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id="toc-Outward_journey_and_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victory_Point_note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_Point_note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Victory Point note </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_Point_note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 19th century expeditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century_expeditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 19th century expeditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_searches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_searches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early searches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_searches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overland_searches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overland_searches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Overland searches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overland_searches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern expeditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_expeditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern expeditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King_William_Island_excavations_(1981–1982)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_William_Island_excavations_(1981–1982)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 King William Island excavations (1981–1982) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_William_Island_excavations_(1981–1982)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beechey_Island_excavations_and_exhumations_(1984–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beechey_Island_excavations_and_exhumations_(1984–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Beechey Island excavations and exhumations (1984–1986) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beechey_Island_excavations_and_exhumations_(1984–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NgLj-2_excavations_(1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NgLj-2_excavations_(1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 NgLj-2 excavations (1992) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NgLj-2_excavations_(1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_William_Island_(1994–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_William_Island_(1994–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 King William Island (1994–1995) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_William_Island_(1994–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wreck_searches_(1997–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wreck_searches_(1997–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Wreck searches (1997–2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wreck_searches_(1997–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victoria_Strait_Expedition:_wreck_of_Erebus_(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria_Strait_Expedition:_wreck_of_Erebus_(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Victoria Strait Expedition: wreck of Erebus (2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria_Strait_Expedition:_wreck_of_Erebus_(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arctic_Research_Foundation_Expedition:_wreck_of_Terror_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic_Research_Foundation_Expedition:_wreck_of_Terror_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Arctic Research Foundation Expedition: wreck of Terror (2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic_Research_Foundation_Expedition:_wreck_of_Terror_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_conclusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_conclusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Scientific conclusions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_conclusions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scientific conclusions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_conclusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Reasons for failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other findings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Passage_discovered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Passage_discovered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Northwest Passage discovered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Passage_discovered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simpson_Strait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simpson_Strait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Simpson Strait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simpson_Strait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cultural depictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural depictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Literary works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Artistic works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Musical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onscreen_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onscreen_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Onscreen depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onscreen_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Significance in Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Franklin's lost expedition</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حملة فرانكلين المفقودة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة فرانكلين المفقودة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Последна експедиция на Джон Франклин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Последна експедиция на Джон Франклин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3_perduda_de_Franklin" title="Expedició perduda de Franklin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expedició perduda de Franklin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinova_expedice" title="Franklinova expedice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Franklinova expedice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin-ekspeditionen" title="Franklin-ekspeditionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Franklin-ekspeditionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin-Expedition" title="Franklin-Expedition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franklin-Expedition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklini_kadunud_ekspeditsioon" title="Franklini kadunud ekspeditsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Franklini kadunud ekspeditsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Χαμένη αποστολή Φράνκλιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαμένη αποστολή Φράνκλιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_perdida_de_Franklin" title="Expedición perdida de Franklin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición perdida de Franklin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdita_ekspedicio_de_Franklin" title="Perdita ekspedicio de Franklin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perdita ekspedicio de Franklin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinen_espedizio_galdua" title="Franklinen espedizio galdua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Franklinen espedizio galdua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_Franklin" title="Expédition Franklin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition Franklin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95" title="프랭클린 원정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랭클린 원정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Franklin_yang_hilang" title="Ekspedisi Franklin yang hilang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspedisi Franklin yang hilang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_perduta_di_Franklin" title="Spedizione perduta di Franklin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spedizione perduta di Franklin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="המשלחת האבודה של פרנקלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשלחת האבודה של פרנקלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin-exped%C3%ADci%C3%B3" title="Franklin-expedíció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franklin-expedíció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Franklin_hilang_1845" title="Ekspedisi Franklin hilang 1845 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekspedisi Franklin hilang 1845" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="フランクリン遠征 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランクリン遠征" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklins_fortapte_ekspedisjon" title="Franklins fortapte ekspedisjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Franklins fortapte ekspedisjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklins_tapte_ekspedisjon" title="Franklins tapte ekspedisjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Franklins tapte ekspedisjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedycja_Franklina_(1845)" title="Ekspedycja Franklina (1845) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekspedycja Franklina (1845)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_John_Franklin" title="Expedição de John Franklin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expedição de John Franklin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C8%9Bia_lui_John_Franklin" title="Expediția lui John Franklin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Expediția lui John Franklin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British expedition of Arctic exploration</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png/220px-Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png/330px-Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png/440px-Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Map of the probable routes taken by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> during Franklin's lost expedition. Disko Bay is about 3,200 km (2,000 mi) from the mouth of the Mackenzie River.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg/220px-The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg/330px-The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg/440px-The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption>The Arctic Council planning a search for Sir John Franklin by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearce" title="Stephen Pearce">Stephen Pearce</a>, 1851. Left to right are: Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">George Back</a>; Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">William Edward Parry</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Joseph_Bird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Joseph Bird (page does not exist)">Edward Joseph Bird</a>; Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a>; Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaufort" title="Francis Beaufort">Francis Beaufort</a> (seated); Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">John Barrow</a>, Jnr.; Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Baillie-Hamilton" title="William Baillie-Hamilton">William A. Baillie-Hamilton</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">Sir John Richardson</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Frederick William Beechey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Franklin_1845.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/John_Franklin_1845.JPG/170px-John_Franklin_1845.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/John_Franklin_1845.JPG/255px-John_Franklin_1845.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/John_Franklin_1845.JPG/340px-John_Franklin_1845.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> was Barrow's reluctant choice to lead the expedition.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LadyJaneFranklin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LadyJaneFranklin.jpg/170px-LadyJaneFranklin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LadyJaneFranklin.jpg/255px-LadyJaneFranklin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LadyJaneFranklin.jpg/340px-LadyJaneFranklin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin" title="Jane Franklin">Jane Griffin</a> (later Lady Franklin), 24, in 1815. She married John Franklin in 1828, a year before he was knighted.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancisCrozier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/FrancisCrozier.jpg/170px-FrancisCrozier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/FrancisCrozier.jpg/255px-FrancisCrozier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/FrancisCrozier.jpg/340px-FrancisCrozier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a>, executive officer for the expedition, commanded <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Fitzjames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Fitzjames.jpg/170px-James_Fitzjames.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Fitzjames.jpg/255px-James_Fitzjames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Fitzjames.jpg/340px-James_Fitzjames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Commander <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a> commanded the expedition's flagship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Franklin's lost expedition was a failed British voyage of <a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> that departed England in 1845 aboard two ships, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a>, and was assigned to traverse the last unnavigated sections of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic">Canadian Arctic</a> and to record magnetic data to help determine whether a better understanding could aid navigation.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The expedition met with disaster after both ships and their crews, a total of 129 officers and men, became icebound in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Strait" title="Victoria Strait">Victoria Strait</a> near <a href="/wiki/King_William_Island" title="King William Island">King William Island</a> in what is today the Canadian territory of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>. After being icebound for more than a year, Erebus and Terror were abandoned in April 1848, by which point two dozen men, including Franklin, had died. The survivors, now led by Franklin's second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a>, and Erebus's captain, <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a>, set out for the Canadian mainland and disappeared, presumably having perished.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Pressed by Franklin's wife, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin" title="Jane Franklin">Jane</a>, and others, the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> launched a search for the missing expedition in 1848. In the many subsequent searches in the decades afterwards, several artefacts from the expedition were discovered, including the remains of two men, which were returned to Britain. A series of scientific studies in modern times suggested that the men of the expedition did not all die quickly. <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a><a href="#cite_note-Battersby-4">[4]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">zinc deficiency</a><a href="#cite_note-witze2016-5">[5]</a> and diseases including <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, along with general exposure to a hostile environment while lacking adequate clothing and nutrition, killed everyone on the expedition in the years after it was last sighted by a whaling ship in July 1845. Cut marks on some of the bones recovered during these studies also supported allegations of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> reported by Franklin searcher <a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">John Rae</a> in 1854. Despite the expedition's notorious failure, it did succeed in exploring the vicinity of one of the many Northwest Passages that would eventually be discovered. <a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Robert McClure</a> led <a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">one of the expeditions</a> that investigated the fate of Franklin's expedition, a voyage which was also beset by great challenges and later controversies. McClure's expedition returned after finding an ice-bound route that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1-6">[6]</a> The Northwest Passage was not navigated by boat until 1906, when <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> traversed the passage on the <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a>. In 2014, a search team led by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> located the wreck of Erebus in the eastern portion of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Gulf" title="Queen Maud Gulf">Queen Maud Gulf</a>. Two years later, the Arctic Research Foundation found the wreck of Terror south of King William Island, in the body of water named <a href="/wiki/Terror_Bay" title="Terror Bay">Terror Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-8">[8]</a> Research and dive expeditions are an annual occurrence at the wreck sites, now protected as a combined <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Wrecks_of_HMS_Erebus_and_HMS_Terror_National_Historic_Site" title="Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site">Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The search by Europeans for a western shortcut by sea from Europe to Asia began with the voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers such as <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in the 15th century. By the mid-19th century numerous exploratory expeditions had been mounted. These voyages, when successful, added to the sum of European geographic knowledge about the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, particularly North America. As that knowledge grew, exploration gradually shifted towards the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century voyagers who made geographic discoveries about North America included <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(English_explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis (English explorer)">John Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">William Baffin</a>. In 1670 the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC) led to further exploration of the Canadian coastlines, interior and adjacent Arctic seas. In the 18th century explorers of this region included <a href="/wiki/James_Knight_(explorer)" title="James Knight (explorer)">James Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Middleton_(navigator)" title="Christopher Middleton (navigator)">Christopher Middleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hearne" title="Samuel Hearne">Samuel Hearne</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Alexander MacKenzie</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a>. By 1800 their discoveries had conclusively demonstrated that no <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans existed in the temperate latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours19991–38-10">[10]</a> In 1804 Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">John Barrow</a> became Second Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a>, a post he held until 1845. Barrow began pushing for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to find a Northwest Passage over the top of Canada and to navigate toward the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, organising a major series of expeditions. Over those four decades explorers including <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">John Ross</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Buchan" title="David Buchan">David Buchan</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">William Edward Parry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Frederick William Beechey</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> (nephew of John Ross); <a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">George Back</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Peter Warren Dease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Thomas Simpson</a> led productive expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic">Canadian Arctic</a>. Among those explorers was <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a>, who first travelled to the region in 1818 as second-in-command of an expedition towards the North Pole on the ships Dorothea and Trent. Franklin was subsequently leader of two overland expeditions to and along the Canadian Arctic coast, in 1819–1822 and 1825–1827.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours199939–166-11">[11]</a> By 1845 the combined discoveries of all these expeditions had reduced the unknown parts of the Canadian Arctic that might contain a Northwest Passage to a quadrilateral area of about 181,300 km2 (70,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours1999169-12">[12]</a> It was in this unexplored area that the next expedition was to sail, heading west through <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Sound" title="Lancaster Sound">Lancaster Sound</a>, then west and south – however ice, land and other obstacles might allow – with the goal of finding a Northwest Passage. The distance to be navigated was roughly 1,670 km (1,040 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyriax193918–23-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command">Command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Command">edit</a>]</div> In 1845, leading Admiralty figure <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Barrow">Sir John Barrow</a> was 82 years old and nearing the end of his career. He felt that the expeditions were close to finding a Northwest Passage, perhaps through what Barrow believed to be an ice-free <a href="/wiki/Open_Polar_Sea" title="Open Polar Sea">Open Polar Sea</a> around the North Pole. Barrow deliberated over who should command the next expedition. Parry, his first choice, was tired of the Arctic and politely declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200665–74-14">[14]</a> His second choice, James Clark Ross, also declined because he had promised his new wife that he had finished <a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">polar exploration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200665–74-14">[14]</a> His third choice, <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a>, was rejected by the Admiralty for his youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200665–74-14">[14]</a> Barrow also considered Back but thought he was too argumentative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200665–74-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a>, another candidate, declined out of modesty.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Reluctantly, Barrow settled on the 59-year-old Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200665–74-14">[14]</a> The expedition was to consist of two ships, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a>, both of which had been used for <a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">James Clark Ross' expedition to the Antarctic</a> in 1839–1843, during which Crozier had commanded Terror. Franklin was given command of Erebus, with Fitzjames as the vessel's second-in-command; Crozier was appointed his <a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">executive officer</a> and was again made <a href="/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commander (Royal Navy)">commander</a> of Terror. Franklin received command of the expedition on 7 February 1845, and his official instructions on 5 May 1845.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships,_provisions_and_personnel">Ships, provisions and personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ships, provisions and personnel">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Personnel_of_Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Personnel of Franklin's lost expedition">Personnel of Franklin's lost expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg/220px-John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg/330px-John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg/440px-John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Erebus officers. Top row left to right: Lt. Edward Couch (mate); James Walter Fairholme; Charles Hamilton Osmer (purser); Charles Frederick Des Voeux (2nd mate). 2nd row from top Left to right: Francis Crozier (HMS Terror); Sir John Franklin; James Fitzjames. 3rd row from top left to right: Graham Gore (commander); Stephen Samuel Stanley (surgeon); 2nd Lt. Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte. Bottom row left to right: Robert Orme Sergeant (1st mate); James Reid (master); Harry Duncan Goodsir (assistant surgeon); Henry Foster Collins (2nd master), sketches from daguerreotypes by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beard_(photographer)" title="Richard Beard (photographer)">Richard Beard</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a> (1845)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_Expedition_1845_-_HMS_Terror_-_Erebus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Franklin_Expedition_1845_-_HMS_Terror_-_Erebus.jpg/310px-Franklin_Expedition_1845_-_HMS_Terror_-_Erebus.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Franklin_Expedition_1845_-_HMS_Terror_-_Erebus.jpg/465px-Franklin_Expedition_1845_-_HMS_Terror_-_Erebus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Franklin_Expedition_1845_-_HMS_Terror_-_Erebus.jpg/620px-Franklin_Expedition_1845_-_HMS_Terror_-_Erebus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror departing for the Arctic in 1845</figcaption></figure> Erebus (378 tons <a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">bm</a>) and Terror (331 tons bm) were sturdily built and well equipped, including several recent inventions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200670-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engines</a> were fitted, driving a single <a href="/wiki/Screw_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw propeller">screw propeller</a> in each vessel; these engines were converted former <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">locomotives</a> from the <a href="/wiki/London_%26_Croydon_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London & Croydon Railway">London & Croydon Railway</a>. The ships could make 7.4 km/h (4.0 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a>) on steam power, or travel under wind power to reach higher speeds and/or save fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours1999180-18">[18]</a> Other advanced technology in the ships included reinforced <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">bows</a> constructed of heavy beams and iron plates, an internal steam heating system for the comfort of the crew in polar conditions, and a system of iron wells that allowed the screw propellers and iron rudders to be withdrawn into the hull to protect them from damage. The ships also carried libraries of more than 1,000 books and three years' supply of food,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200671–73-19">[19]</a> which included <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">tinned</a> soup and vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">salt-cured meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>, and several live cattle.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The tinned food was supplied from a provisioner, Stephen Goldner, who was awarded the contract on 1 April 1845, a mere seven weeks before Franklin set sail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198725,_158-21">[21]</a> Goldner worked frantically on the large order of 8,000 tins. The haste required affected <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a> of some of the tins, which were later found to have <a href="/wiki/Solder#Lead-based" title="Solder">lead soldering</a> that was "thick and sloppily done, and dripped like melted candle wax down the inside surface".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987113-22">[22]</a> Most of the crew were English, many from <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, with smaller numbers of Irish, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> members. Two of the sailors were not born in the British Isles: Charles Johnson was from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada, and Henry Lloyd was from <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand">Kristiansand</a>, Norway.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The only officers with experience of the Arctic were Franklin, Crozier, Erebus <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)">First Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Gore" title="Graham Gore">Graham Gore</a>, Terror <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship's doctor">assistant surgeon</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDonald_(Royal_Navy_assistant_surgeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander McDonald (Royal Navy assistant surgeon)">Alexander McDonald</a>, and the two <a href="/wiki/Master_(naval)" title="Master (naval)">ice-masters</a>, James Reid (Erebus) and Thomas Blanky (Terror).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outward_journey_and_loss">Outward journey and loss</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outward journey and loss">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_exp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Franklin_exp.jpg/220px-Franklin_exp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Franklin_exp.jpg/330px-Franklin_exp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Franklin_exp.jpg/440px-Franklin_exp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Relics of the Franklin expedition found in 1857 by McClintock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_(1826)_trapped_in_the_ice,_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre,_Gjoa_Haven,_September_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/220px-Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/330px-Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/440px-Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Model of Erebus trapped in the ice, <a href="/wiki/Nattilik_Heritage_Centre" title="Nattilik Heritage Centre">Nattilik Heritage Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjoa_Haven" title="Gjoa Haven">Gjoa Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></figcaption></figure> The expedition set sail from <a href="/wiki/Greenhithe,_Kent" title="Greenhithe, Kent">Greenhithe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, on the morning of 19 May 1845, with a crew of 24 officers and 110 men. The ships stopped briefly to take aboard fresh water in <a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a>, in northern Scotland. From there they sailed to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Rattler_(1843)" title="HMS Rattler (1843)">HMS Rattler</a> and a transport ship, <a href="/wiki/Barretto_Junior" title="Barretto Junior">Barretto Junior</a>; the passage to Greenland took 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookman200074-25">[25]</a> At the Whalefish Islands in <a href="/wiki/Disko_Bay" title="Disko Bay">Disko Bay</a>, on the west coast of Greenland, ten oxen carried on Barretto Junior were slaughtered for fresh meat which was transferred to Erebus and Terror. Crew members then wrote their last letters home, which recorded that Franklin had banned swearing and drunkenness.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Five men were discharged due to sickness and sent home on Rattler and Barretto Junior, reducing the final crew to 129 men.<a href="#cite_note-cyriax1958-27">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In late July 1845 the <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whalers</a> Prince of Wales (Captain Dannett) and Enterprise (Captain Robert Martin) encountered Terror and Erebus<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a>, where they were waiting for good conditions to cross to <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Sound" title="Lancaster Sound">Lancaster Sound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyriax193966–68-29">[29]</a> The expedition was never seen again by Europeans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Only limited information is available for subsequent events, pieced together over the next 150 years by other expeditions, explorers, scientists and interviews with <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>. The only first-hand information on the expedition's progress is the two-part Victory Point Note (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see below) found in the aftermath on King William Island. Franklin's men spent the winter of 1845–46 on <a href="/wiki/Beechey_Island" title="Beechey Island">Beechey Island</a>, where three crew members died and were buried. After travelling down Peel Sound through the summer of 1846, Terror and Erebus became trapped in ice off <a href="/wiki/King_William_Island" title="King William Island">King William Island</a> in September 1846 and are thought never to have sailed again. According to the second part of the Victory Point Note dated 25 April 1848 and signed by Fitzjames and Crozier, the crew had wintered off King William Island in 1846–47 and 1847–48 and Franklin had died on 11 June 1847. The remaining crew had abandoned the ships and planned to walk over the island and across the sea ice towards the <a href="/wiki/Back_River_(Nunavut)" title="Back River (Nunavut)">Back River</a> on the Canadian mainland, beginning on 26 April 1848. In addition to Franklin, eight further officers and 15 men had also died by this point. The Victory Point Note is the last known communication of the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-Stenton_2018_pp._197–212-30">[30]</a> From archaeological finds it is believed that all of the remaining crew died on the subsequent 400 km (250 mi) long march<a href="#cite_note-Stenton_2018_pp._197–212-30">[30]</a> to Back River, most on the island. Thirty or forty men reached the northern coast of the mainland before dying, still hundreds of miles from the nearest outpost of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198719–50-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victory_Point_note">Victory Point note</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Victory Point note">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklinexpeditionnote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Franklinexpeditionnote.jpg/170px-Franklinexpeditionnote.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Franklinexpeditionnote.jpg/255px-Franklinexpeditionnote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Franklinexpeditionnote.jpg/340px-Franklinexpeditionnote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2506" /></a><figcaption>The Victory Point note</figcaption></figure> The Victory Point note was found eleven years later in May 1859 by William Hobson (lieutenant on the <a href="/wiki/McClintock_Arctic_expedition" title="McClintock Arctic expedition">McClintock Arctic expedition</a>)<a href="#cite_note-stenton2014-32">[32]</a> placed in a cairn on the north-western coast of King William Island. It consists of two parts written on a pre-printed Admiralty form. The first part was written after the first overwintering in 1847 and the second part was added one year later. From the second part it can be inferred that the document was first deposited in a different cairn previously erected by James Clark Ross in 1830 during <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)#1829:_Second_Arctic_expedition" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">John Ross's Second Arctic expedition</a> – at a location Ross named Victory Point.<a href="#cite_note-cyriax1952-33">[33]</a> The first message is written in the body of the form and dates from 28 May 1847.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">H.M.S ships 'Erebus' and 'Terror' wintered in the Ice in lat. 70 05' N., long. 98 23' W. Having wintered in 1846–7 at Beechey Island<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_wrongdate">[a]</a>, in lat. 74 43' 28" N., long. 91 39' 15" W., after having ascended Wellington Channel to lat. 77°, and returned by the west side of Cornwallis Island. Sir John Franklin commanding the expedition. All well. Party consisting of 2 officers and 6 men left the ships on Monday 24th May, 1847. (Signed) GM. GORE, Lieut. (Signed) CHAS. F. DES VOEUX, Mate.</div></blockquote> The second and final part is written largely on the margins of the form owing to a lack of remaining space on the document. It was presumably written on 25 April 1848.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">[25th April 1]848 H.M. ships 'Terror' and 'Erebus' were deserted on the 22nd April, 5 leagues N.N.W. of this, [hav]ing been beset since 12th September, 1846. The officers and crews, consisting of 105 souls, under the command [of Cap]tain F.R.M. Crozier, landed here in lat. 69˚ 37' 42" N., long. 98˚ 41' W. [This p]aper was found by Lt. Irving under the cairn supposed to have been built by Sir James Ross in 1831–4 miles to the Northward – where it had been deposited by the late Commander Gore in <s>May</s> June 1847. Sir James Ross' pillar has not been found and the paper has been transferred to this position which is that in which Sir J. Ross' pillar was erected – Sir John Franklin died on the 11th June, 1847; and the total loss by deaths in the expedition has been to this date 9 officers and 15 men. (Signed) JAMES FITZJAMES, Captain H.M.S. Erebus. (Signed) F.R.M. CROZIER, Captain & Senior Offr. and start on tomorrow, 26th, for Back's Fish River.<a href="#cite_note-cyriax1958-27">[27]</a></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graham_Gore_Franklin_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Graham_Gore_Franklin_1845.jpg/220px-Graham_Gore_Franklin_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Graham_Gore_Franklin_1845.jpg/330px-Graham_Gore_Franklin_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Graham_Gore_Franklin_1845.jpg/440px-Graham_Gore_Franklin_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Graham_Gore" title="Graham Gore">Graham Gore</a>, who alongside Charles Frederick Des Voeux signed and deposited the Victory Point Note in May 1847.</figcaption></figure> In 1859 Hobson found a second document using the same Admiralty form containing an almost identical duplicate of the first message from 1847 in a cairn a few miles southwest at Gore Point. This document did not contain the second message. From the handwriting it is assumed that all messages were written by Fitzjames. As he did not take part in the landing party that deposited the notes originally in 1847, it is inferred that both documents were originally filled in by Fitzjames on board the ships, with Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Graham_Gore" title="Graham Gore">Graham Gore</a> and Mate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Des_Voeux" title="Charles Frederick Des Voeux">Charles Frederick Des Voeux</a> adding their signatures as members of the landing party. This is further supported by the fact that both documents contain the same factual errors – namely the wrong date of the wintering on Beechey Island. In 1848, after the abandonment of the ships and subsequent recovery of the document from the Victory Point cairn, Fitzjames added the second message signed by him and Crozier and deposited the note in the cairn found by Hobson eleven years later.<a href="#cite_note-cyriax1958-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century_expeditions">19th century expeditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_searches">Early searches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early searches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_chart_illustrative_of_the_cruise_of_the_American_Arctic_expedition_in_search_of_sir_John_Franklin_in_the_years_1850_%26_51_fitted_out_by_Henry_Gunnell_-_UvA-BC_OTM_HB-KZL_101.14.13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/A_chart_illustrative_of_the_cruise_of_the_American_Arctic_expedition_in_search_of_sir_John_Franklin_in_the_years_1850_%26_51_fitted_out_by_Henry_Gunnell_-_UvA-BC_OTM_HB-KZL_101.14.13.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/A_chart_illustrative_of_the_cruise_of_the_American_Arctic_expedition_in_search_of_sir_John_Franklin_in_the_years_1850_%26_51_fitted_out_by_Henry_Gunnell_-_UvA-BC_OTM_HB-KZL_101.14.13.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/A_chart_illustrative_of_the_cruise_of_the_American_Arctic_expedition_in_search_of_sir_John_Franklin_in_the_years_1850_%26_51_fitted_out_by_Henry_Gunnell_-_UvA-BC_OTM_HB-KZL_101.14.13.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7835" data-file-height="7543" /></a><figcaption>Searches in 1850–1851</figcaption></figure> After two years had passed with no word from Franklin, public concern grew and <a href="/wiki/Jane,_Lady_Franklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane, Lady Franklin">Jane, Lady Franklin</a>, as well as members of Parliament and British newspapers, urged the Admiralty to send a search party. Although the Admiralty said it did not feel any reason to be alarmed,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> it responded by developing a three-pronged plan which in the spring of 1848 sent an <a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">overland rescue party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">John Richardson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">John Rae</a>, down the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> to the Canadian Arctic coast.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Two expeditions by sea were also launched – one, led by James Clark Ross, entering the Canadian Arctic archipelago through Lancaster Sound and the other, commanded by Henry Kellett, entering from the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours1999186–189-37">[37]</a> In addition, the Admiralty offered a reward of £20,000 (equivalent to £2,500,000 in 2023) "to any Party or Parties, of any country, who shall render assistance to the crews of the Discovery Ships under the command of Sir John Franklin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200680-38">[38]</a> When the three-pronged effort failed, British national concern and interest in the Arctic increased until "finding Franklin became nothing less than a crusade."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200687–88-39">[39]</a> Ballads such as "<a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin%27s_Lament" title="Lady Franklin's Lament">Lady Franklin's Lament</a>", commemorating Lady Franklin's search for her lost husband, became popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2006266-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Many joined the search. In 1850, eleven British and <a href="/wiki/First_Grinnell_expedition" title="First Grinnell expedition">two American ships</a> cruised the Canadian Arctic, including the <a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_(ship)" title="Breadalbane (ship)">Breadalbane</a> and her sister ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Phoenix" title="HMS Phoenix">HMS Phoenix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2006102-42">[42]</a> Several converged off the east coast of Beechey Island, where the first relics of the expedition were found, including remnants of a winter camp from 1845 to 1846. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goodsir" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Goodsir">Robert Goodsir</a>, surgeon on the brig Lady Franklin, found the graves of <a href="/wiki/John_Torrington" title="John Torrington">John Torrington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hartnell" title="John Hartnell">John Hartnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Braine" title="William Braine">William Braine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> No messages from the Franklin expedition were found at this site.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the spring of 1851, passengers and crew aboard several ships observed a huge iceberg off <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, which bore two vessels, one upright and one on its beam ends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould192852–81-48">[48]</a> The ships were not examined closely. It was suggested at the time that the ships could have been Erebus and Terror but it is now known that they were not; it is likely that they were abandoned whaling ships.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1852 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Edward Belcher</a> was given command of the government Arctic expedition in search of Franklin. It was unsuccessful; Belcher's inability to render himself popular with his subordinates was peculiarly unfortunate on an Arctic voyage and he was not wholly suited to commanding vessels among ice. Four of the five ships (<a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a>, Pioneer, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Assistance_(1850)" title="HMS Assistance (1850)">Assistance</a> and Intrepid)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat1973285-50">[50]</a> were abandoned in <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a>, for which Belcher was <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialled</a> but <a href="/wiki/Acquitted" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquitted">acquitted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> One of these ships, HMS Resolute, was eventually recovered intact by an American whaler and returned to the United Kingdom. Timbers from the ship were later used to manufacture three desks, one of which, the <a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk">Resolute desk</a>, was presented by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> to <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>; it has often been chosen by presidents for use in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overland_searches">Overland searches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overland searches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition</a> and <a href="/wiki/McClintock_Arctic_expedition" title="McClintock Arctic expedition">McClintock Arctic expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reward_for_finding_Franklin_Expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reward_for_finding_Franklin_Expedition.jpg/170px-Reward_for_finding_Franklin_Expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reward_for_finding_Franklin_Expedition.jpg/255px-Reward_for_finding_Franklin_Expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reward_for_finding_Franklin_Expedition.jpg/340px-Reward_for_finding_Franklin_Expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Poster offering a reward for help in finding the expedition</figcaption></figure> In 1854, Rae, while surveying the <a href="/wiki/Boothia_Peninsula" title="Boothia Peninsula">Boothia Peninsula</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson Bay Company">Hudson Bay Company</a>, discovered further evidence of the expedition's fate. Rae met an <a href="/wiki/Inuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuk">Inuk</a> near Pelly Bay (now <a href="/wiki/Kugaaruk,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugaaruk, Nunavut">Kugaaruk, Nunavut</a>) on 21 April 1854, who told him of a party of 35 to 40 white men who had died of <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> near the mouth of the Back River. Other Inuit confirmed this story, which included reports of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> among the dying sailors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Inuit showed Rae many objects that were identified as having belonged to members of the Franklin expedition. In particular, Rae bought from the Inuit several silver forks and spoons later identified as belonging to Franklin, Fitzjames, <a href="/wiki/James_Walter_Fairholme" title="James Walter Fairholme">James Walter Fairholme</a>, and Robert Orme Sargent of the Erebus, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon_Moira_Crozier" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier">Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier</a>, captain of the Terror. Rae's report was sent to the Admiralty, which in October 1854 urged the HBC to send an expedition down the Back River to search for other signs of Franklin and his men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlutschakBarr1989xv–xvi-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours1999270–277-54">[54]</a> Next were Chief Factor James Anderson and HBC employee James Stewart, who travelled north by canoe to the mouth of the Back River. In July 1855, a band of Inuit told them of a group of qallunaat (<a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> for "whites" or "Europeans", perhaps best translated as "foreigners") who had starved to death along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlutschakBarr1989xv–xvi-53">[53]</a> In August, Anderson and Stewart found a piece of wood inscribed with "Erebus" and another that said "Mr. Stanley" (surgeon aboard Erebus) on <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Montreal Island (Nunavut)">Montreal Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chantrey_Inlet" title="Chantrey Inlet">Chantrey Inlet</a>, where the Back River meets the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlutschakBarr1989xv–xvi-53">[53]</a> Despite the findings of Rae and Anderson, the Admiralty did not plan another search of its own. The Royal Navy officially labelled the crew deceased in service on 31 March 1854.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookman20002-55">[55]</a> Lady Franklin, failing to convince the government to fund another search, personally commissioned <a href="/wiki/McClintock_Arctic_expedition" title="McClintock Arctic expedition">one more expedition</a> under <a href="/wiki/Francis_Leopold_McClintock" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Leopold McClintock">Francis Leopold McClintock</a>. The expedition ship, the steam <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> <a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a>, bought via public subscription, sailed from <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> on 2 July 1857.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In April 1859, <a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">sled</a> parties set out from Fox to search on King William Island. On 5 May, the party led by Lieutenant William Hobson discovered the Victory Point Note, which detailed the abandonment of Erebus and Terror, death of Franklin and other crew members, and the decision by the survivors to march south to the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On the western extreme of King William Island, Hobson also discovered a <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">lifeboat</a> containing two human skeletons and relics from the Franklin expedition. In the boat was a large amount of abandoned equipment, including boots, silk handkerchiefs, scented soap, sponges, slippers, hair combs and many books, among them a copy of <a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Wakefield" title="The Vicar of Wakefield">The Vicar of Wakefield</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198734–40-57">[57]</a> Elsewhere, on the island's southern coast, McClintock's searchers found another skeleton. Still clothed, it was searched, and some papers were found, including a seaman's certificate for Chief Petty Officer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Peglar" title="Harry Peglar">Harry Peglar</a> of Terror. Since the uniform was that of a ship's steward, it is more likely that the body was that of Thomas Armitage, gun-room steward on Terror and a shipmate of Peglar, whose papers he carried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours1999295–296-58">[58]</a> McClintock himself took testimony from the Inuit about the expedition's disastrous end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198734–40-57">[57]</a> Two expeditions between 1860 and 1869 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">Charles Francis Hall</a>, who lived among the Inuit near <a href="/wiki/Frobisher_Bay" title="Frobisher Bay">Frobisher Bay</a> on Baffin Island and later at <a href="/wiki/Repulse_Bay,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Repulse Bay, Nunavut">Repulse Bay</a> on the Canadian mainland, found camps, graves and relics on the southern coast of King William Island, but he believed none of the Franklin survivors would be found among the Inuit. In 1869, local Inuit took Hall to a shallow grave on the island containing well-preserved skeletal remains and fragments of clothing.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> These remains were taken to England and interred beneath the Franklin Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Royal_Naval_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Royal Naval College">Greenwich Old Royal Naval College</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The eminent <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> examined the remains and concluded that they belonged to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Dundas_Le_Vesconte" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte">Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte</a>, second lieutenant on Erebus.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> An examination in 2009 suggested that these were actually the remains of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Goodsir" title="Harry Goodsir">Harry Goodsir</a>, assistant surgeon on Erebus.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Although Hall concluded that all of the Franklin crew were dead, he believed that the official expedition records would yet be found under a stone cairn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwatka196512–15-62">[62]</a> With the assistance of his guides <a href="/wiki/Ipirvik" title="Ipirvik">Ipirvik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taqulittuq" title="Taqulittuq">Taqulittuq</a>, Hall gathered hundreds of pages of Inuit testimony.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durand-brager-453.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durand-brager-453.png/240px-Durand-brager-453.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durand-brager-453.png/360px-Durand-brager-453.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durand-brager-453.png/480px-Durand-brager-453.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>William Hobson and his men finding the cairn with the "Victory Point" note, Back Bay, King William Island, May 1859</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Irving_(Royal_Navy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/John_Irving_%28Royal_Navy%29.jpg/190px-John_Irving_%28Royal_Navy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/John_Irving_%28Royal_Navy%29.jpg/285px-John_Irving_%28Royal_Navy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/John_Irving_%28Royal_Navy%29.jpg/380px-John_Irving_%28Royal_Navy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>3d Lt John Irving, HMS Terror</figcaption></figure> Among these materials were accounts of visits to Franklin's ships, and an encounter with a party of white men on the southern coast of King William Island near Washington Bay. In the 1990s, this testimony was extensively researched by <a href="/wiki/David_C._Woodman" title="David C. Woodman">David C. Woodman</a> and was the basis of two books, Unravelling the Franklin Mystery (1992) and Strangers Among Us (1995), in which he reconstructs the final months of the expedition. Woodman's narrative challenged existing theories that the survivors all perished over the remainder of 1848 as they marched south from Victory Point, arguing instead that Inuit accounts point strongly to most of the 105 survivors cited by Crozier in his final note actually surviving past 1848, re-manning at least one of the ships and managing to sail it down along the coast of King William Island before it sank, with some crew members surviving as late as 1851.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman19926–8-63">[63]</a> The hope of finding other additional expedition records led Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schwatka" title="Frederick Schwatka">Frederick Schwatka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> to organise an expedition to King William Island between 1878 and 1880. Travelling to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> on the schooner Eothen, Schwatka, assembling a team that included Inuit who had assisted Hall, continued north by foot and <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sled</a>, interviewing Inuit, visiting known or likely sites of Franklin expedition remains, and wintering on the island. Although Schwatka failed to find the hoped-for papers, in a speech at a dinner given in his honour by the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a> in 1880, he said that his expedition had made "the longest sledge journey ever made both in regard to time and distance"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwatka1965115–116-64">[64]</a> of eleven months and four days and 4,360 km (2,710 mi), that it was the first Arctic expedition on which the whites relied entirely on the same diet as the Inuit, and that it established the loss of the Franklin records "beyond all reasonable doubt".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwatka1965115–116-64">[64]</a> Schwatka was successful in locating the remains of one of Franklin's men, identified by personal effects as <a href="/wiki/John_Irving_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Irving (Royal Navy officer)">John Irving</a>, third lieutenant aboard Terror. Schwatka had Irving's remains returned to Scotland, where they were buried with full honours at <a href="/wiki/Dean_Cemetery" title="Dean Cemetery">Dean Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> on 7 January 1881.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Schwatka expedition found no remnants of the Franklin expedition south of a place now known as Starvation Cove on the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Peninsula" title="Adelaide Peninsula">Adelaide Peninsula</a>. This was about 64 km (40 mi) north of Crozier's stated goal, the Back River, and several hundred miles away from the nearest Western outpost, on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Slave_Lake" title="Great Slave Lake">Great Slave Lake</a>. Woodman wrote of Inuit reports that between 1852 and 1858 Crozier and one other expedition member were seen in the <a href="/wiki/Baker_Lake,_Nunavut" title="Baker Lake, Nunavut">Baker Lake</a> area, about 400 km (250 mi) to the south, where in 1948 <a href="/wiki/Farley_Mowat" title="Farley Mowat">Farley Mowat</a> found "a very ancient cairn, not of normal Eskimo construction" inside which were shreds of a hardwood box with <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetail joints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman1992317-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_expeditions">Modern expeditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_William_Island_excavations_(1981–1982)">King William Island excavations (1981–1982)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: King William Island excavations (1981–1982)">edit</a>]</div> In June 1981, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Beattie" title="Owen Beattie">Owen Beattie</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, began the 1845–1848 Franklin Expedition Forensic Anthropology Project (FEFAP) when he and his team of researchers and field assistants travelled from <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> to King William Island, traversing the island's western coast as Franklin's men did 132 years before. FEFAP hoped to find artefacts and skeletal remains in order to use modern <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">forensics</a> to establish identities and causes of death among the lost 129 crewmembers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198751–52-68">[68]</a> Although the trek found archaeological artefacts related to 19th-century Europeans and undisturbed <a href="/wiki/Disarticulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Disarticulated">disarticulated</a> human remains, Beattie was disappointed that more remains were not found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198758-69">[69]</a> Examining the bones of Franklin crewmen, he noted areas of pitting and scaling often found in cases of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> deficiency, the cause of <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198756-70">[70]</a> After returning to Edmonton, he compared notes from the survey with James Savelle, an Arctic archaeologist, and noticed skeletal patterns suggesting cannibalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198758–62-71">[71]</a> Seeking information about the Franklin crew's health and diet, he sent bone samples to the Alberta Soil and Feed Testing Laboratory for <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace element</a> analysis and assembled another team to visit King William Island. The analysis would find an unexpected level of 226 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm) of lead in the crewman's bones, which was ten times higher than the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">control</a> samples, taken from Inuit skeletons from the same geographic area, of 26–36 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198783-72">[72]</a> In June 1982, a team made up of Beattie and three students (Walt Kowall, a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Alberta; Arne Carlson, an <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> student from <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>; and Arsien Tungilik, an Inuk student and field assistant) was flown to the west coast of King William Island where they retraced some of the steps of McClintock in 1859 and Schwatka in 1878–79.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198763-73">[73]</a> Discoveries during this expedition included the remains of between 6 and 14 men in the vicinity of McClintock's "boat place" and artefacts including a complete boot sole fitted with makeshift cleats for better traction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198777–82-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beechey_Island_excavations_and_exhumations_(1984–1986)">Beechey Island excavations and exhumations (1984–1986)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beechey Island excavations and exhumations (1984–1986)">edit</a>]</div> After returning to Edmonton in 1982 and learning of the lead level findings from the 1981 expedition, Beattie struggled to find a cause. Possibilities included the lead solder used to seal the expedition's food tins, other food containers lined with lead foil, <a href="/wiki/Food_colouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Food colouring">food colouring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco products">tobacco products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a> tableware, and lead-<a href="/wiki/Candle_wick" title="Candle wick">wicked</a> candles. He came to suspect that the problems of lead poisoning compounded by the effects of scurvy could have been lethal for the Franklin crew. Because skeletal lead might reflect lifetime exposure rather than exposure limited to the voyage, Beattie's theory could be tested only by forensic examination of preserved soft tissue as opposed to bone. Beattie decided to examine the graves of the buried crewmen on Beechey Island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198783–85-75">[75]</a> After obtaining legal permission,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198786–87-76">[76]</a> Beattie's team visited Beechey Island in August 1984 to perform <a href="/wiki/Autopsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autopsies">autopsies</a> on the three crewmen buried there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198785-77">[77]</a> They started with John Torrington, the first crew member to die.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] After completing Torrington's autopsy and exhuming and briefly examining the body of John Hartnell, the team, pressed for time and threatened by weather, returned to Edmonton with tissue and bone samples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987111–120-79">[79]</a> Trace element analysis of Torrington's bones and hair indicated that the crewman "would have suffered severe mental and physical problems caused by lead poisoning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987123-80">[80]</a> Although the autopsy indicated that <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> had been the ultimate cause of the crewman's death, lead poisoning was cited as a contributing factor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987122–123-81">[81]</a> During the expedition, the team visited a place about 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the gravesite to examine fragments of hundreds of food tins discarded by Franklin's men. Beattie noted that the seams were poorly soldered with lead, which had likely come in direct contact with the food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987158-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-LLTissues1-83">[83]</a> The release of findings from the 1984 expedition and the photo of Torrington, a 138-year-old corpse well preserved by Arctic <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, led to wide media coverage and renewed interest in the Franklin expedition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Subsequent research has suggested that another potential source for the lead may have been the ships' <a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distilled water</a> systems rather than the tinned food. K. T. H. Farrer argued that "it is impossible to see how one could ingest from the canned food the amount of lead, 3.3 mg per day over eight months, required to raise the PbB to the level 80 μg/dL at which symptoms of lead poisoning begin to appear in adults and the suggestion that bone lead in adults could be 'swamped' by lead ingested from food over a period of a few months, or even three years, seems scarcely tenable."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In addition, tinned food was in widespread use within the Royal Navy at that time<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and its use did not lead to any significant increase in lead poisoning elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Uniquely for this expedition, the ships were fitted with converted railway locomotive engines for auxiliary propulsion which required an estimated one tonne of fresh water per hour when steaming. It is highly probable that it was for this reason that the ships were fitted with a unique <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> system which, given the materials in use at the time, would have produced large quantities of water with a very high lead content. William Battersby has argued that this is a much more likely source for the high levels of lead observed in the remains of expedition members than the tinned food.<a href="#cite_note-Battersby-4">[4]</a> A further survey of the graves was undertaken in 1986. A camera crew filmed the procedure, shown in a 1988 episode of the American programme <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">Nova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Under difficult field conditions, Derek Notman, a <a href="/wiki/Radiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiologist">radiologist</a> and medical doctor from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, and radiology technician Larry Anderson took many <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> of the crewmen prior to autopsy. Barbara Schweger, an <a href="/wiki/Arctic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic clothing">Arctic clothing</a> specialist, and Roger Amy, a <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a>, assisted in the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987130–145-88">[88]</a> Beattie and his team had noticed that someone else had attempted to exhume Hartnell. In the effort, a <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">pickaxe</a> had damaged the wooden lid of his coffin, and the coffin plaque was missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987116-89">[89]</a> Research in Edmonton later showed that Sir Edward Belcher, commander of one of the Franklin rescue expeditions, had ordered the exhumation of Hartnell in October 1852, but was thwarted by the permafrost. One month later, <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Inglefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward A. Inglefield">Edward A. Inglefield</a>, commander of another rescue expedition, succeeded with the exhumation and removed the coffin's plaque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987116–118-90">[90]</a> Unlike Hartnell's grave, the grave of Private William Braine was largely intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987146–147-91">[91]</a> When he was exhumed, the survey team saw signs that his burial had been hasty. His arms, body and head had not been positioned carefully in the coffin, and one of his undershirts had been put on backwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987150-92">[92]</a> The coffin seemed too small for him; its lid had pressed down on his nose. A large copper plaque with his name and other personal data punched into it adorned his coffin lid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987148-93">[93]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images,_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The four graves at Franklin Camp near the harbour on Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada."><img alt="The four graves at Franklin Camp near the harbour on Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg/270px-2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg/405px-2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg/540px-2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The four graves at Franklin Camp near the harbour on <a href="/wiki/Beechey_Island" title="Beechey Island">Beechey Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 323.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 321.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images,_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(L–R) Three grave stones commemorate John Torrington, William Braine and John Hartnell of the Franklin Expedition. A fourth headstone marks the grave of a sailor named Thomas Morgan who came later in a Franklin search expedition and died at the camp."><img alt="(L–R) Three grave stones commemorate John Torrington, William Braine and John Hartnell of the Franklin Expedition. A fourth headstone marks the grave of a sailor named Thomas Morgan who came later in a Franklin search expedition and died at the camp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg/482px-2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg/722px-2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg/963px-2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images%2C_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1122" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">(L–R) Three grave stones commemorate <a href="/wiki/John_Torrington" title="John Torrington">John Torrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Braine" title="William Braine">William Braine</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hartnell" title="John Hartnell">John Hartnell</a> of the Franklin Expedition. A fourth headstone marks the grave of a sailor named Thomas Morgan who came later in a Franklin search expedition and died at the camp.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Remains_of_Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_Remains_of_Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition.svg/220px-Map_Remains_of_Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_Remains_of_Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition.svg/330px-Map_Remains_of_Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_Remains_of_Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition.svg/440px-Map_Remains_of_Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Sites of remains of Franklin's Lost Expedition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NgLj-2_excavations_(1992)">NgLj-2 excavations (1992)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: NgLj-2 excavations (1992)">edit</a>]</div> In 1992, Franklin scholar Barry Ranford and his colleague, Mike Yarascavitch, discovered human skeletal remains and artefacts of what they suspected to be some of the lost crewmen of the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavours1999-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The site matches the physical description of McClintock's "boat place". In 1993, a team of archaeologists and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic anthropologist">forensic anthropologists</a> returned to the site, which they referenced as "NgLj-2", on the western shores of King William Island, to excavate these remains. These excavations uncovered nearly 400 bones and bone fragments, and physical artefacts ranging from pieces of clay pipes to buttons and brass fittings. Examination of these bones by Anne Keenleyside, the expedition's forensic scientist, showed elevated levels of lead and many cut-marks "consistent with de-fleshing". On the basis of this expedition, it has become generally accepted that at least some of Franklin's men resorted to cannibalism in their final distress.<a href="#cite_note-Keenleyside-97">[97]</a> A study published in the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology in 2015 concluded that in addition to the de-fleshing of bones, thirty-five "bones had signs of breakage and 'pot polishing', which occurs when the ends of bones heated in boiling water rub against the cooking pot they are placed in", which "typically occurs in the end stage of cannibalism, when starving people extract the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">marrow</a> to eke out the last bit of calories and nutrition they can."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_William_Island_(1994–1995)">King William Island (1994–1995)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: King William Island (1994–1995)">edit</a>]</div> In 1994, Woodman organised and led a land search of the area from Collinson Inlet<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> to (modern) Victory Point<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> in search of the buried "vaults" spoken of in the testimony of the contemporary Inuit hunter Supunger. A ten-person team spent ten days in the search, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Canadian Geographical Society">Royal Canadian Geographical Society</a> and filmed by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC). No trace of the vaults was found.<a href="#cite_note-woodman1995-101">[101]</a> In 1995, an expedition was jointly organised by Woodman, George Hobson and American adventurer Steven Trafton – with each party planning a separate search. Trafton's group travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Islands" title="Clarence Islands">Clarence Islands</a> to investigate Inuit stories of a "white man's cairn" there but found nothing. Hobson's party, accompanied by archaeologist Margaret Bertulli, investigated the "summer camp" found a few miles to the south of Cape Felix, where some minor Franklin relics were found. Woodman, with two companions, travelled south from Wall Bay to Victory Point and investigated all likely campsites along this coast, finding only some rusted cans at a previously unknown campsite near Cape Maria Louisa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wreck_searches_(1997–2013)">Wreck searches (1997–2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wreck searches (1997–2013)">edit</a>]</div> In 1997, a "Franklin 150" expedition was mounted by the Canadian film company Eco-Nova to use <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> to investigate more of the priority magnetic targets found in 1992. The senior archaeologist was Robert Grenier, assisted by Margaret Bertulli, and Woodman again acted as expedition historian and search coordinator. Operations were conducted from the <a href="/wiki/CCGS_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier" title="CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier">Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Laurier</a>. Approximately 40 km2 (15 sq mi) were surveyed, without result, near Kirkwall Island. When detached parties found Franklin relics – primarily copper sheeting and small items – on the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> to the north of O'Reilly Island the search was diverted to that area, but poor weather prevented significant survey work before the expedition ended. A documentary, Oceans of Mystery: Search for the Lost Fleet, was produced by Eco-Nova about this expedition.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Three expeditions were mounted by Woodman to continue the magnetometer mapping of the proposed wreck sites: a privately sponsored expedition in 2001, and the Irish-Canadian Franklin Search Expeditions of 2002 and 2004. These made use of sled-drawn magnetometers working on the sea ice and completed the unfinished survey of the northern (Kirkwall Island) search area in 2001, and the entire southern O'Reilly Island area in 2002 and 2004. All of the high-priority magnetic targets were identified by sonar through the ice as geological in origin. In 2002 and 2004, small Franklin artefacts and characteristic explorer tent sites were found on a small islet northeast of O'Reilly Island during shore searches.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In August 2008 a new search by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> was announced, to be led by Grenier. This search hoped to take advantage of the improved ice conditions, using <a href="/wiki/Side-scan_sonar" title="Side-scan sonar">side-scan sonar</a> from a boat in open water. Grenier also hoped to draw from newly published Inuit testimony collected by oral historian <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harley_Eber" title="Dorothy Harley Eber">Dorothy Harley Eber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Some of Eber's informants placed the location of one of Franklin's ships in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Geographical Society Island">Royal Geographical Society Island</a>, an area not searched by previous expeditions. The search was to also include local Inuit historian Louie Kamookak, who had found other significant remains of the expedition and would represent the indigenous culture.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> HMS Investigator became icebound in 1853 while searching for Franklin's expedition and was subsequently abandoned. It was found in shallow water in <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Bay" title="Mercy Bay">Mercy Bay</a> on 25 July 2010, along the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a> in Canada's western Arctic. The Parks Canada team reported that it was in good shape, upright in about 11 m (36 ft) of water.<a href="#cite_note-ncoll073010-106">[106]</a> A new search was announced by Parks Canada in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victoria_Strait_Expedition:_wreck_of_Erebus_(2014)">Victoria Strait Expedition: wreck of Erebus (2014)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Victoria Strait Expedition: wreck of Erebus (2014)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition_-_Sonar_Image_of_First_Ship_Found_-_Sept_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition_-_Sonar_Image_of_First_Ship_Found_-_Sept_2014.jpg/300px-Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition_-_Sonar_Image_of_First_Ship_Found_-_Sept_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4d/Franklin%27s_Lost_Expedition_-_Sonar_Image_of_First_Ship_Found_-_Sept_2014.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Side-scan sonar images of Erebus at the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay" title="Wilmot and Crampton Bay">Wilmot and Crampton Bay</a>, September 2014</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 2014, a larger search by a Canadian team under the banner of the "Victoria Strait Expedition"<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> found two items on <a href="/wiki/Hat_Island_(Victoria_Strait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat Island (Victoria Strait)">Hat Island</a> in the Queen Maud Gulf near King William Island:<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> a wooden object, possibly a plug for a deck <a href="/wiki/Hawsehole" title="Hawsehole">hawse</a>, the iron pipe through which the ship's chain cable would descend into the chain locker below; and part of a boat-launching <a href="/wiki/Davit" title="Davit">davit</a> bearing the stamps of two Royal Navy broad arrows.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 9 September 2014, the expedition announced that on 7 September it had located one of Franklin's two ships.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_Found-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The ship is preserved in good condition, with side-scan sonar picking up even the deck planking. The wreck lies in about 11 m (36 ft) of water at the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay" title="Wilmot and Crampton Bay">Wilmot and Crampton Bay</a> in the eastern part of Queen Maud Gulf, west of O'Reilly Island. On 1 October at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prime Minister">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> confirmed the wreck was that of HMS Erebus.<a href="#cite_note-globe-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc-2014oct01-116">[116]</a> A documentary, Hunt for the Arctic Ghost Ship, was produced by Lion Television for <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Secret_History_(TV_series)" title="Secret History (TV series)">Secret History</a> series in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In September 2018, Parks Canada announced that Erebus had deteriorated significantly. "An upwards buoyant force acting on the decking combined with storm swell in relatively shallow water caused the displacement", according to a spokesperson. The underwater exploration in 2018 totalled only a day and a half due to weather and ice conditions and was to continue in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Also in September 2018, a report provided specifics as to ownership of the ships and contents: the United Kingdom will own the first 65 artefacts brought up from Erebus, while the wreck of both ships and other artefacts will be jointly owned by Canada and the Inuit.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arctic_Research_Foundation_Expedition:_wreck_of_Terror_(2016)">Arctic Research Foundation Expedition: wreck of Terror (2016)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arctic Research Foundation Expedition: wreck of Terror (2016)">edit</a>]</div> On 12 September 2016, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Research_Foundation" title="Arctic Research Foundation">Arctic Research Foundation</a> expedition had found the wreck of HMS Terror to the south of King William Island in Terror Bay, at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&params=68_54_13_N_98_56_18_W_scale:1000000">68°54′13″N 98°56′18″W / 68.90361°N 98.93833°W / 68.90361; -98.93833</a> at a depth of 24 m (79 ft), and in "pristine" condition.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2018, a team examined the wreck of Terror using a <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated underwater vehicle</a> (ROV) that collected photos and video clips of the ship and a number of artefacts. The group concluded that Terror had not been left at anchor, since anchor cables were seen to be secured along the bulwarks.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_conclusions">Scientific conclusions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scientific conclusions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_failure">Reasons for failure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reasons for failure">edit</a>]</div> The FEFAP field surveys, excavations and exhumations spanned more than ten years. The results of this study showed that the Beechey Island crew had most probably died of pneumonia<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, which was suggested by the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Pott_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pott disease">Pott disease</a> discovered in Braine.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Toxicological reports pointed to lead poisoning as a likely contributing factor.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Blade cut marks found on bones from some of the crew were seen as signs of cannibalism.<a href="#cite_note-Keenleyside-97">[97]</a> Evidence suggested that a combination of cold, starvation and disease including scurvy, pneumonia and tuberculosis, all made worse by lead poisoning, killed everyone in the Franklin expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger1987161–163-127">[127]</a> It was also discovered that the cans of provisions mainly eaten by officers were soldered poorly, causing food to rot. This weakening of their immune systems was compounded by the fact that animals caught and eaten by the crew of the expedition contained <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a> Type-C.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More recent chemical re-examination of bone and nail samples taken from Hartnell and other crew members has cast doubt on the role of lead poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-witze2016-5">[5]</a> A 2013 study determined that the levels of lead present in the crew members' bones had been consistent during their lives, and that there was no <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lead" title="Isotopes of lead">isotopic</a> difference between lead concentrated within older and younger bone materials.<a href="#cite_note-martin2013-128">[128]</a> Had the crew been poisoned by lead from the solder used to seal the canned food or from the ships' water supplies, both the concentration of lead and its isotopic composition would have been expected to have "spiked" during their last few months.<a href="#cite_note-witze2016-5">[5]</a> This interpretation was supported by a 2016 study that suggested the crew's ill health may in fact have been due to <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, and specifically <a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">zinc deficiency</a>, probably due to a lack of meat in their diet.<a href="#cite_note-witze2016-5">[5]</a> This study used <a href="/wiki/Micro-X-ray_fluorescence" title="Micro-X-ray fluorescence">micro-X-ray fluorescence</a> to map the levels of lead, copper and zinc in Hartnell's thumbnail over the final months of his life, and found that apart from during his last few weeks lead concentrations within Hartnell's body were within healthy limits.<a href="#cite_note-christensen2016-129">[129]</a> In contrast, levels of zinc were far lower than normal and indicated that Hartnell would have been suffering from chronic zinc deficiency, sufficient to have severely suppressed his immune system and left him highly vulnerable to a worsening of the tuberculosis with which he was already infected.<a href="#cite_note-pope2016-130">[130]</a> In the last few weeks of his life, his illness would have caused his body to start breaking down bone, fat and muscle tissues, releasing lead previously stored there into his bloodstream and giving rise to the high lead levels noted in previous analysis of soft tissues and hair.<a href="#cite_note-witze2016-5">[5]</a> Franklin's chosen passage down the west side of King William Island took Erebus and Terror into "a ploughing train of ice ... [that] does not always clear during the short summers",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198742-131">[131]</a> whereas the route along the island's east coast regularly clears in summer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198742-131">[131]</a> and was later used by Roald Amundsen in his successful navigation of the Northwest Passage. The Franklin expedition, locked in ice for two winters in Victoria Strait, was naval in nature and therefore not well-equipped or trained for land travel. Some of the crewmembers heading south from Erebus and Terror hauled in many items not needed for Arctic survival. McClintock noted a large quantity of heavy goods in the lifeboat at the "boat place" and thought them "a mere accumulation of dead weight, of little use, and very likely to break down the strength of the sledge-crews".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieGeiger198739–40-132">[132]</a> The winter of 1846–1847 was unusually harsh for its time, meaning the ship was completely stuck in ice for two successive winters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_findings">Other findings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other findings">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Stenton" title="Douglas Stenton">Douglas Stenton</a>, an adjunct professor of anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> and former director of Nunavut's Department of Heritage and Culture, suggested that four sets of human remains found on King William Island could possibly be women. He initially suspected that <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing would not offer up anything more, but to his surprise they registered that there was no <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">'Y' chromosomal</a> element to the DNA. Stenton acknowledged that women were known to have served in the Royal Navy in the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, but he also pointed out that it could be that the DNA had simply degraded as further tests proved ambiguous and he concluded the initial findings were "almost certainly incorrect".<a href="#cite_note-stenton2017-133">[133]</a> In 1993, three bodies were found at site NgLj-3 near Erebus Bay. The remains had originally been found by McClintock's expedition in 1859, and were rediscovered and buried by Schwatka two decades later. In 2013, a team led by Stenton had the remains exhumed for DNA testing and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_facial_reconstruction" title="Forensic facial reconstruction">forensic facial reconstruction</a>. The team's report, published in Polar Journal in 2015, indicated that the reconstructions of the two intact skulls from the remains resembled Lieutenant Gore and Ice-Master Reid of the Erebus; science later determined the remains could not have belonged to Gore, as the Victory Point note stated that Gore had died before the abandonment of the ships in April 1848.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In May 2021, one of the bodies was positively identified as that of Warrant Officer <a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_(engineer)" title="John Gregory (engineer)">John Gregory</a>, an engineer aboard Erebus. A genealogy team tracked down Gregory's great-great-great-grandson, Jonathan Gregory, residing in <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and confirmed the familial match through DNA testing.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In September 2024, researchers Douglas Stenton, Stephen Fratpietro, and Robert W. Park, from the University of Waterloo and Lakehead University, announced that they had positively identified a skeletal mandible as belonging to Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a> through DNA testing. An unbroken Y-chromosome DNA match was made from a living descendant of Fitzjames's great-grandfather James Gambier; the DNA donor, Nigel Gambier, is second cousin five times removed to Fitzjames. By doing genealogical research, historian Fabiënne Tetteroo determined that Nigel Gambier was an eligible match for Fitzjames. Tetteroo contacted Nigel Gambier and he agreed to provide the DNA sample that conclusively identified Fitzjames. Fitzjames' mandible shows signs of cut marks consistent with cannibalism. <a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FitzjamesFound-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">1845 </td> <td>12 May </td> <td>Expedition leaves <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, England for Greenhithe.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>At <a href="/wiki/Greenhithe,_Kent" title="Greenhithe, Kent">Greenhithe</a>, the crews are given a pay advance for their families.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 May </td> <td>Expedition leaves Greenhithe with 134 men, a monkey (Jacko), a <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_dog" title="Newfoundland dog">Newfoundland dog</a> (Neptune), a cat, and several live cattle.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 May </td> <td>Expedition passes <a href="/wiki/Sheerness" title="Sheerness">Sheerness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 May </td> <td>Expedition docks at <a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> Cattle killed in a storm at sea are replaced, and some letters are sent. <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Franklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Franklin">Sir John Franklin</a> writes <a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin" title="Jane Franklin">his wife</a> that he has taken a great liking to <a href="/wiki/Graham_Gore" title="Graham Gore">Graham Gore</a>, and that he has barely seen <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a> due to rough weather.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 June </td> <td>The ships depart Stromness.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 July </td> <td>Expedition anchors at the Whalefish Islands, just off <a href="/wiki/Disko_Island" title="Disko Island">Disko Island</a>, Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> Five men sick with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> are sent home, along with another batch of letters.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 July </td> <td>Expedition leaves Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 July </td> <td>Expedition sighted by whaling ships while awaiting passage into <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Sound" title="Lancaster Sound">Lancaster Sound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1845–46 </td> <td> </td> <td>Expedition ascends <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Channel" title="Wellington Channel">Wellington Channel</a> and returns by west side of <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)">Cornwallis Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Expedition winters on <a href="/wiki/Beechey_Island" title="Beechey Island">Beechey Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stenton_2018_pp._197–212-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">1846 </td> <td>1 January </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Torrington" title="John Torrington">John Torrington</a> dies and is buried at Beechey Island.<a href="#cite_note-Spindler-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 January </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Hartnell" title="John Hartnell">John Hartnell</a> dies and is <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsied</a> before being buried at Beechey Island.<a href="#cite_note-Spindler-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Braine" title="William Braine">William Braine</a> dies but is stored in the ship instead of buried immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Spindler-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 8 April </td> <td>Braine is buried at Beechey Island after his body is gnawed on by <a href="/wiki/Ship_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship rat">ship rats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spindler-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> leave Beechey Island and sail down <a href="/wiki/Peel_Sound" title="Peel Sound">Peel Sound</a> towards <a href="/wiki/King_William_Island" title="King William Island">King William Island</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 September </td> <td>Ships trapped in the ice off King William Island. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1846–47 </td> <td> </td> <td>Expedition winters on King William Island. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1847 </td> <td>28 May </td> <td>Six-man sledge party led by Lt. Graham Gore and Mate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Des_Voeux" title="Charles Frederick Des Voeux">Charles Frederick Des Voeux</a> leaves identical notes at Victory Point and Gore Point, both written by <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a> and concluding "All well". They return without finding a message left by <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 June </td> <td>Franklin dies, leaving Crozier in charge of the expedition. Fitzjames becomes captain of Erebus.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1847–48 </td> <td> </td> <td>Preparations begin for an <a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">overland search for Franklin's expedition</a>, led by Dr. John Rae and Sir John Richardson, while <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Laws_Moore" title="Thomas Edward Laws Moore">Thomas Edward Laws Moore</a> performs a maritime search aboard HMS Plover.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> Franklin's expedition again winters off King William Island, after the ice fails to thaw in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1848 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> begins a search for the expedition aboard the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">Investigator</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Enterprise_(1848)" title="HMS Enterprise (1848)">Enterprise.</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 April </td> <td>Erebus and Terror are abandoned after one year and seven months trapped in the ice. Men set camp at Victory Point (later Crozier's Landing).<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 April </td> <td>Second note left by Fitzjames on the margins of a 1847 one found by Lt. <a href="/wiki/John_Irving_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Irving (Royal Navy officer)">John Irving</a>: 24 men are dead, 9 of them officers including Franklin and Gore. Irving's role may imply Des Voeux was also dead or incapacitated. Ross's cairn was found destroyed and without message, possibly by Inuit. Crozier adds a footnote saying the 105 survivors plan to start marching south to the <a href="/wiki/Back_River_(Nunavut)" title="Back River (Nunavut)">Back River</a> on 26 April.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Scheduled end of provisions. Many cans will be found unopened in the ships and outside.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1849 </td> <td> </td> <td>Richardson returns with no news of the Franklin expedition,<a href="#cite_note-Richardson1-143">[143]</a> as does James Clark Ross. Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Penny" title="William Penny">William Penny</a> attempts a search aboard the Advice but is turned back by the ice.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1850 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Codrington_Forsyth" title="Charles Codrington Forsyth">Charles Forsyth</a> leads a brief search aboard the Prince Albert, returning with reports of Sir John's winter quarters.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">John Ross</a> conducts a private search aboard the Felix and Mary without any news. They are joined by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Horatio Austin</a>'s squadron, consisting of HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">Resolute</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Assistance_(1850)" title="HMS Assistance (1850)">Assistance</a>, Intrepid, and Pioneer. Captain Penny returns to the Arctic, leading Lady Franklin and Sophia in a renewed search. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_De_Haven" title="Edwin De Haven">Edwin De Haven</a> leads <a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Rescue_(1850)" title="USS Rescue (1850)">Rescue</a> in the American-led <a href="/wiki/First_Grinnell_expedition" title="First Grinnell expedition">Grinnell expedition</a>. The <a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure Arctic expedition</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Robert McClure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Richard Collinson</a> searches via the Bering Strait.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 March<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td> <td>The British government offers £20,000 to anyone assisting members of the Expedition and £10,000 for ascertaining its fate.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 August<a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-146">[146]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Ommanney" title="Erasmus Ommanney">Erasmus Ommanney</a> of Horatio Austin's expedition locates the Franklin Expedition's camp on Beechey Island. Finding no messages, he searches north of the island and returns to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Laws_Moore" title="Thomas Edward Laws Moore">Thomas Edward Laws Moore</a> returns from his 1847 search without any news. <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">William Kennedy</a> leads another search aboard the Prince Albert, also without any news.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Edward Belcher</a> leads a squadron of five ships — <a href="/wiki/HMS_Assistance_(1850)" title="HMS Assistance (1850)">Assistance,</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">Resolute</a>, Intrepid, Pioneer, and North Star — in search of the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1853 </td> <td> </td> <td>Continuing his overland search, Dr. John Rae encounters Inuit near the Back River carrying items from the expedition. He interviews the Inuit and purchases their items, learning that they had encountered Franklin's expedition in spring 1850 and that the expedition has died of hunger and cold, with some resorting to cannibalism.<a href="#cite_note-Mudge12-148">[148]</a> William Kennedy attempts another search, but his crew mutinies near <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Elisha Kent Kane</a> leads a <a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">second American search expedition</a> aboard USS Advance.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1854 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Robert McClure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Richard Collinson</a> return from their Bering Strait search with no news of the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Belcher also returns from his 1852 search with no information, having lost four of his five ships.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March </td> <td>The members of the expedition are officially declared dead and struck from the Navy List.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Concluding his overland search, Dr. John Rae informs the Admiralty that Franklin's expedition succumbed to starvation and the elements, with some members resorting to cannibalism.<a href="#cite_note-Stamp1-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 October </td> <td>Dr. Rae's report is leaked to the press on his return to England, causing great outcry and tarnishing Rae's reputation. The cannibalism is blamed on the Inuit and their testimony ignored for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Stamp12-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Leopold_McClintock" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Leopold McClintock">Francis Leopold McClintock</a> finds the 1847–48 messages in cairns, an abandoned boat, and a skeleton on Erebus Bay. The body is found with Peglar's diary, but thought to be a different man because of his uniform. Inuit tell McClintock that a ship wreck came ashore and was much salvaged, and another with many dead bodies inside sank abruptly and was little salvaged; the Inuit who ate from tins in the second ship became ill and several died.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1864–69 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">Charles Francis Hall</a> searches for survivors and interviews Inuit. He finds many items and a skeleton tentatively identified as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Dundas_Le_Vesconte" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte">Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte</a>, which he returns to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Allen Young</a> leads a search expedition aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a>, but is turned back by ice at Peel Sound.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1878–1880 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schwatka" title="Frederick Schwatka">Frederick Schwatka</a> leads an overland search expedition, collects Inuit testimony, finds several items and buried remains, including the two boats at Erebus Bay. He repatriates one skeleton, later identified as John Irving.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td> </td> <td>Human remains found near camp in Cape Felix, possibly from graves. A skull is taken and assigned to a 25-year-old white male.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984–86 </td> <td> </td> <td>Beechey Island graves opened by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Beattie" title="Owen Beattie">Owen Beattie</a>'s team, bodies examined and proposed to have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td> </td> <td>David Woodman publishes Strangers Among Us, a book on the Franklin Expedition that includes many notes from Hall and Inuit testimonies previously ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>2 September </td> <td>Wreck of Erebus found in <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay" title="Wilmot and Crampton Bay">Wilmot and Crampton Bay</a> off Utjulik, giving credence to Inuit testimony.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>3 September </td> <td>Wreck of Terror found in Terror Bay.<a href="#cite_note-Roobol-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td> </td> <td>Archaeological efforts paused due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalParks-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td>Body found by McClintock in 1859 identified by DNA as <a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_(engineer)" title="John Gregory (engineer)">John Gregory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>May </td> <td>Research at wreck sites resumed in May, after two years of delays due to the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-NationalParks-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>September </td> <td>Bones discovered at site NgLj-2 in 1993 identified by DNA as <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FitzjamesFound-139">[139]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historical">edit</a>]</div> The most meaningful outcome of the Franklin expedition was the mapping of several thousand miles of hitherto unsurveyed coastline by expeditions searching for Franklin's lost ships and crew. As Richard Cyriax noted, "the loss of the expedition probably added much more [geographical] knowledge than its successful return would have done".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyriax1939198-156">[156]</a> At the same time, it largely quelled the Admiralty's appetite for Arctic exploration. There was a gap of many years before the <a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">Nares expedition</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">George Nares</a>' declaration there was "no thoroughfare" to the North Pole; his words marked the end of the Royal Navy's historical involvement in Arctic exploration, the end of an era in which such exploits were widely seen by the British public as worthy expenditures of human effort and monetary resources. Given how difficult and risky it was for professional explorers to cross the Northwest Passage, it would be impossible for the average merchant ships of the day to use this route for trade.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An unnamed commentator in <a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(Victorian-era_magazine)" title="The Critic (Victorian-era magazine)">The Critic</a> wrote in 1859, "We think that we can fairly make out the account between the cost and results of these Arctic Expeditions, and ask whether it is worth while to risk so much for that which is so difficult of attainment, and when attained, is so worthless."<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The navigation of the Northwest Passage in 1903–05 by Roald Amundsen with the Gjøa expedition ended the centuries-long quest for the route.<a href="#cite_note-A08-158">[158]</a>: 336  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northwest_Passage_discovered">Northwest Passage discovered</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Northwest Passage discovered">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure Arctic expedition</a></div> Franklin's expedition explored the vicinity of what was ultimately one of many Northwest Passages to be discovered. While the more famous search expeditions were underway in 1850, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Robert McClure</a> set out on the little-known <a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure Arctic expedition</a> on HMS Investigator to also investigate the fate of Franklin's voyage. While he did not find much evidence of Franklin's fate, he did finally ascertain an ice-bound route that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This was the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Strait" title="Prince of Wales Strait">Prince of Wales Strait</a>, which was far to the north of Franklin's ships.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1-6">[6]</a> On 21 October 1850, the following entry was recorded in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">Investigator</a>'s log: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">October 31st, the Captain returned at 8.30. A.M., and at 11.30. A.M., the remainder of the parting, having, upon the 26th instant, ascertained that the waters we are now in communicate with those of Barrow Strait, the north-eastern limit being in latitude 73°31′, N. longitude 114°39′, W. thus establishing the existence of a NORTH-WEST PASSAGE between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1-6">[6]</a></blockquote> McClure was <a href="/wiki/Knighted" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighted">knighted</a> for his discovery. While the McClure expedition obviously fared much better than Franklin's voyage, it was similarly beset by immense challenges (including the loss of Investigator and four winters on the ice) and a number of controversies, including allegations of selfishness and poor planning on McClure's part. His decision to place numerous message cairns along his route ultimately saved his expedition, who were ultimately found and rescued by the crew of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1-6">[6]</a> In 1855, a British parliamentary committee concluded that McClure "deserved to be rewarded as the discoverer of a Northwest Passage". Today, the question of who actually discovered the Northwest Passage is a subject of controversy, as all the different Passages have varying degrees of navigability. Although he did confirm the first geographical Northwest Passage that is navigable by ship under ideal conditions, McClure is rarely credited in modern times due to his troubled expedition, his poor personal reputation, the fact that his expedition was after Franklin's (who has a claim to be the first discoverer) and the fact that he never traversed the strait that he found, instead choosing to portage over Banks Island.<a href="#cite_note-Cavell-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simpson_Strait">Simpson Strait</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Simpson Strait">edit</a>]</div> Members of the Franklin expedition crossed the southern shore of King William Island and made it onto the Canadian mainland; this is evident by the fact that human remains from the expedition have been found inland on the Adelaide Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Stenton_2018_pp._197–212-30">[30]</a> This may have involved walking across the <a href="/wiki/Simpson_Strait" title="Simpson Strait">Simpson Strait</a>, which has since been recognised as one of the Northwest Passages to the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-Fisch_2012-160">[160]</a> As none of the members of the expedition survived, it is not known whether any member of the party had realised this. George Back had discovered the strait in 1834 but did not realise it was a Northwest Passage. In any case, by 1854, it was widely believed that the remnants of the expedition had crossed the strait, and Lady Franklin was informed of such on 12 January by the Admiralty.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-Fisch_2012-160">[160]</a> Franklin's claim to having discovered the Passage was strengthened by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richard_Weld" title="Charles Richard Weld">Charles Richard Weld</a>'s assertion that Franklin had long suspected that the Simpson Strait did connect the two oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Cavell-159">[159]</a> In 1860, McClintock ascertained that the strait was indeed a Northwest Passage. Following this discovery, to honour Franklin's legacy, the Royal Geographical Society declared that his lost expedition was the first expedition to discover the Passage. Lady Franklin was given a medal in his name.<a href="#cite_note-Nourse_1879_p._33-161">[161]</a> The Northwest Passage would not be fully navigated by boat until 1906, when Roald Amundsen famously traversed the passage on the Gjøa via the Simpson Strait.<a href="#cite_note-A08-158">[158]</a>: 336  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Franklin_statue.jpg/170px-Franklin_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Franklin_statue.jpg/255px-Franklin_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Franklin_statue.jpg/340px-Franklin_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> in his home town of <a href="/wiki/Spilsby" title="Spilsby">Spilsby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, England.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Crozier_monument_in_Banbridge,_County_Down,_Ireland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Francis_Crozier_monument_in_Banbridge%2C_County_Down%2C_Ireland.JPG/170px-Francis_Crozier_monument_in_Banbridge%2C_County_Down%2C_Ireland.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Francis_Crozier_monument_in_Banbridge%2C_County_Down%2C_Ireland.JPG/255px-Francis_Crozier_monument_in_Banbridge%2C_County_Down%2C_Ireland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Francis_Crozier_monument_in_Banbridge%2C_County_Down%2C_Ireland.JPG/340px-Francis_Crozier_monument_in_Banbridge%2C_County_Down%2C_Ireland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a> in his home town of <a href="/wiki/Banbridge" title="Banbridge">Banbridge</a>, County Down.</figcaption></figure> For years after the loss of the Franklin expedition, the Victorian media portrayed Franklin as a hero who led his men in the quest for the Northwest Passage. A statue of Franklin in his hometown bears the inscription "Sir John Franklin – Discoverer of the North West Passage", and statues of Franklin outside the <a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_Club,_London" title="Athenaeum Club, London">Athenaeum</a> in London and in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> bear similar inscriptions. Although the expedition's fate, including the possibility of cannibalism, was widely reported and debated, Franklin's standing with the Victorian public was undiminished. This was due in large part to efforts by Lady Franklin to protect her husband's reputation and dispel suggestions of cannibalism – with assistance from prominent figures like Charles Dickens, who asserted that "there is no reason whatever to believe, that any of its members prolonged their existence by the dreadful expedient of eating the bodies of their dead companions".<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The expedition has been the subject of numerous works of non-fiction.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The mystery surrounding the expedition was the subject of three episodes of the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> programme Nova, broadcast in 1988, 2006 and 2015;<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> a 2007 television documentary, "Franklin's Lost Expedition", on Discovery HD Theatre; as well as a 2008 Canadian documentary, <a href="/wiki/Passage_(2008_film)" title="Passage (2008 film)">Passage</a>. In a 2009 episode of the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> travel documentary series <a href="/wiki/Billy_Connolly:_Journey_to_the_Edge_of_the_World" title="Billy Connolly: Journey to the Edge of the World">Billy Connolly: Journey to the Edge of the World</a>, presenter <a href="/wiki/Billy_Connolly" title="Billy Connolly">Billy Connolly</a> and his crew visited Beechey Island, filmed the grave site and gave details of the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In memory of the lost expedition, one of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> subdivisions was known as the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Franklin" title="District of Franklin">District of Franklin</a>. Including the high Arctic islands, this jurisdiction was abolished when the area was set off into the newly created Nunavut Territory on 1 April 1999.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 29 October 2009, a special service of thanksgiving was held in the chapel at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Naval_College" title="Old Royal Naval College">Old Royal Naval College</a> in Greenwich, to accompany the rededication of the national monument to Franklin there. The service also included the solemn re-interment of the only remains from Erebus to be repatriated to England, entombed within the monument in 1873 (previously thought to be Le Vesconte, but may actually have been Goodsir).<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mays-166">[166]</a> The following day, a group of polar authors went to London's <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a> to pay their respects to the Arctic explorers buried there.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Many other veterans of the searches for Franklin are buried there too, including Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Horatio Thomas Austin</a>, Admiral Sir George Back, Admiral Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Pim" title="Bedford Pim">Bedford Pim</a>, and Admiral Sir John Ross. Franklin's wife, Lady Franklin, is also interred at Kensal Green in the vault and commemorated on a marble cross dedicated to her niece, Sophia Cracroft.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literary works">edit</a>]</div> From the 1850s through to the present day, Franklin's lost expedition inspired numerous literary works. Among the first was a play, <a href="/wiki/The_Frozen_Deep" title="The Frozen Deep">The Frozen Deep</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a> with assistance and production by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>. The play was performed for private audiences at <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_House" title="Tavistock House">Tavistock House</a> early in 1857, as well as at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration" title="Royal Gallery of Illustration">Royal Gallery of Illustration</a> (including a command performance for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>) and for the public at the Manchester Trade Union Hall. News of Franklin's death in 1859 inspired elegies, including one by <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_English_at_the_Noth_Pole%27_by_Riou_and_Montaut_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%27The_English_at_the_Noth_Pole%27_by_Riou_and_Montaut_002.jpg/220px-%27The_English_at_the_Noth_Pole%27_by_Riou_and_Montaut_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%27The_English_at_the_Noth_Pole%27_by_Riou_and_Montaut_002.jpg/330px-%27The_English_at_the_Noth_Pole%27_by_Riou_and_Montaut_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%27The_English_at_the_Noth_Pole%27_by_Riou_and_Montaut_002.jpg/440px-%27The_English_at_the_Noth_Pole%27_by_Riou_and_Montaut_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Riou" title="Édouard Riou">Édouard Riou</a> for the title page of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s Voyages et aventures du capitaine Hatteras (<a href="/wiki/Journeys_and_Adventures_of_Captain_Hatteras" class="mw-redirect" title="Journeys and Adventures of Captain Hatteras">Journeys and Adventures of Captain Hatteras</a>)</figcaption></figure> Fictional treatments of the expedition begin with <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Journeys_and_Adventures_of_Captain_Hatteras" class="mw-redirect" title="Journeys and Adventures of Captain Hatteras">Journeys and Adventures of Captain Hatteras</a>, (1866), in which the novel's hero seeks to retrace Franklin's footsteps and discovers that the North Pole is dominated by an enormous volcano. Verne also remembers the efforts of Lady Franklin to discover the fate of her husband in <a href="/wiki/Mistress_Branican" title="Mistress Branican">Mistress Branican</a> (1891), which stages a similar plot but situated in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and Australia instead of the North Pole. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> briefly satirised the fate of the expedition and its subsequent searches in the beginning of the story "Some Learned Fables for Good Old Boys and Girls" (1875).<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The German novelist <a href="/wiki/Sten_Nadolny" title="Sten Nadolny">Sten Nadolny</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Slowness" title="The Discovery of Slowness">The Discovery of Slowness</a> (1983; English translation 1987) takes on the entirety of Franklin's life, touching only briefly on his last expedition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other recent novelistic treatments of Franklin include <a href="/wiki/William_T._Vollmann" title="William T. Vollmann">William T. Vollmann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rifles_(novel)" title="The Rifles (novel)">The Rifles</a> (1994), John Wilson's North With Franklin: The Journals of James Fitzjames (1999); and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Terror_(novel)" title="The Terror (novel)">The Terror</a> (2007), developed as a 2018 <a href="/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)" title="AMC (TV channel)">AMC</a> television series <a href="/wiki/The_Terror_(TV_series)" title="The Terror (TV series)">of the same name</a>. The expedition has also been the subject of a horror role-playing game supplement for <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_(role-playing_game)" title="Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)">Call of Cthulhu</a>, The Walker in the Wastes. <a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a>'s 2008 novel <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Drift">Arctic Drift</a> incorporates the ordeal of the expedition as a central element in the story, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Richard Flanagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wanting_(novel)" title="Wanting (novel)">Wanting</a> (2009) deals with Franklin's deeds in both Tasmania and the Arctic. On 12 January 2012, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> broadcast Erebus, a radio play based on the expedition by British poet <a href="/wiki/Jo_Shapcott" title="Jo Shapcott">Jo Shapcott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Kassandra Alvarado's 2013 novel The White Passage presents a vaguely <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> take on an alternative history of the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a>'s 2018 book, Erebus, The Story of a Ship, was described by The Guardian newspaper as 'lively and diligent.'<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> He also produced a <a href="/wiki/One_man_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One man show">one man show</a> based on his book.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> A children's novel, Chasing Ghosts – An Arctic Adventure by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pierce" title="Nicola Pierce">Nicola Pierce</a> featuring the expedition was published in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In 2017, The Breathing Hole, a play written by Colleen Murphy, premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Festival" title="Stratford Festival">Stratford Festival</a>, directed by Reneltta Arluk. In this play, the fates of the crew of Erebus and Terror are featured within the context of an epic saga spanning five-hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Commissioned to mark Canada's 150th Anniversary and met with critical acclaim,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> the work involved artists from both Nunavut and the rest of Canada, including collaborations with Qaggiavuut Nunavut Performing Arts. In 2020, the play was published in a dual-language edition in English and in <a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilingmiutut</a> syllabics—the Inuktitut dialect from where the story takes place in the central Arctic.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_works">Artistic works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Artistic works">edit</a>]</div> In the visual arts, the loss of Franklin's expedition inspired a number of paintings in both the United States and Britain. In 1861, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a> unveiled his great canvas <a href="/wiki/The_Icebergs" title="The Icebergs">The Icebergs</a>; later that year, prior to taking it to England for exhibition, he added an image of a broken ship's mast in silent tribute to Franklin. In 1864, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Man_Proposes,_God_Disposes" title="Man Proposes, God Disposes">Man Proposes, God Disposes</a> caused a stir at the annual Royal Academy exhibition; its depiction of two polar bears, one chewing on a tattered ship's ensign, the other gnawing on a human ribcage, was seen at the time as in poor taste, but has remained one of the most powerful imaginings of the expedition's final fate. The expedition also inspired numerous popular engravings and illustrations, along with many <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">dioramas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">magic lantern</a> shows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2007-178">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manproposesgoddisposes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Manproposesgoddisposes.jpg/620px-Manproposesgoddisposes.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Manproposesgoddisposes.jpg/930px-Manproposesgoddisposes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Manproposesgoddisposes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Man_Proposes,_God_Disposes" title="Man Proposes, God Disposes">Man Proposes, God Disposes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a>, 1864</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_works">Musical works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Musical works">edit</a>]</div> Franklin's last expedition also inspired a great deal of music, beginning with the ballad "Lady Franklin's Lament" (also known as "Lord Franklin"), which originated in the 1850s and has been recorded by dozens of artists, among them <a href="/wiki/Martin_Carthy" title="Martin Carthy">Martin Carthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentangle_(band)" title="Pentangle (band)">Pentangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor" title="Sinéad O'Connor">Sinéad O'Connor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Pearlfishers_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pearlfishers (band)">The Pearlfishers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> One of the best-known modern ballads is "<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage_(song)" title="Northwest Passage (song)">Northwest Passage</a>" by the late <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> folksinger <a href="/wiki/Stan_Rogers" title="Stan Rogers">Stan Rogers</a>. The Scottish pirate metal band <a href="/wiki/Alestorm" title="Alestorm">Alestorm</a>'s song "Magnetic North" is dedicated to the expedition [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Other Franklin-inspired songs include <a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a>'s "Frozen Man" (based on Beattie's photographs of John Torrington) and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land_(Iron_Maiden_song)" title="Stranger in a Strange Land (Iron Maiden song)">Stranger in a Strange Land</a>".<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> German band <a href="/wiki/Janus_(musical_project)" title="Janus (musical project)">Janus</a> in 2021 released an over 30 minutes long song "Terror"<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> and later an audiobook "Terror - Das Hörbuch" which contains Franklin's log entries.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 2023, German atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> band Antrisch released a concept album "Expedition II: Die Passage" chronicling the events from the point of view of the crew.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onscreen_depictions">Onscreen depictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Onscreen depictions">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)" title="AMC (TV channel)">AMC</a> released the first season of the TV drama <a href="/wiki/The_Terror_(TV_series)" title="The Terror (TV series)">The Terror</a>, with executive producer David Kajganich and producers including <a href="/wiki/Soo_Hugh" title="Soo Hugh">Soo Hugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Its premise followed the story of Franklin's lost expedition, depicting fictionalised versions of both ships' crew. Sir John Franklin was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_Hinds" title="Ciarán Hinds">Ciarán Hinds</a>, Francis Crozier by <a href="/wiki/Jared_Harris" title="Jared Harris">Jared Harris</a>, and James Fitzjames by <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Menzies" title="Tobias Menzies">Tobias Menzies</a>. The series imagines a version of the events that transpired after Franklin's death and the crew's desertion of Terror and Erebus, incorporating supernatural elements and ultimately descending into horror. The series was praised by critics,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> winning Best Television Series at the <a href="/wiki/24th_Satellite_Awards" title="24th Satellite Awards">24th Satellite Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance_in_Canada">Significance in Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Significance in Canada">edit</a>]</div> The influence of the Franklin expedition on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a> and culture has been especially significant. Rogers' "Northwest Passage" has been referred to as the unofficial Canadian national anthem.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The distinguished Canadian novelist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> has also spoken of Franklin's expedition as a sort of national myth of Canada, remarking that "In every culture many stories are told, (but) only some are told and retold, and these stories bear examining ... in Canadian literature, one such story is the Franklin expedition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood199511-188">[188]</a> Notable treatments by Canadian poets include a verse play for radio, Terror and Erebus which was commissioned from <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_MacEwen" title="Gwendolyn MacEwen">Gwendolyn MacEwen</a>, broadcast by <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a> (10 January 1965) and subsequently published in her collection Afterworlds (1987);<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Solway" title="David Solway">David Solway</a>'s verse cycle, Franklin's Passage (2003). The events have also featured prominently in Canadian novels, including <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Gursky_Was_Here" title="Solomon Gursky Was Here">Solomon Gursky Was Here</a> (1989) and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Fortier" title="Dominique Fortier">Dominique Fortier</a>'s 2008 French language novel, Du bon usage des étoiles, which creatively considers the Franklin expedition from a variety of perspectives and genres<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and was both shortlisted and a finalist for several literary awards in Canada (<a href="/wiki/2009_Governor_General%27s_Awards#French" title="2009 Governor General's Awards">2009 Governor General's Awards</a>).<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fischman" title="Sheila Fischman">Sheila Fischman</a>'s translation of Fortier's novel, On the Proper Use of Stars, was shortlisted for the <a href="/wiki/2010_Governor_General%27s_Awards#French" title="2010 Governor General's Awards">2010 Governor General's Awards</a> for French to English Translation. Irish-Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Ed_O%27Loughlin" title="Ed O'Loughlin">Ed O'Loughlin</a>'s novel Minds of Winter was shortlisted for the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Giller_Prize" title="Giller Prize">Giller Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_cannibalism" title="List of incidents of cannibalism">List of incidents of cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously_at_sea" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea">List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_wrongdate">^a</a> The date given in the message is wrong, as Franklin wintered one year earlier at Beechey Island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSerle1949" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Serle, Percival (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogF.html#franklin1">"Franklin, Jane, Lady (1792–1875)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Australian Biography">Dictionary of Australian Biography</a>. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811976-0"><bdi>978-0-19-811976-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concerning+Franklin+and+His+Gallant+Crew&rft.btitle=Strange+Things%3A+The+Malevolent+North+in+Canadian+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811976-0&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrangethingsmal00atwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieGeiger1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Beattie" title="Owen Beattie">Beattie, Owen</a> & <a href="/wiki/John_G._Geiger" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Geiger">Geiger, John</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frozenintimeunlo0000beat">Frozen in Time: Unlocking the Secrets of the Franklin Expedition</a> (1988 First American ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-24685-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-24685-1"><bdi>0-525-24685-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frozen+in+Time%3A+Unlocking+the+Secrets+of+the+Franklin+Expedition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1988+First+American&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-525-24685-1&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Geiger%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrozenintimeunlo0000beat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookman2000" class="citation book cs1">Cookman, Scott (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iceblinktragicfa00scot">Ice Blink: The Tragic Fate of Sir John Franklin's Lost Polar Expedition</a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-37790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-37790-0"><bdi>978-0-471-37790-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+Blink%3A+The+Tragic+Fate+of+Sir+John+Franklin%27s+Lost+Polar+Expedition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-471-37790-0&rft.aulast=Cookman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ficeblinktragicfa00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyriax1939" class="citation book cs1">Cyriax, Richard (1939). Sir John Franklin's Last Arctic Expedition; a Chapter in the History of the Royal Navy. London: Methuen & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9183074">9183074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Franklin%27s+Last+Arctic+Expedition%3B+a+Chapter+in+the+History+of+the+Royal+Navy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9183074&rft.aulast=Cyriax&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Thomas_Gould" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupert Thomas Gould">Gould, Rupert</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGbmWr2AFQMC&pg=PP1">Oddities a Book of Unexplained Facts</a>. London: P. Allan & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0766136205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0766136205"><bdi>978-0766136205</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oddities+a+Book+of+Unexplained+Facts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=P.+Allan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-0766136205&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGbmWr2AFQMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlutschakBarr1989" class="citation book cs1">Klutschak, Heinrich & Barr, William (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overlandtostarva0000klut">Overland to Starvation Cove</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5762-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-5762-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overland+to+Starvation+Cove&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5762-4&rft.aulast=Klutschak&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Barr%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foverlandtostarva0000klut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat1973" class="citation book cs1">Mowat, Farley (1973). "The Fate of Franklin". Ordeal by Ice; the Search for the Northwest Passage. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1391959">1391959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+Franklin&rft.btitle=Ordeal+by+Ice%3B+the+Search+for+the+Northwest+Passage&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+Ltd&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1391959&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=Farley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Potter" title="Russell Potter">Potter, Russell</a> (2007). Arctic Spectacles: The Frozen North in Visual Culture. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98680-7"><bdi>978-0-295-98680-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arctic+Spectacles%3A+The+Frozen+North+in+Visual+Culture&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98680-7&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2006" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/resoluteepicsear00sand">Resolute: The Epic Search for the Northwest Passage and John Franklin, and the Discovery of the Queen's Ghost Ship</a>. New York: Sterling Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4085-5"><bdi>978-1-4027-4085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolute%3A+The+Epic+Search+for+the+Northwest+Passage+and+John+Franklin%2C+and+the+Discovery+of+the+Queen%27s+Ghost+Ship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-4085-5&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresoluteepicsear00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavours1999" class="citation book cs1">Savours, Ann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchfornorth00savo_0">The search for the North West Passage</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22372-4"><bdi>978-0-312-22372-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41565005">41565005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+search+for+the+North+West+Passage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41565005&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22372-4&rft.aulast=Savours&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchfornorth00savo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwatka1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schwatka" title="Frederick Schwatka">Schwatka, Frederick</a> (1965). <a href="/wiki/Edouard_A._Stackpole" title="Edouard A. Stackpole">Edouard A. Stackpole</a> (ed.). The Long Arctic Search; the Narrative of Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka, U.S.A., 1878–1880, Seeking the Records of the Lost Franklin Expedition. New Bedford, Massachusetts: Reynolds-DeWalt. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1012693">1012693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Arctic+Search%3B+the+Narrative+of+Lieutenant+Frederick+Schwatka%2C+U.S.A.%2C+1878%E2%80%931880%2C+Seeking+the+Records+of+the+Lost+Franklin+Expedition&rft.place=New+Bedford%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Reynolds-DeWalt&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1012693&rft.aulast=Schwatka&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman1995" class="citation book cs1">Woodman, David C. (1995). Strangers Among Us. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1348-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-1348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+Among+Us&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1348-8&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman1992" class="citation book cs1">Woodman, David C. (1992). Unravelling the Franklin Mystery: Inuit Testimony. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0936-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-0936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+the+Franklin+Mystery%3A+Inuit+Testimony&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0936-8&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Franklin Saga Deaths: A Mystery Solved?". <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. 178 (3). 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Franklin+Saga+Deaths%3A+A+Mystery+Solved%3F&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeardsley2002" class="citation book cs1">Beardsley, Martin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlywinterlife0000bear">Deadly Winter: The Life of Sir John Franklin</a>. London: Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-187-3"><bdi>978-1-86176-187-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Winter%3A+The+Life+of+Sir+John+Franklin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-187-3&rft.aulast=Beardsley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlywinterlife0000bear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Berton, Pierre</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arcticgrailqu00bert">The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the Northwest Passage and The North Pole, 1818–1909</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1266-2"><bdi>978-0-7710-1266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arctic+Grail%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Northwest+Passage+and+The+North+Pole%2C+1818%E2%80%931909&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-1266-2&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farcticgrailqu00bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt2010" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307263926">The Man Who Ate His Boots: The Tragic History of the Search for the Northwest Passage</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26392-6"><bdi>978-0-307-26392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Ate+His+Boots%3A+The+Tragic+History+of+the+Search+for+the+Northwest+Passage&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26392-6&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780307263926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(geographer)" title="John Brown (geographer)">Brown, John, F.R.G.S.</a> (1860). The North-West Passage and the Plans for the Search for Sir John Franklin: A Review with maps, &c., Second Edition with a Sequel Including the Voyage of the Fox. London: Edward Stanford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North-West+Passage+and+the+Plans+for+the+Search+for+Sir+John+Franklin%3A+A+Review+with+maps%2C+%26c.%2C+Second+Edition+with+a+Sequel+Including+the+Voyage+of+the+Fox&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Stanford&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=John%2C+F.R.G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2006" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, E. C. (2006). History of the Royal Navy and Polar Exploration: From Franklin to Scott: Vol. 2. Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4207-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-4207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Navy+and+Polar+Exploration%3A+From+Franklin+to+Scott%3A+Vol.+2&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4207-5&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-Fisch2012" class="citation book cs1">Davis-Fisch, Heather (2012). Loss and Cultural Remains in Performance: The Ghosts of the Franklin Expedition. Toronto: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23034-032-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23034-032-9"><bdi>978-0-23034-032-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loss+and+Cultural+Remains+in+Performance%3A+The+Ghosts+of+the+Franklin+Expedition&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-23034-032-9&rft.aulast=Davis-Fisch&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdinger2015" class="citation book cs1">Edinger, Ray (2015). Love and Ice: The Tragic Obsessions of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, Arctic Explorer. Savannah: Frederic C. Beil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-42-4"><bdi>978-1-929490-42-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Ice%3A+The+Tragic+Obsessions+of+Dr.+Elisha+Kent+Kane%2C+Arctic+Explorer&rft.place=Savannah&rft.pub=Frederic+C.+Beil&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-929490-42-4&rft.aulast=Edinger&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gould, A. (2023). "Fragments of Frankliniana: The Conservation of Arctic Exploration-Related Paper". Collections, 19 (3), pp. 267–292.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM'Clintock1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Leopold_McClintock" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Leopold McClintock">M'Clintock, Francis L.</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagefoxinarct00cligoog">The Voyage of the Fox in the Arctic Seas: A Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin and His Companions</a>. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+the+Fox+in+the+Arctic+Seas%3A+A+Narrative+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Fate+of+Sir+John+Franklin+and+His+Companions&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Ticknor+and+Fields&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=M%27Clintock&rft.aufirst=Francis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagefoxinarct00cligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lambert" title="Andrew Lambert">Lambert, Andrew</a> (2010). Franklin: Tragic Hero of Polar Exploration. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23161-4"><bdi>978-0-571-23161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin%3A+Tragic+Hero+of+Polar+Exploration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-571-23161-4&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsky1970" class="citation book cs1">Mirsky, Jeannette (1970). To the Arctic!: The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53179-3"><bdi>978-0-226-53179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Arctic%21%3A+The+Story+of+Northern+Exploration+from+Earliest+Times&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53179-3&rft.aulast=Mirsky&rft.aufirst=Jeannette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGoogan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_McGoogan" title="Ken McGoogan">McGoogan, Ken</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatalpassagetrue00mcgo">Fatal Passage: The True Story of John Rae, the Arctic Hero Time Forgot</a>. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0993-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0993-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-0993-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Passage%3A+The+True+Story+of+John+Rae%2C+the+Arctic+Hero+Time+Forgot&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0993-9&rft.aulast=McGoogan&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatalpassagetrue00mcgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGoogan2005" class="citation book cs1">McGoogan, Ken (2005). Lady Franklin's Revenge: A True Story of Ambition, Obsession and the Remaking of Arctic History. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-200671-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-200671-2"><bdi>978-0-00-200671-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+Franklin%27s+Revenge%3A+A+True+Story+of+Ambition%2C+Obsession+and+the+Remaking+of+Arctic+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-00-200671-2&rft.aulast=McGoogan&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2004" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arcticfoxfrancis0000murp">The Arctic Fox: Francis Leopold McClintock</a>. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-523-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-523-1"><bdi>978-1-55002-523-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arctic+Fox%3A+Francis+Leopold+McClintock&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-523-1&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farcticfoxfrancis0000murp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalin2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Palin, Michael</a> (2018). Erebus: The Story of a Ship. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847948120" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847948120"><bdi>978-1847948120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erebus%3A+The+Story+of+a+Ship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1847948120&rft.aulast=Palin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Potter" title="Russell Potter">Potter, Russell A</a> (2016). Finding Franklin: The Untold Story of a 165-Year Search. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773547841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773547841"><bdi>978-0773547841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Franklin%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+a+165-Year+Search&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0773547841&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Russell+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulsomMyers2000" class="citation book cs1">Poulsom, Neville W. & Myers, J. A. L. (2000). British Polar Exploration and Research; a Historical and Medallic Record with Biographies 1818–1999. London: Savannah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902366-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902366-05-0"><bdi>978-1-902366-05-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Polar+Exploration+and+Research%3B+a+Historical+and+Medallic+Record+with+Biographies+1818%E2%80%931999&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Savannah&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-902366-05-0&rft.aulast=Poulsom&rft.aufirst=Neville+W.&rft.au=Myers%2C+J.+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapton,_Leanne2016" class="citation news cs1">Shapton, Leanne (20 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/20/magazine/franklin-expedition.html">"Artifacts of a Doomed Expedition"</a>. The New York Times. <q>In 1845, Sir John Franklin set out with two ships to chart the Northwest Passage. He and his crew were never heard from again. Until their belongings began turning up on the Canadian tundra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Artifacts+of+a+Doomed+Expedition&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft.au=Shapton%2C+Leanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2016%2F03%2F20%2Fmagazine%2Ffranklin-expedition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Simmons, Dan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrornovel00simm_0">The Terror</a>. Armonk, New York: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01744-2"><bdi>978-0-316-01744-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terror&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-316-01744-2&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterrornovel00simm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2018" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Paul (2018). Ice Ghosts: The Epic Hunt for the Lost Franklin Expedition. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393355864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393355864"><bdi>978-0393355864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+Ghosts%3A+The+Epic+Hunt+for+the+Lost+Franklin+Expedition&rft.pub=W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0393355864&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_lost_expedition&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/franklin/voyage/voyageIntro_en.htm">"Franklin's Last Voyage"</a> at CanadianMysteries.ca</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxyTZ3F7mkA">Video</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> dive on the wreck of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4482">"Skeptoid #482: Franklin's Cannibals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23482%3A+Franklin%27s+Cannibals&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2016" class="citation news cs1">Hopper, Tristan (27 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/theyre-not-human-how-19th-century-inuit-coped-with-a-real-life-invasion-of-the-walking-dead">"'They're not human': How 19th-century Inuit coped with a real-life invasion of the 'walking dead': When remote Inuit met the mad, desperate remnants of the Franklin Expedition, they couldn't rule out that they had been invaded by demons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=%27They%27re+not+human%27%3A+How+19th-century+Inuit+coped+with+a+real-life+invasion+of+the+%27walking+dead%27%3A+When+remote+Inuit+met+the+mad%2C+desperate+remnants+of+the+Franklin+Expedition%2C+they+couldn%27t+rule+out+that+they+had+been+invaded+by+demons&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftheyre-not-human-how-19th-century-inuit-coped-with-a-real-life-invasion-of-the-walking-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+lost+expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations364"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions520"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Template:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Template talk:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal Navy Arctic exploration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1773_Phipps_expedition_towards_the_North_Pole" title="1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole">Phipps expedition (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River_expedition" title="Mackenzie River expedition">Mackenzie River (1825)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franklin (1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClintock_Arctic_expedition" title="McClintock Arctic expedition">McClintock (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Adams_(surgeon)" title="Edward Adams (surgeon)">Edward Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Armstrong_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Alexander Armstrong (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Alexander Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Aldrich" title="Pelham Aldrich">Pelham Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Sir Horatio Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Sir George Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">Sir John Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Frederick Beechey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Sir Edward Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buchan" title="David Buchan">David Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Sir Richard Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gurney_Cresswell" title="Samuel Gurney Cresswell">Samuel Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Sir John Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hulme_Hooper" title="William Hulme Hooper">William Hulme Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Henry Hoppner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Sir Edward Inglefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Sir Henry Kellett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeffington_Lutwidge" title="Skeffington Lutwidge">Skeffington Lutwidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">George Francis Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochfort_Maguire" title="Rochfort Maguire">Rochfort Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Sir Albert Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">Sir Leopold McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Sir Robert McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mecham" title="George Mecham">George Mecham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fleming_Morrell" title="Arthur Fleming Morrell">Arthur Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Sir George Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Ommanney" title="Erasmus Ommanney">Sir Erasmus Ommanney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherard_Osborn" title="Sherard Osborn">Sherard Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Sir Edward Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_2nd_Baron_Mulgrave" title="Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave">Constantine Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Pim" title="Bedford Pim">Bedford Pim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">Sir John Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">Sir James Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">Sir John Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Sir Edward Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Sir Henry Stephenson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Assistance_(1850)" title="HMS Assistance (1850)">Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" 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[\"CITEREFCyriax1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis-Fisch2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdinger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreebairn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiger1984\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGhose2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudgeonMcIntosh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopper2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenleysideBertulliFricke1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenleysideStentonNewman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlutschakBarr1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowallBeattieBaadsgaard1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowallKrahnBeattie1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowallKrahnBeattie1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis-Jones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM\u0026#039;Clintock1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlow1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinNaftelMacfieJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGoogan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGoogan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor_Rodney,_Helen1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirsky1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowat1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudge1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeatbyMercer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNotmanAndersonBeattieAmy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNourse1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParks_Canada_Agency2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicard1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulsomMyers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1852\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavours1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwatka1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerle1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapton,_Leanne2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Clair2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_Writer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStampJackie_Wilson1985\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStenton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStentonKeenleysideFratpetroPark2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStentonKeenleysideTrepkovPark2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitze2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodman1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite cgndb\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 55,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 13,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"En dash\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 14,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"No wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Polar exploration\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote frame\"] = 2,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Royal Navy Arctic exploration\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"S\"] = 1,\n [\"See below\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 65,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Skeptoid\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 19,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-02-14T00:12:52Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T09:27:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/05\/Franklin%27s-Lost-Expedition.png","headline":"1845 British expedition of Arctic exploration"}</script> </body> </html>