pole-above-freezing-siberia-cold-nov2016">"Bizarre Temperatures: North Pole Rises Above Freezing While Parts of Russia Plunge Below -40 Degrees"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bizarre+Temperatures%3A+North+Pole+Rises+Above+Freezing+While+Parts+of+Russia+Plunge+Below+-40+Degrees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweather.com%2Fnews%2Fclimate%2Fnews%2Fnorth-pole-above-freezing-siberia-cold-nov2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/february-2018-heatwave-across-far-north">"February 2018 heatwave across the Far North"</a>. NOAA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130712/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/february-2018-heatwave-across-far-north">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2018+heatwave+across+the+Far+North&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.gov%2Fnews-features%2Fevent-tracker%2Ffebruary-2018-heatwave-across-far-north&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lox">"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. NOAA/NWS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032124/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lox">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOWData+-+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=NOAA%2FNWS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw2.weather.gov%2Fclimate%2Fxmacis.php%3Fwfo%3Dlox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041111044309/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/11/1108_041108_north_pole.html">Beyond "Polar Express": Fast Facts on the Real North Pole</a>, National Geographic News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html">"Sea Ice"</a>. <i>State of the Cryosphere</i>. NSIDC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226153100/http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+the+Cryosphere&rft.atitle=Sea+Ice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Fcryosphere%2Fsotc%2Fsea_ice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220144612/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3353930/Arctic-ice-thickness-drops-by-up-to-19-per-cent.html">"Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 percent"</a>, <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (28 October 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113052648/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch4s4-4-3-4.html">"Model-Based Estimates of Change"</a>. IPCC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch4s4-4-3-4.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model-Based+Estimates+of+Change&rft.pub=IPCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpublications_and_data%2Far4%2Fwg1%2Fen%2Fch4s4-4-3-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Amos (12 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6171053.stm">Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216113713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6171053.stm">Archived</a> 16 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909120812/http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/future/heat.html">"Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts"</a>. NOAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/future/heat.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+of+Arctic+Climate+and+Global+Impacts&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arctic.noaa.gov%2Ffuture%2Fheat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/polar_bear/pbear_population_distribution/index.cfm">Polar Bear – Population & Distribution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216133201/http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/polar_bear/pbear_population_distribution/index.cfm">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WWF, January 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectthinice.org/blog/view/13723/">Explorers' Blog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013155730/http://www.projectthinice.org/blog/view/13723/">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Greenpeace Project Thin Ice (1 July 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halkka, Antti (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101508/http://www.suomenluonto.fi/artikkeli.php3?a=155">Ringed seal makes its home on the ice</a>. suomenluonto.fi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tannerfeldt, Magnus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112105006/http://www.zoologi.su.se/research/alopex/the_arctic_fox.htm">The Arctic Fox <i>Alopex lagopus</i></a>. zoologi.su.se</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calgary-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calgary_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calgary_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422023656/http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic56-3-309.pdf">"FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic56-3-309.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FARTHEST+NORTH+POLAR+BEAR+%28Ursus+maritimus%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aina.ucalgary.ca%2Farctic%2FArctic56-3-309.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/02/sea-anemone-biology-arctic-north-pole-russia">"North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species"</a>, <i>Observer</i>, 2 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/annex2.htm">"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716080502/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/annex2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea+%28Annex+2%2C+Article+4%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Ftexts%2Funclos%2Fannex2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratif-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ratif_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratif_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratif_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratif_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711135020/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/status2007.pdf">Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks</a>. un.org (4 June 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080808103058/http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/arctic.pdf">"Territorial claims in the Arctic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/arctic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territorial+claims+in+the+Arctic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Fibru%2Farctic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Aug2007-TheBattleforthenextenergyfrontier-ShamilYenikeyeff-and-TimothyFentonKrysiek.pdf">The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407110248/http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Aug2007-TheBattleforthenextenergyfrontier-ShamilYenikeyeff-and-TimothyFentonKrysiek.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Institute_for_Energy_Studies" title="Oxford Institute for Energy Studies">Oxford Institute for Energy Studies</a>, August 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoronha2013" class="citation web cs1">Noronha, Charmaine (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213130142/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/canada-plans-claim-would-include-north-pole">"Canada plans claim that would include North Pole"</a>. <i>9 December 2013</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/canada-plans-claim-would-include-north-pole">the original</a> on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9+December+2013&rft.atitle=Canada+plans+claim+that+would+include+North+Pole&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Noronha&rft.aufirst=Charmaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fcanada-plans-claim-would-include-north-pole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123034540/http://www.carc.org/pubs/v22no4/loss.htm">"Arctic Sovereignty: Loss by Dereliction?"</a>. <i>Northern Perspectives</i>. <b>22</b> (4). Winter 1994–1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carc.org/pubs/v22no4/loss.htm">the original</a> on 23 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Arctic+Sovereignty%3A+Loss+by+Dereliction%3F&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1994%2F1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carc.org%2Fpubs%2Fv22no4%2Floss.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legends-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legends_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffers2000" class="citation book cs1">Jeffers, Harry Paul (2000). <i>Legends of Santa Claus</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4983-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4983-3"><bdi>978-0-8225-4983-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Santa+Claus&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-4983-3&rft.aulast=Jeffers&rft.aufirst=Harry+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/living/bay-city/index.ssf/2009/12/meet_your_neighbor_santa_claus.html">"Meet your neighbor: Santa Claus of the North Pole"</a>. 25 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409090651/http://www.mlive.com/living/bay-city/index.ssf/2009/12/meet_your_neighbor_santa_claus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+your+neighbor%3A+Santa+Claus+of+the+North+Pole&rft.date=2009-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fliving%2Fbay-city%2Findex.ssf%2F2009%2F12%2Fmeet_your_neighbor_santa_claus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411032948/http://www.canadapost.ca/business/corporate/about/newsroom/pr/archive-e.asp?prid=1197">"Canada Post Launches 24th Annual Santa Letter-writing Program – Post Office Sends Joy to Salvation Army with $25,000 Donation"</a>. <i>Canada Post</i>. 15 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadapost.ca/business/corporate/about/newsroom/pr/archive-e.asp?prid=1197">the original</a> on 11 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Post&rft.atitle=Canada+Post+Launches+24th+Annual+Santa+Letter-writing+Program+%E2%80%93+Post+Office+Sends+Joy+to+Salvation+Army+with+%2425%2C000+Donation&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost.ca%2Fbusiness%2Fcorporate%2Fabout%2Fnewsroom%2Fpr%2Farchive-e.asp%3Fprid%3D1197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin,_Joscelyn1993" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, Joscelyn (1993). <i>Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival</i>. Grand Rapids: Phanes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0932813350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0932813350"><bdi>978-0932813350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arktos%3A+The+Polar+Myth+in+Science%2C+Symbolism%2C+and+Nazi+Survival&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Phanes+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0932813350&rft.au=Godwin%2C+Joscelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin,_Henry1978" class="citation book cs1">Corbin, Henry (1978). <i>The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism</i>. Translated by Pearson, N. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394734415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394734415"><bdi>978-0394734415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+of+Light+in+Iranian+Sufism&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0394734415&rft.au=Corbin%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhayro_2020-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhayro_2020_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhayro2020" class="citation book cs1">Bhayro, Siam (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004400566/BP000051.xml">"Cosmology in Mandaean Texts"</a>. <i>Hellenistic Astronomy</i>. Brill. pp. 572–579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004400566_046">10.1163/9789004400566_046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004400566" title="Special:BookSources/9789004400566"><bdi>9789004400566</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213438712">213438712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325163549/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004400566/BP000051.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmology+in+Mandaean+Texts&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Astronomy&rft.pages=572-579&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213438712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004400566_046&rft.isbn=9789004400566&rft.aulast=Bhayro&rft.aufirst=Siam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004400566%2FBP000051.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim_MuhawiSharif_Kanaana1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Muhawi" title="Ibrahim Muhawi">Ibrahim Muhawi</a>; Sharif Kanaana (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakbirdspeakag00muha"><i>Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak%2C+Bird%2C+Speak+Again%3A+Palestinian+Arab+Folktales&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Ibrahim+Muhawi&rft.au=Sharif+Kanaana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakbirdspeakag00muha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrgam_Yigfagna" class="citation book cs1">Irgam Yigfagna. <i>al-Jabal al-Lamma</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Jabal+al-Lamma&rft.au=Irgam+Yigfagna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrgam_Yigfagna" class="citation book cs1">Irgam Yigfagna. <i>al-Jabal al-Lamma</i>. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Jabal+al-Lamma&rft.pages=44&rft.au=Irgam+Yigfagna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrgam_Yigfagna" class="citation book cs1">Irgam Yigfagna. <i>al-Jabal al-Lamma</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Jabal+al-Lamma&rft.pages=11&rft.au=Irgam+Yigfagna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederickCook,_Robert_E._Peary,_George_W._Melville2003" class="citation book cs1">Frederick, Albert; Cook, Robert E. Peary, George W. Melville (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwAEoc0uQCsC&pg=PP1"><i>Finding the North Pole</i></a>. The Lyons press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-072-8"><bdi>978-1-59228-072-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+North+Pole&rft.pub=The+Lyons+press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-072-8&rft.aulast=Frederick&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Cook%2C+Robert+E.+Peary%2C+George+W.+Melville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwAEoc0uQCsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal2002" class="citation book cs1">Pal, Christopher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A67mZerFmgAC&q=North%20Pole&pg=PP1"><i>The Oddest Place on Earth: Rediscovering the North Pole</i></a>. Writer's Showcase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-21454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-21454-9"><bdi>978-0-595-21454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oddest+Place+on+Earth%3A+Rediscovering+the+North+Pole&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Showcase&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-595-21454-9&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA67mZerFmgAC%26q%3DNorth%2520Pole%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairfield1885" class="citation book cs1">Fairfield, William (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBoVAAAAYAAJ"><i>Paradise Found a Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole a Study of the Prehistoric World</i></a>. Houghton, Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-37759-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-37759-4"><bdi>978-0-665-37759-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Found+a+Cradle+of+the+Human+Race+at+the+North+Pole+a+Study+of+the+Prehistoric+World&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=978-0-665-37759-4&rft.aulast=Fairfield&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBoVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Pole" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/North_Pole" class="extiw" title="commons:North Pole"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">North Pole</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic-council.org">Arctic Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123019/http://www.arctic-council.org/">Archived</a> 18 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northernforum.org">The Northern Forum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108060859/http://www.northernforum.org/">Archived</a> 8 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/gallery_np.html">North Pole Web Cam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213214629/http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/gallery_np.html">Archived</a> 13 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/faq.html">FAQ on the Arctic and the North Pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213211337/http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/faq.html">Archived</a> 13 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/gallery_np_seasons.html">Daylight, Darkness and Changing of the Seasons at the North Pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214020516/http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/gallery_np_seasons.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1XMZTzELaE">Video of the Nuclear Icebreaker Yamal visiting the North Pole in 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101211142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1XMZTzELaE">Archived</a> 1 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/expedition1/index.html">Polar Discovery: North Pole Observatory Expedition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223112847/http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/expedition1/index.html">Archived</a> 23 February 2008 at the <a 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Pole_drifting_ice_stations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drifting_stations_NP" title="Template:Drifting stations NP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drifting_stations_NP" title="Template talk:Drifting stations NP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drifting_stations_NP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drifting stations NP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Pole_drifting_ice_stations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Pole <a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Drifting ice stations">drifting ice stations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Ivan Papanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Pyotr Shirshov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Konstantinovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fyodorov">Yevgeny Fyodorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Ernst Krenkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-2" title="North Pole-2">NP-2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Mikhail Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-3 (page does not exist)">NP-3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Alexey Tryoshnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-4 (page does not exist)">NP-4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Yevgeny Tolstikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dralkin" title="Aleksandr Dralkin">Aleksandr Dralkin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-5 (page does not exist)">NP-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-6 (page does not exist)">NP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-7 (page does not exist)">NP-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-8 (page does not exist)">NP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-9 (page does not exist)">NP-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-10 (page does not exist)">NP-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-11 (page does not exist)">NP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-12 (page does not exist)">NP-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-13 (page does not exist)">NP-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-14 (page does not exist)">NP-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-15 (page does not exist)">NP-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-16 (page does not exist)">NP-16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-17 (page does not exist)">NP-17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-18 (page does not exist)">NP-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-19" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pole-19">NP-19</a>: <a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Artur Chilingarov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-20 (page does not exist)">NP-20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-21 (page does not exist)">NP-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-22 (page does not exist)">NP-22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-23 (page does not exist)">NP-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-24 (page does not exist)">NP-24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-25 (page does not exist)">NP-25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-26 (page does not exist)">NP-26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-27 (page does not exist)">NP-27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-28 (page does not exist)">NP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-29 (page does not exist)">NP-29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-30 (page does not exist)">NP-30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-31 (page does not exist)">NP-31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-32 (page does not exist)">NP-32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-33 (page does not exist)">NP-33</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-34 (page does not exist)">NP-34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-35 (page does not exist)">NP-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-38 (page does not exist)">NP-38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-39 (page does not exist)">NP-39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-40 (page does not exist)">NP-40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Pole-2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Pole-2015 (page does not exist)">NP-2015</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Icebreaker <i>Yermak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a>: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Otto Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Mark Shevelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (icebreaker)">Icebreaker <i>Sedov</i></a>: <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Konstantin Badygin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Vladimir Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arctic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arctic_topics" title="Template:Arctic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arctic_topics" title="Template talk:Arctic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arctic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:History of the Arctic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic_research" title="Category:Arctic research">Arctic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Government of the Arctic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geography of the Arctic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Arctic Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Impact craters of the Arctic">Impact craters of the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Region" title="Innuitian Region">Innuitian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicity" title="Nordicity">Nordicity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Populated places in the Arctic">Populated places in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geology of the Arctic">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny" title="Eurekan orogeny">Eurekan orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland Plate">Greenland Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate">Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone" title="Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone">Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li>Seal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a 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Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic" 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